dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/MARJ06.pdf · jk ckr o.kko] bdkb 4 e ^dojlh lk[kyk vj bdkb 5 e ^u.klh jk [;kr* jh tk.kdkjh vj m.kjk x| y[ku jh follrkok

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dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

àmMrZ Aa _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr JÚ

MARJ-06

ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefr

AÜ`jàmo\o$ga (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrMHw$bn{VdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

g§ moOH$ :àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m`©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>mgXñ`

gånmXZ Ed§ BH$mB© - boIZ

1. S>m°. hrambmb _mhoídarnyd© AÜ`j, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amO.)

2. lr aKwamOqgh hmS>md[að H${d-gm{hË`H$ma,Pmbmdm‹S> (amOñWmZ)

la;kstd@leUo;d@lnL;x.k

1. S>m°. E_.E_.Eg. _mWwa (go.{Z.) 6nyd© gh AmMm`©, amOñWmZr {d^mJO`ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amO.)

2. AVwb "H$ZH$' 7,8H${d-gm{hË`H$ma, H$moQ>m (amO.)

3. í`m_gwÝXa ^maVr 1,2,5àmÜ`mnH$,{dÚmb` {ejm, OmoYnwa (amO.)

3. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`grH$a (amOñWmZ)

4. S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ)

gånmXH$àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mU qgh eoImdV

nyd© AmMm`© Ed§ AÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

g_Ýd`H$ :S>m°. _rVm e_m©

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, {hÝXrdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m4. S>m°. aUOrVqgh Mm¡hmZ 9

A{V{W {ejH$, amOñWmZr {d^mJO`ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amO.)

5. S>m°. Cfm H°$da amR>m¡‹S> 3,4,10amOñWmZr emoY g§ñWmZMm¡nmgZr, OmoYnwa (amO.)

nmR²>`H«$_ CËnmXZ`moJoÝÐ Jmo b

ghm`H$ CËnmXZ A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

mRiknu % Qjojh 2011 ISBN/978/81 - 8496 - 257 - 4gdm©{YH$ma gwa{jV : Bg gm_J«r Ho$ {H$gr ^r A§e H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m H$s {b{IV AZw_{V Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr ^r ê$n _|"{_{_`mJ«m\$s' (MH«$_wÐU) Ho$ Ûmam `m AÝ`Wm nwZ: àñVwV H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Zht h¡Ÿ&Hw$bg{Md, d._.Iw.{díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ûmam dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ho$ {b o _w{ÐV Ed§ àH$m{eVŸ&Xr S>m`_ÊS> {àpÝQ>J àog, O`nwa Ûmam 500 à{V`m§ _w{ÐV&

AH$mX{_H$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmàmo. (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrM àmo. (S>m°.) E_. Ho$. K‹S>mo{b`m `moJoÝÐ Jmo b

Hw$bn{V {ZXoeH$ (AH$mX{_H$) à^mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m g§H$m` {d^mJ nmR²> gm_J«r CËnmXZ Ed§ {dVaU {d^mJ

bdkbZ la- bdkbZ&'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k

[k.M & I

1- izkphu vj e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; 1&13

2- jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko vj fodkl 14&20

[k.M & II

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks % okr lkfgR; 21&29

4- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks [;kr lkfgR; 30&39

[k.M & III

5- izeq[k x| xazFk % jktku jkmr jks okr c.kko 40&54

6- izeq[k x| xzaFk % dqaojlh lka[kyks 55&69

7- izeq[k x| xzaFk % uS.klh jh [;kr 70&85

[k.M & IV

8- izeq[k x| xzaFk % vpGnkl [khaph jh opfudk 86&105

9- izeq[k x| xzaFk % iFohpUnz pfj= okfXoykl 106&114

[k.M & V

10- izeq[k x| xzaFk % cgh lkfgR; 115&123

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

àmMrZ Aa _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr JÚ

AZwH«$_{UH$m

MARJ-06

[k.M ifjpS[k.M&I

bZa [k.M esa nks bdkbZ;ka gSA bdkbZ 1 esa îzkphu vj e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh lkfgR;* jh tk.kdkjh nhxbZ gS A twuks jktLFkkuh x| eksdGks vj dSbZ fo/kkoka esa fyf[kT;kS gSA b.k lxGk x| lkfgR; jh lkj :iesa foxr b± bdkbZ esa ekaMh xbZ gS A bdkbZ 2 esa jktLFkkuh x| jk mn~Hko vj fodkl jh vksd[kk.k djkbZ xbZgS A foØe jh pkSnoha lnh lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jk xzaFk fey.kk l: OgS vj vk/kqfud leS esa Hkh uqaoh x|fo/kkoka jS :i esa Hkh ?k.kks x| lkfgR; lkeh vkoSA

[k.M&II

bZa [k.M esa nks bdkbZ;ka gS bdkbZ 3 esa ^jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk okr lkfgR;* jh tk.kdkjh djkbZ xbZ gSvj bdkbZ 4 esa ^jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk [;kr lkfgR;* jh foxr vk[kjka <Gh gS A

[k.M&III

b± [k.M esa 3 bdkbZ;ka gS A bdkbZ 3 esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk twuk x| jh egrkm iksFkh ^jktku jkmrjks ckr o.kko*] bdkbZ 4 esa ^dqaojlh lka[kyks* vj bdkbZ 5 esa ûS.klh jk [;kr* jh tk.kdkjh vj m.kjk x|ys[ku jh folslrkoka jh lkaxksikax tk.kdkjh nh xbZ gSA vs rhuwa xzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| dk vk/kkj gS ft.kkij jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jks foykG vj HkO; Hkou [kM+ks gq;ks gSA

vs rhuwa xzaFk vyx&vyx fol; oLrq vj lSyh jk njlko ikBdka lkeh jk[kSA ^jktku jkmr jks okro.kko* twuk jktLFkkuh x| jks cstksM+ uewuks gS A b.kh tjS ^dqaojlh lka[kyks* vk/kqfud x| fo|k dgk.kh vjmiU;kl jks l:vkrh #i d;kS tk ldS gSA ûS.klh jh [;kr* bfrgkl jh veksyh iksFkh gS tdh jktLFkkuhHkklk x| esa fy[khth gS A

[k.M&IV

b± [k.M esa nks bdkbZ;ka gS A bdkbZ 8 esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk pkok x| xzaFk & ^vpGnkl [khaph jhopfudk* & jk x| jh ckuxh vj folslrkoka njlkbZ xbZ gS A x<+ xkxjks.k jk jktk vapynkl [khaph & [kqnjh ohjrk] nslHkxrh vj laLÑfr izse [kkrj fo[;kr gS A doslj flonkl th xkM.k vapynkl [khaph jkgqlaxlkg xksjh lkFkS gq;k tq) jks vka[;ka ns[;kS gky] b.k opfudk esa lkarjS vj vksirs <ax lwa ek.M;kS gSA

bdkbZ 9 îFohjkt pfjr ofXoykl* uked jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ukeh x| iksFkh jh fuj[k ij[k ijvk/kkfjr gS A b.kesa twuk jktLFkku x| jks fu[kj;kSM+ks vj furfj;ksM+ks :i ns[k.k uS feGSA

[k.M&V

b.k [k.M esa ^xqjklka ukjk;.knkl th jh ogh* jh foxr gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks ôgh lkfgR;* twukx| jh lcGh fo|k gS A cgh x| lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjh vtS yx v/kwjh gh ft.kjh deh b.k bdkbZ lwa iwjhgqbZ gSA

1

bdkbZ & 1

izkphu vj e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

1-0 mísL;

1-1 izLrkouk

1-2 jktLFkkuh Hkklk % vsd nhB

1-3 jktLFkkuh cksfy;ka jkS ojxhdj.k

1-4 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl

1-5 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifÙk

1-6 lkfgR; fodkl jkS E;kaukS

1-6-1 cksfy;ka nhB fodkl

1-6-2 lkfgR; fljt.k nhB fodkl

1-7 jktLFkkuh jkS fodkleku i| lkfgR;

1-8 izkphu jktLFkkuh x|

1-9 jktLFkkuh x| jk U;kjk&U;kjk :i

1-10 lekgkj

1-11 bdkbZ jks lkj

1-12 vH;kl jk izLu

1-13 lcnka jk vjFk

1-14 lanHkZ xzUFkka jh ikuM+h

1-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ uS F;kol lwa Hkf.k;ka iNS vkiuS&

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh iwjh tk.kdkjh gks tklhA

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh egrkÅ iksfFk;ka jh tk.kdkjh gks tklhA

jktFkkuh lkfgR; jS mn~Hko jkS /;ku iM+lhA

izkphu lkfgR; jh izeq[k mtkxj gkslhA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jkS X;kau gkslhA

1-1 izLrkouk

fd.kh [;kruke bfrgkldkj jh dgh vk ckr lkS Qhlnh lgh gS] dS Hkkjr jS bfrgkl eka; lwa tsjktLFkku jkS bfrgkl fudkG fn;kS tkoS rkS ikNS vSgM+kS dha uha cpS] ft.k ekFkS xjc fd;kS tk ldSA b.kh jStksM+k&tksM+ vk ckr dgh tkoS] dS Hkkjr jS lkfgR; jS bfrgkl eka; lwa ts izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fudkGfn;kS tkoS] rkS lkfgR; jS bfrgkl eka; vSM+kS dha uha cpS] ft.k jkS mYys[k xqeSt jS lkFkS fd;kS tk ldS \

jktLFkku vsd blkS iznsl gS] ft.k ekFkS vBka jk okfl;ka uS ?k.kkS xjc xqeku gSA nsl jS vktkn gqo.k

2

lwa iSyka jktLFkku dsbZ fj;klrka eka; cafV;kS FkdkS gksA b.k jk dsbZ vyx&vyx Hkkx gk] vj cka jk lxGkajk vyx&vyx uke bZ gkA vka ukeka esa tkaxG] esnikV] eRL;] liknyDl] ekM] e:] ckxM+] xqtZj=k bR;kndsbZ uke rkS ?k.kk pkok gSA vka ukeka jS vykok dq:] lwjlsu] jktU;] flch] izkXokV] vcqZn] cYy] =o.kh] ekyobR;kn uke bZ b.k Hkw Hkkx jS iSVS vk;k gSA vyx&vyx fj;klrka esa fc[kfj;ksM+S b.k Hkkx jkS uke jktLFkkulc lwa iSyka vaxzstka /kfj;kSA laor~ 1957 esa tktZ Vkel vkijS ^feysVªh eseks;lZ* esa jktLFkku lcn jkS mi;ksxfd;kSA

izkphu lkfgR; vj bfrgkl jh nhB lwa jktLFkku vsd egrkÅ iznsl gSA gjSd BkSM+ jkS vkijkS bfrgklgksoS] i.k m.k bfrgkl uS mtkxj dj.k okGkS lkfgR; bZ gksoSA vBka jkS izkphu lkfgR; bZ vBka jS xjchySbfrgkl jh xGkbZ mYys[k tksx gSA fla/kq] lH;rk lwa Hkh iSyka vBka jkS bfrgkl l: gqoSA vBka jk ohjka] larka]lfr;ka] dfo&dykdkjka] ckcr fljft;ksM+kS lkfgR; eksdGks gSA lkfgR; jS fodkl jh nhB lwa b.k jhHk.kkbZ&i<kbZ dsbZ fcUnqvka jS rgr djh tk ldSA i.k b.k lwa iSyka jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fodkl jh tk.kdkjht:jh gSA

1-2 jktLFkkuh Hkklk % vsd nhB

jktLFkkuh jS izkphu lkfgR; jS fodkl uS Bhd Hkkar lwa le>.k lwa iSyka t:jh gS] dS vkika jktLFkkuhHkklk vj m.k jS fodkl Øe uS FkksM+kS&?k.kkS le>.k jh dksfll djkaA vly esa jktLFkkuh vk;Z&Hkklk lwa ukrkSjk[k.k okGh viHkzal lwa fudGh vsd lqra= Hkklk gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifÙk fd.k viHkzal lwa gqbZ gS] b.kckr uS ys; uS Hkklk&foKku jk fo}kuka esa erHksn gSA MkW- fxz;lZu jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS tGe ukxj viHkzallwa ekuSA MkW- lquhfr dqekj pVthZ jktLFkkuh jh mRifÙk ûkxj viHkza'k lwa bZ ekuS] oS b.k uS lkSjkLVªh viHkzaldS;kS gSA lw;Zdj.k ikjhd eqtc jktLFkkuh jkS fodkl lc lwa iSyka ûkxj* vj ^voUrh viHkza'k* lwa gq;kSA HkklkfoX;kau jS fo}kuka jkS eku.kkS gS dS jktLFkkuh laLØr lwa mRiUu vk;Z Hkklkoka jS vsd oxZ esa vkoSA b.k nhBlkj :i esa vk ckr dgh tk ldS dS jktLFkkuh jkS fudkl vj fodkl viHkzal Hkklk lwa bZ gq;kSA vkS eku.kkStksbtS dS viHkzal jh Nsgyh voLFkk uS jktLFkkuh jkS izkphudky dS vkfndky d;kS tk ldSA jktLFkkuh HkklkjkS izkphu uke e:Hkklk* gSA ê:Hkklk* lcn jkS mYys[k lc lwa iSyka tkyksj xk¡o esa jfp;S xzaFk ^dqoy;ekyk*esa tSu eqfu m|ksru lwfj fd;kSA b.k xzaFk jh jpuk foØe laor~ 835 esa gqbZA b.kjh ckuxh ns[khtS

^vIik&tqIik* Hkf.k js vg isPNbZ ek: vs rÙkks*û mjs HkYyma* Hkf.k js vg isPNbZ xqTtjs vojs*^vEga dkma rqEgea* Hkf.k js vg isPNbZ ykMs*^Hkkb ; b Hkb.kh rqCHks]* Hkf.k js vg ekyos fnB~BsA*

& ¼dqoy;ekyk½

jktLFkkuh uke iqjk.kkS ;k izkphu uh gSA i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS Bhd lwa le>.k jh nhB lwa b.k ukejS vk/kkj ekFkS Hk.kkbZ dh tk ldSA jktLFkkuh lwa eryc gS jktiwrkuk ¼jktLFkku½ esa cksyht.k okGh lxGhcksfy;kaA JhukFk prqosZnh vki jh iksFkh ^jktLFkku esa fgUnh ;k jktLFkkuh dh fofHkUu cksfy;ka* esa vBka jh 41¼bdrkGhl½ Hkkar jh cksfy;ka jkS mYys[k fd;kS gSA

1-3 jktLFkkuh cksfy;ka jkS ojxhdj.k

jktLFkkuh jkS twuks uke e:Hkklk gSA fxz;lZu vkijh iksFkh ^fyafXofLVd losZ vkWQ bf.M;k* esajktLFkkuh jh vka cksfy;ka jkS ojxhdj.k b.k Hkkar fd;kS gSA

1- if'peh jktLFkkuh % b.k esa ekjokM+h] FkGh] chdkusjh] ckxM+h] ls[kkokVh] esokM+h] [kSjkM+h]xksM+okM+h] vj nsoM+kokVh bR;kn lkfey gSA

2- mÙkjiwohZ jktLFkkuh % vghjokVh vj esokrhA

3

3- <wa<kM+h % b.k [ksrj uS e/;iwohZ jktLFkku bZ dS;kS tkoSA b.k jS rgr rksjkokVh] t;iqjh] dkBSM+h]jktkokVh] vtesjh] fd'kux<+h] lkgiqjh] vj gkM+kSrh fx.kkbth gSA

4- ekGoh ;k nf{k.k iwohZ jktLFkkuh % b.k jS rgr jkaxM+h vj lksjokM+h gSA

5- nf{k.kh jktLFkkuh % fuekM+hA

cksfy;ka vj lkfgR; fljt.k

izkphu jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl viHkzal lwa gq;kSA b.k nhB viHkzal jh Nsgyh voLFkkuS bZ jktLFkkuh jkS vkfndkyhu :i eku.kkS pkbtSA ckjS dkslka cksyh cnGS okGh dgkor vBS gh ykxw gqoSAFkksM+k&FkksM+k dkslka jS vkarjS lwa bÙkh lkjh cksfy;ka jk :i feGS i.k vka cksfy;ka jk Jqfr :i bZ lkaeh vkoSA vkalxGh cksfy;ka esa vki&vki jk U;kjk vj fujokGk yksd xhr vj Hkxrh xhr gS! vk yksd lEink ih<+h njih<+h yksx&yqxk;ka jh Lefr;ka esa bZ vkxS c/kSA ykssd xhrka vj Hkxrh xhrka jh rjS vka cksfy;ka esa v.kfx.kvkS[kka.kk bZ gSA izkphu yksd&dFkkoka uS bZ b.kh vkSGkoS dwar.kh pkbtS] izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS mn~Hko vjfodkl esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vka lxGh cksfy;ka jkS egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;kS gSA

1-4 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl

jktLFkkuh mÙkj Hkkjr jh vsd izeq[k Hkklk gkso.k jh otS lwa b.k jkS ukrkS&fjLrkS mÙkj Hkkjr jh vk;ZHkklkoka lwa vkikS&vki gh xsgjks gSA ^Hkk"kk foKku* jh nhB lwa b.k jh ij[k djka rkS b.k jkS laLÑr lwa tGegkso.k jh ckr vkika jS lkaeh vkoSA b.kh fopkj jS tksM+k&tksM+ vsd fo}ku Jh fd'kksj flag ckgZLikR; jktLFkkuhuS oSfnd&Hkklk ifjokj jh vsd Hkklk ekuSA

1-5 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifÙk

jktLFkkuh] ft.k jkS izkphu uke e:Hkklk gS] vk vk;Z Hkklk jS dqG lwa fudyh gSA b.k jkS tGeviHkzal lwa gq;kS gSA

oSfnd Hkklk

laLÑr Hkklk

izkÑr Hkklk ikjlh Hkklk ftUn Hkklk teZu Hkklk

iLrkS Hkklk rqdhZ Qzkalhlh vaxzsth Mp

ex/kh lkSjlSuh viHkzal caxkyh ikyh

czt Hkklk cqUnsy [ksM+h phuh

mRdy vlehfgUnh

xqtjkrh

fMaxG ejkBh

lkSjk"Vªh

ekyoh lS.koh

4

vka jS vykok tdk ?k.kdjk fo}kuka jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh mRifÙk vj fodkl 'kksjlsuh viHkza'k* lwa crkbZgS] oka eka; Jh fjpMZ foly] Mk- vsy ih rSLlhrkSjh] vj Mk- mn;ukjk;.k frokjh bR;kn uke mYys[ktksx gSAdUgS;kyky ek.kd yky eqa'kh] ujflagjko Hkks- fnosfV;k] Mk- eksrhyky esukfj;k bR;kn fo}ku jktLFkkuh Hkklkjh mRifÙk xqtZjh] ;k iNS xqtZj viHkzal lwa crkbZ gSA vki jh ckr uS iq[krk lk: oS nyhy nsoS dS iqjk.kS oxreka; fla/k] xqtjkr vj ekjokM+ vsd bZ gkA vS rhuw e:xwtj uke lwa tk.;k tkorkA 16oha lnh rd jktLFkkuhvj xqtjkrh nksuwa vsd bZ Hkklk ghA b.kh lnh jS chpkGS izkphu ifLpeh jktLFkkuh lwa xqtjkrh jkS vsd vyxLora= Hkklk jS :i eka; fodkl gks;kSA b.k lwa iSyk xqtjkrh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vsd cksyh ghA

1-6 lkfgR; fodkl jkS E;kaukS

1-6-1 cksfy;ka nhB fodkl

fd.kh lkfgR; jS fodkl jh dwar m.k Hkklk eka; cksyht.k okGh cksfy;ka uS vk/kkj eku uS bZ djh tkHkk"kk ifjokj

¼ewy Hkk"kk½

oSfnd laLÑr ykSfdd laLÑr

izkÑr ikfy

lkSjlsuh ekx/kh v)Z ekx/kh viHkzal iSlkph egkjkLVªh

e#xqtZjh ukxj lkSjlsuh

jktLFkkuh ¼e#Hkk"kk½

ekjokM+h esokM+h gkM+kSrh <wa<kM+h ls[kkokVh esokrh ekyoh ckxM+h ¼Hkhyh½

laLØr

ldSA b.k nhB lks/k&[kkst fd;ka tdk rF; lkaeh vkoS] oka eqtc jktLFkkuh vsd Hkjh&iwjh Hkklk gSA izkÑrvj viHkzal jS iNS jktLFkkuh vki&vki jk [ksrj esa dsbZ cksfy;ka jS :i eka; lkaeh vkbZ vj iuihA b.k ckrjkS [kqyklkS ifLpeh jktLFkkuh] mÙkj iwjoh jktLFkkuh] <wa<kM+h] ekGoh ds nfDl.kh jktLFkkuh bR;kn ukeka lwafd;kS x;kS gSA vS lc jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fodkl jh lcGh vkSG[k nSoSA

1-6-2 lkfgR; fljt.k nhB fodkl

fd.kh bZ Hkklk jS fodkl jh dwar m.k Hkklk eka; gkso.k okGS lkfgR; fljt.k lwa bZ djh tkoSA b.kvk/kkj lwa fopkj djka rkS jktLFkkuh jS izkphu dky vFkok ohjxkFkk dky eka;] [kklkS lkfgR; fljt.k gkso.kjk izek.k feGSA

¼v½ tSu lkfgR;

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; tSu lkfgR; vsd v.keksy Fkkrh :i gSA vkS lxGkS lkfgR; m.koxr jk tSu tfr;ka] vj Jkodka jS gkFkka fljftr gks;ksA b.k fljt.k jS rgr tSu eqfu;ka vkijS

5

/kkjfed foLokl uS lcn nhuk gSA /kje jk fu;eka uS m.k jk vknjlka jkS lkaxksikax cj.kko x|vj i| eka; gq;kS gSA m.k dky jk tSu larka /kkjfed lkfgR; jkS fljt.k bZ cSlh fd;kS gSA

¼c½ pkj.k lkfgR;

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS mn~Hko vj fodkl eka; pkj.k lkfgR; jkS ?k.kkS egrkÅ ;ksxnkujS;kS gSA b.k Hkklk lkfgR; eka; fljt.k uS fodkl isVS pkj.kka jS VkG jktiwrka] eksrhlj] Hkkstdfcjke.kka bR;kn tkrka bZ [kklkS dke fd;kS] i.k ?k.kkS dke pkj.kka bZ fd;kS gSA pkj.k lnho lwajktk&egkjktkoka jS vkljS] oka jh NÙkj Nha;ka eka; jSork vk;k gSA b.k nhB oS jktiwrh laLØfr[kkrj bZ lnho izsj.kk nso.k okGk uS oka eka; tksl txko.k okGk jS;kA pkj.kka jS fur uqaoSfljt.k jS ik.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh fodkl tkrjk cjkcj vkijk ikoaMk vkxS /kjrh pkyrh vjc/krh jSbZ gSA

¼l½ Hkxrh lkfgR;

vBka jkS Hkxrh lkfgR; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fodkl eka; egrkÅ ;ksxnku dfj;kS gSA izkphujktLFkkuh lkfgR; rkS ?k.k djks tSu larka jS gkFkka fljftr gks;kS gSA Hkxrh lkfgR; eka;lacaf/kr /kje jk fu;eka jS vykok feu[k tho.k jS lnkpkj jh ckrka bZ m.k rgr cjkcjmdsjhtrh jSbZ gSA lar izkØr vj viHkzal jk dB.k lcnka uS VkG vke yksxka uS le> iM+S ftlhHkklk jkS fljt.k djrk jS;k gSA Hkxrh lkfgR; jS ik.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk&lkfgR; lS fodkllgt :i gks;ks] [kkldj e/;dky eka;A

¼n½ yksd&lkfgR;

fd.kh nsl jS Hkklk lkfgR; jh lgh dwar cBk jS yksd&lkfgR; uS Hkf.k;ka&xqf.k;ka VkG uha gksoSAvBS vk ckr dgh tk ldS dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS yksd lkfgR; vk[kh nqfu;k eka; fujokGkS vjvi.kS vki eka; vuwBkS gSA [kkl ckr vk*dS vBka jkS yksd&lkfgR; vBk jk yksd ekul jh psrukjkS c[kk.k gSA b.k jh ekjQr jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lkfgR; jS mn~Hko vj fodkl jh tk.kdkjh djhtk ldSA b.k yksd&lkfgR; uS bZ nks; QkaVk eka; ckaV lef>;kS tk ldSA

1- yksd dFkkoka & jktLFkkuh yksd dFkkoka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS veksyd [ktkuks gSAtnfi nqc/kk vk jSbZ gS dS vkS lkfgR; vsd yEcS dky&[kaM eka; okpd ijaijk eka; thoarjS;kSA jktLFkkuh jh yksd&dFkkoka jkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk&lkfgR; jS fodkl eka; ?k.kkSegrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;kSA ?k.kdjh yksd dFkkoka rkS izkØr vj viHkzall lwa jktLFkkuh rd jhtkrjk djhA

2- yksd xhr & vBka jk yksd xhr izkphu jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fodkl jkS lcykS izek.k dS;kStk ldSA jktLFkkuh ft.k dky&[kaM eka; yksd jh Hkklk ?kM+ yksd xhrka jS :i eka; pkSQsjQSyh] jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkijS fodkl jk ikaoMk m.k oxr lwa bZ vkxS /kj.k ykxhA yksdxhrksajS lkFkS gh iokM+k] dgkorka] eqgkojk bR;kn jkS Hkklk jS fodkl esa lgk;d c.;kA

1-7 jktLFkkuh jkS fodkleku i| lkfgR;

fd.kh Hkklk&lkfgR; jS fodkl jh dwar m.k Hkklk eka; jpht.k okGS lkfgR; jS ika.k bZ lkaxksikax djhtk ldSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS :i&l:i foØeh jh uoeS lbZdS esa ika[kka dk<.k ykxkS gkSA viHkzal yksd ekullwa vGxh gkso.k ykxh gh jktLFkkuh lgt ljy&Hkklk tu eu eka; ix eaM.kk djok ykxh ghA m.k oxrlkfgR; fljt.kk tSu eqfu;ka jS gkFkka cjkcj gksorhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS yxSVxS lkfgR; tSu eqfu;ka jS gkFkkafljftr uS iksf[kr gks;kSA

eqfu m|ksru lwfj jh dkO; Hkklk ¼la- 835½

6

laor 835 eka; tkGksj eka; ^dqoy; ekyk* ukeS dkO;iksFkh dkO; iksFkh feGh] ft.k eka; jktLFkkuhHkklk jh vkSG[k ê:Hkklk* uke lwa djkbZth gSA b.k eas pjpjh jpuk eka; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh >yd feGSAuewuS [kkrj m.k xzaFk jkS vsd in vBS fn;kS tkoS gS&

dfl.k deG nG yks;.k py js gar vks

ih.k figqy Fk.k dfM;y Hkkj fdyar vkS

rk.k pfyj cfy;kofy dG;G ln~n vkS

jkl ;fEe tb yC/kb tqcb lLFk vkS

Åij fy[kh vkSfG;ka jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh m.k dky jh vsd fiNka.k vkika lkeh jk[kSA b.k jS <kGkS<kGlbZdka eqtc Hk.kkbZ fd;ka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fodkl tkrjk jh vsd lkQ rLohj vkika vkxS vk tklhA

otzlsu lwfj jh dkO;&Hkklk ¼13 okSa lbZdkS½

dksbZ rSjoSa lbZds eka; fljftr ^HkjrsLoj ckgqcyh ?kksj* jh jpuk ctzlsu lwfj dhnhA iSarkyhl inkajh vk jpuk Hkxoku fjlHknso jS csVs Hkjr uS ckgqcyh chpkGS gq;k tq) jkS cj.kko gSA

dksokuy iTtfym rko] Hkjgsla: taibZA

js js fn;gq fi;k.kk] <kd fteq egh;G daibZAA

xqyq eqyar pkfy;k] gkfFku fxfjoj taxeA

fgalk jfo tfg fj;fn;ar] gfYy; rqjaxeAA

/kj MksybZ [kyHkybZ] lsuq fnf.k;: NkbtbA

Hkjgsl: pkfy;m dVfd dlq mieqnhtbZAA

ra fulq.ksfo.kq ckgqcfy.k] lhgo x; xqfM+;kA

fj.k jgflafg pmjax nfyfga csm iklk tqfM+;kAA

rSjosa lbZds eka; jph b.k dkO; jpuk jh Hkklk m|ksru lwfj jh dkO; jpuk lwa vkxS jh gSA vk ckrb.k jS Hkklk jpko lwa lkQ le>h tk ldSA ^dqaoy; ekyk* vj Hkjrs'oj ckgqcyh pksj jh Hkklk jktLFkkuhHkklk jh fodkl tkrjk jh lk[k HkjSA

m|ksru lwfj jh dkO; Hkklk ekFkS viHkzal jh Nha;k gS rkS otzlsu jh dkO; Hkklk ekFkS ikNyh dkO;<c jh jaxr lqHkV gSA b.kka lwa jktLFkkuh jh fodkl tkrjk uS le>h tk ldSA

lkjax/kj ¼'kkXMZ/kj½ jh i| Hkklk ¼1420½ % lkjax/kj rhu xzaFkka jh fljt.kk jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka;djh oka eka; ^lkjax/kj lafgrk* vj nwth iksFkh lkjax/kj i)fr* egrkÅ gSA vkS xzaFk lnkpkj jh lh[k nsof.k;kSlqHkkflr xzaFk gSA lkjax/kj jh m.k dky jh Hkklk jkS uewukS uhpS eqtc gS &

fia/km fn< l.kkg okg mIij iD[kj nbZA

ca/kq lefn j.k /klm gEehj cv.k ybZA

mM~My .kgig Hkem [kXx fjm lhlfg MkjmA

iD[kj iD[kj BsfYy isfYy iCcv v¶QkymA

gEehj dTtq tTty Hk.kg dksgk.ky eqgey tymA

lqyrk.k lhl djcky nb rfTt dysoj fnv pymAA

¼etcwr dop igudj] ?kksM+s ij ik[kj Mkydj] cU/kqtuksa dks vk'oklu nsdj 'kkg gehj ds opuksadks xzg.kdj eSa j.k esa mrjk gw¡A eSa varfj{k vkSj vkdk'k esa Hkze.k djrk gw¡A [kM~x ls 'k=qvksa ds fljksa dks

7

dkVrk gw¡A ik[kj ls ik[kj Bsy&isydj ioZrksa dks fgykrk gw¡A tTty dgrk gS fd gehj ds fy, eSa dksikfXuesa tyrk gw¡ vkSj lqyrku ds flj ij rjokj nsdj bl 'kjhj dks NksM+ LoxZ dks pyrk gw¡A½

