Duct (HVAC)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A round galvanized steel duct connecting to a typical diffuser

Fire-resistance rated mechanical shaft with HVAC sheet metal ducting and copper piping, as well as "HOW" (Head-Of-Wall) joint between top of concrete block wall and underside of concrete slab, firestopped with ceramic fibre-based firestop caulking on top of rockwool.Ducts are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air.[1]Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.A duct system is also called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.[2]Contents 1 Materials 1.1 Galvanized steel 1.2 Aluminium 1.3 Polyurethane and phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts) 1.4 Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non-metallic ductwork) 1.5 Flexible ducting 1.6 Fabric ducting 1.7 Waterproofing 2 Duct system components 2.1 Vibration isolators 2.2 Take-offs 2.3 Stack boots and heads 2.4 Volume control dampers 2.5 Smoke and fire dampers 2.6 Turning vanes 2.7 Plenums 2.8 Terminal units 2.9 Air terminals 3 Duct cleaning 3.1 Signs and indicators 3.2 Commercial inspection 4 Duct sealing 4.1 Signs of leaks 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksMaterialsDucts can be made out of the following materials:Galvanized steelGalvanized mild steel is the standard and most common material used in fabricating ductwork. For insulation purposes, metal ducts are typically lined with faced fiber glass blankets (duct liner) or wrapped externally with fiber glass blankets (duct wrap).AluminiumAluminium ductwork is lightweight and quick to install. Also, custom or special shapes of ducts can be easily fabricated in the shop or on site.The ductwork construction starts with the tracing of the duct outline onto the aluminium preinsulated panel. The parts are then typically cut at 45, bent if required to obtain the different fittings (i.e. elbows, tapers) and finally assembled with glue. Aluminium tape is applied to all seams where the external surface of the aluminium foil has been cut. A variety of flanges are available to suit various installation requirements. All internal joints are sealed with sealant.Polyurethane and phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts)Traditionally, air ductwork is made of sheet metal which is installed first and then lagged with insulation. However, ductwork manufactured from rigid insulation panels does not need any further insulation and can be installed in a single step. Both polyurethane and phenolic foam panels are manufactured with factory applied aluminium facings on both sides. The thickness of the aluminium foil can vary from 25 micrometres for indoor use to 200 micrometres for external use or for higher mechanical characteristics.There are various types of rigid polyurethane foam panels available, including a water formulated panel for which the foaming process is obtained through the use of water and CO2 instead of CFC, HCFC, HFC and HC gasses. Most manufacturers of rigid polyurethane or phenolic foam panels use pentane as foaming agent instead of the aforementioned gasses.A rigid phenolic insulation ductwork system is listed as a class 1[clarification needed] air duct to UL 181 Standard for Safety.Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non-metallic ductwork)Fiberglass duct board panels provide built-in thermal insulation and the interior surface absorbs sound, helping to provide quiet operation of the HVAC system.The duct board is formed by sliding a specially-designed knife along the board using a straightedge as a guide. The knife automatically trims out a groove with 45 sides which does not quite penetrate the entire depth of the duct board, thus providing a thin section acting as a hinge. The duct board can then be folded along the groove to produce 90 folds, making the rectangular duct shape in the fabricator's desired size. The duct is then closed with outward-clinching staples and special aluminum or similar metal-backed tape.Flexible ducting

