Drugs CHS. Definition A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to...
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Drugs CHS. Definition A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effect in the human
Definition A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic
substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological
effect in the human or other animals.
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Definition cont. Withdrawal syndrome- are the signs and
symptoms, including painful physiological and psychological
effects, that occur with the abstinence after chronic use of a
drug. Ex. Of drugs that cause withdrawal: opiates, barbiturates,
antianxiety agents, ethanol, and nonbarbiturate sedatives
Slide 4
Definitions cont. Dependence alterations in physiologic or
psychological states that occur with chronic drug use.
Psychological dependence is an emotional and mental preoccupation
with drug acquisition and use to receive some positive
reinforcement Physical dependence is an altered physiologic
condition caused by chronic exposure to a drug. It results in
physiologic signs and symptoms when the drug is withdrawn
abruptly.
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Drug abuse In contemporary society, the term drug abuse is the
nonmedical use of drugs to alter one's mental state. Individuals
self-administer both prescription and illicit drugs in attempts to
alter mood, to alter perception of reality, to experience unique
sensations, and/or to improve physical or mental capabilities.
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Drug abuse In general, society establishes what constitutes
drug abuse by its laws & social taboos. Consequently, a
particular drug- taking behavior in one society or in a particular
situation may be considered drug abuse, whereas in another it may
be considered appropriate.
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Ancient history of drugs Alexander the great gave opium to his
troops during the Indian campaign Scientists found tobacco &
cocoa to be present in ancient Egypt mummies. Tobacco Coca
Leaf
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The history of Opium Opium was cultivated in Mesopotamia 3400BC
Friedrich Wilhelm Sertrner was the first to isolate Morphine in
1805. It became a miracle drug during the American Civil War. Why?
After the war it became an epidemic
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Modern History of Illegal drugs Each individual State had the
jurisdiction and control over what drugs were illegal. San
Francisco was the first to make a drug illegal in 1876
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America passed laws to get rid of immigrants. The most
effective were those that attacked their recreational activities.
Harrison Narcotics act of 1914 gave the government control over
drug regulation Marijuana Tax Act 1937 Was enacted to clear up the
job market during the recession. History cont.
Slide 11
Who regulates drugs? The FDA is responsible for protecting the
public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of
human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices,
our nations food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit
radiation.
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Federal Law established 5 schedules of classification of
controlled substances based on Drugs potential for abuse Potential
to physical and psychological dependence Medical Value Federal law
also controls materials that are used in making drugs and those
that are manufactured to resemble drugs
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Drug Schedules Schedule I: Drugs with high potential for abuse
and addiction, NO medical value Ex: Heroin, LSD, Ecstasy, Marijuana
Schedule II: Drugs with high potential for abuse and addiction,
have some medical value with restrictions Ex: PCP, Cocaine,
Amphetamines, Most Opiates (Ritalin, Oxycontin)
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Drug Schedules Schedule III: Drugs with less potential for
abuse and addiction, currently acceptable for medical use Ex: Some
Barbiturates(Migraine), Vicodin, Steroids(Testosterone) Schedule
IV: Drugs with low potential for abuse and addiction, currently
acceptable for medical use Ex: Tranquilizers like Valium, Xanax,
Librium, Ambien (sleeping)
Slide 15
Drug Schedules Schedule V: Drugs with low potential abuse,
medical use, lowest potential dependency Ex: Some Opiates with Non-
Narcotic Ingredients (Cough Syrup with Codeine)
Slide 16
Who enforces drug laws? Federal agencies DEA FBI Local agencies
Sheriff State Police Local Police
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Five Ps of drugs Powder Pills Plant matter Paraphernalia
Precursors (Ingredients)
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Forensic toxicologists The science of detecting and identifying
the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and
organs. Role of the Toxicologist Must identify one of thousands of
drugs and poisons Must find nanogram to microgram quantities
dissipated throughout the entire body Not always looking for exact
chemicals, but metabolites of desired chemicals (ex. heroin
morphine within seconds)
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Toxicology Procedures 10mL of blood in airtight container Add
anticoagulant Add preservative 2 consecutive urine samples Some
drugs take a while to show up in urine (1-3 days) Vitreous humor
Hair samples Look Away
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Toxicology Procedures Screening- quick test to narrow down
possibilities color tests, TLC, GC, immunoassay Confirmation-
determines exact identity GC/Mass Spec
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Color Tests Marquis Test: purple Turns purple in the presence
of Heroin, morphine, opium orange-brown Turns orange-brown in
presence of Amphetamines Scott Test: Three solutions Bluepink Blue
then pink then back to blue in the presence of Cocaine
Duquenois-Levine: purple Test for marijuana turns purple
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Color Tests Van Urk Test: purple Turns blue-purple in the
presence of LSD Dillie-Koppanyi Test: violet Turns blue-violet in
the presence of Barbiturates
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More Analytical Tests Microcrystalline Tests: Identifies drug
by using chemicals that reacts to produce characteristic crystals
Chromatography: TLC, HPLC and gas separate drugs/tentative ID Mass
Spectrometry: chemical fingerprint no two drugs fragment the
same
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Why? Think of all the people that you have heard do drugs. US
drug manufacturers produce enough barbiturates and tranquilizers
each year to give every person in the US 40 pills (thats about 12
billion pills)
Sources http://www.opioids.com/timeline/
http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer /History/drug_law_timeline.htm
http://www.pyramidofman.com/blog /ancient-egyptians-use-of-
intoxicants/ Clark, Wesley G. Goth's medical pharamacology. St.
Louis: Mosby- Year Book, 1992. Print.