Åij tdh i| jpuk gS] Hkklk cjrko jh nhB fopkj djka rkS b.k uS izkphu jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkSmnkgj.k dS; ldkaA b.k i| jpuk eka; j.kFkaHkksj jk pkSgk.k jktk gehj jS lsukifr tTty jh ohj izfrX;kjkS lkaoBkS cj.kko gSA lkQ gS dS Hkklk ekFkS viHkzal jkS izHkko cjkcj gS i.k iSyM+h Hkklk lwa vk vkxS jh HkklkgS D;wa dS b.k eka; lcnka jkS uqokSi.k vj Hkklk jk rsoj U;kjk gSA

vlkbr jh dkO; Hkklk ¼1427½

^galkoyh* dfo vlkbr jh vsd NksVh lhd dkO; iksFkh gSA b.k uS vsd fojg dkO; dS;kS tk ldSAHkklk jh nhB lwa b.k iksFkh jh dkO; Hkklk fodkl jh vkxyh js[k gSA dkO; jk dha uewuk b.k Hkkar gS &

fdyfdyrh cu fopjrh] osyh oj ohlklA

lf/k lkeh lkgl dhm gwa vsdyh fujklAA

Hkf.k vlkbr Hko varfj] lefj lke.kh dsrA

galkmfy vkjrh <Gh] ihm ihm eqf[k Hk.kafrAA

doslj vlkbr ^dqaoy; ekyk* vj ^ckgqcyh ?kksj* jh vka jpukoka lwa vkika vka dforkoka jh Hkklk eka;vk;S cnGko uS lkQ vkSG[k ldkaA

fljh/kj ¼Jh/kj½ jh dkO; Hkklk ¼1457½

^j.key Nan* ukeS xazaFk jk fljtd fljh/kj ¼Jh/kj½ bZMj jS jktk j.key jh oxr gks;kA ^j.key Nan*vsd tksjnkj ohj dkO; iksFkh gS] b.k eka; lRrj Nan gSA ft.kkesa ikV.k jS lwcsnkj tQj[kka vj jktk j.keychpS gksbZ yM+kbZ jkS lkaxksikax cj.kko gSA dfork jks uewukS b.k Hkkar gS &

gFk [kqjry js.kb jfo Nkfgm] leqgj Hkfj bZMjobZ vkbmA

[ku [kokl [ksfy cfy vk;q] bZMj vMj nqXxry xg;qAA

nendkj neke neDdb] <e<e <e<e <ksy <eDdbA

ljoj rjoj csl igV~VbZ] rjrj rqjd iM+b rygfV~VbAA

^j.key Nan* jh Hkklk fMaxy jkS iqV fy;ksM+h gSA b.k ohj dkO; eka; vkstLoh ok.kh eka; tq) jkScj.kko gq;kS gSA dfo jh Hkklk vkijk ikNyk dfo;ka jh dkO; Hkklk lwa vyx gSA Nanka vj vyadkjka jkS iz;ksxb.k eka; ?k.kS vkSirs <ax lwa gks;kS gSA

nyir jh dkO;&Hkklk ¼la- 870½

dfo nyir fojfpr [kqEek.k jklks* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; bfrgkl jh vsd veksyh vj egrkÅ iksFkh gSAb.k eka; cIik jkoG uS ys;*j egkjk.kk jktflag rd esokM+ jk jktkoka jh foxr gSA [kqEek.k jklks* jk dha uewukb.k Hkkar gS &

jk.kkS bd fnu jktlh] lg yS p<+;kS fldkjA

xax f=os.kh xkserh] vuM+ tw fopS vikjAA

unh fuj[kh] ukxngks] fparbZ jktM+ jk.kA

unh ca/kkÅ uke dj ¼rks½ gwa lgh fganok.kAA

uYyflag jh dkO; Hkklk ¼la- 1093½

dfo uYyflag fot;x< ¼djkSyh jkT;½ jk tnwoalh ujsl fot;iky jk njckjh dfo gkA jktk

8

fot;iky vka uS fgaMkSu uxj jkS xkao] gkFkh] ?kksM+k] ghjk] eksrh] bR;kn bZuke eka; nhukA vka jh dfork HkklkjkS uewukS ns[khtS &

Hk;s HkV~V izFkq ;X; rSa] gS fljksfg;k vYyA

ozRrsLoj tnqoal ds] uYy iYy ny lYyAA

ohlk lkS xtjkt] okft lkSyg lkS ekrsA

fn;S lkr lkS xzke] lgj fgaMkSu lqgkrsAA

Åij ft.k dfo;ka jh dkG Hkklk ckcr ftdj&pjpk djh os] us oka jS vykok Qsj ?k.kk bZ dfo m.kdky eka; bL;k jS;k] dS os vsd ekSu lk/kd jh xGkbZ lk/kuk djrk jS;kA vBS vSgM+k dsbZ uke gS]tdka jkS ftdj fd;ka fcuk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fodkl tkrjk jh Hk.kkbZ v/kwjh gSA vBS vSgM+kbZvsd&nks uewuk isl gSA

vsDdb oUu olarM+k] vsOob varj dkbfla?k dcMMh uk ygb] x;oj yD[k fodkbx;oj xGb xyfFFk;m tga [kapb rga tkbfla/k xGFFk.k tb lgb rm ng yD[k fodkbZ

¼&vpynkl [khph jh opfudk lu 1428½

fpark ca/km l;y tx] fpark fd.kfg u c//kAts uj fpark cl djb] rs Hkk.kl ufg fl//kAAekyok.kh rwa eu leh] uk.kb lgw foosdAfgj.kk[kh gflub dgb] djm fnlkmj bdAA

¼^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk* lu 1473 bZ-½

dkO; :ika eka; jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS fodkl

Hkklk lkfgR; vkijk dSbZ :ika eka; fodkl djSA fodkl jh b.k tkrjk eka; dkO; jk dha :i b.kHkkar gSA

¼v½ tSu dkO; :i & Qkxq] osfy] jkl] ckjgeklk] /koy] eaxy fookgykS] ppZjh] /keky] iokM+kS]pkSikbZ] laf/k] dDdk] ekrzdk] ckouh <ky] pfjr izca/k] dFkk] opfudk bR;knA

¼c½ pkj.kh dkO; :i & ¼pfjr uk;dka jS ukeka jS vk/kkj ekFkS½ jkl] izdkl] foykl] :id]opfudk] csfy bR;knA ¼Nanka jS vk/kkj ekFkS½ uhlka.kh] >wy.kk] xhr] dq.Mfy;k] dfoRr] nksgk]lksjBk bR;knA ¼ikSjkf.kd dkO;ka jS vk/kkj ekFkS½ gj.k] fookgykS] eaxy] jkl bR;knA

¼l½ HkfDr dkO; :i & ok.kh] xs; in] bR;knA

¼n½ ykSfdd dkO; :i & izca/k] [kaM] eqDrd] vsfrgkfld] ikSjkf.kd] dkYifud] pfjr] dFkk] okr]nwgk] jklkS bR;knA vka jS vykok dSbZ Nanka jS rgr jktLFkkuh Hkklk oxr ijok.kS vkijh fodkljh ixMakMh /kdS lwa /kdS pkyrh jSbZA dksbZ i.k Hkklk&lkfgR; jS fodkl uS lkao<S mnkgj.kka lwaBhd Hkkar lef>;kS tk ldSA leSxr Hkklk lkfgR; jS fodkl jk dha uewuk&

izkphu jktLFkkuh

ok;lq mM~MkofUrv,] fim fnV~Bm lgefrAv//kk oy;k efgfgx;] v//kk QqV~V rfMfRrAA

fodkleku jktLFkkuh

9

dkx mMko.k /k.k [kM+h] vk;ks iho eM+d~dAvk/kh pwM+h dkx xG] vk/kh xbZ rM+d~dAA

izkphu jktLFkkuh

iqRrs tk,a do.kq xq.kq] voxq.k do.kq eq,.kAtk cIih dh HkqagM+h] pfEitbZ vojs.kAA

fodkleku jktLFkkuh

csVk tk;ka do.k xq.k] voxq.k do.k f/k;s.kAtka ÅHkk /kj vki.kh] xathtS vojs.kAA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS lkfgR; jh fodkl tkrjk vkijS ekjx uSgpS fu%lax pkyrh vkbZ gSA vkijS mn~HkojS lkFkS vk Hkklk vki jh xr&?kld] vkijh lSyh eka; cnyko uS fodkl jh iwjh [kIir djSA dfork HkklkvkijS vkSGkoS lkfgR; jh nwth fo/kkoka uS bZ cy nsoSA dSo.k jkS eryc ds jktLFkkuh lkfgR; izkphu vFkokohjxkFkk dkya eka; ft.k Hkkar dkO; fljt.k jS vkSGkoS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS fodkl fd;kS] yxSVxS v.kh jS rkSyjktLFkkuh x| jkS bZ iwjkS fodkl us lqèkkj fd;kSA izkphu Hkklk lkfgR; jS fodkl vkSGkoS izkphu jktLFkkuhx| ckcr tk.kdkjh gkly djL;kaA

1-8 izkphu jktLFkkuh x|

jktLFkkuh i| jh xykbZ izkphu jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; x| lkfgR; bZ ?k.kkS bZ feGSA b.k nhB dS;kStk lds dS jktLFkkuh x| ys[k.k jh ijaijkbZ ?k.kh iqjk.kh jSbZ gSA i| jh Hkkar izkphu x| bZ tSu ys[kdka jkSfyf[k;kS feGSA bcrka.kh tdk iksFkh izek.k fefG;k gS] okS la- 1330 jkS mnkgj.k gSA vsd iksFkh laxzkeflag jhfy[kh ckGdka [kkrj O;kdj.k ¼laLÑr½ jh feGh gS] b.k jk lxGk mnkgj.k us lcnka nk vjFkko jktLFkkuhHkklk eka; fn;k gSA b.k Hkkar jh jpukoka uS ^vkSfDrd* uke fn;kS x;kSA m.k dky jh vSgM+h ?k.kdkjh jpukokafeGSA v.ka eka; lc lwa egrkÅ ys[kd dqyeaMy jh fy[kh iksFkh êqDrk cks/k vkSfDrd* ¼1450½ gSA b.k uSHkf.k;ka m.k oxr jh cksy pky jh Hkklk jh lkaoBh tk.kdkjh feGSA tSu larka vki jS /kje jkS izpkj&izlkjdjok jh nhB lwa /kje jk minslka uS tu&tu rkbZ iwxko.k [kkrj ft.k Hkklk eka; /kje dFkkoka fy[kh] m.kHkklk us jktLFkkuh fcuk ladksp dS;kS tk ldSA tnfi vka jkS dsM+kS viHkzal jh Nha;k lwa vtS NwVkS uha gkSA i.kHkklk lkfgR; jS fodkl jh nhB vka eka; cnGko jk] ds fodkl jk y[kka.k lqHkV nsf[k;k tk ldSA D;wa ds?k.kdjh tSu lark jh vka jpukoka eka; /kkjfed xzaFkka jh ewy jS lkFkS O;k[;koka jktLFkkuh eka; nh gSA i| :ieka; jfp;k /kje jk fl)kar ljy cksypky jh Hkklk eka; le>k;k gSA dSo.k jh njdkj uha ds cksypky jhck Hkklk jktLFkkuh gSA vSgM+h /kkjfed dFkkoka vkxS pky uS ^ckykocks/k* uke lwa pkoh gksbZA dFkkoka jh vSgM+hiksFkh [krjxPNh; r:.k izHk wlfj jh fy[kh ^"kM+ko';d ckykocks/k* feGSA b.k iksFkh jkS jpukdky ¼la- 1412½gSA

1-9 jktLFkkuh x| jk U;kjk&U;kjk :i

ftL;kS dS iSyka vkika if<;kS dS izkphu jktLFkkuh x| tSu larka jkS fyf[k;kS bZ ?k.kdjkS feGSA okavkijS /kje jS izpkj] jh nhB b.k yksd Hkklk jkS iz;ksx vkijh jpukoka eka; fd;kSA

izkphu jktLFkkuh x| jkS nwtkS egrkÅ :i vsfrgkfld lkfgR; gSA b.k Hkkar jkS bfrgkl lkfgR;jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; x| :i ekSdGkS feGSA vkS vsfrgkfld x| [;kr] ckr] tho.kh] vk[;ku] calkoyh]iV~Vkoyh] ihf<;koyh] nQrj] cgh] foxr gxhxr bR;kn :ika eka; ?k.kkS feGSA iSyka tSu eqfu;ka /kje minsljh nhB x| fljt.k fd;kSA iNS ds yxSVxS oka jS vklSiklS dSbZ nwtka t.kka bZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; x|lkfgR; jh fljt.kk djhA vka eka; dSbZ jpukoka rkS iwjh&iwjh x| eka; bZ gS] i.k dSbZ x|&i| feGh gSA vkajS vykok ?k.kk bZ rkacka iRrj] iV~Vk ijokuk bR;kn feGS] tdka lwa izkphu jktLFkkuh jS ¼x|½ :i&l:i jh

10

tk.kdkjh feGSA vBS vkjaHk dky lwa ys; uS vkxS rd jktLFkkuh x| jk uewuk lkaeh jk[k uS fopkj djkaA vkajh vsdy Hk.kkbZ lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jh fodkl tkrjk jh >yd lkQ uhaxS vklhA

^^Kkukpkfj iqLrd iqfLrdk laiqV laiqfVdk Vhi.kka doyh mrjh Bo.kh ikBk nksjh izHk`frKkuksidj.k voKk] vdkfyiBu] vfrpkj foijhr dFkuq mRlw=iz:i.kq vJ)/kku izHk`frd vkyks;gqAn'kZukpkfj nso nzO;qHkhf{krq misf{krq izKkghuRoq ftu Hkqou vklkruk v/kkS;fr nsoiwtk xq#nzO;xzg.kq xq#fuank nzO;fyaxh,lm lalxqZ vklkruk LFkkiukpk;Z vk'kkruk 'kadk vkdka{kk fofpfdRlkfeF;kn`f"V ifjpm , ikap vfrpkj vkyksimA** & vkjk/kuk ¼la- 1330½

Åij fn;s izkphu x| :i eka; vkpj.k lqf) jh ckr dgh gS us ikap vfrpkjka jkS vkyksi dj.k jhlh[k nh gSA vflj/kk bR;kn jh vkykspuk dj.k jh ckr gSA Hkklk lSyh laLØr izkØr lwa vkxS viHkzal uSM+hgSA rSjoSa lbZdS jh vk Hkklk fopkj.k tksx gSA

¼1½ xqokaoyh¼2½ iV~Vkoyh¼3½ oalkoyh¼4½ mRifRr xzaFk¼5½ nQrj cgh¼6½ ,sfrgkfld fVIi.k

¼1½ [;kr¼2½ okr¼3½ ihf<;koyh¼4½ gky gxhxr¼5½ foxr¼6½ iV~Vk ijokuk¼7½ bdcky ukek¼8½ rgdhdkr¼9½ tUeif=;ka¼10½ QSlyk¼11½ olh;rukek

¼8½ laLej.kkRedA

izkphu jktLFkkuh x| jh fofl"V lSfy;ka

¼d½ ekSfyd x|

¼d½ Vhdk ¼[k½ vuqokn

¼[k½ vekSfyd x|

¼1½ /kkfeZd ¼2½ ,sfrgkfld ¼3½ dykRed ¼4½ vU;

¼v½ ckykocks/k ¼c½ VCck

¼v½ tSu lSyh ¼c½ tSusrj 'kSyh¼1½ opkfudk

¼2½ nokoSr

¼3½ flykdk

¼4½ o.kZd xzUFk

¼5½ okrA

¼1½ vksDrd xzUFk

¼2½ oSKkfud

¼3½ oS|d

¼4½ T;ksfrl

¼5½ ;ksx

¼6½ vfHkys[kh;

¼7½ i=kRed

¼v½ tSu lSyh ¼c½ tSusrj lSyh

11

^^jktk vbu egkekR;q os t.kk vjokigkjb rm v[kh ekfg x;kA Hkwf[k;k gw;kA o.kQy[kk/kkaA uxfj vfo;kA jktk lwidkj rsM+h djh dgb ^ftds Hk{;Hksn laHkoga fr lxGkbZ djm*lwidkjs dh/kkA jktk vkxb vf.k;kA jktsfUnz fparfom e/kqj eksnd lwidkfnd Hk{;Hksn ifgymHkkfoflbZ] bf.k dkjf.k ifgym okdqy <ksdykfnd Hk{;Hksn Hk[kh djh ikNbZ ek/kqjkgkj Hk{k.kqdhaèkmA** & r#.kizHk ¼1355 bZ-½

¼jktk vkSj egkekR; nksuksa tus ?kksM+ksa ij lokj vVoh Hkhrj x;sA mUgksaus Qy [kk;sA uxj vk;sA jktkus lcdks bafxr dj dgk tks [kkus ;ksX; miyC/k gS oks lHkh djksA lcus fd;kA jktk vkxs vk;sA jktk usfopkj fd;k e/kqj eksnd bR;kfn igys vk,axs] bl dkj.k igys nky <ksdyk oxSjg HkksT; [kkus ds ckne/kqj vkgkj dk Hk{k.k fd;kA½

lcnka jkS vjFk & vbu&vkSj] egkekR;q&egkekR;] os&nks] t.kk&tuS] vVoh&>ksaiM+h] ekafg&Hkhrj]Hkwf[k;k gw;k] Hkw[ks gq,] o.k&mlus] rsMhdj&iqdkjdj] dgbZ&dgk] ftds&tks] Hk{;Hksn&ekstu ;ksX;] jktsfUnz&jktk]e/kqj&ehBk] eksnd&yM~Mw] bf.k&bl] dkjf.kr dkj.k] ifgyÅ&igys <ksdykfnd&<ksdys oxSjg] Hk{; Hksn&[kkus;ksX;] Hk[kh djh&[kkdj] ikNbZ&ihNs] Hk{k"kq&Hkkstu] dhaèkÅa&fd;kA

^^xzkfe ,d vfr nfjnzrkdjh nqfD[kr Mksdjh vsd gwarhA galm blb ukfe rsgum nhfdjmmd gwarmA lqvkthfodk dkjf.k xzkeyksd rFkk okN: pkjrmA vusjb fnfu la/;k laebZ m|kuougwarm okN# ys vkorm gwarb lq lfiZ Mflm] ewPNkZ vkohA frgkabZft egkfo"kosx laxuq gwarm gsBm<fymA ftfe dk"Bq fu'os"Bq gq;b fre FkkbZ eghih<h ifM+m fdf.k fga ,fd xzke ekfg vk;dkjhMksdjh vkxb dfgm rkngjnhfdjm lfiZ MflmA ckfgfj vpsruq FkkbZ ifM+m NbA rm ikNblMksdjh rsrhagh ft ckj ea= ra= ;a= iafMr esyh djh jks;rh gwarh nhfdjk dUgb vkohA**

&r:.kizHkq ¼la- 1411½

¼,d xk¡o esa] cgqr xjhc ,d cqf<;k FkhA galk uke dh mlds ,d yM+dh FkhA thfodksiktZu ds fy,og xkao ds yksxksa ds i'kq pjkrh FkhA ,d fnu la/;k dky og ou ls i'kq ysdj vk jgh FkhA fd mls lkaiusMl fy;kA mls csgks'kh vk xbZA og fo"k mlds 'kjhj essa QSy x;kA ftlls og fu<ky gks xbZA og dkB dhHkkafr fu'ps"V gksdj /kjrh ij fxj xbZA fdlh ,d us xkao esa vkdj cqf<;k ls dgk fd rsjh yM+dh dks liZus Ml fy;k gSA og ckgj vpsr gksdj iM+h gSA rc ihNs gh cqf<;k >kM+&Qwad ds fy, vks>k dks ysdj iq=hds ikl vkbZA½

lcnka jkS vjFkko & xzkfe&xkao] nfjnzrkdjh&xjhch ds dkj.k] Mksdjh&cqf<;k] gwarh&Fkh] blb&blds]rsgum&mlds] nhfdfjm&yM+dh] xzkeyksd rf.k&xkao okyksa ds fy,] okN#&i'kq] pjrÅ] pjkrs] vkorm&vkrsgq,] ftfeM+ tSls] egh ik<h&/krjh ij fxj xbZA jks;rh gwarh&jksrh gqbZ dUgb&ikl] vkoh&vkbZA

^^ckjg lkfg >kM+] lkfg foHkkM+A cfy;ka lkfg daf/k&dqnkG] lcG lkfg tM+ka mikM+AfucG lkfg FkkiukpkfjtA laxzke lkfg txgFk] fj.k Hkkt.kk lkfg tbr[kaHkA x< fxy.k] dksVeSoV.kA lqfjrk.k nwljm vykonhuA fdlb vsd vkjafHk ikjafHk vkb fVD;m NbA

ifx&ifx imfy imfy glR;ka jh xt?kVkA rh Åifj lkr lkr lb tks/k èku[k/kjlkaoBkA rhu rhu vkSfG okx tksfM i[kj~;k lks u nhlS jkfr |kSl mrj~;kA lkr&lkr vksfGik;dka dh cbBh] lkr lkr vksfG ik;dka dh mBhA [ksMk&mM.k eqnQj&Qjh] pqag pfd ta= vusBkabZ&BkbZ BgjhA blh ,d R;k iVmMh p= fnl iM+h] fr.k okftr dbZ fuukfn /kj vkdkl /kM+gM+hA

cki cki gksA Fkkjk vkjaHk&ikjaHk ykfx x< ys;.kgkj] fduka cki&cki gksA Fkkjk er&rstvgadkj jkb nzqx jk[k.kgkjA** &xkM.k flonkl ¼la- 1485 bZ-½

12

¼og vkye'kkg ckjg 'kkgksa dks >kM+us okyk gSA 'kkgkas dk lagkj djus okyk gSA cfy 'kkgksa dsda/k ewy dkVus gsrq dnky :i gSA lcy 'kkgksa dk lewy mPNsnu djus okyk gSA fucZy 'kkgksa dks LFkkfirdjus okyk loksZifj lqYrku gSA laxzke esa 'kkgksa ds fy, t; LraHk gSA ;g x<ksa dks fuxy tkus okyk rFkkfdyksa dks efV;kesV djus okyk gSA ;g lqYrku nwljk mykmn~nhu gSA dSlh fodV ;q) lTtk ds lkFk vkMVk gSA

in&in ikSfy&ikSfy ij gkfFk;ksa dh xtlsuk fu;r gSA ml ij lkr&lkr lkS 'kfDr'kkyh ohj/kuq/kZj rSukr gSaA rhu&rhu drkjsa ck.kksa }kjk Fkkes gq, ik[kj lfTtr v'oksa dh gS] tks jkr fnu dHkh mrjrsfn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA lkr&lkr lkS ifaDr;ka inkfrdksa dh cSBh gqbZ gSa] lkr&lkr lkS iafDr;ka inkfrdksa dh [kM+hgqbZ gSaA [ksM+s] <ky] eqnQj o Qjlksa vkfn ds <sj yxs gSa rFkk prqfnZd ;a= ,oa ck.k j[kus dh peM+s dh FkSfy;kafc[kjh iM+h gSaA m/kj ,d ,slh iVg /ofu ¼j.k nqanqfHk½ pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa xwat jgh Fkh fd ml j.k ok| ds izp.M?kks"k ls /kjrh vkdk'k dafir gks jgs FksA

cki js ckiA rsjh bl Hkh"k.k ;q) lTtk dks ns[k dj rks yxrk gS fd rw x< ysdj gh jgsxkA ckijs ckiA rsjs lRo ¼lkgl½ rst vkSj niZ ls VDdj ysus okyk jktk ¼vpynkl½ Hkh vius nqxZ dh j{kk ds fy,izk.kksa dh ckth yxk, cSBk gSA vFkkZr~ nqxZ ds fy, vc nksuksa i{kksa ds chp ?keklku ;q) vo';EHkkoh gks x;kgSA½

lcnka jkS vjFk & foHkkM+&lagkjd] cfy;ka&'kfDr'kkyh] Fkkiukpfj=&LFkkiuk djus okyk txgFk&txds gkFk] tbr[kaHk&t;LFkaHk] fxy.k&fxVus okyk] ifx&ifx&ix&ixij] vkSGh&iafDr] okx&yxke] ik[kfj;&thudls gq, v'o] [ksMk&'kL= fo'ks"k] mM.k ¼vksM.k½ <ky] Qjh&Qjlh] pqag pfd&pkjksa vksj] <<jh Å¡V ds peM+sdh FkSGh] R;ka&og] iVmM+h&nqnqafHk] p=fnl&pkjksa fnlkvksa] fr.k&ml] /kj & /kjk] /kM+gM+h&/kM+/kM+k mBhA

1-10 lekgkj

jktLFkkuh jkS izkphu lkfgR; ?k.k djkS rkS tSu larka jS gkFkka oka jS /kje izpkj jh nhB lwa jfp;kS x;kSAjktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vyx lwa iSNk.k iSyh oGk ^dqoy;eky*] eka; e:Hkklk jS :i feGSA i.k m.k oxr jSvklS&iklS tdh jpukoka chth feGs] oka jk fol; fojg] uhfr] fl.kxkj bR;kn bZ jS;kA ^<ksyk&ek:* dkO;vsd izse dFkk gSA HkM~Myh jk nwgk ekSle lqxu fopkj fol;d gSA jkl] Qkxq bR;kn jS vkSGkos Hkklk&lkfgR;jkS fodkl cjkcj gksorkS ikS[khtrkS jS;kSA ^ckjgHkklk* uS ^pjpjh* bR;kn jh jpukoka bZ gksbZA

lkfgR; bfrgkl izek.kkS lu 800 bZ- lwa ys;uS dksbZ 1300 bZ- rkbZ vBk jh lkfgR; Hkklk jS :i viHkzaljkS jkt jS;kSA jktLFkku eka; cjrht.k okyh izkphu fiNeknh jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jkS mn~Hkko uS fodklMk- vsy ih VSlhVjh eqtc rSjosa lbZds bLoh lwa gks;kSA i.k tSu larka jS gkFkka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS fljh x.ksluoeS lbZds lwa gks; pqD;kS gkSA ckjosa lbZdS lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkijh vkSG[k vyx lwa c.kko.k ykxh ghAm.k dky /kdS] pky] dh/k] lcGk] vYg.k lqr] [kkx lh] jko] ujka] v.kHkan bR;kn lcnka jkS py.k jktLFkkuhjS fodkl jh iSNk.k djkoS gkA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; tnfi vkijS mn~Hko dky eka; viHkzal lwa [kklkS izHkkfor jS;kSA iSyka f}rh;us la;qDr oj.kka jkS iz;ksx ?k.kkS gksorkS] i.k oxr ijok.kS vkS iz;ksx de gksorkS x;kSA lcnk eka; M+] m] .k]G] jkS iz;ksx ?k.kkS gkSA l: eka; rRle lcnka jkS iz;ksx FkksM+kS us rn~Hko lcnka jkS&mi;ksx ?k.kkS gkso.k ykxkSAvkxS rRle lcnka jkS iz;ksx dh cSlh gkso.k ykxkSA lcnka jS var eka; vb] vm] b yxko.k jh fojrh cSlh uhaxSvkoSA nhj?k NsgyS ¼vUR;½ lcnka jkS yksi gkso.k ykxkS gkSA L=hfyax jkS izR;; ^bZ* gkSA fonslh lcnka jkS iz;ksxlkfgR; eka; cjrht.k ykxkSA T;wa ds rqjd] fuekt] lqGrk.k bR;knA NsgykS lcn bdkj vsdkj eka; cnGX;kSft.k Hkkar ds dlb jkS dlS] tkob jkS tkoS] [kkob jkS [kkoS] feyb jkS feGSA L=hfyax laX;koka eka; ^b* jhT;kxk v cjrht.k ykxkS ft;ka ds [;kfr jkS [;kr] tkfr jkS tkr] rjokfj jkS rjokj] ?kjckjh jkS ?kjckjbR;knA dj.k us laca/k dkjdka jk cgq opu eka; vs* jh BkSM vk* cjrht.k ykxkS T;wa ds vko/kka] QkStka lqgM+ka]

13

?kksM+k bR;knA

izkphu lkfgR; jkS fodkl bfrgkl Hk.kkbZ jh nhB lwa ?k.kkS ljko.k tksx uS mYys[k tksx gSA m.k dkGjh jpukoka dSbZ :ika fol;ka eka; feGS] oka eka; ?kksj] jkl] pkSikbZ] ckjgHkklk] foykl] dyl] tUekfHklsd]cksyh] ekrdk] xhr] pjpjh ¼ppZjh½ fookgyk] laf/k] Qkxq] NIi;] pUnzk;.k] rygjk] iV~VkfHklsd] dkd]xqokZoyh] /koyxhr bR;kn gSA vS ?k.kdjh rkS tSu larka jh jpukoka gSA ohjxkFkk dky jh jpukoka pkj.kka jhjph gS] oka eka; ;q) jkS cj.kko us ohjka jkS fcM+n c[kk.k gSA [;karka] ckrka uS opfudk nokoSr lkfgR; ekSdGkSgSA tksr[k us cS|d jpukoka x|&i| nksukaa eka; feGSA jktdkt jh cfg;ka] iV~Vk] ijokuk foxr] flykys[k]dhjr[kaHk ys[k] rkack&iRrj buk;r cxlhl us Hkxrh lkfgR; jS vykok okpd ijaijk eka; yksd dFkkoka esayksx&xhr jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jh fodkl tkrjk jk cjkcjh jk Hkkxh gSA

1-11 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k bdkbZ us Hkf.k;ka iNS&

1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS mn~Hko uS fodkl jh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

2- izkphu i| lkfgR; jkS Hkklk iz;ksx us fodkl le> ifM+;kS gkslhA

3- izkphu lkfgR; jh fofo/k fo/kkoka jh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

4- izkphu x| lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

5- x| jk fofo/k fol;ka jh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

1-12 vH;kl jk izLu

1- izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; tSu ys[kdka ¼i|½ jkS ;ksxnku fy[kksA

2- izkphu x| lkfgR; jh <kGks<kG fodkl tkrjk mnkgj.k lkFkS crkokSA

3- izkphu i| lkfgR; jkS fol; cj.kko djkSA

4- izkphu x| jh fofo/k fo/kkoka fy[kksA

5- izkphu lkfgR; eka; Hkklk us O;kdj.k nhB cnGko crkokSA

1-13 lcnka jk vjFk

tnfi&;|fi] iSyka&igys] oj.kka&o.kksZ a] [kklh&cgqr] ?k.kkS&cgqr] i.k&ysfdu] lcnka&'kCnksa]l:eka;&izkjaHk esa] cSlh&vf/kd] fojrh&izofRr] uhaxS&utj] NsgyS&vfUre] cjrht.k&O;ogr] T;wa&tSls]cnG~X;kS&cny x;k] Hk.kkbZ&i<kbZ] ekSdykS&?k.kkS] cj.kko&o.kZu] fcM+n&c<kbZ] tkrjk&;k=k] ?k.kdjkS & vf/kd] vsdB&lkFk] vkSGkoS&cgkus ¼ihNS½ xGkbZ&rjg] egrkÅ&egRookyh] [kkrj&fy,A


1- Mk- txnh'k izlkn & fMaxy lkfgR;A

2- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

3- xkM.k flonkl & vpynkl [khph jh opfudkA

4- vxjpan ukgVk & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh xkSjoiw.kZ ijaijkA

5- euksgj izHkkdj & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfrA

14

bdkbZ & 2

jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko vj fodklbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

2-0 mísL;

2-1 izLrkouk

2-2 jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

2-2-1 jktLFkkuh i| lkfgR;