Flexible ductingFlexible ducts (also known as flex) are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to shape a tube. They have a variety of configurations. In the United States, the insulation is usually glass wool, but other markets such as Australia, use both polyester fibre and glass wool for thermal insulation. A protective layer surrounds the insulation, and is usually composed of polyethylene or metalised PET.Flexible duct is very convenient for attaching supply air outlets to the rigid ductwork. However, the pressure loss is higher than for most other types of ducts. As such, designers and installers attempt to keep their installed lengths (runs) short, e.g. less than 15 feet or so, and try to minimize turns. Kinks in flexible ducting must be avoided. Some flexible duct markets prefer to avoid using flexible duct on the return air portions of HVAC systems, however flexible duct can tolerate moderate negative pressures. The UL181 test requires a negative pressure of 200 Pa.[3]Fabric ductingThis is actually an air distribution device and is not intended as a conduit for conditioned air. The term fabric duct is therefore somehow misleading; fabric air dispersion system would be the more definitive name. However, as it often replaces hard ductwork, it is easy to perceive it simply as a duct. Usually made of polyester material, fabric ducts can provide a more even distribution and blending of the conditioned air in a given space than a conventional duct system. They may also be manufactured with vents or orifices.Fabric ducts are available in various colours, with options for silk screening or other forms of decoration, or in porous (air-permeable) and non-porous fabric. The determination which fabric is appropriate (i.e. air-permeable or not) can be made by considering if the application would require an insulated metal duct. If so, an air-permeable fabric is recommended because it will not commonly create condensation on its surface and can therefore be used where air is supplied below the dew point. Material that eliminates moisture may be healthier for the occupants. It can also be treated with an anti-microbial agent to inhibit bacterial growth. Porous material also tends to require less maintenance as it repels dust and other airborne contaminants.Fabric made of more than 50% recycled material is also available, allowing it to be certified as green product. The material can also be fire retardant, which means that the fabric can still burn, but will extinguish when the heat source is removed.Fabric ducts are not rated for use in ceilings or concealed attic spaces. However, products for use in raised floor applications are available. Fabric ducting usually weighs less than other conventional ducting and will therefore put less stress on the building's structure. The lower weight allows for easier installation.WaterproofingThe finish for external ductwork exposed to the weather can be sheet steel coated with aluminium or an aluminium/zinc alloy, a multilayer laminate, a fibre reinforced polymer or other waterproof coating.Duct system componentsBesides the ducts themselves, complete ducting systems contain many other components.Vibration isolators

An air handling unit with vibration isolator (3)A duct system often begins at an air handler. The blowers in the air handler can create substantial vibration, and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the inhabitants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler. The rubberized canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler to vibrate without transmitting much vibration to the attached ducts. The same flexible section can reduce the noise that can occur when the blower engages and positive air pressure is introduced to the ductwork.Take-offsDownstream of the air handler, the supply air trunk duct will commonly fork, providing air to many individual air outlets such as diffusers, grilles, and registers. When the system is designed with a main duct branching into many subsidiary branch ducts, fittings called take-offs allow a small portion of the flow in the main duct to be diverted into each branch duct. Take-offs may be fitted into round or rectangular openings cut into the wall of the main duct. The take-off commonly has many small metal tabs that are then bent to attach the take-off to the main duct. Round versions are called spin-in fittings. Other take-off designs use a snap-in attachment method, sometimes coupled with an adhesive foam gasket for improved sealing. The outlet of the take-off then connects to the rectangular, oval, or round branch duct.Stack boots and headsDucts, especially in homes, must often allow air to travel vertically within relatively thin walls. These vertical ducts are called stacks and are formed with either very wide and relatively thin rectangular sections or oval sections. At the bottom of the stack, a stack boot provides a transition from an ordinary large round or rectangular duct to the thin wall-mounted duct. At the top, a stack head can provide a transition back to ordinary ducting while a register head allows the transition to a wall-mounted air register.Volume control dampers

An opposed-blade, motor-operated zone damper, shown in the "open" position.Ducting systems must often provide a method of adjusting the volume of air flow to various parts of the system. Volume control dampers (VCDs; not to be confused with smoke/fire dampers) provide this function. Besides the regulation provided at the registers or diffusers that spread air into individual rooms, dampers can be fitted within the ducts themselves. These dampers may be manual or automatic. Zone dampers provide automatic control in simple systems while variable air volume (VAV) allows control in sophisticated systems.Smoke and fire dampersSmoke and fire dampers are found in ductwork where the duct passes through a firewall or firecurtain.Smoke dampers are driven by a motor, referred to as an actuator. A probe connected to the motor is installed in the run of the duct and detects smoke, either in the air which has been extracted from or is being supplied to a room, or elsewhere within the run of the duct. Once smoke is detected, the actuator will automatically close the smoke damper until it is manually re-opened.Fire dampers can be found in the same places as smoke dampers, depending on the application of the area after the firewall. Unlike smoke dampers, they are not triggered by any electrical system (which is an advantage in case of an electrical failure where the smoke dampers would fail to close). Vertically mounted fire dampers are gravity operated, while horizontal fire dampers are spring powered. A fire damper's most important feature is a mechanical fusible link which is a piece of metal that will melt or break at a specified temperature. This allows the damper to close (either from gravity or spring power), effectively sealing the duct, containing the fire, and blocking the necessary air to burn.Turning vanes

Turning vanes inside of large fire-resistance rated Durasteel pressurisation ductwork

Turning vane close-up.Turning vanes are installed inside of ductwork at changes of direction (e.g. at 90 turns) in order to minimise turbulence and resistance to the air flow. The vanes guide the air so it can follow the change of direction more easily.PlenumsPlenums are the central distribution and collection units for an HVAC system. The return plenum carries the air from several large return grilles (vents) or bell mouths to a central air handler. The supply plenum directs air from the central unit to the rooms which the system is designed to heat or cool. They must be carefully planned in ventilation design.[why?]Terminal unitsWhile single-zone constant air volume systems typically do not have these, multi-zone systems often have terminal units in the branch ducts. Usually there is one terminal unit per thermal zone. Some types of terminal units are VAV boxes (single or dual duct), fan-powered mixing boxes (in parallel or series arrangement), and induction terminal units. Terminal units may also include a heating or cooling coil.Air terminalsAir terminals are the supply air outlets and return or exhaust air inlets. For supply, diffusers are most common, but grilles, and for very small HVAC systems (such as in residences) registers are also used widely. Return or exhaust grilles are used primarily for appearance reasons, but some also incorporate an air filter and are known as filter returns.[4]Duct cleaningThe position of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is that "If no one in your household suffers from allergies or unexplained symptoms or illnesses and if, after a visual inspection of the inside of the ducts, you see no indication that your air ducts are contaminated with large deposits of dust or mold (no musty odor or visible mold growth), having your air ducts cleaned is probably unnecessary."[5] A thorough duct cleaning done by a professional duct cleaner will remove dust, debris, pet hair, paper clips, children's toys, and whatever else might collect inside. Ideally, the interior surface will be shiny and bright after cleaning. Insulated fiber glass duct liner and duct board can be cleaned with special non-metallic bristles. Fabric ducting can be washed or vacuumed using typical household appliances.Duct cleaning may be personally justifiable for that very reason: occupants may not want to have their house air circulated through a duct passage that is not as clean as the rest of the house. However, duct cleaning will not usually change the quality of the breathing air, nor will it significantly affect airflows or heating costs.Signs and indicatorsCleaning of the duct system may be necessary if:This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