2-3 jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko

2-4 jktLFkkuh x| jkS :i

2-4-1 /kkfeZd x|

2-4-2 ,sfrgkfld x|

2-4-3 vfHkys[kh; x|

2-4-4 oSKkfud x|

2-4-5 O;kdj.k] oS/kd vj T;ksfrl x|

2-5 jktLFkkuh x| jkS fodkl

2-5-1 izkphudky

2-5-2 e/;dky&la- 1600&1850

2-5-3 vk/kqfud dky la- 1850 lwa vtS rkabZ

2-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

2-7 vH;kl jk izLu


2-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks /;s; vkiuS jktLFkkuh i| jkS mn~Hko vj fodkl jh tk.kdkjh djko.kkS gSA b.kjSjktLFkkuh x| jS Hkkar&Hkkar jk :ik vj x| jh fodkl tkrjk jks oj.kko foLrkj lwa le>.kkS gSA b.k bdkbZuS if<+;ka iNS vkiuS uhpS fy[;kSM+k rF;ka jh tk.kdkjh gksoSyh&

1- jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko dn gq;kSA

2- jktLFkkuh x| jks twaukS l:i fd.k Hkkar jks gksA

3- jktLFkkuh x| jks foxlkoA

4- jktLFkkuh x| jh lkaxksikax vksG[kk.k djko.khA

2-1 izLrkouk

Hkklk foKku jh nhB lwa jktLFkkuh vk;S Hkklk ifjokj jh mÙkjh Hkkjr jh vsd esgrkÅ HkklkA b.kjhmrir viHkza’k lwa gqbZA ^jktLFkkuh* jktLFkku jh ekr Hkklk gS b.kjS vykok ekGok] iatkc] gfj;k.kk vjfla/k jk ?k.k[kjk esa cksyhtSA e:nsl jh Hkklk js :i esa lc lw iSyks gokykS vkBoha lnh jS m|ksru lwfj jk

15

^dqoy;ekyk* xzaFk esa feGSA e:Hkklk ;wa b.kjh dsbZ cksfy;ka gS ft.kesa ekjokM+h jS vykok&esokM+h <w<kM+h]gkM+kSrh] esokrh bR;kn [kkl cksfy;ka fx.khtSA ^fMaxy* jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vsd [kkl lSyh jh gS ft.kjkSvk/kkj ekjokM+h gS vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks lkfgfR;d l:i bZ [kkldj vkFkw.kh jktLFkkuh ;k ekjokM+h jg~;kSgSA

2-2 jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh rkjhQ djrka jfoUnzukFk VSxksj lkap bZ dg;kS gS dS jktLFkkuh ohjka jh HkklkgSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohajk jkS lkfgR; gS vj lalkj jk lkfgR; esa m.kjkS fujkSykS LFkku gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR;?k.kkS ywaBkS vj le) gSA jktLFkkuh jS vrhrxqest tks j;kS gS m.kjkS vkt vj Hkkoh l:i mtGkS y[kkoSA


jktLFkkuh jks twauks l:i foØe jh 8oha lnh esa i| jS :i esa ns[k.k uS feGSA l:ikar jh i| jpukokaeas dbZ tSu jkl* vj pfjr laX;d* jpukoka ys[k tksx gSA cgqcyh jkl*] tacw Lokeh pfjr*] LFky Hknz jkl*]^pUnuckyk jkl* vj ^vacwjl* bR;knA 13oha lnh jh jpukoka lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS fodflr lkfgfR;d :ijh tka.kdkjh feGSA jktLFkkuh i| lkfgR; jh ljlrk vj Hkkaok uS izHkkoh <ax lwa njlko.k jh f[kerk vuwBhgSA

2-2-2 jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh esa ftrks x| lkfgR; feGS chrks lkfgR; nsl jh fd.kh nwth izkUrh; Hkklk eka; lk;n ghfeGSA twukS jktLFkkuh x| ^ckr* vj ^[;kr* lkfgR; vBS jk xzaFkkxkajk esa v.keki laxzS dj;kSM+ks gS] b.kjSvykok ôa'kkofy;k*] îêkofy;ka* vj ^cfg;ka*] îêk*] îjokuk*] ^gky*] ^vgoky* foxr] opfudk nokoSrbR;kn esa b.k jh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh jkS v[kwV Hk.MkjA b.k ,sfrgkfld x| jS vykok /kkfeZd lkfgR; esa /keZxzaFk] iqjk.k ekgkRE;] L=ksr xazFk] osnkUr jks vuqokn dFkkokjrk ozr dFkkoka jS lkFkS tSu x| xzaFkk lwa jktLFkkuhx| lkfgR; uS lcGkbZ feGhA b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh jks x| lkfgR; Hkkar&HkkafrykS vj ?k.kkS xohaykS gS] ft.kjhfodkl tkrjk ?k.kh ykEch twuh vj Hkjh iwjh gSA

2-3 jktLFkkuh x| jkS mn~Hko

jktLFkku x| jks mn~Hko 13oha lnh lwa ekuhtSA jktLFkkuh jk l:vkrh x| ekFkS viHkazl Hkklk jkSizHkko cslh y[kkoSA 13oha lnh lwa yS;*j 16oha lnh rkabZ jS b.k dky uS twuh jktLFkkuh jks dky [k.M dS;ldk aA / k h j S&/khjS vks izHkko de gworkS x;kSA vj jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh nksuwa vsd Hkklkoka jS :i esa pkyrh jghA

16oha lnh jS iNS vs nksuwa U;kjh&U;kjh Hkklkok jS :i esa lkaeh vkbZA l:vkr esa jktLFkkuh vjxqtjkrh jks fodkl lkFk&lkFk gq;kS b.k [kkrj vyx gq;ka iNS Hkh jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; vj [kkl dj tSujpukoka ij xqtjkrh Hkklk izHkko ?k.kk cjlka yx j;kS gSA

e/;dky jks jktLFkkuh jktLFkkuh x| ij mnwZ] Qkjlh jks izHkko nS[k.k uS feGSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhx| jks twaukS l:i f'konkl xkM.k jh jpuk vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk esa yk/kSA b.k jkS jpukdky fd la-1475 gSA b.k lwa vkxS jktLFkkuh x|+ fur laojhtrkS jg~;kS vj vkijh U;kjh fujokGh vkSG[kka.k c.kkbZA

2-4 jktLFkkuh x| jks :i

13oha lnh lwa jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko gq;kSA m.kjS iNS 20oha vj vcS 29oha lnh jS l:vkr rkabZ b.kx| jh fodkl tkrjk yxks yx pkyrh jSbZA ftlesa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izkphu x| jk fofo/k :i feGSA e/; dky esa :ika eas dh QSj cnG gq;kS vj vk/kqfud dky rd b.k jk :ika esa dSbZ uqaok cnGko esa c<+ksrjh gqbZAjktLFkkuh x| jk dh [kkl :i b.kHkkar &

16

2-4-1 /kkfeZd x|

jktLFkkuh /kkfeZd x| nks :ika esa feGS&

d½ ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x|

[k½ tSu /kkfeZd x|

d½ ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd xzaFk & ikSjkf.kd vj /kkfeZd xzaFk vj xzaFkka jS vk/kkj ekFkS jktLFkkuh Hkklkvuqokn jS ek/;e lwa fljT;ksM+k xzaFkka esa jktLFkkuh ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x| jks v[kwV [ktkukS Hkj;ksM+kS gSAjkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Hkkxor ozrdFkkoka] egkRE;] deZdk.M] Lrks= bR;kn jktLFkkuh x| jS :i esa feGSA vs?k.kdjka jktLFkkuh ikSjkf.kd vj /kkfeZd xzaFk m.k lnh esa vuqfnr gq;k b.k okLrs vks ekauhtS ds izkphujktLFkkuh /kkfeZd x| jh fljt.kk esa tSu jpukdkjka jh esgrkÅ Hkwfedk jS;h gSA

[k½ tSu /kkfeZd x| & jktLFkkuh Hkklk twuks /kkfeZd x| tSfu;ka jkS fyf[k;ksM+kS gSA b.kesa HkhVhdkoka vj Lora= :i lwa fyf[k;kSM+k nks Hkkar jk xzaFk feGS twuk tSu /kkfeZd xzaFk izkdr Hkklk esa fyf[k;ksM+kgSA izkdr Hkklk le>.kh gjSd jS okLrS nksjh gh tSu vkpk;Z vj okajk pyk vka xzaFkka jkS vuqokn] Vhdk vjO;k[;k lh/kh&lh/kh ljy jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa djhA ewG izkdr vj viHkzal esa fy[k;kSM+kA jktLFkkuh tSu /kkfeZd xzaFkka jS vykok Lora= xzaFk Hkh fy[khT;kA jktLFkkuh tSu /kkfeZd xzaFkh jh vs Vhdkoka [kklrkSj lwa nksHkkar jh gSA

1- ckykocks/k

2- VCck

^ckykocks/k* jkS eryc ljy vj lgt Vhdk lwa gS ft.kuS ekewyh Hkf.k;kS&if<+;kS feu[k uha v.ki<+feu[k Hkh vkjke lwa le> ldSA ^ckykocks/k* esa dksjh O;k[;k bZ uha gqoS m.kjk fl)kUr jh dFkk Hkh gqoS gSAvs dFkkoka ijEijkxr gSA dSbZ lkfgR; lwa fy;kSM+h gS rks dSbZ uqaoh fy[k;ksM+hA b.k lwa vke vkneh uS /kje jkseje le>ko.k jh dkslhl gqbZ gSA vsM+k lSdMwa ^ckykocks/k* fy[khft;k vj vs tSu yksxka esa ?k.kk pko lwai<htrk jg~;k gSA

^VCck* eas ^ckyokcks/k* ftrh foLrkj lwa Vhdk ugha gqoSA lkj eas ewG Loj jks vjFk fy[khtSA vks vjFklcn jS Åij&uhpS ;k MkaoS iklS fy[khtSA VCck* jh ctk; tSu /kkfeZd xzaFkk jh Vhdk esa ^ckykocks/k* jh Vhdkjks iz;ksx cslh gq;ksM+kS gSA tSu /kkfeZd xzaFkka jh jpukoka esa vax&mikax] ewy lw=] Lrks= xzaFk] nk'kZfud xazFk vjnwth QqVdj jpukoka esa ^ckykocks/k* Vhdk gh ns[k.kuS feGSA

^tSu n'kZu* jk xzaFk ^vkxe* ukao lwa tka.khtS b.kesa tho&vtho] yksd&ijyksd bR;kn ckrka jks gokykSrks gS bZ b.kkjS vykok tSu /kje jk ckjg vaxka jks foLrkj lwa oj.ku dfjT;kSM=h gS tSu /kje jk [kkl ckjgvaxka jS vykok mikax] ewG lw= ¼"kMko';d] lk/kq izfrØ;.kk] n'koS dkfyd½ lrks= xzaFk ¼Hkäkej] dY;k.kefUnj _"kHk iapkfjdk] 'kksHku Lrqfr] vftr 'kkfUr Lrou½ pfj= xzaFk vj QqVdj jpukoka ¼mins'k ekyk]'khykins'k ekyk½ jh tSu vkpk;kZ jh dj;ksM+h ckykocks/k Vhdk jh vys[kwa izfr;ka tSu xzaFk Hk.Mkjka eas vkt bZgLrfyf[kr iksfFk;ka jS :i esa laxzS dj;ksM+hA

^ckykocks/k* vj ^VCck* jS vykok tSuka jk Lora= /kkfeZd xzaFk bZ jktLFkkuh x| esa fljT;ksM+k gS ft.kkesa jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jh dykRedrk ns[k.k tksx gSA

tSu /kkfeZd xzUFkka jS vykok tSu ,sfrgkfld xzaFkk esa Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jks iz;ksx gqorkS jg~;kSft.kesa iêkoyh] xqjkZoyh] oa'kkoyh] mRifÙk xzaFk] foKfIr i=] lh[k xazFk vj iz'kfLr;ka [kkl gSA

2-4-2 ,sfrgkfld x|

jktLFkkuh ,sfrgkfld x| [;krksa] okrksa] foxrksa] ihf<+;ksa] oalkofy;ksa] nokoSrksa vj opfudkvksa esafeGSA

17

[;kr&[;kr ck x| jpuk gS ft.kesa jktkoka jS jktoalk jks bfrgkl vj [kkl ?kVukoka jks ladyufeGSA eqfLye bfrgkldkjka jS ns[kksn[kh jktLFkkuh bfrgkldkj@[;krdkj jktLFkkuh x| esa dSbZ jktoalkjh [;krka fy[khA jktLFkkuh jh [;kr ys[ku jk nks :i [kkl &

¼1½ jktdh;

¼2½ O;fäxr

¼1½ jktdh; [;krka & U;kjk&U;kjk jktoal vkijh [;krka fy[kokbZ ft;ka&jkBkSM+k jh [;kr] tks/kiqj jh [;kr] dNokgka jh [;kr] pgoka.kk jh [;kr] chdkusj jh [;kr] ekjokM+ jh [;kr bR;kn jktdh;[;krka feGSA jktoa'kk jh [;krka eka; ?k.kdjh [;krka jkt jk vkljk esa fy[kkbthA vka [;krka jk fy[kkjk jktjk vkljk esa jS;*j vs [;krka fy[kh b.kokLrS vka [;krka esa okajk jktoa'k jks xq.kxku vj tqnkjk cj.kko cslhdj;ksM+kS feGSA b.kjk fy[kk eqRlnh] iapksyh] HkaMkjh bR;kn yksx jg~;kA

¼2½ O;fäxr [;krka & jktjk vkljk esa fy[khth;kSM+h [;krka jS vykok dSbZ [;krka vksj :i lwabZ fy[khth vj oka [;kr ys[kdka jS ukao ekFkS bZ m.k [;kr jkS ukao iM+~;kSA eqagrk uS.klh jh fyf[k;kSM+h uS.klhjh [;kr ckadhnkl jh fyf[k;kSM+h&ckadhnkl jh [;kr] n;kynkl fla<kp; jh fyf[k;kSM+h n;kynkl jh [;krO;fäxr [;krka esa [kkl fx.khtSA b.k [;kr jh vsd ckuxh b.k Hkkar&

^^jka.kks lkaxks oMks izrkfid Bkdqj gqokSA ?k.kh /kjrh [kkVhA laer 1531 jk oSlk[k lqn 1 jks tue ?k.kkSrfi;kSA mM.kkS izFkhjkt eqaok iNs eqnS gqoksA isgyh ?k.kks fo[kS fQjh;ksA iNS oMks Bkdqj gqoksA blM+ks phrksM+jk.kks dksbZ u gqokSA nks;okj ekaMo jks ikrlkg idM+ NksMh;ksA ihyh;s [kky tk; ckcj ikrlkg lwa yM+;ksa frdkos< gkjhA oyS jk.ks lkaxs pansjh ekjh Fkh ca/k osjs ok?ksys eqdaqn lqa osM gqbZA eqdan HkkxksA**

&eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr izFke ¼Hkkx i- 19&20½

okr& jktLFkkuh ckr dgk.kh jks i;kZ; gSA b.kesa dksbZ vsd ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ;k fd.kh vkneh jhtho.kh jkS oj.kko gqoSA i.k dgk.kh lwa U;kjS <ax jh b.k jh c.kxV gqoSA ,sfrgkfld okrka esa jko fj.key jhc kr ] j kotks/kk js csVka jh ckr] jko ekynso jko panzlsu jko mnSfla?k jh ckr] ikcwth jkBkSM+ jh okr] jko vejflag jkBkSM+jh okr] fljksgh jk /kfu;ka jh ckr] ukxkSj jS ekeys jh ckr] egkjktk lwfjfla?k jS jkt jh ckr] lkstr js eaMGjh okr] jko yk[kS jh okr bR;kn dSbZ okrka bfrgkl uS mtkxj djSA

oalkoyh& oalkoyh esa ih<+h nj ih<+h gq;k yksxka jk ukao fyf[k;kSM+k gqoSA l:vkr jh oalkofy;ka esafljQ ukao gh feySA iNS jh oalkofy;ka esa yksxka jS ukoka jS lkFkS okjS tho.k jh esgrkÅ ?kVukoka jkS oj.kuHkh feGSA jkBkSM+k jh oalkoyh] lhlksfn;k jh oalkoyh] dNokgka jh oalkoyh] chdkusj jk jkBkSM+k jh oalkoyh]tSfu;ka jh oalkoyh] vkslokGka jh oalkoyh] bR;kn Hkkar&Hkkar jh oalkoyh fyf[k;kSM+h feGS gSA

foxr & foxr esa Hkkar Hkkar jk fol;k jks gokykS fn;ksM+kS gSA uS.klh jh ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxresa ekjokM+ jk tks/kiqj] lkstr] ukxkSj bR;kn U;kjk&U;kjk ijxuka jks gokykS folrkj lwa fn;ksMkS gSA b.k esa xkaodLck vj uxj jks oj.ku djrk Fkdka m.kjkS bfrgkl Hkh lkFkS fn;kSM+ks feGSA ekjokM+ jk ijx.kka jh foxr esagjSd xkao] xkao esa fdrk ?kj] fd.k fd.k dkSe jkS fuokl] tehu jh fdle xkao vsd lkf[k;ks ;k nks lkf[k;ks]xkao esa iho.k okGk ika.kh jk dqoka dqaok jkS ika.kh ehBkS dS [kkjks] vjV] pkap bR;kn dSbZ Hkkar jh tk.kdkjhfn;ksM+h gSA ft.kjh ckuxh ns[khtS&

264 rQS xaqnkst [kkl 6000½

egktu] lhjoh] ?kkaph] lxGyh tkr NSA cM+kS dlckS NSA vjV&4] dkslhVk nhoM+k&30 pkap&40

laor~ 1715 16 17 18 16

525½ 3530½ 4961½ 4580½ 3557½

18

&ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr ¼Hkkx &1 i- 272½

b.kjS vykok tks/kiqj jk nsoLFkkuka jh foxr] ukxkSj deBka jh foxr] tks/kiqj jk fuoka.kk jh foxr]pkj.kka jk lkal.k jh foxr bR;kn dSbZ Hkkar jh tka.kdkjh foxr jS vkSGkoS fy[khth gSA

[;kr] okr] oalkoyh vj foxr jS vykok iêk ijokuk] :Ddk] gky] vgoky] gdhdr] ;knnkLr]rgdh bR;kn jpukoka jktLFkkuh x| esa fljT;ksMh gSA ,sfrgkfld x| jk jktLFkkuh VdlkGh Hkklk jh vkijhU;kjh gh eBksB gSA

jktLFkkuh dykRed x| jh ckuxh ^nokoSr* vj ôpfudk* esa ns[k.k tksxA nokoSr jks vuqizkfldx|] rqdkUr x| vkijh U;kjh fujokGh vksG[kka.k jk[kSA nokoSr laKd jpukoka de feGS e/;dky esa b.kfo|k ?k.k[kjh jpukoka ns[k.k tksx gSA fo|k jks dksbZ NUn uh ft.kesa ek=k] oj.k ;k dS o.kka jks fopkj djhtSvks rks vaR;kuqizkl lSyh esa fyf[k;kSM+kS x| gSA esgrkcpUn [kkjsM+ b.kuS [kkl fdle jks rqdkUr x| ekU;kSgSA ^j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* xzaFk jks jpukdkj eaNkjke b.kjk nks Hksn b.k Hkkar crk;k gS& 1- 'kq) ca/k vj 2-x| ca/k

roS eaN dfo gSfrdS] nokoSr fo/k nks;A,d ^'kq) ca/k* gksr gS] ,d ^x| ca/k* gks;AA

^j?kqoj tl izdkl* jkS jpukdkj fdluk vk<+ks nokoSr uS vle rqd okGh jpuk ekuh gS&

nokoSr fQj ckr n[k] tqxr opudk tka.kAvkNS v/kdrqd vle vS] chnx x| c[kka.kAA

^nokoSr* jks laca/k vjch Hkklk jS oSr ;kfu Nan folsl lwa gSA Qkjlh Hkklk esa b.kh vjFk esa b.kjkS iz;ksxgq;kS i.k fla/kh Hkklk esa b.kjkS vjFk jks nk;jks c<+ tkoSA nokoSr feljksa jks oks ;qXe gS ft.kjk rqd feGS vjdBSbZ daBSbZ uha Hkh feGSA b.kesa feljksa jh la[;k jh dksbZ lhek bZ ca/;ksM+h ugha gSA

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh laLdfr jS eqtc b.kjh lkfgfR;d fo/kkoka esa b.k nokoSr jks lqekj gq;kS vjjktLFkkuh jk e/;dkyhu lkfgR; esa ^nokoSr* laKd jpukoka izeq[krk lwa feGSA

}kjdknkl n/kokfM+;k jh fyf[k;ksM+h egkjktk vthrfla?kth jh nokoSr] esgMw+ fcgkjhnkl jh dgh jkov[kSjkt jh nokoSr] dfo pkSFk jh dgh N= fla?k jkefla?ksr jh nokoSr* vj lkanw Hkksikynku dr :ix nokoSrdaoj Jh okjdj.k th jkS esa jktLFkkuh x| jh fNc fy[k.ktksx &

uo dksfV ekjokM+ po/kk pkyw <wa<kM+ jktwa eas ekuSrk ukgj HkM+ fdaokM+] ftldk ukao lwa fgj.k [kksM+kgq; pYyS] mldk gqDe yksiS rks xjn esa feYyS ukgj dk Qqjeka.k flj ij pkMS+] ftldwa lwaiS lksuS gkFk /kqokMs+NksVs ls cM+k dj jktinoh djkoS] rkydk QkStnkj eqlk;oh fnjkoS] "kV nj'ku [kSjk;r dw¡ uok lkal.k mndnsoS] ,slk lqØr dk csM+k rks ukgj gh [ksoS]

&:ix nokoSr daoj Jh ukjdj.k th jkS&lkanw Hkksikynku dgS

opfudk&nokoSr jh Hkkar ôpfudk* jh x| lSyh bZ dykRedrk jh nhB lwa fljS ekauhtSA ^nokoSr*NksVh jpuk gqoS tn dS opfudk nokoSr lwa eksVh gqoSA nokoSr x| jpuk fx.khtS i.k b.k esa x| jS lkFkS i|jkS lqUnj esG lkeh vkoSA x|&i| lSyh esa fy[;kSM+h jpuk ^paiw dkO;* jh Hkkar gqoSA

e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa opfudk laKd jpukoka jh vkijh BkSM+ gSA ,sfrgklw vk/kkj ekFkSfljT;kSM+h dSbZ opfudkoka feyS ft.k esa ^vpGnkl [khph jk opfudk* fx.khtSA f'konkl xkM.k jh jP;kSM+hvk jpuk bfrgklw i[k uS izHkkoh <ax lwa izxVSA

bfrgklw vk/kkj jS vykok /kkfeZd vk/kkj yS;*j Hkh vBS opfudk lSyh esa jpukok fyf[kft;kSM+h gSft.kesa trh tSpan dr ekrkth jh opfudk jkS ukao ?k.kkS tka.khtSA tSu trh jh fyf[k;kSM+h b.k opfudk jhckuxh ns[k.k tksx gS&

19

^^vFk opfudkfr.k osyka lqj t[k xza/kzi nsoukxauk ukx equslj lwj panfeYy cSBk flxyk gh lqjifr lqa vlrwr

dj.k ykxkA jkft leLr nsorka jk fljekSM+] vkX;kdkjh rSrhl dksMh fizFkh jk ikyxj vVy] tksfr] okpk]vfopy] HkydrS fHkzdV] lksouks N= tM+ko esa eqdqV veks/k lxr] vk cq/k fodV] tq/k jk tho.k gkj fljnkjsfljnkj =SHko.k ijkfr] vusd vax vklfr] ban egkjkt vejx.k fljrkt blks dfguS gkFk tksfM+ vjt dj.kykxkA nsoka nka.koka vkn fojks/k gqok] cM+k cM+k HkkjFk dj eqaok ^yadkifr jkae.k lkfj[kk dqaHkØu banzthrlkfj[kk] fgj.kk[kl fgj.kdkflc lkfj[k eqj nk.ko egkcyh] lkfj[kk] e/kdhV efg[kk&lqj lkfj[kk frdS i.kjoS x;k] oklLV ekjdaM dFkk esa dák rkS vktjS dky laHk uS fulaHk egk tks/kkj] vlqjk /k.kh fuMkj] fr.kjkS mfne nks[kh ejS lqtl yhtSA**

2-4-3 vfHkys[kh; x|izlfLr ys[k] flykys[k] rkackiÙkj] igki[kkuk bR;kn jks x| vfHkys[kh; x| esa fx.khtSA izlfLr

ys[k esa tSu vkpk;ksZa jh izlfLr flykys[k jktkoka jk gwde lwa flyk[k.Mk esa [kksn*j fy[khftrkA rkEck iÙkjkaesa jktkoka jS fn;ksMS+ nku bR;kn jks gokykS fy[khtrkSA

2-4-4 oSKkfud x|jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk oSKkfud x| rks ?k.kkS de feGSA b.k Hkkar jks x| ;k rks vuqokn jS :i esa feGS

;k Vhdk jS :i esaA2-4-5 O;kdj.k] oS/kd vj T;ksfrl x|jktLFkkuh O;kdj.k oS/kd vj T;ksfrl x| O;kdj.k] vk;qosZn] T;ksfrl lqdokyh] lkeqfnzd lkL= ra=

ea= bR;kn fol;ka jS laLdr xzaFkka jS jktLFkkuh vuqokn jS :i esa feySA b.kjS vykok b.kkjS vk/kkj ekFkSAfyf[k;kSM+h jktLFkkuh Hkklkjh jpukoka Hkh feGS ft.k esa vkS"k[k/k] uqL[kk] LQqV] ea=] ra= vj Hkkar&Hkkar jklxqu] gksGh jS ck;jk jks fopkj] dkeukoka jks fopkj] jkrhdhM+h jk lxqu] bR;kn jS :i eas jktLFkkuh x|jpukok fyf[k;ksM+h gSA

2-5 jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| jks fodkljktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks dky foHkktu MkW- ,y- ih- rSLlhrksjh] MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] ujksÙkenkl

Lokeh] MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh] lhrkjke ykyl] izks- dY;k.k flag ls[kkor bR;kn fo}ku vki vkijS <ax lwadj~;kS gSA gSA jktLFkkuh x| jks vk/kqfud dky 20 oha lnh lwa ekuhtSA jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jS fodkl jhtkrjk uS uhps eqtc rhu Hkkxka esa ckaV ldka&

2-5-1 izkphu dky¼d½ l:vkrh dky la- 1300 lwa la- 1400 rkabZ¼[k½ fodkl dky la- 1400 lwa- la- 1600 rkabZ

2-5-2 e/;dky & la- 1600 lwa- la- 1650 rkabZ2-5-3 vk/kqfuddky & la- 1950 lwa vtS rkabZ2-5-1 izkphu dkyjktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jk izkphu dky uS nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldkaA b.kjS iSyS dky uS îz;kl&dky*

dgk ldkA b.k dky jks egrkÅ izkphurk lwa gSA b.k dky esa jktLFkkuh x| jk dbZ iz;ksx gqvkA izkdr vjviHkzal Hkklkoks jS x| jS iNS jktLFkkuh x| jks tks l:i lkaeh vk;ks oks mYys[k tksxA b.k dky jk jpukdkjfd.k Hkkar vkijh lcn ;kstuk jh :ijs[kk o.kk;j [kqn jh lS c.kkbZA

jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jS izkphudky jS mrjk/k esa fodkl dky* jkS ukan nS; ldkaA b.k fodkl dkyesa jktLFkkuh x| jks l:i fFkj gq;kSA b.kjh lSyh esa cnGko vk;kSA Hkklk esa xfr vkbZA iz;kldky esa;knnkLr jS :i esa LQqV fVIif.k;ka fy[khtrh ntdS b.k fodkl dky esa xzaFk fy[khtu ykxkA b.k dky esatSu /kkfeZd [kklrkSj lwa fy[khft;kS ft.kesa ^ckykocks/k* iz;ksx mYys[k tksxA /kkfeZd xzaFkka jks vuqokn Hkh b.k

20

dky esa [kwc gq;kSA b.kjS vykok tSu vj pkj.k lSyh esa jktLFkkuh ,sfrgkfld x| jS :i esa dSbZ iz;ksx gq;kA,sfrgkfld nhB lwa vks dky ?k.kkS esgrkÅ ekuhtSA

2-5-2 e/;dky

laor~ 1600 laor~ 1950 rkabZ jks dky jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jks e/;dky gSA e/;dky jktLFkkuhx| jkS ekauhtS b.k okLrS nwtk lcnka esa b.k dky esa fodflr dky jS ukao lwa Hkh tk.khtSA b.k dky esajktLFkkuh x| jh Hkklk laojhth] fol;] cnG~;k vj x| gj fnlk esa fodkl gq;kSA /kkfeZd ,sfrgkfld]vfHkys[kh;] dykRed] T;ksfrl] vk;qosZfnd] ea=ra= bR;kn eksdGk :iksa esa jktLFkkuh x| jks iz;ksx gq;kSAopfudk] nokoSr lSfy;ka esa jktLFkkuh iksF;ka fy[khthA ewG Vhdk vj vuqokn rhuwa :ika esa x| uS BkSM+ feGhA

2-5-3 vk/kqfud dky

e/;dky jS vkf[kj esa jktLFkkuh x| jks u detksj gq;kSA vk/kqfud dky ft.kuS uo tkxj.k dkyHkh dS; ldka b.kesa jktLFkkuh x| jS fodkl jh ikNh dkslhl l:b;kA laor~ 1650 jS iNS lwa jktLFkkuh x|esa U;kjh&U;kjh fo/kkoka esa jpuk gwou ykxhA ukVd] miU;kl] dgk.kh] ,dkadh] js[kkfprjke] y?kqdFkk] x|xhrvj fuca/k ys[ku jks fodkl gq;kSA

2-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko vj foxlko leS jS lkFk gworks jS;kS gSA ;wa rks mn~Hko 23oha lnh lwa ekuhtSi.k jktLFkkuh jS l:vkrh xa/k ij viHkazl jks vlj lkQ y[kkoSA b.k leS x| ys[ku jh ijaijk lkarjh jS;hgSA twuS jktLFkkuh x| ckr vj [;kr lkfgR; ij jktLFkku esa [kwc fy[khT;kS gSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x|jks twukS :i f'konkl xkM.k jh jpuk ^vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk* esa yks/kSA /kkfeZd x| jks ys[k.k ?k.kdjkstSfu;ka dfj;kS ftdkS vuqokn vj Vhdkoka jS :i esa feGSA ^ckykocks/k* vj ^VCck jks ys[ku ckGdka jS okLrSdjhT;kSA ikSjkf.kd /kkfeZd x| esa jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] ozr dFkkoka bR;kn esa jktLFkkuh x| jks Lo:i fuaxSvkoS gSA b.k eqtc Hkkar&Hkkar jS x| ft;ka ckr oalkoyh foxr ekFkS foxrokj mtkl ifM+;kS ft.klwajktLFkkuh x| jks foxlko gq;kSA lkj :i esa dS;k tkoS dS vkfndky] e/;dky vj vk/kqfud dky esa b.kfo/kk ekFkS jpko gq;kS gSA jktLFkkuh esa ftrkS x| lkfgR; feGS chrh lkfgR; nsl jh fd.kh nwth izkUrh; Hkklkesa lk;n gh feGSA