Sweeping and dusting the furniture needs to be done more than usual. After cleaning, there is still left over visible dust floating around the house. After or during sleep, occupants experience headaches, nasal congestion, or other sinus problems. Rooms in the house have little or no air flow coming from the vents. Occupants are constantly getting sick or are experiencing more allergies than usual. There is a musty or stale odor when turning on the furnace or air conditioner. Occupants are experiencing signs of sickness, e.g. fatigue, headache, sneezing, stuffy or running nose, irritability, nausea, dry or burning sensation in eyes, nose and throat.Commercial inspectionIn commercial settings, regular inspection of ductwork is recommended by several standards. One standard recommends inspecting supply ducts every 12 years, return ducts every 12 years, and air handling units annually.[6] Another recommends visual inspection of internally lined ducts annually [7] Duct cleaning should be based on the results of those inspections.Inspections are typically visual, looking for water damage or biological growth.[6][7][8] When visual inspection needs to be validated numerically, a vacuum test (VT) or deposit thickness test (DTT) can be performed. A duct with less than 0.75mg/100m2 is considered to be clean, per the NADCA standard.[8] A Hong Kong standard lists surface deposit limits of 1g/m2 for supply and return ducts and 6g/m2 for exhaust ducts, or a maximum deposit thickness of 60m in supply and return ducts, and 180m for exhaust ducts.[9] Another UK standard recommends ducts cleaning if measured bacterial content is more than 29 colony forming units (CFU) per 10cm2; contamination is classified as "low" below 10 CFU/cm2, "medium" at up to 20 CFU/cm2, and "high" when measured above 20 CFU/cm2.[10]Duct sealingAir pressure combined with air duct leakage can lead to a loss of energy in a HVAC system. Sealing leaks in air ducts reduces air leakage, optimizes energy efficiency, and controls the entry of pollutants into the building. Before sealing ducts it is imperative to ensure the total external static pressure of the duct work, and if equipment will fall within the equipment manufacturer's specifications. If not, higher energy usage and reduced equipment performance may result.Commonly available duct tape should not be used on air ducts (metal, fiberglass, or otherwise) that are intended for long-term use. The adhesive on so called duct tape dries and releases with time. Building codes and UL standards call for special fire-resistant tapes, often with foil backings and long lasting adhesives.Signs of leaksSigns of leaky or poorly performing air ducts include: Utility bills in winter and summer months above average relative to rate fluctuation Spaces or rooms that are difficult to heat or cool Duct location in an attic, attached garage, leaky floor cavity, crawl space or unheated basement.[11]See also Duct (industrial exhaust) Darcy friction factor HVACReferences1. The Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 20052. HVAC Systems -- Duct Design, 3rd Ed., SMACNA, 19903. "Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air Connectors UL 181", UL Standards, retrieved September 2, 20094. Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Room Air Diffusion, Rock and Zhu, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 20025. "Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned?", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved April 17, 20086. NADCA (2013). ACR, The NADCA Standard for Assessment Cleaning Restoration of HVAC Systems. National Air Duct Cleaners Association. Retrieved 16 June 2014.7. ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA (2012). Standard 180 Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial Building HVAC Systems. American Society of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineers. Retrieved 16 June 2014.8. Willis, Steve. "Verifying System Clenliness: A Guide for Commissioning Providers". www.commissioning.org. American Commissioning Group (ACG). Retrieved 16 June 2014.9. AIIB/ACRA/BSOMES/HKBCxC (2004). A Management Practice Guidance Note on Air Duct Cleaning of for Hong Kong. Asian Institute of Intelligent Buildings. 10. CIBSE (2000). TM 26 Hygiene Maintenance of Office Ventilation Ductwork. Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers. 11. Ductwork sealing article at Energy StarFurther reading Air Diffusion Council Flexible Duct Performance and Installation Standard, 4th Ed., 2003External links Media related to Ductwork at Wikimedia Commons[hide] v t eHVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)

Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Convection Dilution (equation) Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Infiltration (HVAC) Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermodynamics Vapor pressure of water

Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled water Constant air volume Dedicated outdoor air system Deep water source cooling Demand-controlled ventilation Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation Forced-air Forced-air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed-mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor-compression refrigeration Variable air volume Variable refrigerant flow Ventilation (architecture)

Components Air conditioner inverter Air filter Air handler Air-mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Chilled beam Chilled water Chiller Condensate pump Condenser (heat transfer) Condensing boiler Convection heater Coolant Cooling tower Damper (flow) Dehumidifier Duct (HVAC) Durable elbow support Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Firestop Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground-coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier HVAC turning vanes Hybrid heat Infrared heater Inverter compressor Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Radiator (heating) Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Reversing valve Run-around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Ultra-low particulate air (ULPA) Whole-house fan Windcatcher Wood-burning stove

Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Building automation Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve

Professions, trades, and services Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing Mold growth, assessment, and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing, adjusting, balancing

Industry organizations ACCA AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BSRIA CIBSE LEED SMACNA

Health and safety Indoor air quality Passive smoking Sick building syndrome

See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Template:Solar energy

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