2-7 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;k lokyka jk i³wrj 500 lcnka esa fy[kks&

1- jktLFkkuh x| jks mn~Hko fd.k Hkkar gq;kS\

2- ^ckyko&cks/k* vj ^VCck* eka; [kkl Qjd dkabZ gS\

3- jktdh; [;krka vj O;fDrxr [;krka ekal dkabZ Qjd gSA vksG[kka.k djkokS\

4- jktLFkkuh x| jks fodkl fd.k Hkkar gq;kSA fo}kuk jS fopkjka eqtc dky foHkktu jhvksG[kka;k djkokS\


1- MkW- f'koLo:i 'kekZ ^vpy*&jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; mn~Hko vj fodklA

2- MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl&jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed ,oa fodklkRed bfrgklA

3- MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh&la- ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr izFke HkkxA

4- j?kqohj flag euksgj flag&la- tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;krA

5- cnzhizlkn lkdfj;k & la- eaqgrk uS.klh jh [;krA

21

bdkbZ & 3

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks okr lkfgR;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

3-0 mísL;

3-1 izLrkouk

3-2 izLBHkkse vj ijaijk

3-3 ckrka jks :i&l:i

3-4 ckr jks ojxhdj.k

3-4-1 ohjrk iz/kku

3-4-2 izse iz/kku

3-4-3 gkL; iz/kku

3-4-4 vykSfdd iz/kku

3-4-5 izrhdkRed iz/kku

3-4-6 uhfr iz/kku

3-4-7 /kje iz/kku

3-4-8 pfj= iz/kku

3-5 ckrka jh folslrkok

3-5-1 okrkoj.kh; rRo

3-5-2 Hkklk jh fofo/krk

3-5-3 okr esa okr

3-5-4 egktuh O;oLFkk jk njlko

3-6 lekt jk gkykr

3-7 dh [kkl jktLFkkuh ckrka

3-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

3-9 vH;kl jk izLu


3-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ uS if<+;ka iNS vki tk.kdkjh dj ldkS dS&

1- jktLFkku jkS x| lkfgR; fdrkS twaukS vj ywaBkS gSA

2- yksd dFkkoka uS fd.k rjS ekSf[kd lwa fyfi&c) l:i esa fy;kS x;kS gSA

3- okr lkfgR; fdrkS Hkkar HkkrhykS vj b/kdkS gSA

4- ledkyhu lekt uS le>.k okLrS vkS lkfgR; fdÙkks ennxkj gSA

22

3-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS x| lkfgR; ?k.kkSa twuksa vj Hkkar Hkrhyks gsA [kkldj 14oha lnh jS inS b.kjhvys[kwa jpukoka feGS gSA x| lkfgR; uS eksVS :i lwa rhu Hkkxka eka; ckafV;kS tk ldS gSA iSyks] [;kr¼,sfrgkfld ys[ku½] okr ¼iqjka.kh dgkf.k;ka&fdLlk½ vj foxr ¼fooj.k½A [;kr vj foxr jkS lkfgR; rkS?k.kdjkS lkeh vk;kS gS i.k jktLFkkuh jS okr lkfgR;k ekFkS de fy[khT;kS gSA tn dS gkFkfy[kh iksfFk;ka eka;b.kjh ?k.kh lkexzh fc[kfj;ksM+h gSA mnkgj.k lk:] chdkusj esa vuwi laL—r iksFkh[kkuS esa b.k jS ys[k.k jheksdGh lkexzh iM+h gSA fonslh fo}ku ,y-ih- VSlhVksjh vj jk.kh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor b.k fnl egkrkÅ defd;kS gSA

b.k okr lkfgR; esa ckrka ;k dgkfu;ka ?k.kh gSA jktLFkku jS lkS;Z] R;kx vj dqnjr lwa la?klZ jhxkFkkoka b.k x| lkfgR; eka; feGS gSaA /kkjfed xkFkkoka vj lkaL—frd ijEijkokajkS js;ks gSA e/;dky jS Hkxrhvj jhfr dky [k.Mka jks Hkh b.k ekFkS izHkko ifM+;kS gSA vS lxGh dgkf.k;ka ih<+h nj ih<+h pkyh gS ft.klwavsd eksVS ekSf[kd lkfgR; jks tye gq;kS gSA vka ckrka jktLFkku jS feu[kka jS pfjr fujek.k esa Hkh egrkÅHkksedk fuHkkbZ gSA vkt bZ ?k.kdjk*d feu[k [kklrkSj lwa lkekU; tu vj i;ZVd rkS vka ^ckrka* jS eqtc bZjktLFkku jS bfrgkl vj laLdfr jh vksG[kka.k djSA

3-2 izLBHkkse vj ijaijk

jktLFkku bZ uha Hkkjr eka; dgk.kh ;k ^ckr* lq.kk.kkS vj lq.k.kS jh ijEijk twauh gSA osn vj mifu"knesa ^dgk.kh* jk rÙo feGS gSA iqjk.k rkS dFkk rÙoa lwa Hkfj;ksM+k gSA tkrd vj tSu dFkkoka Hkh b.k fnl esa ykjSuha gSA viHkzal ft.klwa jktLFkkuh jkS tye gq;kS] dFkkoka lwa yckyc gSaA dSo.k jkS eryc vkS gS dS jktLFkkuhckr lkfgR; vj dSo.k&lq.k.k jh ijEijk b/kdh Hkkar&Hkkar jh vj vSfrgkfld gSA vkt bZ jktLFkku jk oklhjkr jS cxr pkSikG] pkSjk;s ;k fd.kh tkxk ekFkS cSB*j okrka ;k dFkk lq.k.kS&lq.kk.kS jkS vk.kan ysoS gSA vk okrka;k yksd dFkkoka jks ldaGy.k fyf[kr :i esa gq;kS gS i.k vpjt jh ckr gS dS b.kkajS fy[kkjs jks uke lkeuhdksuhA b.k rjS vkS lkfgR; lekt jh laifr vj lekt jh bZ /kjkSgj gSA ôkr lkfgR;* vkijS vkdkj esa NksVkSvj eksVkS nksuwa bZ gSaA dha ôkrka* rkS ?k.kh NksVh gSa] oBSbZ dh folkG gSA

3-3 ckrka jks :i&l:i

b.k i[k uS uhps fy[;k fcanqok eka; lesfV;kS tk ldS gS&

1- ?k.kdjh okrka jk folS vSfrgkfld gSA b.kkjka ik=] dFkk oLrq] ?kVukØe vkn vioknka uS NksM*jbfrgkl jh izLVHkkse lwa bZ ÅHkjS gSA

2- dFkk jk fol; /kkfeZd Hkh gSA ikSjkf.kd dFkkoka jh tk.kdkjh :i lwa vj nwtS fol;ka jS Hkkx jS:i esa Hkh ÅHkj*j lkaeh vk;ks gSA

3- okrka jkS uhfrxr fuxS vkoSA dSbZ okrka esa uhfr jks [kqyklks gq;kS gSA tu lk/kkj.k HKh uhfr jksfgek;rh c.k dSoS ôkr uhfr jh djkS vuhfr jh uha*A

4- vys[kwa ôkrka* esa vykSfdd i[k Hkh mtkxj [kwc gq;kS gSA ^n'kZu*] ^peRdkj* vj foyDl.k?kVukoka jks mYys[k vk okrka jS vSfrgkfld i[kka dkuh /;ku fnjkoS gSA b.kjS vykok ifj;ka jhdFkkoka] viNjkoka jkS vko.kkSa] lk/kq larka jS ojnku jkS QG vkn bZ b.kka jS fooj.k jh folslrkokagSA

5- vka okrka eka; ^fooj.k* i[k b/kdks gSA dFkksidFku :i esa Hkh lkeh vkoSA

6- okr lkfgR; ewG :i lwa x| dghtS i.k b.kesa chp&chp eka; nwgka vj Nanka jk iz;ksx vjizpy.k lwa i| jh folslrk Hkh iqLV gqbZ gSA

23

7- ôkr lkfgR;* dSbZ nhB lwa yksd lkfgR; Hkh gSA b.kesa tu&tho.k jS vys[kwa i[kka jkS QwBjkScj.kko gq;kS gSA

3-4 ckr jks ojxhdj.k

okr lkfgR; jS vFkkx HkaMkj jkS uhpS fy[kh nhB lwa ojxhdj.k dj;kS tk ldS&

3-4-1 ohjrk iz/kku

?k.kdjh jktLFkkuh dFkkoka vsfrgkfld gkos.kS jS lkFks&lkFks ohjrk iz/kku gSaA vka dFkkoka esa jktLFkkujS cka ohjka jkS fp=.k gq;kS gS tdka vkijS jkt] Hkkse] fdyk] LokfHkeku] opu ;k fd.kh vknlZ jS okLrS tq) esaizk.k R;kx fn;kA b.k nhB lwa] îrkbZ jkoG jh okr] mM.kS izFkhjkt jh okr] egkjko Jh vejflag th jkBkSM+jh okr] jktk dj.kflag jS daojka jh okr] bR;kn egrkÅ gSA ^vej flag jkBkSM+ jh okr* esa vks mtkxj dfj;kSgS dS fd.k Hkkar vejflag vkijh vku&cku jS okLrS cknlkg 'kkgtgka jh QkSt lwa m.kjS njckj eka; bZ fHkM+X;k vj ekSr jks oj.k dh.kSA lkjhfjd lxrh jS okLrS iFohjkt us ¼fpÙkkSM+½ vj dqaoj ineflag vj dsljhflag¼chdkusj½ jh okrka mnkgj.k jS :i esa jk[kh tk ldS gSA iFohjkt uS rkS mM.kokGkS ?kksM+kS dSbZtrh vjdsljhflag vj ineflag] cGoku feu[k gks i.k vkneh lwa bZ cGoku leS gS] vkS fcanq okr mg: jh esa mtkxjdjhT;kS gSA

3-4-2 izse iz/kku

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; izse iz/kku Hkh gSA e/;;qxhu lekt vj lkfgR; ohjrk] izse vj jgL;okn jS rRokajS rkuS&ckuS esa cf.k;kS gSA vBS feu[k jS izka.kk esa Hkh izse gSA tdks R;kx jh Hkkouk lwa vknjtksx O;kid gSA^lka[kyk dqaojlh* vj ^Hkjey jh okr* pp jkBkSM+ jh okr] cha>jS vghj jh okr] vkn okrka izse izlaxk jkmnkgj.k gSaA ^<ksyk&ejo.k jh okr* rkS ?k.kh pkoh gSA izse jh ckrka lqvk vj lkfjdkoka jS ek/;e lwa Hkh dghthgS ft.kkesa lqvks iq#l vj lkfjdk yqxkbZ cksyh esa cksys gS naifr fouksn* uS vka rjhdka lwa&jfp;kS x;kS gSA b.kjSûkxth&ukxoarh] [khaoth vkHkyns] tlekns vksM.k] yk[kkS Qwyk.kh] jka.kks dkNcks] jruk gehj] ewey egsUnjkS]fugkyns lqyrku] cha>k&lksjB vj tsBok&ÅtGh] b.kkesa gsrq izhr jh ckrka gSA Jh dksey vka izse dFkkoka esaizse jks mtGks] lgt] ljl vj ekuoh i[k mtkxj gq;kS gSA

3-4-3 gkL; iz/kku

gkL; lkfgR; jkS vkS izeq[k jl gS tdks Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vNwrkS uha gSA fc;ka Hkh vka okrka jkdFkkudka jkS var lk/kkj.kr;k nq[kn gSA ts uk;d&ukf;dk izse uS yS;*j izk.kka jkS R;kx Hkh dj fn;kS gS rkSHkh m.kuS nq%[kn uha ekfu;kS tkoSA ^pkaM jS ckcr QksQk.kan jh okr* gkL; jl jh vkxhoka.k dFkk gSA

3-4-4 vykSfdd iz/kku

jktLFkkuh okrka vykSfdd] bpjt nSfod vj jgL; jk rRoka lwa bZ Hkjiwj gSA b.kjS vykok pkohdFkkoka flagklu crhlh* jkS Hkh vka dFkkoka ekFkS izHkko gSA csrky 'kfDr dk* ¼csrky iPphlh½ jkS Hkh jktLFkkuhHkklk x| esa vuqokn gq;kS gSA vka jktLFkkuh yksd dFkkoka esa dSbZ tkxka vkS izlax vk;kS gS*dS dbZ jktoalkjh mrir vQljkoka lwa gqbZ gSA ftdh nsoyksd lwa vk;h ghA ^NkgM+ iaokj jh okr* jh dFkkoLrq *iq:[kk vjmoZ'kh* jS dFkkud lwa izHkkfor gSA b.k dFkk esa vkS crk;kS x;kS gS*dS pgksVu jS iaokj pkgM+ jS nks csVka jh mrirvsd vQljk jS xjHk lwa gqbZ gSA vka xkFkkoka esa Hkwr iyhr] lqxu] liukS] nsohnsork] vkdklok.kh] tknwVksuk vknfdrh bZ vykSfdd ckrka jkS lekosl feGS gSA

3-4-5 izrhdkRed iz/kku

jktLFkkuh ckrka esa yqxkbZ vj feu[k jS vykok ilq&ia[kh vj vBS rkabZ*d isM+&ikS/kk uS Hkh dFkkudjS ik= jS :i eka; njlkbZT;kS gSA feu[k jk m.kk jS lkFkS laokn ;k okjrkyki gq;k gSA vka ckrka esa rksrk&eSukjS ekjQr ^nkEiR; fouksn* jkS dFkkud jfp;kS feGSA if{k;ka jS lkFkS rkS iwjh folokl dj*j ukf;dkoka vkijS

24

izse&ixh ok.kh esa fiz; uS lansl HkstS gSA dks;y] dhj] HkojkS vj cknG jS ia[kh ^dqjtk* Hkh fojg.kh jh ihM+iSpka.k*j m.kjS dke uS iwjks fd;kS gSA b.kha iaxr esa ^Mk<kGkS lwj* vsd lkaoBh dFkk gSA vk izrhd lSyh eka;fyf[k;ksM+h vsd ohjrk jh dFkk gSA b.kk eka; ohjkSfpr dkeka jkS vkjkSi.k vsd lwvj ifjokj ekFkS fd;kS x;kSgSA lqvj jS tho.k lwa m.kha ?kVukoka vj oSokjka uS fy;k x;k gSA tdk feu[k jS dkeka jS cjkcj jk[;k tk ldSA

b.k rjS okrka esa feu[k jh nwtk izkf.k;ka jS lkFkS Hkkoukoka jkS lh/kkS vknku&iznku vka ckrk jh vsd cM+hfolslrk gSA

3-4-6 uhfr iz/kku

jktLFkkuh okrka jkS lekt uS ?k.kks ;ksxnku gSA twuS leS esa flDlk vj X;kau vjtu dj.k jS okLrSvS okrka vsd ywaBkS ek/;e c.khaA lkld vj lkflr nksuwa ojxka jS laLdkjka jkS fujek.k dj.kS jS okLrS vs ckrkaHkksr izHkkoh jbZA vka ckrka esa osn] czkã.k] mifu"kn vj iqjk.kka lwa c<ko.kokGh vj uhfrxr okrka fyjhth gSAb.kha rjS ckS) tkrd dFkkok Hkh HksGh gSA tSu xzaFkk jh dFkkoka Hkh b.keas ?kj c.kk;ksM+h gSA ekyok jS pkok jktkHkkst jh okrka Hkh mHkj*j lkeh vkbZ gSA ^jktk Hkkst] ek?k fiaMr vj Mksdjh jh ckr* vsd lkarjh jpuk gSA b.ktksM+ jh nwth okrka gS ^^jktk Hkkst jh iujeh fo|k] f=;kpfjrs yqdeku gdhe mi.kkS csVs dwa ulhgr] chjcGjh ckr] jktk Hkkst [kkijS pksj jh okr] cqxys gal.kh jh okr] cxM+korka jh okr] vknA

3-4-7 /kje iz/kku

ft;k*d Åij fy[;kS tk; pqdkS gS jktLFkkuh okrka esa osn] mifu"kn] iqjk.k] ckS) vj tSu /kje xzaFkkalwa vys[kwa okrka fyjhth gSA ojr] rht&R;wagkj] nku] iqu lqjx&ujx] iqujtye] rhjFk vkn fol;ka ekFkS dSbZizlax jktLFkkuh okrka esa vk;k gSA nkau jh egek rks vka dFkkoka esa eksdGh xkbZth gSA b.kjS vykok jktLFkkuhyksd nsoh&nsorkoka bZ vys[kwa dFkkoka jphth gSA ft.kesa jkeonso raoj jh okr] ikcwth jh okr] ^:iknS jh okr]bR;knA i.k vS dFkkoka lkaiznkf;d uha gSA ^^daxwjS cyksp jh ckr**] eksjM+h erokGh jh ckr*] ^rekbph ikrlkgjh ckr*] dkaoyks tksb;ks us rhM+h [kjy jh ckr* eqfLye lekt jS gjsd ia[kk uS njlkorh y[kkoS gSA dha dFkkokaiqjk.kka lwa uha yS;j yksd/kkj.kk eka; vkijh ^ckr* dSos gSaA îyd nfj;ko jh ckr* uS iqjk.kka lEcU/kh ckrdSbZT;kS gS vj vk okr Hkxoku foL.kq jS vykSfdd dkeka jh c<+kbZ jS :i esa fy[khth gSA

3-4-8 pfjr iz/kku

fc;ka rkS dFkkoka jkS vkS i[k uhfr vj /kje iz/kku rRoka esa mHkj*j vk;kS gS i.k dky[k.M jk jktLFkkucfYd jktiwfr lekt jh dha [kkl voLFkkoka uS b.kesa vyx lwa fiNkaf.k;kS tk ldS gSA mnkgj.k lk: LokehHkxrh ;k lke/kjeh* feu[k jS mPpre xq.kka esa ns[khth gSA b.kjS fo:) tko.k okGS uS viekfur fd;kS tkorkSjS;kS gSA b.k rjS pfjr uS ?k.kkSa eku vj vnc fnjhT;kS gSA yksxka uS vkijh okr vj opuka jh] izk.kka ;k/kulEink lwa ?k.kha fpark ghA vkijh okr uS iwjh dj.k jS okLrS feu[k teha&vleku vsd dj nsoarkS gkSAeka&cki] xq# vj /ku leink lwa ?k.kha fpark gh vkijh okr uS iwjh dj.k jS okLrS feu[k teha&vleku vsdjdj nsoarkS gkSA eka&cki] xq# vj dqG nsorkoka jh ejtknk j;kSA cSj uS pqdko.k jh ijeijk ih<+h nj ih<+hpkyrh jSorh ghA fca;k rkS ifjokj jS yksx b.k î.k* ¼izfrKk½ uS iwjkS djrk gkA ik vks /kje HkkbZ] vj fearjHkh b.k opu uS iwjkS dfj;kS gSA

3-5 ckrka jh folslrkok

3-5-1 okrkoj.kh; rRo

lkfgR; lekt jS lkFkS&lkFkS vkijS Hkwxksy vj okrjoj.k jk fprjke Hkh vka[kjk <kGSA vk ckrka esajktLFkku vykok ekGok] xqtjkr] vj fla/k jh lkarjkS tk.kdkjh feGS gSA e:ijnsl ;k jsfxLrkuh jh e/;dkyvj m.kjS ijojrh dky lwa Bk iMS+ dS iwoZ e/;dky esa gkdM+k unh jktLFkku vj fla/k cSorh gh b.kjhtk.kdkjh vka ckrka ^xqtjkr nsl* ekFkS rkS vsd vyx lwa ckr fy[khth gS vj nwth ckr esa mÙkjh jktLFkku

25

esa ckjkM+ nsl jkS fooj.k Hkh feGS gSA b.kjS vykok ekSle jh vkSG[kka.kk Hkh feGS gSA e:ijnsl esa dkG jhfodjkG yhyk jk njlko Hkh vka ckrka esa feGs rks nwtSdkuh e:/kjk efgek jk c[kk.k Hkh ?k.kk feGS gSA

2-5-2 Hkklk jh fofo/krk

jktLFkku gjsd 12 dksl esa cksyh cnG tkoS gS vj okr lkfgR; b.kjh lk[k HkjS gSA vBS rkabZ*dS tks/kiqj vj chdkusj esa dSbZT;ksM+h ckrka esa lcnka jkS p;u vys[kwa okj vyx gq; tkoS gSA dkG jS vUrjkG jkS Hkhvlj OgS vj iM+kSlh Hkklkok vj cksfy;ka jks Hkh vlj OgSA b.k okr lkfgR; esa [kkl rkSj lwa xqtjkrh] fla/kh]ekGoh] ckxM+h vj czt jkS iqV [kklrkSj lwa fn[kkbZ nsoS gSA vj Qkjlh vj mnwZ jS lcnka jkS Hkh yxksyx iz;ksxgq;kS gSA b/kdh okr vk gS*d vsd bZ dFkk esa dSbZ cksfy;ka vj Hkklkoka jkS iz;ksx gq;kS gSA tS fnYyh jS eqfLyelkldka ;k m.kka jS izfrfu;ka jh okr gS rkS Qkjlh vj mnwZ esa laokn cksfyT;k gSA oBSbZ jktLFkkuh ik= vkijhek;M+ Hkklk esa cksyS gSaA fla/k] lkSjk"Vª] xqtjkr vj jktLFkku vsd lkaLdfrd bdkbZ gS] b.k dkj.k vka ckrkaesa xqtjkrh vj fla/kh lcnka jh Hkjekj gSA

3-5-3 okr esa okr

Hkjrh; dFkk lkfgR; jh vk folslrk gS*dS dFkk esa dFkk dbZtS gSA jktLFkkuh okr lkfgR; Hkh b.kijEijk lwa vNwrkS uha gSA vBS bZ okr esa okr gS ewG dFk esa nwth dFkkoka vk;*j tqM+ tkoS gSS vj cka dFkkokalwa vsd ekGk iwjh OgS gSA b.k ijaijk uS vkxS c<ko.k okGh [kkl okrka gS] ^pkrj jh okr*] ^jk.kh pkScksyh jhckr*] ^vdy jh ckr* vknA dFkk esa dFkk jh ijaijk tuekul uS Hkh gjf[kr djS vj ik= Hkh O;kid :i lwamHkj*j lkeh vkoS gSA vdcj&chjcy] jktk Hkkst vj m.kjS njckj jk xq.khtuka jh dFkkoka jktLFkkuh ckrkaeka; ns[k.k esa vkoS gSA

3-5-4 egktuh tho.k /kkjk

jktLFkkuh okr lkfgR; esa jktuSfrd pfj=ka] ?kVukoka vj tq) LFkyka rkabZ bZ jks gh cj.kko uha gSAb.kkesa m.k dky jk fo.kt okSikj jh Hkh foxr eaMh gSA ^chtM+&ohtksx.k jh ckr* vj galjkt cNjkt jh okr*b.kjk mnkgj.k gSA vka okrka esa nsl jh twauh fo.kt ijaijkok jkS fooj.k gS vj b.kesa ckS)/kje vj tSu /kjejh dFkkoka jkS Hkh ns[k.k eka; vkoS gSA okr lkfgR; esa tBS nku&nfDl.kka jkS mYys[k izlalk jS Hkko lwa gS oBSbZ okSikjh ojx jh datwl izofr;ka ekFkS bZ l[kjkS O;ax gSA

3-6 lekt jk gkykr

okr lkfgR; lwa m.k tqx jh lkekftd c.kxV vj lekt jk ?kVdka jh tk.kdkjh feGSA vyx&vyxtkfr;ka] /kjek vj ojx jS fopkGS jh lejlrk vj lkeUtL; jk njlko vka ckrka esa ?k.kk gSA

jktLFkku esa nsoh nsork Hkh U;kjk&U;kjk gSA jktLFkku jS lkldka esa tBS jkBkSM+ lkldka jh dqGnsohpØsLojh ¼ukx.ksph½ ghA esokM+ jk egkjk.k Jh ,dfyax uS bZt jkt jk nsoka.k ekuS gSA b.kh Hkkar jktiwr [kkaikajh U;kjh&U;kjh mikL; nsoh ghaA

jktLFkku jS yksxka esa fejrq jS iNS vkrek jS QSj tye ySo.k esa iqjkS folokl gSA dbZ dFkkoka esa ikNyStye jh dFkkoka jkS gokykS feGS gSA fejrq iNS tho.k esa Hkh /k.kha jS lkFks jSo.k jh bPNk lwa bt ohjkaxukokalrh gq;k djrh ghA tq) jS iSyh bZ vkxyS tye esa ikNk feG.kSa jh okr ohj vj ohjkaxukoka lksprk vj dSorkbZ gkA

17oha vj 18oha lnh jS ^ôkr lkfgR;** esa jktiwr lekt vj m.kkjS tho.k jh dSbZ >kafd;k ns[k.k uSfeGS gSA lkFkS bZ okr lkfgR; esa oka fnuka jS /kkjfed ekurkoka vj foloklka jh tk.kdkjh feGSA fgUnqcgqnsooknh jS;k gSA ewjrh iwtk esa folokl jk[kSA nsoh nsorkoka jh eqfjr;ka feanj esa Fkkfir djh tkoGh vjm.kka jh iwtk gksrorh ghA b.k leS rkabZ iqtkjh ijaijk Fkkfir gks;xhA gjsd feanjka jk vsd ;k ?k.kk iqtkjhgkSork gkA feanj esa Fkkfir ewjrh jh iwtk vkn bZ m.kka jkS [kkl /kkjfed dke gkSorksA tn*dS eqlyekuka jk

26

geyka lwa vys[kwa feanj tehnkst gq; X;k] rkS Hkh fganqoka jkS ewjrhiwtk esa vVwV folokl of.k;kS jS;kSA

fganw vorkjokn esa iwjh rjS folokl djsA feu[kka esa nsoh lxrh ekFkS Hkh iwjkS folokl gks] ft.klwa tulk/kkj.k fjDlk dj.k jS [kkrj geSlwa rS;kj jSo.k okGk uj iqaxoka uS yksd nsork jS :i esa ekurk nh tkorhAjktLFkku eka; jkensoth raoj] gM+cwth lka[kyk vj ikcwth jkBkSM+ yksdnsork jS :i esa iwtht.k ykxkA yksdnsorkoka jS vykok fjfl;ka] tksfx;ka vj lk/kqo lark esa Hkh fganw turk jkS folokl gksA cs nsoh nsorkoka jk [kklHkxr ekuhtrkA

eqlGekuka jS Hkkjr vko.k vj vBS lÙkk Fkki.kk jS iNS Hkh fganq tFkkor ewjrh iwtd cf.k;k jS;kA b.ktqx esa jktLFkku esa feu[kka jh va/kfoloklka esa iwjh vkLFkk ghA oS tkSfx;ka jS peRdkj] tksfrfl;ka jhHkfolok.kh] ea=&ra=] lqxu vj liuka vkfn esa Hkksr folokl djrk gkA tq)ka esa Hkh gjsd leS lqxu lkL=hlkFkS jSork gkA tn tq) esa vilqxu gks; tkork rkS ikNk vkNk lqxu gqo.k rkabZ vkxS uha pkyrk gkA b.khHkkar gjsd uqaokS dke dj.kS lwa iSyh vj fd.kh dke lwa ckjS tko.k lwa iSyh lqxu nsf[k;k tkork gkA vlk/kj.k lxrh ;k ojnkau fefG~;ksM+k dSbZ*d feu[k rkS ilq&ia[ks#oka jh cksyh le>.kSa jh f[kerk ekFkS bZ iwjkSfolokl djrk gkA vj m.kjh dS;ksM+h ckr ;k lq>ko uS geSl eku*j m.kjS eqtc vkxS jh dkjokbZ djrk gkAtho.k esa vykSfdd ?kVukoka ekFkS iwjkS folokl gkS vj vkS bt dkj.k gkS dS ?k.kdjh ckrka esa Hkh m.kkajkS mYys[kfeGS gSA

3-7 dh [kkl ^jktLFkkuh ckrka*

1- iykbZ jkoy jh okr

2- lkry lksi jh okr

3- mM.kS fizFkhjkt jh okr

4- ewyoS lkaxkor jh okr

5- vjtu gehj Hkheksr jh okr

6- pkaiSokGS jh okr

7- tSls ljojh;S jh okr

8- jktk Hkhe jh okr

9- jktk ujflag jh okr

10- dwaejS cGkSp jh okr

11- eksjM+h erokyh jh okr

12- dwaHkS txekyksr jh okr

13- HkkVh ojlS fryksdlh jh okr

14- ukjk;.k nkl eh<+k[kku jh okr

15- gkMS lwjtey ukjk;.knklksr jh okr

16- nwnS tks/kkor jh okr

17- lkry tks/kkor jh okr

18- jktk Hkkjuey dNokgS jh okr

19- egkjko Jh vejflag jkBkSM+ jh okr

20- ikcw th jkBkSM+ jh okr

27

21- txnso iaokj jh okr

22- lks<s nsokGns jh okr

23- jslkafe;S jh okr

24- rekbph ikfrlkg jh okr

25- pkSM jS ckcr QkSQk.kan jh okr

26- jGS x<oS jh okr

27- ineS pkj.k jh okr

28- tksxjkt pkj.k jh okr

29- l;.kh pkj.kh okr

30- thtks MkHkh jh okr

31- :ikans jh okr

32- tleka vksM.k jh okr

33- Åekns HkfV;k.kh jh okr

34- jk.kh pkScksyh jh okr

35- jktk Hkkst] ek?k fiM+r vj Mksdjh jh okr

36- ukgjhg~j.kh /kjesds jh okr

37- lka[kyS daojlh uS Hkjey jh okr

38- dkaoGks tksbZ;ks uS rhMh [kjG jh okr

39- pp jkBkSM+ jh okr

40- L;kelqUnj jh okr

41- gkgqy geh jh okr

42- NkgM iaokj jh okr

43- ch>jS vghj jh okr

44- chtM+ thtksx.k jh okr

45- galjkt cNjkt jh okr

46- nsikG /ka/k jh okr

47- eaMxlh dwaikor jh okr

48- vdy jh okr

49- jktk Hkkst [kkQjS pksj jh okr

50- dqtcnh lkfgtknS jh okr

51- nEifÙk fouksn

52- efgUnj chlyksr jh okr

53- dNokgka jh okr

54- ihjkStlkg ikfrlkg jh okr

28

55- csrky iphlh jh okr

56- jktk djh.kfla?kth jS daojk jh okr

57- cgfyek jh okr

58- jko lqjrk.k nsoM+s jh okr

59- cwanh jh okr

60- eksfgyka jh okr

61- yk[ks Qwyk.kh jh okr

62- xksxSth jh okr

63- HkVusj jh okr

64- okr jko dsYg.k jkS csVk vj jkx.kns jkS csVks eqyrku jk ikn'kkg eqlyeku dh;ks rS jh

65- ohdSth jh okr

66- chjcy jh okr

67- ohjeth jh okr

68- jkenso raoj jh okr

69- fj.kgh raoj jh ckr

70- raojk jh ckr

71- vk;kS rSa jh okr

3-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

jktLFkku esa vFkkg dkO; lEink jS vykok jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh Hkh twauh vj le) ijaijk jS;hgSA jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; esa ^ckrk* jh egrkÅ BkSM+ gSA dhV&irax] ilq] ia[ks: vj isM+&ikS/kka lwa ys;*jvSfrgkfld ?kVukoka] bfrgkl izfl) ik=ka] izse dFkkoka ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuka rdkr uS b.k lkfgR; esa BkSM+ feGhgSA vS ckrka dSbZ ?k.kh NksVh gS rks dSbZ brjh eksVh gSS*dS ft.kuS dSbZ ikuk eka; fy[kh tk ldS gSA ?k.kdjhxkFkkoka fyfic) Hkh uha gks ikbZ gS vj vkt bZ yksxka jh tcku ekFkS gSA okr lkfgR; bÙkkS v[kwV vj lkaxksikangS*dS m.kjkS iwjkS oSX;kfud ojxhdj.k dj.kkSa vc[kkS gS i.k b.k bdkbZ eka; LFkwy :i vks dke dj.k jh igydjhth gSA ckrka jS l: esa ;k chp eas nwgka jkS iqV gS] ijdr ¼izdfr½ jh vuqie fNc] uxj jh folslrk]folkyrk vj laiUurk] nqjx jh vHks|rk] tq) jh fodjkGrk] ohjka jkS j.k dkSlG] gkFkh&?kksM+ksa jk y[k.k]ukf;dk jkS QqBjkikS] m.kjS fla.kxkj jk midj.k] fojg jh lqdkseG Hkkoukoka jkS eaMk.k vj feG.k jh lq[kn?kfM+;ka jkS cj.kko lw lkarjS <ax lwa gq;kS gSA vS cj.kko brjk ltho vj ekjfed gS*dS m.kuS i<*j ;k lq.k*jdksbZ m.kkuS Hkqyk uha ldSA b.kjS vykok i<(j ;k lq.k*j nsldky jkS cj.kko] lklu iz.kkyh] tkxhj iz.kkyh]tkfr&oSoLFkk] vkeksn&izeksn] uSfrdrk] :f<+ fujokg vj thou fl)karka jkS vksirkS ys[kks vka ckrka esa gSAHkwr&iyhr] lqxu&lqiukS nsoh&nsork] vkdklok.kh] tknw&Vks.kka vkn fdrjh bZ vykSfdd ckrka jkS lekoslb.kkesa feGS gSA

tBka rd dFkk rÙo jkS laca/k gS ukVdh;rk yko.k okLrS dFkksidFkuka ¼x| vj i| nksuwwa esa½ jkS iz;ksxvj lkFkS bZ [kkl dFkk jS vykok lgk;d dFkkoka jkS Hkh lekosl gq;kS gSA jktk Hkkst vj vdcj chjcG dFkkokaesa b.k Hkkar jkS rkjre ns[;ks tk ldSA vka ckrka jh Hkklk twauh jktLFkkuh gS vj leS jS lkFkS b.kjS l:i esacnGko vk;ks gSA vka ckrka esa lclwa eksVkS xq.k m.kjh Hkklk jh lgtrk vj thoVrk gSA

29

3-9 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;k lokyka jk i³wrj 500 lcnka jS yxSVxS fy[kksA

¼1½ ôkr lkfgR;* jh vSfrgkfldrk ekFkS fopkj fy[kkSA

¼2½ ôkr lkfgR;* uS lkeh jk[k*j e/;dky jh lkekftd gkykr uS vk[kjks <+kGksA

¼3½ okr lkfgR; esa v;kSM+k pfjr vj okajh folslrkoka jkS oj.ku djkSA

¼4½ okr lkfgR; esa v;ksMS+ foloklka vj ijaijkoka jkS ewY;kadu djkSA


1- MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & jktLFkkuh okr lkfgR; % ,d v/;;uA

2- ¼laik-½ ukjk;.k flag HkkVh & jktLFkkuh ckr laxzgA

3- MkW- iwue nb;k & jktLFkkuh okr lkfgR; % ,d v/;;uA

4- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;A

30

bdkbZ & 4

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks [;kr lkfgR;bdkbZ jkS eaMka.k

4-0 mÌs';

4-1 izLrkouk

4-2 [;kr lkfgR; jh l#vkr

4-3 izeq[k [;kr jpukoka

4-3-1 eqagrk uS.kjh jh [;kr

4-3-2 mnSHkka.k pakikor jh [;kr ¼eqjkjhnku jh [;kr½

4-3-3 tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr

4-3-4 ekjokM+ jh [;kr

4-3-5 n;kynkl jh [;kr

4-3-6 ckadhnkl jh [;kr

4-3-7 tSlyesj jh [;kr

4-3-8 xksxwank jh [;kr

4-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

4-6 vH;kl jk izLu

4-7 lUnHkZ xzUFkka jh ikuM+h

4-0 mÌs';

b.k bdkbZ jS v/;;u lwa vki jktLFkku jS bfrgkl fy[k.k jh folsl ijaijk jh vkSG[kka.k dj ikokSykvj b.k eqtc lkaxksikax tka.kdkjh dj ldkS&

¼1½ jktLFkku esa bfrgkl fy[k.k ¼[;kr½ jh ijaijk dn lwa gS \

¼2½ [;kr lkfgR; jk folS dq.k&dq.k lk gS \

¼3½ izeq[k [;kr jpukoka dq.k&dq.klh gS \

¼4½ b.k jpukoka jkS lkaLØfrd vj jktuSfrd eSro dkabZ gS \

4-1 izLrkouk

Hkkjrh; okaxe; esa vBS [;kr lkfgR; jh tqxka twauh ijaijk jS dkj.k tBS folsl eSro jS;ks gS oBSjktLFkku jh vSfrgkfld ijaijk uS ewjr :i nSo.k eas [;kr lkgk;d ekauhth gSA [;kr jkS erGc [;kfr lwagSA vjFkkr [;kfr iko.kh fd.kha jktoal dS LFkku folsl dS O;fä folsl jh [;kl miyfC/k;ka uS mtkdjdj.kkSa [;kr jkS mÌs'; jS;ks gSA nwtS lcnka esa vkS bZ dS;kS tk ldS gS*ds b.kesa fd.kha feu[k] ?kVuk dS dkyfolsl jkS gokykS gksoS gSA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh nks [kkl /kkjkoka gS&x| o i|A vSfrgkfld ?kVukoka uS yS;*j vsd dkauh tBSjklkS] >ekG] >wy.kk] flyksdk] opfudk] nqgk] foykl] izdkl bR;kn i| jpukoka jkS fljt.k gq;kS] oBS nwthdkauh ckr] foxr] oalkoGh] gky] gdhdr vj [;kr bR;kn x| jpukoka jkS gks;kSA b;ka nsf[k;kS tkoS rks [;kr

31

lkfgR; ckr] foxr] oaklkoGh jkS bZ fodflr l:i gSA 15 oha o 16 oha lnh esa [kklrkSj lwa ckr vjoalkofG;ka uS fy[k.k jh ijaijk jS;h] iNS gksGS&gksGS vka jpukoka uS 17 oha lnh jh tkrjk djrk Fkdka [;krjkS l:i ys; fy;kSA eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr b.kjkS vsd lkarjkS vsd lkarjkS mnkgj.k gSA 17 oha lnh jS chprkabZ jktLFkku esa dksbZ Øec) bfrgkl uha fyf[kT;kSA fc[kfj;ksM+h ckrka] QqVdj dfoŸk izca/k dkO; bR;knlkexzh voL; vrhr jh ?kVukoka jh fiNka.k djko.k esa vkijh Hkwfedk fuHkk; jS;h ghA [;kr lkfgR; jS fljt.kjS lkFkS bZ Øec) bfrgkl fy[k.k jh osxorh /kkjk jkS mn; gq;kS vj iNS vkxS tk;*j dSbZ 'kks/kiwj.k bfrgkljfpT;kA

vk foMacuk bZ gS*d l:vkr esa [;kr lkfgR; jkS fljt.k vk[kS jktLFkku eka; uha gks;kS vj b.kjkSNS= ekjokM+&chdkusj esa fleV*j jS;X;kSA b.kjkS urhtkS vkS gkS;kS*d bfrgkl fol;d twauS lkfgR; jkS ladG.kfoosp.k [;kr lkfgR; jS ek/;e lwa ekjokM+ vj chdkusj esa rkS gkS;xkS] i.k esokM+] gkM+kSrh ¼dksVk&cwanh½ls[kkoVh ¼t;iqj½ vj tSlyesj bR;knh NS=ka esa [;kr lkfgR; jkS izpG.k uha gkSo.k jS dkj.k vBS jhmiyC/k lkexzh jkS mi;ksx tFkk leS uha gks; lfd;kS vj vBS jh twauh lkexzh [kre gks;xhA urhtu nsl jh?k.kekyh Fkkrh lwa vkika uS gkFk /kkso.kkSa ifM+;kSA

4-2 [;kr lkfgR; jh l#vkr

[;kr lkfgR; jS fy[k.k jh l#vkr ¼izknwHkkZo½ 17 oha lnh jS mŸkjkn esa gq;kSA m.k leS yxSVxS 200cjl twauh lkexzh jS vk/kkj ekFkS [;kr fy[k.k jkS dke laikfnr dfjT;kSA i.k b.klwa twauh lkexzh miyC/k uhagkSo.k jS dkj.k tawuh oalkcfG;ka R;kj dj.k jS okLrS ikSjkf.kd xzaFkk vj jkoka] HkkVka jh cfg;ka jkS lgkjkS ySo.kkSaifM+;kS ft.klwa twuS bfrgkl jS ys[k.k esa dSbZ xGfr;ka jS;xhA l#vkr esa [;krdkjka ¼uS.klh½ uS tSM+h lkexzh feGhm.k uS vkijh [;kr esa lekfgr dj yh vj m.k ekFkS dha rjS jh Vhdk&fVIi.kh ;k folGsl.k dj.kS jkS truuha dfj;kS b.k okLrS dSbZ vtksxrh&v.kgqarh ¼vfr'k;ksfäiw.kZ½ ckrka jkS ladG.k [;kr esa gks;xkS tk;*j [;krys[k.k jh ijaijk esa lq/kkj gkso.kS jS dkj.k vkS lfgR; vkijS ekinaMk uS ewjr :i nso;kS y[kkoS gSA

tBS rkabZ [;kr lkfgR; jS folS&oLrq jkS loky gS b.k lanjHk esa vkS dSo.kksa xGr uha gksoSyk*d Qxrjktoalka vj jktiwrka jh lk[kkoka jS ckcr~ bZ [;krka uha jphth( cfYd pkj.k] lU;kl dk;LFkk] iqjkSfgr bR;knU;kjh&U;kjh tkfr;ka jS VkG dSbZ fBdk.kka] ?kjk.kka vj uxjka jh [;krka Hkh fy[khthA gjesl vSM+ks lef>;kStkoS gS*d [;krka esa dsoy jktuhfrd ?kVukoka jkS gkokGkS feGS gS i.k [;kr xzaFkk jkS /;ku lwa v/;;u fd;kStkoS rkS HkkSxkfyd fLFkfr lklu izca/k lkearka jh Hkwfedk] tkxhj iz.kkyh] Hkou fujek.k] tudYk.k jk dke][ksrh&ckM+h vk; jk L=ksr bR;kn fdrjk bZ i[kka jS ckjS esa tka.kdkjh feGS gSA

jktoalk lwa lacaf/kr ?k.kdkjh [;krka jkT;kJ; esa fyf[kth] i.k vSM+ks y[kkoS gS*d fy[kkjk vkijk fopkj izxVdj.k esa lqra= gkA m.kka ekFkS fd.kha rjS jkS vkadl ¼vadq'k½ uha gkSA tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr esa eqxyka jS lkFkSgq;S C;kao jS lacaa/kk ?kkr ¼"kM;a=½ t?kU; gR;koka jS izdj.kka ekFkS [;krdkjka [kqy*j fyf[k;kSA b.kka jS VkGQkjlh xzzaFkka esa ft.k Hkkar eqxy&lezkVka jkS i{kikriwj.k oj.ku gq;kS gS vsd rjQS cj.ku lwa [;krka eqä gSAmnkgj.k jS okLrS [;kr fy[kkjka ¼ys[kd½ gGnh?kkVh jS tq) esa egkjk.kk izrki jh gkj] vdcj jh thr] lqesyfxjh jS tq) esa jko ekynso jh gkj vj /kjer jS tq) esa vkSjaxtsc jh thr vj tloarflag jh gkj gkSo.kjkS mYys[k fd;kS gSA

iqjkys[kh; lkexzh vj flykys[k lelkef;d gkSo.k jS dkj.k [;kr xzFkka lwa ?k.kk izekf.kd ekafuft;kgS i.k iqjkys[kka esa fljQ iÍk;rka ¼iÍsnkjkSa½ jh lwfp;ka] jktdh; fglkc&fdrkc] lepkj vj lklu izca/k laca/kh tka.kdkjh feGS gSA vj flykys[kka esa fujek.k jk dke o vsfrgkfld feu[kka jk fejrq laor miyC/k gksoSgSA b.k okLrS b.k lkexzh jh lkaxksikax foosp.kk jS okLrS [;kr lkfgR; jkS bZ lgkjkS ySo.kksa iM+S gSA mnkgj.kjS oLrS veqd flykys[k fd.k feu[k jkS gS vj m.kjh fejrq dn gksbZ vk lwpuk flykys[kka lwa feGS gS m.kfeu[k jkS oalØe vj m.kjS tho.k jh miyfC/k;ka bR;kn jkS fooj.k [;krka esa feGS gSA b.k Hkkar [;krka esa feGS

32

gSA b.k Hkkar [;kr bfrgkl jh vka[k ekuhtS vj gjsd ?kV.kk jkS lkarjkS fooj.k ij[k.kS jkS ijr[k izek.k HkhekuhtSA

4-3 izeq[k [;kr jpukoka

17 oha vj 18 oha lnh jS fcpS vys[kwa eSroiwj.k [;kr xzaFkk jkS iz.k;u ¼ys[ku½ gq;kS] b.kesa lwa dha [kkl[;krka jh foosp.kk b.k Hkkar gS&

4-3-1 eqagrk uS.kjh jh [;kr %

¼laiknd&cnjh izlkn lkdfj;k] izdkld] jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj½

vtS rkabZ ns[k.k esa vkbZ [;krka esa vk [;kr lclwa twauh ekuhth gSA tks/kiqj jS egkjktk tloarflagjk txpkok nhoka.k uS.klh }kjk ckrka] oalkofG;ka] gdhdr bR;kn bfrgkl fol;d lkexzh b.kesa lekfgrdjhth gSA b.k rjS b.kesa ekjokM+ bZ uha vk[kS jktLFkku vj m.kjh lhek lwa ykxksM+S xqtjkr o ekGok jSjktoalk jkS cj.ku feGS gSA ftdkS jktuhfrd o lkekftd bfrgkl jh nhB lwa mi;ksxh gSA uS.klh eqtc¼}kjk½ fd;kSM+kS vkS ladG.k uS.klh jh [;kr jS ukao lwa pkokS gSA vBS uS.klh jS jfp;kSM+S **ekjokM+ jk ijxukjh foxr** jkS mYys[k fd;kS tko.kkSa Hkh vko';d gSA

ft.kesa ekjokM+ jS lkr ijxuka ¼tks/kiqj] lkstr] esM+rk] iksdj.k] Qyksnh] flok.kk½ jkS Øeokj bfrgklvj iNS m.k ijxauk jS eka;uS iM+.kS okGka xkaoka jh *js[k* vj Hkkse o [ksrh&ckM+h jkS fooj.k fn;kSM+kS gS ftdkS[kkldj vkjfFkd bfrgkl jS v/;;u okLrS mi;ksxh gSA bfrgklkdkjk uS.klh uS jktLFkku jkS vcqy QtydS;ks gSA

[;kr esa jktuhfrd bfrgkl jS lkFkS bZ gjsd jkT; jh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr;ka jS ckjS esa eSroiwj.ktka.kdkjh fnjhth gSa ft;ka esokM+ jS oj.ku esa vBS jS unh&ukGka] igkM+k] ?kkfV;ka tG&L=ksrka] [kuht&laink]vkfnoklh vj [ksrhgj tkfr;ka QlGka] fcj[kka] [kkl uxjka] feanjka] dksV egy] ckx&cfdpka jkS oj.kufn;kSM+ks gSA lkFkS bZ xqfgy jktoal jh oalkoyh vj jkoG jruflag jk.kk gehj] eksdG] dqaHkk] mn;flag] izrki]vj jktflag bR;kn vBS jS lkldka jh [kl miyfC/kh;ka vj ?kVukoka jkS fooj.k fn;kS gSA b.kjS vfrfjäxgyksrka jh nks [kkl lk[kkoka] pw.Mkorka vj 'kDrkorka jkS oalØe njlkorka Fkdka m.kjh [kkl tho.k ?kVukokajkS mYys[k gSA

pksgkuka jkS cwanh] dksVk] fljkSgh] tkySkj] lkapkSj] flok.kk vj xkxjkS.k ekFkS vf/kdkj jS;kSA [;krdkjcwanh jh gdhdr esa igkM+k tykl;ka] isM+&ikS/kka] cl.kSa tkfr;ka] iM+kslh jkT;ka] iztk ekFkS ykx.k okGS *djka*¼VsDl½ jkS fooj.k nSork Fkdka gkMk lkldka jh miyfC/k;ka jkS fooj.k fn;kS gSA fljkSgh jk nsoM+k] tkykSj jklksuxjk vj lkapkSj jk lkapksjk pkSgkuka jh oalkofG;ka vj jko lqjrka.k vj dkUgM+nso tSM+s pkoS vj BkoSlkldka jS lkefjd vfHk;kuka jkS lkarjkS vj lkoaBkS oj.ku fn;kS gSA ft.klwa m.kjh dqG ejtknk vj lqra=rkjh Hkkouk] vfMxrk vj m.kksa jS jka?kM+ i.Sk jh Hkkouk jkS ljko.ktksx cks/k gksoS gSA tkykSj vj lkapksj jkpkSgkuka jkS volk.k fd.k rjS gq;kS b.kjkS iMwŸkj [;kr esa b/kdkS feGS gSA nsoM+ka jh vj xkao&iÍka jh foxr lwavkika fljkSgh jS learh ojx jkS v/;;u dj ldka gkaA

[;kr esa HkkVh jktoalk jS ckcr vys[kaw eSro&iwj.k rF; vj oalkofG;ka jkS ladG.k fd;kSM+ks gSA nwtSjktoalka jh rjS ikSjkf.kd oalkoGh nSork Fkdka eFkqjk] xtuh] HkVusj] yksnjok vj tSlyesj jS HkkfV;ka jkS oj.kufnjhT;kS gSAa fot;jkt pwaM+kyk] jkoG tSlG] jkoG lkfyokgu] jko ewGjkt] jkoG nwnk] jkoG ?kM+lh tSM+klkldka jS la?k"kZe; tho.k jkS gokykS vkS crkoS gS*d HkkVh fd.k rjS twa>rk Fkdk fujarj vkxS cf/k;k vj iNSm.kka tSlyesj esa vkijh LFkk;h jkt/kkuh Fkfir dj vsd U;kjh fiNka.k c.kkbZ e#eaMG uS vkckn fd;kS vjmŸkj jh rjQ lwa Hkkjr ekFkS gkSo.k okGS geyka jkS tokc fn;kS ft.klwa m.kka jkS fojn **mŸkj HkM+ fdaokM+ HkkVhokft;kSA

33

tSlyesj jh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] vBS ykx.k okGk dj] m/kksx&/ka/kk] QlGka ] vk; jk lk/ku bR;knvys[kwa eSroiwj.k tka.kdkfj;ka [;kr esa feGS gSA tSlyesj jS HkkfV;ka lwa fudfG;ksM+h lk[kkoka tFkk&dsy.k]mtZuksr] tSlk] flgM+ vj :ilh jS ckjS esa lkarjkS oSX;kfud <ax lwa oalØe izLrqr dj m.kjh [kkl&[kklmiyfC/k;ka jks Hkku djk;kS gSA vk lkexzh m.kkajh ekjokM+ vj chdkusj esa jS;h Hkwfedk uS le>.kSa esa lgk;dvj mi;ksxh gSA

[;kr esa jkBkSM+a jS ckjS esa dha Øeokj gokgkS uha feGS gSA jko lhgk] vkLFkku] eYyhukFk] txeky]ohjens] xksxkns] jko fjM+ey vj jko tks/kk jS ckjS esa fy[k;ksM+h ckrka [kkl eSroiwj.k gSA b.klwa jkBkSm+ lrkjh mrir vj fodkl jkS tBS irkS pkyS gSA oBS ikcw tSM+k yksdnsorkoka jS ÅtGS ewY;ka jh tka.kdkjh feGS gSA[;kr esa ladfGr chdkusj vj esM+rS jS jkBkSM+ak jh ckrka vk crkoS gS*d vka jkBkSM+ak U;kjkS jkt Fkkfir dj.kSjS okLrS fd.k Hkkar la?k"kZ fd;kSA chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ak jh fnjhth vkika uS m.kjkS bfrgkl le>.kSa esa lgk;d gSA[;kr esa dNokg ujslka jh oalkkoGh bR;kn ukjk;.k lwa jktk ekuflag rkabZ vafdr gSA jktk uG jS csVS txpkoS<kSyS }kjk Xokfy;j clko.kS vj ekjo.kh jS lkFkS C;kao dj.kSa jkS mYy[k gks;kS gSA ujslka jh lkekf;d miyfC/k;ka ekFkS jkSl.kha iM+S gS vj b.kka jh larfr jh tkxhjh jkS fooj.k [kl eSro jkS gSA

iaokjka jh oalkoGh esa vkcw vj ikV.k jS iaokj lkldka jh ihf<+;ka vfdr gSA iaokj jh ckr esa tBSckM+esj vj mejdksV jS lks<+ak&iaokjk jkS fooj.k fn;kSM+kS gSA oBSbZ vBS jS lklkdka jS C;kao laca/kka vj tSlyesjjS HkkfV;ka jS lkFSk gq;S >xM+k jkS mYys[k gSA

b.kha Hkakr [;kr esa lksyadh] >kyk] tkMspk] nfg;k] pk;y vj panzor vkn jktiwrak jh fØ;k&dykikajh tka.kdkjh fnjhth gSA

b.k rjS vk [;kr vBS jS lklu izca/k]lSU; izca/k] tkxhj oSoLFkk] lkerka jh Hkwfedk] df"kdje]vdkG7lqdkG] oSikj&okf.kT;] uxjka o xkaoka jh clkoV] tG L=ksrka] iqjkrRo&volslka] igkM+ka ?kkfV;ka jSvykok jhfr fjokt] yksd vkLFkkoka] yksd nsorkoka] T;ksfr"k lkLrj bR;kn fol;ka vj igyqoka jS v/;;u okLrSmi;ksxh gSA b.kjS vykok lke/kje] LokfHkeku jh Hkkouk] nkulhyrk] R;kx jh Hkkouk] ejtknk ikG.k]lj.kkxr&j{kk] opu&ikG.k vkn vys[kwa lkaLdfrd igyqoka jk lw= b.k [;kr esa Hkfj;k ifM+;k gSA dqyfeGk;*j e/; tqxhu jktLFkku jS bfrgkl&ys[k.k jS okLrS b.k [;kr jkS vsd vk/kkjHkwr L=ksr jS :i esami;ksx fd;kS tk; ldS gSA

b.kesa iqjka.kka vj jko&HkkVka jh cfg;ka jS vk/kkj ekFkS R;kj fd;kSM+h oalokfG;ka] dha twauh ckrka vj twauhckrka vj twauh ?kVukoka jk laor Bhd fn[kkbZ uha iM+S] ft;ka*d jktLFkku jk pkok bfrgkldkj xkSjh'kadjghjkpan vkS>k b.k rjQ /;ku fgjk;kS gS] tn*d 18oha19 oha lnh jS bfrgkl uS i<.k okLrS vk [;kr eSroiwj.kfl) gksoS gSA uS.klh jh [;kr jh izfe;ka vuwi laLØr iksFkh[kuSa] chdkusj esa miyC/k gSA

4-3-2 mnSHkka.k pkaikor jh [;kr ¼eqjkjhnku jh [;kr½

17 oha lnh jS mŸkjkn esa fyf[k;ksM+h b.k [;kr esa tBS egkjktk tloarflag ¼1638&1678 bZ-½ jS lkludkG rkabZ jS ekjokM+ jS jkBkSM+ lkldka jkS Øec) bfrgkl feGS gS] oBSbZ jkBkSM+ak jh U;kjh&U;kjh lk[kkoka jSckjS esa vk [;kr v.kwarh bZ eSroiwj.k lkezxh lwa ljkcksj gSA b.kha egkjk.kk jh fejrq iNS tn ekjokM+&eqxyla?k"kZ jh l:vkr gqbZ m.k leS vk [;kr tks/kiqj lSj jh lSjiukg jS vsd rkd esa jkf[kthA yxSVxS 200 cjlkarkabZ rkd esa lqj{khr jS;ka js iNS 20 oha lnh jS nwtS nld esa tks/kiqj jk dfojkt eqjkjhnku uSa feGhA VslhVksjhlosZ{k.k djrh cxr tn b.k [;kr jkS voykSdu fd;kS rn b.kesa dqy 980 dkxn gkA 1976 bZa esa tn MkW-j?kqohjflag dfojktk jkS laxzS Jh uVukxj 'ksk/k laLFkku] lhrkeÅ jS okLrS [kjhn fy;kS rn vk [;kr ekjokM+lwa ekGok ijh X;hA vcS vk [;kr ckSgr bZ thj.k voLFkk esa gSA b.k [;kr jkS mi;ksx dj.kS jS okLRkS dhaizfrfyfi;ka djkbZth ftdS JhuVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku vj izkP;fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj esa lqjf{kr gSA

vk [;kr uS.klh jS leklkef;d mnSHka.k pkaikor }kjk R;kj djkbZth gSA eqjkjhnku jS laxzS ea lwa feG.kSa jS

34

dkj.k b.kuS *eqjkjhnki jh [;kr* Hkh dS;ks tkoS gSA uS.klh jh [;kr esa jkBkSM+ lkldka jh bfroŸk ckrka jS :iesa bZ fn;kS gS( Øec) bfrgkl uha fn;kS gS i.jr b.k [;kr esa jko lhgk lwa egkjktk tloarflag rkbZ Øec)bfrgkl fyfic) gSA vsM+kS ykxS gS*d b.k [;kr jkS ys[k.k twauS xzaFkka jS vk/kkj ekFkS fd;kSM+h gSA b.kesa [kkl:i lwa lkldka jS jkT;kjkSg.k] tq) vfHk;kuka] Hkou fujek.k vj tu gsrkGw dkeka bR;kn [kkl miyfC/k;ka jSvykok pkj.k vj fcjko.kksa lkal.k esa xkao nSo.kSa] jkaf.k;ka vj larfr jkS foLrkj lwa oj.ku fn;kSM+ks gSA m.k leSajh jktuhfrd gypyka uS le>.k jS okLrS vk [;kr mi;ksxh gkSo.k jS lkFkS bZ lklu izca/k] lSU;&oSoLFkk]eqxyka vj iM+kSlh jkT;ka jS lkFkS laca/k vj lkekftd igyqok jS v/;;u okLrS eSroiwj.k gSA

b.k [;kr jh vsd eksVh folslrk vk jS;h gS*d b.kesa jkBksM+ lkldka jkS bZ uha m.kkajh larfr lwa vadqfjrgksbZ pkoh lk[kkoka jkS foLrkj lwa oj.ku feGS gSA [;kr esa ÅgM+ xksxknso] nsojktksr] djelksr] esM+fr;ka]pkaikor] ckykor] eaMGk] ikrkor] :ikor] MwaxjkSr] eaM.kksr] dj.kksr] Hkkstjktksr] dka/kyksr] lk[koka jhihf<+;ka vafdr djrk Fkdka m.kka jh [kkl miyfC/k;ka jkS gkokykS fn;ksM+kS gS] ft.klwa mxka tkxhj&xkaoka] lSfudvfHk;ku esa m.kjh Hkwfedk 'kkgh lsokoka m.kjh larfr tugsrkGw dkeka bR;kn fdrjk bZ eSroiwj.k fcanqoka jhtka.kdkjh feGS gSA lk[kkoka jS foLrkj lwa Øeokj fooj.k nwth [;krka esa uh feGSA b.k okLrS b.k [;kr jkSvkijkS eSro gSA lqra= :i lwa jkBkSM+ak jh vka lk[kkoka jkS dkj.k bfrgkl fy[k.k jS okLrS vk [;kr vsdvk/kkjHkwr L=ksr jS :i esa ekuhtS gSA l:vkr esa vk [;kr uha feGk.k jS dkj.k xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>kbR;kn bfrgkldkj b.kjkS mi;ksx uha dj lfd;k iNS b.kjkS laiknu&izdkl.k uha gkSo.k jS dkj.k dkj.kbfrgkl fy[k.k esa ckSgr de mi;ksx gq;kS gSA [;kr jkS iqj.k :i lwa v/;;u dk ekjokM+ jS bfrgkl dSbZxGfr;ka jkS [kqyklkS fd;kS tk; ldS gS vj vys[kwa yqIr dfM+;k tS tksM+.kS esa Hkh vk [;kr mi;ksxh fl) gkS;ldS gSA

4-3-3 tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr

egkjktk ekuflag ¼1803&1843½ jS dkG esa fyf[k;ksM+h b.k [;kr esa ekjokM+ jS jkBkSM+ak jh l:vkr lwayS;*j b.k egkjktk rkabZ Øec) bfrgkl fyf[k;kSM+ks gSA b.kesa uS.klh jh [;kr jh rjS ckrka] oalkofG;kafMaxGxhrka bR;kn QqVdj lkexzh jkS lekosl uha dj Øeckj fooj.k fn;ksM+ks gSSA b.kjh iqfLidk lwa Bk iM+SgS*d gtkjka xzaFkka jS vk/kkj ekFkS vk [;kr f[kfM+;k vkbZnku R;kj dhuhA lclwa iSyh b.kesa vkfn ukjk;.k lwajko lsrjkae rkabZ jh oalkoGh fnfjth gSA nwtS [;kr xzaFkka jh ijS lsrjkea uS tSpan jks iksrkS ¼ikS=½ gkSo.kksa crk;kSgSA i.k xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k bR;kn bfrgkldkjka jh ekurk gS*d tSpan xgM+oky gks ftdkS jkBkSM+ak lwaU;kjkS gSA b.k okLrS tSpan ekjokM+ jS jkBkSM+ak jkS cMSjkS uha gks; ldSA ikSjkf.kd vk/kkj ekFkS fyf[k;kSM+h vkoalkoGh [kjh uha ÅrjS gSA vkxS [;kr esa ekjokM+ jS jkBkSM+ak jS ewG iq#l jko lhgk lwa orkar fn;kS gSA ft.kesagjsd lkldka jS jkT;kjkSg.k] tq) vfHk;kuk vj nwth miYkfC/k;ka jS Vky var%iqj jkS fooj.k fn;kS gSA i.kl:vkr jS lkldka jS ckjS esa ?k.kdkjh ckrka bfrgkl jh dlkSVh ekFkS [kjh uh ÅrjSA vsM+kS ykxS gS*d jkBkSM+akjS lwjohjrk izxV dj.kS jS okLrS vys[kwa dkYifud ckrka tksM+ nhuh gSA tnS*d jkBkSM+ jkt ¼lŸkk½ jkS Øfedfodkl dhadj gks;kS b.kjh lkaxksikax tka.kdkjh [;kr djkoS gSA jkBksM+ak uS eksfgyka lwa [ksM+ [kskl ¼gLrxr½yhuh iNS vkijh jktlŸk teko.k oS gjesl la?k"kZ djrk jS;kA jkoG eYyhukFk jS ifPNeh Hkkse ekFkS b/kdkjtek;*j jkBkSM+ka jh izHkq lŸkk dk;e dkj.kS esa lQGrk ikbZ vj pwaMkS eaMkSj iko.k esa lQG gks;kSA

jko tks/kk tks/kiqj uxj jh Fkki.kk dj jkBkSM+ka jS jkt jkS LFkk;h :i lwa chtjkSi.k fd;kSA [;kr esajko tks/kS jS iNS jh ?kVukoka [kklh lhao rkabZ [kjh nh[kS gSA T;wa&T;wa [;kr ys[k.k jkS dkae vkxS cf/k;kS gSR;w&R;wa [;kr jkS fooj.k vj dGSoj ljko.k tksx nh[kS gSA tks/kiqj jk jko ekynso ?k.kka ywaBk lkld gq;kAm.kka uha Qxr ekjokM+ jS vys[kwa b.k foLrkj oknh uhfr jS dkj.k NSdM+ tkrka lsjlkg lwjh lwa gkj.kkSa ifM+;kSAb.k lSax ?kVukoka ekFkS tBS foLrkj lwa jkSl.kh iMS gS oBS lSfud cG jk jka?kM+ ¼d.kZ/kkj½ vBk jk lkearka jhHkwfedk mHkj*j lkaeh vkbZ gSA jko pUnzlsa.k jkS tho.k vdcj jS lkFkS la?klZ eka; chfr;kS tnS*d eksVk jktk

35

mn;flag lkgh lsok esa gtkjh Hkj*j jkt iko.k esa lQyrk ikbZA vj b.kjS iNS vBk jk lkld yxkSyx lkghlsok esa jS;kA m.kka jh lkefjd miGfC/k;ka jS cnGS cnGS eqxy cknlkoka jh dkauh lwa fefG;k eulc] fljkSikobR;kn f[krkc] c[klhlka ¼iqjLdkjkSa½ jkS gokykS fn;ksM+ks gSA

eqxy lŸkk jS lkFkS la?klZ vj laf/k le>ksrka vj lsokoka nksuwa igyqoka jkS [kqyklkS [;kr esa gks;kS gSAb.kha rjS ejkBka jS lkFkS gq;S la?klZ jkS mYys[k feGS gSA jktxÌh uS yS;*j vys[kwa okj ijEij >xM+ka jkS nkSj HkhjS;ks vj vBS jS ujslka uS vkijh cSu&csfV;ka jk laca/k eqxyka jS lkFkS Hkh fd;kA [;krdkj uS vsM+k rF;ka uSVkG.kS jkS iz;kl uha dfj;kS cfYd [kqy*j fyf[k;kSA daoj c[krflag uS vkijS firk egkjktk vthrflag jh gR;kdj*j jkt jh ckxMksj laHkGh] [;kr esa b.kjkS gokykS Hkh feGS gSA

lklu izca/k esa jktiqrka jS vykok vkslokG] iapksyh vj fcjke.kkSa jkS Hkh eSroiwj.k ;ksxnku jS;ksA[;krdkj tFkk BkSM+ vsMS+ yksxka jh Hkkxhnkjh uS njlko.kSa jkS tru dfj;kS gS] lkFkS bZ pkj.kak vj fcjke.kka jhlkfgfR;d lsokoka vj lkal.k jS :i esa fefG;S xkaoka jkS mYys[k Hkh fd;kS gSA egkjktk ekuflag jS dkG esa ukFkkajkS lkxhM+kS izHkko jS;ksA vys[kwa rjS jh ifjfLFkfr;ka jS dkj.k ftdk cnGko vk;k m.kka jkS c[kka.ktksx fooj.k[;kr esa fn;kSM+ks gSA egkjktk ekuflag jS dkG jh ?kVukoka jkS oj.ku brjS foLrkj jS lkFkS dfjT;kS gS*ds b.kuSvsd U;kjh [;kr jkS l:i ys; fy;kS gSA [;kr esa gjsd lkld jh jkaf.k;ka] dqaoj vj dqaofj;ka jh tka.kdkjhfn;kSM+h gSA fu.klwa oSokfgd laca/kka vj larfr jkS [kqyklkS gksoS gSA lekt lkL=h; v/;;u jS okLrS vk lkexzhlkarjh gSA ekjokM+ jS bfrgkl jS ifjis[k esa esokM+] tSlyesj] dksVk] cwanh] chdkusj] t;iwj] bR;kn jkT;ka jh?kVukoka jkS [kqyklkS b.k [;kr esa b/kdkS gq;kS gSA ftdkS vka jkT;ka jS bfrgkl fy[k.kS okLrS mi;ksx gSA

b.k ewG [;kr jh izfrfyfi;ka dj U;kjS&U;kjS egkjktkoka ¼jk panzlsu] egkjktk tloarflag] egkjktkvthrflag] egkjktk vHk;flag] egkjktk fot;flag vj egkjktk ekuflag½ jh [;krk c.kk; yhuh gS] ijai vkSBk jso.kkSa pkbZtS ds vS iwjh tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr jk bZ val gSA vtSrkabZ b.k [;kr jkS iwj.k :i lwa laiknuizkdl.k uh gq;k gS fljQ egkjktk vthrflag rkabZ b.kjkS izdkl.k dfjT;kS gSA

4-3-4 ekjokM+ jh [;kr

1813 bZ- esa fyf[kth ekjokM+ jh [;kr bfrgkl jkS vsd izekf.kd xzaFk gkso.k jS lkFkS bZ jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jh b/kdh jpuk gSA b.kesa tks/kiqj jS egkjktk jkeflag] c[krflag] egkjktk fot;flag] egkjktkHkheflag vj egkjktk ekuflag jS lq:vkrh 10 cjlka jh ?kVukoka jkS vksirkS vj lkaxksikax oj.ku gSA [;krjS iSyiksr esa tks/kiqj jk Fki.kgkj jko tks/kk lwa yS;*j egkjktk ekuflag rkabZ jS lkldka m.kkajh jkf.k;ka vjeqRlfÌ;ka bR;kn jkt?kjk.kSa lwa tqfM+;k feu[kka jk c.k;ksM+ x;k Hkouka] dqoka&ckofM+;ka vj tGkl;ka jkSc[kk.k&tksx fooj.k fnjhT;kS gSA

ekjokM+ ujslka jh tho.k ?kVukoka] m.kka jh [kkl miGfC/k;ka] lSfudk vfHk;kauk nwtS jktkoka jS lkFkSlac/kka jkS BkodkS fp=.k gks;kS gS oBS bz ekjokM+ jS lkeark vj eqRlfÌ;ka jh Hkwfedk uS yS;*j lkarjh jkSl.khaukaf[kth gSA b.k [;kr jk fy[kkjk fryksdpan tkslh vkijS leS jh ?kVukoka jkS vka[;ka vs[;kS gky fy[;kS gSA

[;kr esa nkau&iqu] rhjFk tkrjkoka] feanjka jk fujeka.k] gou] ti&tki bR;kn ckrka jkS mYys[k Hkhgq;kS gSA [;krdkj jh nhB [kklh O;kid jS;h gSA vdkG] fcj[kk vj QlGka jkS mYys[k dj.kkSa Hkh uha HkwykSgSA fta;k fo-la- 1822 lw 1835 rkabZ l[kjh] lkaxksikax fcj[kk gkSo.k jS dkj.k lq[k&lkarh jh fLFkfr jS;hA fo-la- 1826 esa xsgwa jh QlG esa jkSx ykx.k lwa QlG ekFkS [kjkc vlj ifM+;kS vj xsgwa usiS de bZ mrfj;kA

[;krk Hkk"kk jh nhB lwa eSroiwj.k gSA gjsd ?kVuka jkS thorkS&tkxrkS oj.ku b.k [;kr jh b/kdkbZ gSAb.kesa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk jk vkapfGd lcnka] eqgkojka] yksdksfä;ka jkS QwVjkS vadu gkSo.k lwa jktLFkkuh x|lkfgR; jkS vkS vsd v.keksG xzaFk c.k x;kS gSA uS.klh jh [;kr jS lkFkS rqyukRed v/;;u dj*j Hkk"kk jSfodkl uS foxrokj HkyhHkkar lef>;kS tk; ldS gSA

36

4-3-5 n;kynkl jh [;kr

n;kynkl fla<k;p pkj.k l: lwa yS;*j egkjktk jruflag ¼1851bZ-½ rkabZ jS chdkusj jkS bfrgkl b.k[;kr esa dj.kSa jkS tru dfj;kS gSA fc;ka vk chdkusj jkT; jh [;kr gSA i.k n;kynkl fla<k;p }kjk fy[khtko.kSa jS dkj.k b.kjkS ukao **n;kynkl jh [;kr** jk[k fn;kS gSA chdkusj esa [;kr ys[k.k jh ijaijk jk vSuka.k17 oha lnh jh lq:vkr esa bZ feyS nsoS gSA vuwi laLØr iksFkh[kkuSa jk laxzSghr xzaFkka lwa Bk iM+S gS ds chdkusjjk jktk jk;flag ¼1574&1612bZ-½ jS leS esa **chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ka dh [;kr lhgSth lwa** vj **jkBkSM+ka jh ckrlhgkth lwa jk;flag th rkabZ** vj **nyir foykl** tSM+h x| jpukoka jkS iz.k;u gk;kSA iNS vkxS [;kr lSyhjS vk/kkj ekFkS bZ egkjktk vuwiflag jS lkludkG ¼1669&98bZ-½ esa **chdkusj jS /k.kh;ka jh gdhdr** vj**vuwiflag jS equlc uS ryc jh foxr}** tSM+h vsfrgkfld jpukoka jkS ys[k.k gkSorkS jS;ksA egkjktk xtflagjS dkG ¼1787&1828bZ-½ esa **chdkusj jkBkSM+ak jh [;kr eagkjktk lqtkuflag lwa xtflag rkabZ** R;kj djokbZth]ftdk m.k leS fodflr gksbZ [;ky lSyh jkS vuks[kkS mnkgj.k gSA tSM+ks ds izks-?ku';keyky nsoM+k fy[;kS gSAm.k leS rkabZ [;kr ys[k.k jkS Ns= vsd ?kVuk vFkok dha lkldka jh [kkl miyfC/k;ka rkabZ bZ lhfer jS;ksA

vk[kS jktoal jh foxrokj bfrgkl ys[k.k jh /kkjk lq: uha gksbZA n;kyjnkl b.k deh jh iwjrh dj[;kr ys[ku esa iSyh esa fy[khth vk[kh lkexzh jkS lkarjkS v/;;u djrk Fkdk chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ka jkS foxrokjfoLrr bfrgkl R;kj fd;kSA vuwi laLØr iksFkh[kkuS] chdkuSj esa nks izfr;ka esa vk [;kr feGS gSA b.kjS vsdHkkx jkS laiknu o izdkl.k MWk- n'kjFk 'kekZ djk;kSA izks- ?ku';keyky nsoM+k *ijaij* ¼tks/kiqj lwa izdkflr½esa vsd lkarjkS vj lkaxksikax ys[k fy[k*j b.k [;kr jS eSro ekFkS jkSl.kh uka[kh gSA jko lhg law jko tks/kk rkabZjkS orkar twauh [;krak vj ckrka jS vk/kkj ekFkS fy[;kS X;kS gS ftdkS ewGr% tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr lwafeGrkS&tqGrkS gSA lkldka jh jkaf.k;ka o dqaoj dqaofj;ka jS ukaoka vj ?kVukoka jS laork esa dha Qjd t:j gSA[;kr esa vkxS chdkusj jk Fki.kgkj jko chdk jS ckjS esa ftdkS oj.ku fn;kS gS okS eSroiwj.k gSA jko chdk jkSoj.ku m.kjh tyo dqaMGh lwa lq: gksoS gS] iNS vkS crko.k jkS tru dfjT;kS gS ds chdkS fd.k Hkkar ekjokM+NksM+*j tkaxGw x;kS vj HkkfV;ka lwa la?klZ dj m.kuS chdkusj jh Fkji.kk dj.k esa lQGrk ikbZ vj ckn esa tkVkavj pkSgkuka lwa VDdj ySork Fkdka vkijS jkt jh c/kksrjh djhA

b.k Hkkar [;kr esa gjsd lkld jh [kkl miGfC/k;ka lSfud vfHk;kuka jkS oj.ku djrk Fkdka dsanzh;lŸkk jS lkFkS laca/k] tks/kiqj vj tSlyesj bR;kn iM+kSlh jkT;ka jS lkFkS la?klZ vkn ?kVukoka jkS foxrokj oj.kudjrk Fkdk ?kVukoka jh lk[k okLrS lelkef;d dfo;ka jS jP;ka ohjxhr] dfoŸk] fulka.kh opfudk vj nwgkekaM;k gSA

[;kr esa chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ka jkS b/kdkj njlko.kSa jS okLrS tBS dha ?kVukoka uS c/kk;*j oj.ku dfj;kSx;kS gS oBS tl esa [kafMr dj.k okGh ?kVukoka jh v.kns[kh djhth gSA flykys[kak vj iqjkys[kh; lkexzh jkSiz;ksx uha dj.kSa lwa frfFk;ka esa xGfr;ka jS;xh gSA ijar b.k rjS jh [kkfe;ak jkT;kJ; esa fy[khth nwth [;krkaesa Hkh feGS gSA

b.k [kkafe;ka jS ckotwn **chdkusj dh [;kr** jkS ?k.kkSa eSro gSA chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ka ekFkS jkSl.kha uk[k.kokGh vk vsd ?k.kha ywaBh [;kr gSA vj b.kjkS vksirkSS lkaxkikax mi;ksx uha fljQ duZy ikmysV uS xtSfV;jvkWQ nh chdkusj LVsV R;kj dkj.k esa fd;kS cfYd xkSfj'kadj ghjkpan vks>k iz.khr chdkusj jS bfrgkl jkS vkSvk/kkj xzaFk FkjfiT;kSa gSA n;kynkl jh nwth jpukoka esa **ns'k niZ.k** vj **vk;kZ[;kudYinqe** [kkl gSAn;kynkl [kklrkSj lwa jktLFkku jh ijaijkxr [;kr lSyh jk vk[kjh jpukdkj gSA

4-3-6 ckadhnkl jh [;kr

b.k [;kr jh jpuk tks/kiqj egkjktk ekuflag ¼1803&43bZ-½ jS njckjh dfo ckadhnkl vkfl;k }kjkdjhth gSA

b.kesa nwth [;krka jh rjS fd.kh jktoal jkS foxrokj bfrgkl uh fyf[kT;kS gSA dha [kkl ?kVukoka vj

37

vsfrgkfld feu[kka jS tho.k igyqoka jS ckcr dksa vksirh vj mYys[ktksx fVIif.k;ka fyf[kth gSA ;w b.k [;kresa tBS jkBkSM+] ;kno ¼HkkVh½] xgyksr] dNokg vj pkSgku lkldka vj lkeark jh lkefjd miGfC/;ka vj [kkllkldka jh jkaf.k;ka o dqaoj&dqaofj;ka jk ukao fn;ksM+k gS] oBS ejkBk] flD[k] eqlyeku] vaxjst] vksloky]fojke.k vj pkj.k bR;kn tkfr;ka jk dha [kkl feu[kak jS ckcr fVIif.k;ka fyf[kth gSA ;wa nsf[k;kS tkoS rksckadhnkl jkS mÌs'; dksbZ [;kr fy[k.k jkS uha gkSA m.kka vkijh tka.kdkjh jk[k.k lk: :fp jS eqtc ftdhckrka fd.kh lwa lqa.kh ;k dksbZ ckr m.kka uS fyf[k;ksM+h feGh m.kuS vkijh iksFkh esa fy[k yhuhA b.k okLrS b.kNksVh&NksVh ckrka o fVIif.k;ka jkS dksbZ foxrokj E;kauks uha gSaA

fVIi.kh jS :i esa NksVh&NksVh ckrka jkS vkS laxzS [;kr ys[k.k ijaijk jkS ikG.k rks uha djs i.k vys[kwaeSroiwj.k lwpukoka jkS laxzS gkSo.k jS dkj.k fo}kuka b.k xzaFk uS [;kr jh vksG esa lekfgr dj yhuh gSA lSfudvfHk;kuka vj jktkoka jS j.kokl laca/kh ftdh ckrka fyf[kth gS oS [kkl rkSj lwa nwth [;krka lwa feGrh&tqGrhgS i.k dha ?kVukoka vj O;fä folsl jS ckcr vSM+h ckrka Hkh [;kr esa feGh gS&ftdS nwth BkSM+ feG.kh vkS[kh¼nqyZHk½ gS&ft;kaa] gkth [kka vj egkjk.kk mn;flag jS fcp eka; tq) gks;kS m.k leSa jko ekynso uS gkth [kkajS :[kky [kkrj tksM+k esfy;k m.kka jk [kkaiokj ukao vj ?kksM+ka jkS mYys[k] chdkusj jS leS egkjktk tksjkojflagjS lkFkS pwd dj.kS okGka eqRlfÌ;ka jko ukao] gGnh?kkVh jS tq) esa dke vk;k egkjktk jk Hkkb;ka jk ukaobR;knA b.kjS vykok pkj.k] ejkBk] flD[k bR;kn tkafr;ka jS ckjs esa vSM+h vukS[kh ckrka fyf[k;kSM+h feGS gSft.kjkS mYys[k nwth BkSM+ uha feGS gSA bfrgkl jh Hkkar&Hkkar jh lwpukoka jkS vsd vFkkx HkaMkj gkSo.k jS dkj.kxkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k b.kuS **bfrgkl jkS [ktkukS** dS;ks gSA

dqy feG;*j nsf[k;kS tkoS rkS vk [;kr jktuhfrd bfrgkl jS lkFkS bZ dyk o lkfgR; vBk jkjhfr&fjokt lkekftd ekU;rkoka vj /kkj.koka vkn lkaLØfrd igyqoka laca/kh dSbZ yqIr dfM+;ka uS tksM+.kS esalgk;d gSA b.kjS okLrS iwjh [;kr jkS ckjhdh lwa v/;;u dj.kS jh vko';drk gSA

4-3-7 tSlyesj jh [;kr

vk [;kr tSlyesj jkT; jS izlklfud vf/kdkjh vthr esgrk }kjk 19 oha lnh jS chp esa fyf[kthgSA b.kesa vkfnukjk;.k lwa Jhd".k rkabZ oalkoGh ekaM*j ykgkSj] HkVusj] rUuksV] yqnzoS vj tSlyesj jS jkoGcSjhlky rkabZ jS lkldka jkS FkksM+kS i.k ?k.kkS bZ eSroiwj.k fooj.k fn;ksM+ks gSA gjsd lkld jS lSfud vfHk;kuka]Hkou fujek.k jk dke bR;kn [kkl miGfC/k;ka jkS gokykS Fkdk m.kka jh jkaf.k;ka o dqaoj&dqofj;ka jh tk.kdkjhnh gS] ijar b.k [;kr esa tks/kiqj jkT; jh [;kr vj n;kynkl jh [;kr jh rjS lkldka jk fØ;k&dykika jkSfoLrkj lwa oj.ku uha gks;kS gSA

[;kr jS v/;;u lwa dsanzh; lŸkk jS lkFkS laca/k] iM+kSlh jkT;ka jS lkFkS la?klZ] tkSgj] lkds] lklu&izca/k] x<+ dksVkfM+;ka o tGl;ka jkS fujek.k] xkao clko.k jh dGk vj lkfgR; jS NS= esa lkldka jkS ;ksxnku]nsoh nsorkoka jS izfr vkLFkk] rhjFk] tkrjkokaa] nku&iqu bR;kn vyS[kwa i[kak jh tk.kdkjh feGS gSA

HkkVh lkldka jh larfr lwa u dsoG HkkfV;ka jh ?k.kdjh lk[kkoka fudGh cfYd tkV] vghj]pdrk&eqlGeku] jsckjh] xwtj] lqFkkj] ukbZ] ekgs'ojh] vksloky bR;kn tkfr;ka c.kha] b.kjkS mYys[k Hkh tFkkLFkku [;kr esa feGS gSA

HkkfV;ka mŸkj jh rjQ lwa vko.k okGs touka lwa ykacS leS rkabZ la?klZ dj vkijh laLØfr vj lkekftdijajkoka uS fd;ka thorh jk[kh b.kjS ckcr~ dSbZ ladsr [;kr esa feGS gSA b.k [;kr esa fooj.kka lwa Bk iMS+ gSds HkkVh iatkc lwa jktLFkku esa vk;k vj m.kka ifPNeh lhao jk ijnslk esa vsd ykacS leSa rkabZ jkt fd;kS gkSvM+h /kkj.kk gS ds HkkfV;ka uS xtuh] fl;kGdksV] ygkokj vkn NS=ka ekFkS lklu fd;kS vj ekjkSB] HkVusjnsjkoj bR;kn uxjka dh Fkji.kk Hkh djhA

[;kr jS iSyiksr jS oj.ku esa lSuk jk ftdk vkadM+k c/kk pMk*j fn;k gS oS [kjk uha gS vj oSokfgdlaca/kk jk vSuka.k Hkh folokl dj.kSa tksuk uha gS] rn ds ckgjh vkØe.kak jk ftdS vSuka.k fn;k gS m.kka ekFkS

38

fopkj fd;kS tk; ldS gSA 16 oha lnh jS ikNyh ?kVukoka bfrgkl jh ij[k ekFkS [kjh mrj.kSa jS dkj.k b.kjkS[kkl eSro jS;ks gSA oSokfgd vSuka.k vj ?kVukoka jk laor~ tSlGesj jh rokjh[k lwa feGrk&tqGrk gS] ijar dhatka.kdkfj;ka folsl gkSo.k jS dkj.kS b.k [;kr jkS vkijkS eSro gSA okLro esa b.k [;kr jkS eSro ledkGhulkexzh jh tka.kdkjh jS lkFkS feGk;*j ns[k.k fopkj fd;kS tk; ldS gSA

vk [;kr tSlGesj vj b.kjS iSyh jS HkkfV;ka tSlGesj vj b.kjS iSyh jS HkkfV;ka jS bfrgkl&vuqla/kku okLrS lkaxksikax gSA

4-3-8 xksxwank jh [;kr

esokM+ esa laLØr Hkk"kk jh bZ [kkl BjdkS jS;ks b.k okLrS lq: esa laLØr esa izlfLr;ka fy[k.k jh ijaijkjSa;h iNS jktLFkkuh i| jh fo/kkoka c/kk;kS ik;kS vj vsfrgkfld ?kVukoka vj fd.kh lkld folsl jhmiyfC/k;ka mtkxj dj.kSa jS okLrS jklkS] ¼jk.kk jklkS] [kqek.k jklkS] lxr jklkS½] foykl ¼jkt foykl] Hkhefoykl½] izdkl ¼jkt izdkl] egkotl izdkl½ bR;kn xzaFk jk[khT;kA i.k vsfrgkfld ckrka ?k.kha defyf[kthA dsoG **vsd jkoG jk.kk th jh ckr** bZ nS[k.k esa vkbZ gSA 18 oha lnh rkabZ dksbZ [;kr fyf[kthgS b.kjkS dha gokykS uha feGSA

egkjk.kk laHkwflag uS bfrgkl fy[koko.k uSa jS okLrS 19 oha lnh jS vkf[kj esa tn bfrgkl dkj[kkuSajh Fkki.kk dj dfojkt ';keynkl uS b.kjkS dkae&dkt lwafi;kS rn esokM+ jk lSax fBdka.kSankjka uS vkijS&vkijSfBdk.kka jkS bfrgkl izLrqr dj.kS jS okLrS [kkl fujnsl fn;kSA fBdk.kSankjka uS vkijS fBdk.kka esa laxzSghriÍk&ijok.kka] oalkofG;k] vkn lkexzh jS vk/kkj ekFkS [;krka vj rokfj[kka R;kj dj bfrgkl dkj[kkuSa esaizLrqr djhA ;wa esokM esa [;kr fy[k.kSa jkS flGflGkS 19 oha lnh jS vkf[kj esa lq: gks;kSA

*xksxwank jh [;kr* esokM+ jS bfrgkl dkj[kkuSa jS fujnsl jkS bZ urhtkS gkSA b.k ywaBh [;kr esa uha iQxrxksxwnS jS >kyk fljnkjka ¼vTtk lwa vt;flag nwljS rkabZ½ jh jktuhfrd ?kVukoka vj m.kka jS j.kokl jkS j.kokljkS foLrkj lwa oj.ku feGS gS cfYd vBk jS igkM+ ?kkfV;ka] unh&ukGk] feanj] tGkl;] Lekjd] bekjrkackx&cxhpka] tkfr;ka] xksxwank jS tkxhjnkjka&dqaojka o Hkaojka jS dqjc dk;nk] rGokj] ca/kh vj C;kao jh jLeka]HkkbZ ca/k fBdk.kka] lxk&laacaf/k;ka jkS oj.ku] rhjFk tkrjkoka] vk[ksV oj.ku] jktiwrka jh lk[kkoka] pkdjh] Hkwfefookn] lhao laca/kh >xM+k] esoM+ jS fljnkjka jh njckj esa cSBd ¼fnYyh njckj 1877 bZ-½ Hkkjr jh [kkl 83fj;klrka us rksika jh lGkeh] vfrfFk&lRdkj] Hkksfe;ka jkS oj.ku] tks/kiqj jS egkjktk tloarflag ¼f}rh;½ jhfejrq jS leS esokM+ jh gypyka vj chdkusj jh foxr bR;kn vys[kwa ?kVukoka vj igyqoka jkS oj.ku gq;kS gSA

xksxwanks iSys njtS jkS fBdk.kkSa gkSa vBS jk mejkoka uS m.kkajh uS miyfC/k;ka jS eqtc leS&leS ekFkS vys[kwaxkao tkxhj esa fefG;k b.kjh iqfLV jS okLrS [;krdkj uS tkxhj iÍka jh udyka [;kr esa njt djh gS vjegjk.kk jh rjQ lwa fefG;k dha ijok.kka jh udyka Hkh [;kr esa njt djh gSA b.klwa [;kr jkS eSro [kklkSc/k x;kS gSA

vt;flag jh csVh xqykcdaoj jS C;ko jS leS dksBkj esa lh/kS ¼[kk|½ jh lkexzh cjr.k vj nwth phtkaHksGh djhth] ft.kjh lwph fn;kSM+h gSA b.klwa oLrqoka jS eki rkSy vj Hkko jkS Bk iMS+ gSA C;kao mPNc jS oj.kulwa vBS jS jhfr fjoktka jkS [kqyklkS gksoS gSA b.kh rjS xÌhulhuh jS leS rGokj ca/kh jkS oj.ku oj.ku vBk jhijaijk uS le>.k [kkrj ?k.kkSa QwBjkS gSA fBdk.kSa jS dqjc dk;nka jh ykach lwph esa fu;eka vj egkjk.kk otkxhjnkjka jS fcp esa lkaLØfrd laca/kk jkS Hkku gksoS gSA

[;kr esa gkyl] >waih cjkM+] ekikdj] paojh dj jS ckjS tka.kdkjh fnjhth gSA b.klwa tBS fBdk.kka jhvk; L=ksr jkS Bk iM+S gS] oBS vBS cl.kS okGh tkfr;ka] m.kkajkS foo/ka/kkS] fBdk.kSa jS lkFkS m.kka jkS laca/k bR;knfdrh bZ uaoh tka.kdkfj;ka djko.k esa vk [;kr lgk;d gSA b.k Hkkar [;krdkj jh ÅaMh nhB jh Bk iM+S gSAok dsoG fBdk.kSa jh jktuhfrd ?kVukoka rkabZ bZ lhfer uha jSoS] cfYd lkekftd] /kkjfed] vkjfFkd igyqokauS dyec) djrka Fkdka nwtS fBdk.kkSa vj esokM+ jS bfrgkl jS vykok iM+kSlh ekjokM+ jh ?kVukoka jkS fooj.k

39

izLrqr dj fBdk.kSa jS eSro uSa vkadS gSA

Åij fyf[k;ksM+h [;krka js vykok *dNokgka jh [;kr* *ewanh;kM+ jh [;kr*]**raojka jh [;kr**] **[khph;kajh [;kr**] **HkkfV;ka jh [;kr**] *mEesnflag gkMk cwanh jh [;kr*] *nknwiafFk;ka jh [;kr*] *lU;kfl;ka jh [;kr*]*dk;LFkka jh [;kr*] *pkj.kka jh [;kr*] *gdheka jh [;kr*] *fla/k jh [;kr* laxzgky;ka esa laxzSghr gSA ft.kka jkSlaiknu&izdkl.k fd;kS tko.kkSa ckdh gSA

4-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k Hkkar vkika b.k bdkbZ jS ek/;e lwa m.k jktLFkkuh vsfrgkfld lkfgR; jkS ifjp; djok;kS gSft.kuS *[;kr* dS;kS tkoS gSA vkS lkfgR; fd.kh feu[k] ?kVuk ;k leS folsl jkS vsfrgkfld fp=.k djkoS gSA17 oha lwa b.kjkS

4-6 vH;kl jk izLu

1 jktLFkkuh [;kr lkfgR; ij vkys[k fy[kks

2 [;kr fd.k uS dSos\ mnkgj.k lwa le>kvks

3 izeq[k jktLFkkuh [;kr lkfgR;dkjka jks lkj:i esa ifjp; nsvks

4 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izeq[k [;kr lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjh nsvksA


1 ¼laik-½ vkj-ih- O;kl & ekjokM+ jh [;krA

2 ¼laik-½ MkW- ukjk;.k flag & ekjokM+k jk ijxuk jh foxrA

3 ¼alaik-½ MkW- Hkwifr jke lkdfj;k &vpynkl [khaph jh opfudkA

40

bdkbZ & 5

izeq[k x| xazFk % jktku jkmr jks okr&c.kkobdkbZ jks eaMk.k

5-0 mísL;

5-1 izLrkouk

5-2 ckr lcn jkS vjFkko

5-3 okr&o.kko ijaijk

5-4 ckr&c.kko jk fofo/k :i

5-5 ckr fo/kk jh folslrkoka

5-6 okr&c.kko vsd uhtw lSyh

5-7 ckr&o.kko jk dha mnkgj.k

5-8 jktkujkmr jkS ckr&c.kko % dFkkud

5-8-1 iSykS izLrko

5-8-2 nwtkS izLrko

5-8-3 rhtkS izLrko

5-8-4 pkSFkkS izLrko

5-9 jktkujkmr jh ckr&o.kko jkS lkj

5-10 ckr&o.kko jk mnkgj.k ¼vsd] nks;] rhu] pkj] ikap½

5-11 jktkujkmr jkS okr&o.kko % Hkklk lSyh nhB fopkj

5-12 ckr&o.kko vj vyadkj

5-13 Nanka jkS iz;ksx

5-14 fuj[k ij[k

5-15 bdkbZ jks lkj

5-16 lcnka jks vjFk

5-17 vH;kl jk izLu


5-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ uS Hkf.k;ka iNS ikBd uS

1- jktLFkkuh okr ¼ckr½ lkfgR; jh ijaijk jkS X;kau gqlhA

2- okr lkfgR; jS fofo/k :ika jh tk.kdkjh gqlhA

3- okr lkfgR; ¼okr&o.kko½ jk fol;ka jkS X;ku gqlhA

4- jktLFkkuh tu&ek.kl jh fnupfj;k jkS cj.kko lkeh vklhA

5- jktiwrh tho.k lSyh jkS X;ku gqlhA

41

6- ckr&o.kko jh Hkklk& lSyh jkS X;ku gqlhA

7- ckr&o.kko lwa Hkklk X;ku jh tk.kdkjh gqlhA

5-1 izLrkouk

eu fcyeko.kkS ?k.kkS vc[kkS dke gSA fd.kh uS ukjkt lksjkS] i.k fd.kh jkS eu&fcyeko.kkS ?k.kkS nkSjkSAeu jh fojrh vtc gSA ckS ds rkS r.kko eka; jSoS] ;k iNS lq[k jk liuka eka; xSGhft;ksM+kS jSoSA tdkS gS m.kjh fpar.kk eka; nq[kh] vj tdkS uha gS] m.k jh dkeuk eka; gj[;ks jSoSA eu jkS lc lwa eksVkS cSjh oxrA dksbZnq[k gqoS rkS oxr chrk.kkS vc[kkSA dkesrh Åij dke jh ekj gqoS] rkS oxr nkSjkS dVSA Hkw[kS uS vsd&vsd iyHkkjh] rkS /kk;ksM+S jkS oxr fcuk eu fcyek;k chrS rkS dhdj \ vly ckr vk dS eu fujokGkS uha jS; ldSAm.k uS ;k rkS dke tksbtS] ;k iNS eu fcyeko lk: carGA dksbZ u dksbZ okr ¼ckr½ tksbtSA

eu&erokGS jh b.k nksxkphrh uS esV.k jh tqxr oxr jk fd.kh dky [kaM eka; *ckrikslh* jkS tyegq;kS gkslhA okrikslh jh dyk tqxka twuhA ;k rkS dksbZ vkijk vc[kk oxr uS dkV.k jh osGk ckr jkS lgkjkSfy;kS gqlhA ;k dksbZ fojg.k fojg jk iy&fNu fcrko.k uS okr ;k xhr jkS vkljkS fy;kS gqlhA ^dg js pdokokr] dVS T;wa jkr] dS cSj.k jkr dVSA** i.k okr dyk gS] ok vki jk tye lwa vkt rkabZ lxGka jS lkFkS jSbZAbfrgkl jS vkSGkoS b.k jk dSbZ :i vj dSbZ jax jS;kA *ckrikslh* jk dSbZ <kGk uS dSbZ <ax jS;k] i.k okr lxGkajh xjt lkjhA ckr Hkw[kka jkS oxr fudGk;kS] rkS /kk;ksM+ka jkS tho fcyek;kSA b.k nhB vankt yxk;kS tk ldSdS lkfgR; jh ftrjh fo/kkoka gS] /kjrh ekFkS /;kau caVko.k jh ftrjh dykoka gS] oka eka; okr jkS tye lc lwaiSyka gq;kS gkslhA fol; dksbZ gks ldS] i.k vkiljh jh carG ckr VkG Qsj dkabZ gS vk ckr fd.kh tqx jk blkjkalepS gqorh gkslh] i.k vkxS pky uS okr dGk vsd lcGkS ek/;e c.kxhA okr oj.kko jk nkS Hksn eksVS :ifd;k tk ldS vsd futjka nhBh jkS oj.kko] vj nwtkS diksy&dfYir oj.kkoA rhtkS Hksn vka nksuka jS chpykSfeGS futjka nhBkS lkap vj eu&?kaM+rA jktLFkkuh okjrkoka eka; rhuwa Hkkar jk Hksn ijr[k Hkf.k;k&lef>;k tkldSA b.k lwa vkxyh ckr vk* dS izkphu lkfgR; jk fyf[kr :i de feGS] D;wa dS m.k lwa iSyka vBS okfpdijaijk jSbZA feGh okjrkoka vj okr&oj.kko izkphure okfpd ijaijk jk bZ izek.k :i gSA vka uS Hk.krka y[kkoStk.kS vkika fd.kh *okriksl* jS ewa<S lkaijr lq.k jS;k gkaA

5-2 okr ¼ckr½ lcn jkS vjFkkao

okr ;k okjrk laLdr Hkklk jS *okrkZ* lcn jkS viHkzal :i gSA b.k jkS fyax L=h gSA b.k jk vjFkkofdaonarh] ozrkaUr] lekpkj] izlax] fol;] okr bR;kn gSA b.kh Hkkar o.kko lcn laLdr jS iq#[k fyax ô.kZuk*jkS viHkzal gSA b.k jk vjFkko xq.k dhjru] fp=.k] jax.kkS] fd.kh ckr uS foLrkj lwa dg.kkS bR;kn gqoSAewGlcn laLdr jkS L=h fyax gS ft.k jkS vjFkko xq.k dFku] Lrqfr] izlalk bR;kn gqoSA jktLFkkuh x| :i*opfudk* vj nokoSr bR;kn ukao feGS i.k vka eka; vj okr eka; FkksM+kS Hksn gSA tnfi dSbZ t.kka okjrk vjopfudk jks vsd bZ vjFk ysoSA lkj :i vS lc x| dkO; jk bZ :i gSA okr o.kko uS bZ x|&dkO; jkS vsdlkaoBkS vj lcG :i eku.kkS pkghtSA ewy lcnka ôkrkZ* vj oj.kko jS vjFkko lwa bZ ckr jkS ek;ykS Hkko izxVgkS tkoSA okr&o.kko jkS yksd&nhB vjFkko ckr c.kko.kh bZ gqoSA dksbZ tn c<+k&p<+k uS dksbZ ckr dSoS rkSvkika dSoka dS D;wa ckr c.kkoS \ dSbZ t.kk dFkk dgk.kh [kkrj bZ ckr fy[kSA

5-3 okr&o.kko ijaijk

izkphu lkfgR; eka; x| jh ijaijk cjkcj feGSA b.k eka; x| lkFkS i| jkS mi;ksx bZ gksorkS vk;kSgSA okr&o.kko eka; okfpd :i x| vj i| nksuwa jk izek.k feGSA oSnka] tSukxeka vj laLdr ukVdka dFkkxzaFkka eka; x| jkS :i oj.kko [kkl nhBko okGkS gSA laLdr lkfgR; eka; *iapra=*] *dFkk&lfjRlkxj*]*nldqekjpfjr*] *lqdcgRrjh*] *fla?kkl.k cRrhlh*] *oSrkG iPphlh* bR;kn lkaoBS x| jk lcGk izek.k gSAvkxS laLdr Hkklk lwa izkØr vj viHkza'k jh xSy x| jkS fodkl jktLFkkuh eka; Hkkar&Hkkar jh fo/kkoka jS vkSGkoS

42

gq;kSA izek.k :i gtkjka jh fx.krh eka; vsfrgkfld [;krka] okjrkoka vj opfudkoka bR;kfn vBS fyf[kr :iesa feGSA vka eka; jktLFkkuh x| jk dSbZ :ika jk iz;ksx mi;ksx nh[kSA okr o.kko uS oj.kukRed x| dkO;dSoka rkS Bhd jSlhA dFkkoka uS dSo.k okGk lkFkS lkFkS&oj.kko bZ djrk tkrkA tSu larka jS izkphu vkxeka eka;vSM+k :ikGk oj.kko Tkkxka&Tkkxak feGSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; *okfXoykl* uke lwa ?k.kdjk laxSz vjdFkk&dkO;ka jh jpuk oxr&oxr esa gksorh vkbZA vka eka; dSbZ voljka&izlaxka jkS oj.kko feGSA ftu ekf.kD;lwfj jkS *izFohpanz pfjr* ft.k jkS nwtkS uke *okfXoykl* bZ gS] ft.k jkS jpukdkG laor 1470 yxSVxS gS] b.k<c jkS :ikGkS xzaFk gSA dg.kkS Bhd jSlh dS ^ckr oj.kko* m.kh ijaijk jkS fodflr :i gSA ujksŸkenkl Lokeheqtc jpuk izkphu uha gS] i.k oj.kko izkphu gSA ^jktku jkmr jkS ôkr o.kko* lHkk fl.kxkj] eqRdykuqlkl]dkSrqgy bR;kn fol;ka jkS :ikGks laxzS gSA okr&o.kko eka; fofoèk izLrko ?k.kk dykiwj.k <ax lwa dFkk :ivsdB dj xwaFkhft;ks gSA opfudkoka vj nokoSr b.kh feGrh&tqM+rh <c&<kGS jh jpukoka gSA ckr oj.kkoft.k vjFk eka; gS] cBS&dBS dBS rqdkar x| [kkrj bZ okr] ckr] okjfrd ¼okfrZd½ ojrk bR;kn lcn feGSA

5-4 okr&o.kko jk fofo/k :i

okr jktLFkkuh x| jh vsd lcGh vj fujokkGh fo/kk gSA ckr&c.kko jS vkSGkoS dFkkdkj b.k nhBpeRdkj iSnk dj ldSA fd.kh oxr vka jkS ikS[k.k okfpd ijaijk eka; gq;kS i.k vkxS fyf[kr :i lkeh vk;ksjh deh dgh tk ldSA urhtu fyf[kr :i esa gtkjka jh fx.krh esa vka jh izfr;ka feGSA vka okrka uS dFkckokGka jkS uko uha gSA b.kjks dkj.k lkfgR; psruk jh deh dgh tk ldS gS ;k x| jh brjh lcGh foèkk jSfljtd b.k okr lkfgR; uS dSbZ ojxka eka; ckafV;kS tk ldSA lk/kkj.k :i uhpS eqtc ojxka dj.k dj~;ks tkldS&

1- dFkkud nhB

vsfrgkfld&jko fjM+ey jh okr] ikcwth jh okr] dkUgM+ns jh okr] irkbZ jkoG jh okr] jko ly[kSjh okr] esgaUnjS jkBkSM+ jh okr] ukiS lka[kys jh okr] yk[kS tke jh okr] jko vej flag jh okr] fl)jktt;flagns o jh okrA

vk/kh vsfrgkfld & xksxth jh okr] l;.kh pkj.kh jh okr] tksxjkt pkj.k jh okr] jktk eku/kkrkjh ckr] fQjkstlkg irlkg jh okr] ewey jh okr] ikrlkg jh okrA

dkYifud & okr Bx jh csVh jh] pkandqaoj jh okr] inedyk jh okr] Qksxyh vsoky jh okr] dksM+h/kt jh okr] panu ey;kfxfj jh okr] ekYgk th jh okr] vklk jh okrA

ikSjkf.kd lkseorh vekol jh dFkk] fjlhikaP;k jh dFkk] fujtGk X;kjl jh dFkk] tksx.kh vsdknlhjh ozr dFkk] cq/kkLVeh jh ozr dFkk nRr=s; 24 xq: fd;k rka jh dFkk] jktk uG jh okr] tUekLVeh jh dFkk]jkeuoeh jh dFkk] xksfoUn ek/kksth jh dFkk] nqokjdk egkre jh okrA

2- fol; nhB

izse & lksjB jh okr] cha>jS vghj jh okr] Åekns HkfV;k.kh jh okr] <+ksyk ejo.k jh okr] iaeS ?kksjva/kkj jh okr] tyky xgk.kh jh okr] jk.kS [ksrS jh okr] lksuk jh okr] jk;/k.k HkkVh jh okrA

ohj & dwaxjS cyksp jh okr] txns iaokj jh okr] ukjk;.knkl&eh<ak [kka jh okr] lksfuxjS ekyns jhokr] jko pwaMS jh okr] xkSM+ xksikynkl jh okr] xksjk cknG jh okr] okr [kMxy iaokj jh] NkgM+ iaokj jhokr] jktk fiFkhjkt pkSgk.k jh okrA

gkL; & pkj ewj[kka jh okr] xksnkojh unh jS tksxh jh okr] [kqnk; ckoGh jh okr] foluh cs [kjpjh okr] ekeS Hkk.kst jh okr] ohjcy jh okr] jktk Hkkst jh okr] [kkifj;S pksj jh okrA

lkar & jko eyhukFk iFk eka; vk;kS rSa jh okr] jktk u[krj tkrhd vj fodzekfnR; jh okr] jktk

43

Hkkst jh iujeh fo|k jh okr] HkkaM.k xkao jS ihj jh okr] jkenkl oSjkor jh vk[kM+h jh okr] jkens rqaoj jhokrA

3- Hkklk nhB

jktLFkkuh&ukxkSj jS ekeys jh okr] [khoS ohatS /kkM+oh jh okr] jk;flag [khapkor jh okr] lwajka uSlrokfn;ka jh ckr] uD;wa gjS uD;wa ls[kS rSa jh okr] vk; Bgdh HkkfgeS rSajh okr] lkbZ jh iyd [kyd olSlSa jh okr] jkgqy gehj HkksGS jktk Hkh.k lwa tq/k fd;kS rSa jh okrA

mnZw Hkklk & dqrqc lkfgtknS jh okr] nsgyh jh okr] ogfyek jh okr] yqdeku gdhe dwa vi.kS csVsdwa ulhgrA

fiaxG ¼czt½ Hkklk % ukfldsr jh dFkk] iwj.keklh jh dFkkA

4- jpuk fofo/krk jh nhB

x|kRed&lwfjtey gkMS jh okr] jktk daoj flag th jS daojka jh okr] jko fjM+ey [kkcfM+;S jhHkkouk] fl[kjkS ogsyoS jgs rSa jh okrA

x| i|kRed & jruk gehj jh okr] lnSoN lkoflax jh okr] ukxth ukxerh jh okr] iuk ohjensjh okr] flfliwU;wa jh okr] ySyk etuwa jh okrA

i|kRed & fo|k foykl pkSibZ] uyne;Urh pkSibZ] lfuLpj th jh dFkk] fp=lsu inekorh pkSibZ]xkSjk ckny pkSibZ] <ksyk ekjo.k pkSibZA

5 lSyh nhB

?kVukRed & ikfrekg vkSjaxtsc jh fgder] tSiqj eka; lSo&oSL.koka jkS >xM+kS gq;kS rSa jkS gkyA

oj.kukRed & [khph xaxnso uhackor jkS cSikjkS] yw.klkg jh okr jkS c[kk.kA

fopkjkRed & ek?k fiaMr] jktk Hkkst] Mksdjh jh okr] tlukFk tkV jh okrA

6- mn~nsL; nhB

O;fDr fprj.k & gjjkt jk uS.kka jh okl] gjnkl ÅgM+ jh okr] mnS mx.kka jh okr] egkjktineflag jh okrA

lewg njl.k & Hkk;yka jh okr] lkapkSj jk pgqok.kka jh okr] x< cka/ko jk /kf.k;ka jh okr] HkkfV;kajh okrA

oxr vj BkSM+ [kkl jkS c.kko & jko chdS chdkusj olk;kS rSa leS jh okr] jk&o mnSflag mnSiqjolk;kS rSa leS jh okr] *u[kn lqfi;kjns* yk;kS rSa leS jh okr] v.kgyokM+ ikV.k jh okr] tSlGesj jh okrA

5-5 okr&fo/kk jh folslrkoka

okr jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; jh vsd lcGh fo/kk gSA okr uS vsd lSyh folsl jS vkSGkoS vkad.khtksbtSA b.k nhB okr fo/kk eka; tdh folslrk gS] tdkS :i vj tdh lkejFk lxrh gS] ok m.k uS yksdjS uSM+h djSA vka eka; vk/kqfudrk jkS iqV ;k fd.kh Hkkar jh mGVckafl;ka vkSGkoS dksbZ vkaV mGkaVk uha gSA vkaokrka lwa lkesGkS gq;ka vkika uS vcksV vj fudsoGh vi.kk;r jk njl.k gqoSA b.k nhB okr lkfgR; folq)nslt :i eka; vkika lkaeh vkoSA vka eka; varl jh bZekunkjh gSA HkksGi.k gS vj tdkS dha fg;S mitS m.kjkS jpko lkQ gSA dBS bZ nsl jkS xkSjo gS] rkS dBS bZ /kjrh vj m.k jh :rka jkS :ikGkS njlko gSA c.kko vcksVvj b/kdkbZ fy;ka gSA okr lkfgR; jh lc lwa fujokGh folslrk b.k jh ôkfpd* lSyh gSA tnfi okr lkfgR;vc fyf[kr esa :i feGS] i.k b.k uS Hk.krka ykxS tk.kS vkika Hk.k uha jS;k gka] ykxS tk.kS vkika fd.kh prqj*ckriksl* lwa lkaijr lq.k jS;k gkaA

44

5-6 okr&c.kko vsd uhtw lSyh

ewG rF;&ôkr* gSA tdkS dha dSo.kkS gqoS ok okr ¼ckr½ gS i.k okr dSo.k jkS tdkS <ax gS] okS ô.kko*gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk eka; okr fy[kht.k iNS ykxh] iSyka ok Qdr dSohtrh ;k dS iNS dghtrhA okr jhfodkl tkrjk okfpd ijaijk lwa gSA okr eka; vkS xq.k vtS fFkj gSA okr dg.kks vsd dyk gS] ft.k jh ydcvj vkaV cjlka jh eS.kr ekaxSA *okrikslka* jh vBS fols[k tkr vkS dke djrhA HkkV] <k<h] ckjB bR;kn b.kdGk eka; ikjaxr gksorkA ih<h&nj&ih<h vkS dke djrka gjsd *ckriksl* jh vsd futw lSyh fodflr gkStkrh ft.k lwa m.k jh fiNk.k gqrhA vkS bZ dkj.k gS dS vka ckrka uS Hk.krka ykxS tk.kS Hk.k uha] jg;k gka oj.kpkj.k HkkVka jS eaw<S lkaijr [kqn jk dkuka lq.k jS;k gkaA c.kko jh vk f[kerk brjh fujokGh gS dS ckrka feu[kuS earj&eqx/k dj nSoSA okr lSyh eka; tBS cjlka jS bfrgkl uS lgt :i dSo.k jh f[kerk gS] cBS bZ vsd?kM+h jh ?kV.kk uS ckriksl b.k <ax tpk; dSoS dS lq.kck okGk uS lS dha ijr[k nh[k.k ykxS vj m.k jh:avkGh ÅHkh gks; tkoSA NksVk&NksVk okD; b.k uS vyx :i nsoSA

5-7 okr&o.kko jk dha mnkgj.k

1- ôjlkyS jk nhg NSA nhok.k fldkj pf<;k NSA gG ogS NS] Hkknzoks ekl NSA [kkfr.k Hkkrks ys T;koSNSA nksbZ ikMh NS] lwa fcUgS gkFkS idM+h NS] fy;ka tkoS NS] ikM~;ka ukpS NS] FksbZ&FksbZ djR;ka tkoS NS] Hkkrks ekFkSNS] csijokg pyh tkoS NSA**

¼jkBkSM+ [ksrs jh okr½

2- ^vkxS tkG jkS :a[k gqrkSA vksFk tkbuS ÅHkk jfg;kA dfg;ks] vks Bkdqj lq.kS] vS yksd lq.kS] vkS uhykS:a[k NS] ts NS ekl rkbZ] uk;kS rkS rSa dfg;ks u eSa lqf.k;ks eSa dfg;ks u rSa lqf.k;kS] okpk&vokpk NSA rkagjkch>k.kan vk?kkS gkfy;kS] lS.kh ikNh pkyhA**

¼li.kh½

3- ^ôj[kk fjrq ykxh] fojg.kh tkxhA vkHkkS >jgjS] chtka vkokl djS] unh Bsok [kkoS] leqnzs u lekoSAigkM+ka ik[kj iM+h] ?kVk ÅiM+hA eksj lksj eaMS] banz /kkj u [kaMSA nknqj MgMgS] lko.k HkknqoS jhlaf/k dgSA blkS leb;kS o.k jg~;k NSA vkHkkS xktS] lkjax oktSA }knl es?k uS nzqokS gqoks lwa nqf[k;kjh jh vka[kgqoksA >M+ ykxks] fizFkh jkS nGnz HkkxksA

cj[kk eaM uS jgh NS] fctGh f>yksey djuS jgh NSA cknGka >M+ ykxkS NSA lsgjka&lsgjka cht peduS jgh NS tk.kS dqyVk ukf;dk ?kj lwa uhlj vax fn[kk; nwljs ?kj izosl djs NSA eksj dqgdS NSA Hkk[kjka jkukGk cksyuS jfg;k NS] ik.kh ukMk Hkj uS jfg;k NSA pksVfM+;ky gM+dus jgh NSA culirh lwa osyka yiV uSjgh NS] ijHkkr jh ikSgj NSA xkt vkokt gq;uS jgh NSA tk.kS ?kVk ?k.kS gj[k lwa teha fey.k vkbZ NSA**¼csikjkS½

4- ^^tSly jS nsl ekags tksxjkt pkj.k clSA cMkS prqj] cMkS gkslukbd] oMk :id tksM+sA eksVkspkj.kA uketknhdA lkg flds HkykSA lw mnkl jgSA ?kjS vL=h Lo:i ugha] xq.k ugha] fr;Sdfj mnkljgSA** ¼tksxjkt pkj.k½

5- lkorjk; jh fprk lwa ikaoMk nkS;lSd ekFkS ?kkoka lwa ekj gqvk ekjkt cSBk gS] ?kk;fy;S fla/k T;wa?kweS gSA lkopsr gqoS NS tn rkS vsd nks; fiaM: /kj jk HkjS NSA :/kj jh /kkjk ljhj eka; lwa izoky jh lhdkaoguS jgh NSA vsd vkaxGh fVdS tsrh tkxk ?kkoka lwa lkcr jgh ugha NSA cspSr cSBk ?kweS NSA ok <ky&ryokjgkFkka fNVd iM+h NSA vsd dVkjh dej jS ca/k jgh NSA

¼ineflag th jh okr½

Åij fy[kh ikap ckrka eka; vyx&vyx cj.kko vk;k gSA iSyh okr jS vkSGkoS cj[kk fjrq eka; Hkkrks

45

ys tkorh csfQdj vyeLr Hkrokj jkS c.kko ijr[k gqokS gSA nwtkS oha>k lS.kh chpS opu jh okr gSA rhtS eka;cj[kk jS vkSGkoS dqGVk ukf;dk jh ckr lkeh vkoSA pkSFkkS feu[k tho.k jh vsd nqc/kk lkeh ykoSA ikapoha okr?kk;y ohj jkS o.kko gSA

5-8 jktu jkmr jkS okr&o.kko % dFkkud

5-8-1 iSyks izLrko&*jktu jkmr jks okr ijeslj uS iz.kke vj lqjlr oan.k lwa l: gksoSA *okriksl*dSoS dS vkSedkj egknso floth lxrh lkFkS vpG vkl.k fojkft;k gSA vBS fxj ¼igkM+ak½ jkS jktk vkcwdghtS! b.k r[kr fojkft;k bZLoj jk vorkj egkjktk jktslj jkt djSA egkjk.kh egkek;k iVjk.kh dghtSAft.k jkS tk;kS ikVifr daoj fljh jktku cki jS jkt eka; dqaoj inkS HkksxSA

okr vkxS o/kS dS NRrhl ¼[kV=hl½ jktdqy fljksef.k lwjtoalh jktku ekjokM+ uo dksV jh BdqjkbZtGkcksG jkt inoh HkksxSA jkt jkS njlko vSM+kS dS okuka] fulka.k] >a>k lc jh fNc U;kjh gSA fla?kkl.k ekFkSpaoj <qdkbZtSA Nrj MaM lkSHkk;eku vSgM+h L;kau lkSdr eka; jktku fojkft;k Fkdk uS *jktkumrjk okro.kko* o[kk.khtSA vly eka; okr o.kko jS vkSGkoS *ckriksl* dSbZ okr jk jax tek nsoSA okr jktku jS dqGjk xq.k c[kk.k lwa l: djS i.k m.k fel okS m.k oxr jh lxGh okrka jkS cj.kko djS bZa Hkkar djS dS ft.klwa dS okS leS vka[;ka lkeh ijr[k gkS tkoSA

jktku flykerh uS lacksf/kr lyke djrkS dSoS ikapdksV iV~Vs fd;k tdkS] fl.kfxfj] eaMksj] vtesjbR;kn jkS ftdj djSA lgj vj x<dksV daxwjk jh ckr djSA ckx] cxhpk] dwok] oM+] ihiG jh fNc jkS o.kkodjrkS okriksl vkxS o/kSA x<&fdyk jS pkSQsj dksVM+h vj ckoM+h] ryko dqoka jkS ftdj djSA x< eka; /kku]f?kzr] rsy] yw.k] [kkaM+] bZ/k.k bR;kn jS lap; jh ckr djSA m.k iNS lgj jk eafnj nsojk vj oka eka; Fkjfirnso eB fojkft;k jh ckr djSA nsoG eka; oka jS ik[krh /kje lkGkoka jkS oj.kko djSA iNS tksxh] taxeduQkM+ lU;kfl;ka jh ckr djSA lgj eka; pkj oj.k jk yksx jSoS oka jkS ckr o.kko djSA lgj eka; X;kauh/;kauh /kje jk ikS[kf.k;k] pkj vklze jk iky.kgkj [kSjkbrkajk dj.kgkj] djksM+ifr y[kifr cM+k&cM+k O;kSikjhclS oka jkS c.kko c[kk.khtSA

ckrikSl vkxS c.kko djS dS jktku lykor jkS lgj ft.k eka; NRrhl tkr i.k jSoSA m.k eka; ctkjpkSgVk eafM;k gSA tBS lksuk] :ik] tokgj] diM+k iVdwy] jsle] ilejk] ckc] Hkkar&Hkkar jh fcNkor gSAljkQk cktkj esa veksyd phtka jk eksy&rkSy gkS jS;k gSA gVokM+S jh HkhM+ pkSgVS eaMh gSA

vBS futjokt jfl;k ctkj chpkGS ÅHkk gSA uxj ukf;dk oSL;k futjka lwa blkjk djrh yVdk&>VdkaeVdrh tk jSbZ gSA vBS Hkkar Hkkar jk reklk ykx jS;kA bUnzyksd lks futkjkS gSA

okr o.kko vkxS pkySA jktdqekj gsr P;kj BkSM+ lwa C;kg [kkrj ukjsG vk;k gSA fprkSM+ lwa] ykSnziqjvj ikV.k lwa] iqaxG jk Mksyk vk; uS iqgdj ¼iqLdj½ mrfj;k gSA m.k iNS jktku dqekj jh tku p<S gSA tkugkFkh] ?kksM+k] jFk] lq[kkl.k bR;kn dsbZ Hkkar jk vkMacj lth gSA b.k xr vSgM+h tcjh tku fy;ka daoj jktkupaojh i/kkfj;kA O;kg jh c/kkb;ka ckaVhtS gSA Hkkar&Hkkar jk cktk okt jS;k eaxGkpkj gkS jS;k gSA fookg gq;kSAnwYgk nqyg.k jkS iSykS fey.k gkS jS;kSA fookg iNS fey.k jh iSyh ?kM+hA ekafM;ka ?k.kkS dksM fd;kSA tku iUnjSfnuka BSjkbZA iNS dksM euokjka vj Hkkar&Hkkar jk the.k ftek;kA dsbZ Hkkar jh feBkb;kaA dSbZ rjS jk ekalAdSbZ rjS jk vpkj&vFkk.kkaA iNS Mk;tS ¼ngst½ jkS cj.kko fd;kS gSA vkxS pk:a iVjkf.k;ka vj oka jk lqy[k.kkajkS c[kk.k fd;kS gSA oka jk uke vj oka jk lkSGS fl.kxkj fx.kk;k gSA lsok pkdjh dj.k okGh nkfl;ka jk ukefx.kk;k gSA ;wa djrk clar cslk[k fookg jk eaxGpkj xkrka ljn fjrq vk;xh gSA b.k Hkkar okr c.kko jkS iSyhizLrko iwj.k gq;kSA

5-8-2 nwtkS izLrko

nwljS izLrko rgr [kV fjrqoka jk c[kk.k fd;k gSA fd.k rjS ljn :r jkS c[kk.k gS iNS vklkst ykxS

46

vj firj i[k iwthtSA ljojka tG fujeG gksoS vj xk;ka /kjrh jkS vkS[kn jl pjSA b.k oSGk d<h vj cfM+;kajk Lokn pkS[kk ykxSA ljn :r eka; iwue jkS pkan ?k.kkS :ikGkS ykxSA gal gal.kh vkiljh eka; vsd nwtS uSns[kS fuj[kSA ljn pkan.kh jh lkSHkk fojktsA jkl eaMG jk mPNc ekaMhtS gSA ÅtGh fdjR;ka jkS >wedkS QcSgSA :ikGh lgsfy;k pkan.kh eka; fogkj dj jSbZ gSA iNS nso tkfx;k vj dkrh ekl jk mPNc l: gksoSAfnokGh jk nhok txS vj twok jk [ksy eaMSA gsear eka; BkMh iM+.k ykxh gSA dkef.k;ka jk fofo/k :ika jkSc[kk.k gkS jS;kS gSA /kdS jkr fnu cjkcj gkso.k ykxkA ÅaMk rg[kkuk eka; dksbZyka jh elkyka ykx jSbZ gSAjktku Hkkar&Hkkar jh lqxa/k lwa xjdkc gSA rsy&QqySl jh ekfylka gks jSbZ gS vj geke jk uje ik.kh lwa ugk.kgkS jS;kSA lHkk etGl tqM+ jSbZ gSA vQhe vjksx.k lkFkS c.kko pkySA b.k Hkkar [kV fjrq okr c.kko jkS nwtkSizLrko iwj.k gksoSA

5-8-3 rhtkS izLrko

rhtS izLrko rgr egkjktk jktslj jk ijok.kkS vkcw x< jkS eaMksvj vk;kS gSA vtesj Fkk.kS jkS gqdegq;kS gSA fr.k eqtc egkjkt dqaoj fljh jktku jkmr eaMksvj lwa vtesj i/kkfj;k gSA vc QkStca/kh jk c.kko c[kk.khtS gSA b.kh lk;r ikrlkg egen eqlrQk [kkau jk pkj nwr cBS vk;k gSA oka jktkujkmr jh gky gdhdr ikrlkg vkxS ikSagpkbZ gSA ikrlk gky&gdhdr lq.k jS;k gS! ikrlkg jS vkxS&ikNSlRrj [kku vj cgRrj mejkoh ck.k [kM+k gS! ikrlkg fljh jktku jkmr ckcr iwNS gS dS jktku dqaojfdlkvsd jktiwr gS \ nwr gdhr crkoSA jktku jkmr jk xq.k yN.k crkoS nwrka jh jktku jh ckr lq.k iqjk.kkSoSj fudkG.k uS ikrlkg jh QkSt dwp fd;kSA b.kh lkFkS ikrlkgh QkSt yokteS jh ckr o.kko c[kk.kh gSAdS tejk.kS jh tekr ljh[kk futj vkoSA iNS fgUnw lSuk ca/kh jkS o.kko c[kkf.k;kS gSA tq) jkS cj.kkoc[kkf.k;kS gSA gkFkh ?kksM+k jk dfV;ksM+k yksFk ifM+;k gSA ?kk;y ohj ifM+;k gSA lfr;ka chjka lkFkS cG.k uSvk[krh gSA

jktku jkmr jh thr jk /kwalk ckt.k yk;kA yksx c/kkbZ;ka nso.k ykxkA ?kj&?kj eaxGpkj gSA m.kiNS fldkj jh vlokjh gqbZ gSA b.kh jS lkFkS QkSt ca/kh jkS oj.kko gSA gkfFk;ka ckcr c[kk.k gSA jktku jkmrvtesj Fkk.k&eqdke fd;kS lkS o.kko gSA rBka mijkafr ¼m.k iNS½ jktku jkmr vxkM+h dohlj xaxso uhckamrjkS csQkjkS c[kk.k&o.kko gSA jktku fldkj p<.k jkS o.kko gSA b.k Hkkar QkSt ca/kh vj Hkkjr tq) fldkj jkSrhljkS izLrko iwj.k gqoSA

5-8-4 pkSFkkS izLrko

jktku jkfr Nd uS nk: fi;kS lks vc vkjke QjekoSA ikap jax jk cknG gksoS ft.k Hkkar jkx jax jhfcNk;r pkan.kh eka; djh gSA xyhpk fcNk;k gSA daoj jktku xknh rfd;k Åifj fcjkft;k vkjke djS gSAcjfN;ka] dck.k] <kyka] vyhca/k] rjdlka] ryokjka jh fdleka uS folslrkoka jk c[kk.k gSA ohjka jS okxka jkfpgqjca/k NwV jS;k gSA vxy rstkjak jkS vjksx.kkS pky jS;kS gSA jktku jS csikjs [kkrj cdjk eaxkM+ht;k ;k gSAesgekuk ÅaB&pk< ykoSA lks ÅaBk jh fdleka jkS c[kk.k gSA csikjs [kkrj Hkkax jh fdleka jkS c[kk.k gSA dlwacSjkS ftdj gSA xksGh pwj.k jh euokj fQjS gSA nk: jkS ijha<kS eafM;kS gSA lks nk: jh fdLeka jk c[kk.k gSA jktkujS egyka jh okr o.kko dgS gSA b.kh jS lkFkS jktku jS u[k&fl[k jkS cj.kko gS vj iNS je.kh lkFkS jax je.kvj dke&dyk jh ckrka jkS o.kko gSA

5-9 jktku jkmr jh okr&o.kko jkS lkj

*jktku jkmr okr&o.kko* vsd x|&dkO; lSyh jh jpuk gSA vk pkj Hkkxka eka; caVh gSA vka HkkaxkuS dBS bZ izLrko* rkS dBS bZ vuqPNsn uke fn;kS gSA iSyS izLrko rgr jktku jkmr jkS fcM+n c[kk.k gSA jktlhBkB jkS [kkdkS tksjnkj c;ku fd;kS x;kS gSA ckriksl lgj jh fNc jkS c[kk.k fd;kS gSA x< jk dksV daxwjkuS ctkj jkS cj.kko gq;kS gSA lgj eka; cl.k okGh lxGh tkrka jkS cj.kko fd;kS gSA jktku jS fookg jkS lkarjkS

47

cj.kko fd;kS gSA tku jh L;kau&lkSdr jh rkjhQka jk blk iqG ckafèk;k gS dS fprjkae ijr[k gks; x;k gSAb.k Hkkar iSyS izLrko eka; jktku jkmr jkS foM+n c[kkf.k;kS gSA b.k rgr jktku jk uxj x< dksV jkS lkaxksikaxoj.kko gSA

nwtS izLrko rgr [kV fjrqoka jkS lkarjkS cj.kko fd;kS gSA ljn pkan.kh jh lkSHkk crkbZ gSA vj firjiwtk bR;kn jk fnuka jkS ftdj fd;kS gSA jkl eaMyak jk mPNc vj :ikGh lgsY;ka lax pkan.kh eka; fogkjjh ckr crkbZ gSA vBS dkef.k;ka jS fofo/k :ika jkS cj.kko gq;kS gSA rhtS izLrko eka; vtesj Fkka.kS jh okr jkSo.kko gSA ikrlkg jh QkSt lkFkS tq) jkS c.kko gSA gkFkh&?kksM+k vj iSny QkStka jkS tk.kS vka[;ka ns[;kS&c.kkofd;kS gSA pkSFkkS izLrko jktku jkmr jS Nd uS nk: vjksx.k jkS o.kko gSA b.k rgr Hkkar&Hkkar jks gfFk;kjkavj oka jh fdleka jkS lkarjkS o.kko gq;kS gSA jktku jkmr jh iVjkf.k;ka jk BkB vj jktku lkFkS vkeksn&izeksnvj dkedyk jkS cj.kko fd;kS gSA b.k Hkkar pkj izLrkoka vkSGkoS jktiwr dqG oSHko vj oka jS jg.k&lg.k jkStksjnkj o.kko fd;kS gSA

5-10 okr&o.kko mnkgj.k

1- rBka mijkafr dfj uS jktku flykerh x< dksV pkSQsj dkaxqjk ykxk Fkdk fojkts NSAtk.kS vkdkl yksd fxy.kuwa nkar fn;k NSA ÅapkS futj dfj tksbtS rkS ekFkk jkS eqxV [kM+gM+SAfr.k dksV jh [kkgh ÅaMh nzg ukxknzgh lkjh[khA tG NSy ikrkGjh tM+ka lwa ykfx uS jgh NSA fr.kx< ekgs ckoM+h dwvk rGko tG cgG /kku f?kzr rsy yw.k [kM+ b/k.k vey diM+kS ?k.kkS vikjlapkS fd;kS NSA dksV Hkqjtka jk dkslhl uS /keGgj /keGkfxj igkM+ T;kSa oknykajk dhj.k lkjh[kkÅtGk lhdksV lkSa futfj vkoS NSA uxj jk ?kjdksV cjkcjh Åapk fojkft uS jfg;k NSA rBkamijkafr dfj uS jktku flykerh uxj ekgs Åapk nso flo tSu jk nsgjk e< fojkft uS jfgvk NSArkagjk MaM dGl ?ktk&irk[kk vkleku lwa okrka djS NSA nsgjk ekags dFkk dhjru ukBd ifM+uSjfgvk NSA /kwi nhi dhtS NSA vkjrh mrkjhtS NSA dsljh pan.k pjthtS NSA vxj m[kschtS NSAiap lcnka okft jfgvk NSA >kyfj;ka >.kdkj gqb uS jfgvk NSA

vjFkko & iSyS izLrko jS b.k c.kko rgr jktku jk x< dksV jkS :i c[kk.k gq;kS gSA *okriksl* dSoSdS x< jS pkSQsj dkaxqjk gS] ;wa ykxS tk.kS vkdkl x< uS fuxG.k uS Åij nkar dkf<+;k gSA ÅapkS brjkS dS mijfutj dj ns[kka rkS ekFkS jkS eqdqV gsVS iM+.k ykxSA m.k x< dksV jh [kkbZ jkS [kkM ukxknM+h ftrjkS ÅaMkS gSAtG ikrkG ftrjkS xgjkS gSA x< eka; ckoM+h] dqok] rGko] bR;kn fuoka.kka jh eksdGkbZ /kku] ?kh] rsy] yw.k][kjM+] bZ/k.k bR;kn jk HkaMkj Hkfj;k gSA diM+k bR;kn ?k.kk ekSdGk lap; fd;k M+k gSA dksV jh cqjtka/koGfxfj ijcr ljs[kh Åaph futj vkoSA tk.kS cknGak jk nG jk nG uxj eka; Åapk&Åapk egy ekfG;kx<&dksV jh cjkcjh jh ÅapkbZ ekFkS ÅHkk nh[kS gSA uxj eka; floth jk tSu feanj nsojk ekags nso fcjkft;kT;kajk MaM dGl vj /ktkoka tk.kS vkdkl lwa ckrka djSA nsojk eka; dhjru vj dFkk okpu gkS jS;k gSA/kwi nhi gkS jS;k gSA vkjfr;ka mrkjht jSbZ gSA dslj pan.k f?kl p<ht jS;k gSA vxj [kSoht jS;kA lcn oktjS;k gSA >kyj Vadksjka jh >.kdkj gkS jSbZ gSA

O;k[;k & bfrgkl jS dky [kaM jkS okS vsd vuwBkS oxr gksA b.k leS bLykeh geyk furdk gksorkAfd.k oxr tq) fNM+ tkoS dha ifr;kjkS uha gkSA vSM+h vc[kh osGk eka; jktk egkjktk vj fgEer gkSlys jhnjdkj jSaorhA pkj.k HkkV vkS dke djrkA Åij fn;S cj.kko eka; jktku jkmr jk lgj uxj jkS c.kko fd;kSx;kS gS dS jktku jS x< jkS dkabZ dg.kkSA ÅapkS tk.kS vkleku lwa ckrka djSA jktku jk jkt eka; lc lq[k lkarhgSA vUu&/kUu jk HkaMkj Hkfj;k gSA fuoka.k gGkcksG Hkfj;k gS vBakjh ijtk /kje jkS ikS[k.k djSA dqG feGkuS okr c.kko jkS m)sL; vkS dS jktku jkmr jkS jkt jkejkt ljh[kkS gSA vBS fd.kh ckr jh deh dksuhA iztkvkijS /kje jkS lqrarjrk lwa ikG.k djSA jktku ftL;k ohjka jS gksrka fd.kh uS dksbZ lkalks uhaA dksbZ Mj Hkks ughaAokr o.kko jS b.k x| ca/k jS vkSGkoS nkS ckrka lkaeh vkoSA iSyh rkS vk dS vBS lc BkB gSA nwtkS dS ts fd.kh

48

ckr jh deh gS rks lkld uS ;kn fnjko.k jkS vkS vsd lcGkS vj lh/kkS rjhdks gSA tdkS uha gS m.k ckcr dg.kkSdkabZ gS vsd rjS lwa ekSlks ekj.kkS gSA fd.kh vkSGkoS ckr dSo.k jkS vkS vsd rjhdkS gSA b.k nhB okr o.kko vsdrjhdkS gkS tu jh ckr lkld ojx rkbZ] vj lkld jh ckr tu rkbZ iwxko.k jkSA pkj.k HkkV m.k oxr lxGhckr [kksy uS dg nsrkA

lcnka jk vjFk & rBka¾mlds] vijkafr¾ckn] dkaxqjk¾daxwjs] NS¾gS] fxy.kuwa¾xVdus dks] [kM+gM+S¾fgyS]fr.k¾ml] <ªg ¼/kM+s½ xM~<k b.k¾bl] ukxknzgh¾ukxknM+h] lapkS fd;kS¾laxzg fd;k] dksV¾izkphj] Hkqjtka¾cqtZ]flj[kh¾lekuk] /keGkfxj¾/kkSyfxfj] cknGkajk¾cknyksa ds] e<¾e/;] ukBd¾okpu] lkarjkS¾'kkunkj] c.kko¾o.kZu]mPNc¾mRlo] eksdGk¾cgqr] [kkM+¾x<~<k] brjkS¾bruk] eka;¾Hkhrj] csikjkS¾nqigjh ¼nqigj dk Hkkstu½vjksx.kkS¾theuk] /kwalk¾/kkSalka ¼uxkjs ij iM+us okyh pksV½ folslrkoka¾fo'ks"krk,a] ikrlkgh¾ckn'kkgh] tejk.kS¾;e]yN.k¾y{k.k] "kV fjrq¾N% fjrq,a] firj¾fir] :ikGkS¾:iokuA

2- r<k mijkafr dfj uS Hkksfxvk Hkaej yatk N;y&gqlukd tqoku futjckt cktkj ekags ÅHkktksgka [kk, NSA pkSgVS ekgs uxj ukf;dk osL;k yk[k&yk[k jh yg.kgkj lkSGS fl.kxkj Bfo;kaFkdka Qwyka jk pkSl iSgfj;ka Fkdka Vks; vf.k;kGka dktG Bkfl;ka Fkdka okadk uS.kka jh >kad uka[krhik;ySjs BedSlwa] ?kw?kjS /kedSlwa] fcfN;ka jS NedSlwa je>kSG djrh vaxwBk eksM+rh u[kjk djrhcktkfj pkyh tk, NSA futjka jk >M+kdk ykxka Fkdka tqokuka N;Yykajk eu xjsn ckt djS NSAHkkafr&Hkkafrjh osl] Hkkafr&Hkkafrjk [ksy eafM uS jfg;k NSA Hkkafr&Hkkafrjk reklka ykxS uS jfgvk NSAb.k Hkkafrjk ek: lgj eaMkoj floiqjh fcjkteku gwvk NSA duka bUnziqjh&lh futfj vkoS NSA

vjFkko

m.k iNS Hkksxh Hkaojk jfl;k] yktkGw NSyk :ikGk toku futj ckt ctkj chpkGS ÅHkk >kSyk [kkjS;k gSA pkSoVS eka; uxj ckftanh ikrj ¼oSL;k½ yk[k&yk[k yso.kokGh lkSGS fl.kxkj Blk;kSM+h Qwyka jkpkSljk iSfj;ksM+h] nks; vkaf[k;ka eka; dktG lkfj;ksM+h] frjNS uS.kka lwa blkjk djrh] ik;y jh Bed] ?kw?kjka jh?ked vj fcfN;ka jh Ned lwa je>kSGka djrh] vaxwBk eksM+rh] u[kjk djrh] chp ctkj tk jSbZ gSA futjka jk>M+kdka lwa ?kk;y toku NSyka jk eu] /kM+d&/kM+d djSA ctkj chp Hkkar&Hkkar jk osl] jlkG [ksy [ksyeafM;k gSA Hkkar&Hkkar jk reklk ykx jS;k gSA b.k Hkkar jS lgj eaMksoj floiqjh fojkteku gqvkA vc rkS vkuxjh bUnziqjh lh futj vkoSA

O;k[;k

c.kko nkS; jS vkSGkoS *okriksl* feu[k jh fojrh uS vkika lkaeh jk[kSA b.k eka; vsd rkS vk ckr ijr[kgqoS dS m.k oxr oSL;koka [kqyS vke Hkjs ctkj fudGrh rkS m.k ekFkS fd.kh Hkkar jh ikcanh uha ghA nwth vk*dSoSL;k fojrh uS lkekftd ekurk ghA nwth ckr vk lkaeh vkoS dS jfl;k fetkt jk yksxka jh m.k oxr bZ dksbZdeh uha ghA rhth ckr dS feu[k uS euksjatu jh Hkw[k lnSo lwa jSbZ gSA tn bZ rkS ctkj eka; jlkG jhlqfo/kk gksorhA yksx tqvk [ksyrkA nwtk bZ reklk ykxksM+k jSaorkA vly eka; vS lc b.k ckr jk izek.k gSdS vBS lks dha Bhd gSA lc vk.kan eka; gS vj lq[k Hkksx jS;k gSA rn bZ rkS vk tkxk bUnziqjh lh ykxSA

lcnka jkS vjFk &

Hkksfxvk¾Hkk sxh] Hkej¾Hkk S aj s ] yatk¾ythys] N;y¾NSyS] gqlukd¾lqUnj] tqoku¾toku]futjckt¾utjckt] ekags¾vanj] ÅHkk¾[kM+s] tksgka¾>ksyS] yg.kgkj¾ysus okyh] Nfo;ka Fkdka¾fd;s gq,]iSgkfj;ka¾igus gq,] vf.k;kGka¾vka[kksa esa] okadk¾okads] >kad Ugkadrh¾utj Qsadrh] ctkfj¾cktkj] >M+kdk¾>iVk]N;Yykajk¾NSyksa ds] ek: ifr ¼ekfyd½ duka¾blfy,A

3- ¼d½ rBk mijkafr dfj uS uojkr gkse T;kx gqbZ uS jfg;k NSA uo nqjxkjk ukSjrkanljkgkS iwthtS NSA nljkgSjk o.kko Hkkafr&Hkkafrjk fl.kxkjhtS NS N=] MaM] fla?kkl.k] ?kksM+k] gkFkh

49

njckj jk o.kko xgeg gqbZ uS jfgvk NSA okgh vkG dk<htS NSA HkSalk Åijs rjokfj;ka jk okM =qfVuS jfgvk NSA [kkat: uh>ksM+htS NSA ftds fnxiky jtiwr lkear vtkau ckg Bkdqj vM+kchM+njckjs vkbZ [kM+k jfgvk NSA njckj nqyhpk fcNkbtS NSA foNkr of.k uS jgh NSA njckj of.k;kSNSA gkFkh ?kksM+k QsjhtS NSA egksyka eqtjk dhtS NSA

¼[k½ rBak mijkafr jktku flykerh ljn fjrjS leS jh iwfuejkS pUnzek lkSGS dGk fy;kalaiwj.k fujeyh jS.k jkS mtGh pkanGh jS fdj.k dfj uS galuwa gal.kh ns[kS ugha uS gal.kh gal ns[kSugha NSA fefy ldrk ugha NSA rkjka ckj&ckj ekgkS&ekgS cksfy&cksfy uS osjg xekork NSA =.kpkan.khjh lisrh dfj uS egknso unh /keG <wa<rk fQjS NS lks ykHkrk ugha NSA banz ,jkofr tkSrkafQjS NSA b.k HkkafrjkS ljn fjrjh lisrh pkan.khjh lksHkk fojkt uS jfg NSA jkl eaMy jk egksNoekaMhtS NSA jkx jax jk lekt rkbQk ykxh uS jfgvk NSA

vjFkko

¼d½ m.k iNS uojkrka jk gkse tX; gkS jS;k gSA uonqjxk vj ukSjrka nljkoS jh iwtk gkS jSbZ gSA nljkoSekFkS Hkkar&Hkkar jk o.kko vj fl.kkxkj ltkoV gkS jSbZ gSA N= MaM fla?kkl.k ]?kksM+k] gkFkh bR;kn fl.kxkjhtjS;k gSA ft.k jh gGxG pkSQsj eaMh gSA lLrj ckjS dk<ht jS;k gSA twvk [ksG jS;k gSA HkSalk Åij rjokjkajk ok< pky jS;k gSA [kkt: djht jS;k gSA ykacS gkFkka okGk /kjrh jk /k.kh jktiwr Bkdj lsod njckj eka;vM+kSvM+ vk; ÅHkk gSA lHkk eka; xyhpk fcNkbZt jS;k gSA fcNk;rka gkS jSbZ gSA lHkk tqM+h gSA gkFkh ?kksM+k ?kwejS;k gSA flykae eqtjka djht jS;k gSA

¼[k½ m.k iNS ljn iwue jkS pkan vkijh lkSGS dykoka lkFkS fujeG pkan.kh fc[ksj jS;kS gSA pkan jhfdj.kka bRrh /kkSGh gS dS gal vj gal.kh uha nh[kSA b.k dkj.k nksuwa feG uha ldSA rkjk pkan.kh eka; jk eka;ped&ped vj xe jS;k gSA vkajh pkan.kh jh lQsnh dkj.k egknsoth /kkSGh unh tksork fQjS gS i.k yk/kSuh gSA jktk bUnz vkijkS vsjkor gkFkh tksorkS fQjS gSA b.k Hkkar ljn fjrq jh pkan.kh jh lkSHkk pkSQsj fNVdjSbZ gSA jke egksPNc ekaMht jS;kS gSA pkSQsj lekt jh HkhM+ tqV jSbZ gSA

O;k[;k

¼d½ oxr fdÙkkS bZ vkxS c/k x;kS gksoS] i.k ijaijkoka feu[k lekt jkS ihNks uha NksM+SA vsd oxr gkStn vSM+h dsbZ ijaijkoka gh tdh m.k oxr jS lekt jh lkSHkk vj oka [kkrj xjc xqest jh ckr ghA ukSjrkavkSlj ij tBS ekr Hkokuh jh iwtk gksorh] ozr&miokl] /kwi nhi vj gkse tX; bR;kn ftlk dje dk.M vkngksork] cBS bZ HkSalk vj cdjk jh cfy ryokj jk >Vdk lkFkS gksorhA b.k oxr njckj [kkl ltk;kS tkrkSvj ekrgrh lsod lkear flykae djrk vj futjk.kka HksaV djrkA gkFkh] ?kksM+ka jkS iznl.k bZ m.k oxr gksorkSAvly eka; dksbZ ijaijk ;k jhr gqokS] m.k jkS vaxStf.k;kS vj m.kuS vkxS c/kkof.k;kS lekt gSA ckr&o.kko jSvkSykoS ijaijkoka jkS c[kk.k gqoS vj oS nkSjkohtSA

¼[k½ ckr o.kko jh tdh [kkfl;rka gS] oka eka; dkSrwgG vj vpjt xq.k fljS gSA m.kuS vkxS miekvj :id cka/k.kkS rkS iNS *ckr ikslka* jS ykjS gkSA ljn iwue jh jkr jkS tdkS :id *okr&iksl* vkijk lcnkaeka; ckaf/k;kS gS] okS vi.kS vki eka; vuwBkS gSA pkan.kh /kkSGh bÙkh dS m.k jh lisnh dkj.k lQsn gal&gal.khm.k eka; vSM+k jG feyX;k] vsd&esd gks;X;k dS vsd nwtS uS nh[kS uha b.k dkj.k feG uha ldSA

lcnka jkS vjFk &

uojkr ¾ ukSjkf=] fTkX;&;K] nljkgkS¾n'kgjk] gkse¾gou] uo nqjxk¾ukSnqjxk] xgeg¾gypy]okM¾okj] =qfVuS¾VwVdj] [kkt:¾Hk{; ¼cdjk oxSjg½ vM+kchM+ vM+s gq,] vtkuckgq¾?kqVuksa rd yEcs gkFk¼Hkxok Jh jke dk ,d uke½ dsM+kS¾ihNk] vSgM+h¾,slh] vknw¾izkphu] vaxStf.k;kS¾vaxhdr djus okyk]/kkSGks¾lQsn] yk/kS uha¾feys ugha] egksPNc¾egksRlo] xjc¾xoZ] xqest¾?ke.MA

50

4- rBk mijkafr dfj uS jktku flykefr xzh"e fjr eakgS iou ikod leku okft;kS NSA izFkh viusok;w vdkl P;kfj rr ikapeS vxuh rst rr HksGk fey uS jghvk NSA fizFkh jk yksd fogaxe ia[khNSA lqj rjojka :a[kkjk vkSyk rkdS NSA rjojkajk iku >fM+;k NSA lq tk.kS oL= fouk ukxk fMxacjkalkjh[kk utj vkoS NSA fuok.kjk ik.kh uhfB;k NSA iksb.kh ofy uS jfg NSA vksNS tG ekNykrM+QM+h jghvk NSA xtjkt lwvk ljksoj <wa<rk fQjS NSA lknwyk dsljhflag Tokykuy vxuh lwacyrka Fkdka oh>k ou jk gkfFk;kajh isV jh Nk;k lwrk foljke djS NSA Hkq;ax lji uhlfjvk NSAlks yw uS rkoM+Sjh cyrk Fkdka nzkSfM+&nzkSfM+ uS gkFkhvkajS lhry lwaMkgyk ekagS isfl&isfl jfgvk NSAb.k Hkkarjk lcy tho frds fucy gqbZ uSa jfgvk NSA

vjFkko

m.k iNS gs jktk lyker! brjS eka; xjeh jkS ekSle vk;X;kSA b.k leS gok tk.kS vxuh tSM+h xjecSo.k ykxhA /kjrh vkijk nwtk pkj rRo ¼f[kfr] ty] xxu] lehjk½ vj iakpokS îkod* rRo lkFkS HksGk gksjSbZ gSA iaNh xjeh jkl rk;k :[kka&ljojka jk vkSGk rkdrk fQjS gSA isM+ka jk iÙkk >M+ x;k gSA ;wa ykxS gStk.kS fcuk diM+ka jS fnxacj ÅHkk gSA tG lksrka dwok&ckofM+;ka jk ik.kh lw[kX;k gSA dey.kh cG uS jS;xhgSA FkksM+S ik.kh eka; ekNfy;ka rM+i jSbZ gSA gkFkh lwdk ljksojka esa tG tksork fQjS gSA fla/k xjeh jk ri lwankf>;k gkfFk;ka jk isV jh Nk;k esa ifM+;k gSA dkGk ukx fudG vk;k gSA yw jk FkisM+k gkFkh lgu uha djjS;k gSA b.k Hkkar lxyh thok&tw.k xjeh lwa nk> jSbZ gSA

O;k[;k

*ckriksl* xjeh ekSle vkSGkoS fjrq jkS cM+kS ltho fp=.k [kkafp;kS gSA ;wa bZ vk /kksjk /kjrh gSA vBSlwjt nsork vkijkS lclwa cSlh izdksi rkS b.kh lw[krh vj frlkbZ /kjrh ekFkS jk[kSA yw jk FkisM+k vj vdkGrkS bBS fFkj gS] xjeh jh v.kwrkbZ dkj.k isM+ka lwa irk >M+ x;k gSA isM+ fnxacj ykx jS;k gSA vly eka; ckrikslxzh[ke fjrq jkS tdkS :id ckaf/k;kS gS] m.k ckr ca/k jkS vi.kS vki eka; fd.kh rjS jkS dksbZ tksM+ uha gSA] b.k/kjrh ÅijS xjeh jh fjrq eka; ft.k Hkkar jkS eaMk.k eaMS] m.k jkS lkarjkS lcn fprjkae b.k ca/k vkSGkoS mdsfj;kSgSA

lcnkjka jk vjFkko &

brjk eka¾brus esa] fjr¾fjrq] okft;kS¾ctk] HksGk¾lkFk] feG¾fey] fizFkh¾iFoh] lwdk¾lw[ks] lqj¾ljrkykc] iksbf.k¾defyuh] lhrG¾BaMk] lknwyk¾flag] ekagS¾Hkhrj] iSf[k¾QaldjA

5- rc mijkafr dfj uS jktku flykerh vrjk ekagS ikrlkg egen eqlrQk[kkau jk pkjnwr fopfjvk gwark R;ka gdhdr jktkaujk ikrlkg vkxS iksgpkbZA lÙkj [kaku cgÙkj mejkoh ck.k[kM+k NSA ikrlkg Jh jktku dqaoj jktkmr okr iwNS NSA jktkau dqavj fdlk,d jtiwr NSA nwrgdhdr dgS NS tq jktaku dqavj mBrh oghjkS tqokau vktaku ckgw jktgal yhyax NSA Hksnax NSAjktku dqaoj c=hl y{k.kkS NSA

dfoÙk

lÙk lhy xq.k :i fo|k ri vyi vkgkjhA/ku mnkj tl rst prqj ukbd mixkjhAAcqf)oar cyoar jkt lueku fop[[k.kAHkksx tksx xqj Hkxr Hkkx ijeka.k Hkqtk;a.kAAtl ykHk /khjt lkgl /kj.k] n;k X;kau m|e dj.kAfjf.k lwj jkau jktkaujk fof/k c=hl y[k.k oj.kAA

vjFkko

51

ckriksl okjrk o.kk[k uS vkxS c/kkorkS dSoS dS m.k iNS gs jktku! lyker cknlkg vgen eqLrQk[kku jk pkj nwr vk;kA oka nwrka jktku ckcr lxGh gdhdr gkly dj uS cknlkg rd iqxkbZA cknlkgjS vk[krh&ik[krh lÙkj rkS [kku flikbZ vj cgRrj mejko ck.k fy;ka ÅHkk gSA vka lxGka chpkGS cknlkgdqaoj jktku jkmr ckcr iwN jS;k gSA nwr tdh vka[;ka ns[k vk;k ok lc gdhdr c;ku dj jS;k gSA nwrdgS dS jktku fdlkd ckadk jtiwr NS dgS dS jktku ÅHk uS oghj gqoS m.k cxr oka jk gkFk uhps xksMka rdvM+rk pkySA ;wa ykxS tk.kS lQsn jktgal gSA jktku vkijk y{k uS Hksn.k okGk Hksnd gSA oS cŸkhl yPN.kkalwa lkSHkk;eku gS lkS c=hl yPN.k b.k Hkkar gS] tFkk& lr] lhy] xq.k] :i] fo|k] ri] vyi vgkjh] oMkSfpr]mnkj] rst] /kudj] nksyroar] ldy ukbd] n;koar] fcp[k.k] nkrk] cqf/koar] izkekf.kd] tl] mfne] ykt]/khjt] jkt lueku] lwj] lkglh] cyoar] Hkksxh] tksxh] Hkqtk;.k HkkX;oku] prqj] X;kauh] nsoHkxr] ijmixkjhlks vka c=hl ¼33½ yPN.k nwr cknlkg uS crkoSA

O;k[;k

bfrgkl b.k ckr jh lk[k HkjS dS lkapk ohjka jkS c[kk.k rkS lnSo nqle.k bZ djrk vk;kA rkS tncknlkg jktku jkS fcM+n c[kk.k lqf.k;kS rkS okS m.k ckcr tk.kck uS vk[krkS iM+X;kSA variar vkijk pkj nwrkauS Hkst lkap >wV jkS irkS yxko.k uS HksT;kA nwr vk; uS jktku ckcr tdh gdhdr gh oka cknlkg uS Hkfj;Snjckj lq.kkbZA

vly eka; b.k okr&o.kko vkSGkoS *okriksl* vsd vkS:a ckr dSo.kh pkoSA vsd lansl m.k dkG jk]m.k oxr jk iqj[kka uS] vj [kkl djuS m.k leS jk jktiwrka uS nso.kh pkoSA ckr vkSGkoS b.k Hkkar jh lh[kkauS vSM+k lansl pkj.k&HkkV&ckjB lnho lwa nsrk vk;k gSA b.k ca/k lwa vks lansl lqHkV gS dS b.k leapS jktiwreka; fd.k Hkkar jk xq.k] fd.k Hkkar vj fdrk yN.k gkso.kk tksbtSA D;wa dS m.k leS jktiwr dkSe vBS jktdjrhA tdh dkSeka jkt djS] m.k eka; ts feu[kh i.kS jk xq.k uha gqoS] rkS lkQ gS dS m.k jh ekrgr jS;rlq[k lwa uha jS; ldSA

b.k okr eka; vsd ckr HkGS ijr[k gqoSA *ckriksl* eqtc cknlkg jktku jh ckcr tk.k.kh pkoSAvly eka; lkapkS ohj rkS okS bZ gS] ft.k jkS Mj nqle.k uS bZ lnSo jSoSA m.k uS b.k ckr jh nsglr jSoS dSlkeykS fdL;kSd gS \ okS fdlk xq.kka lwa iwj.k gS vj fdL;kSd cyoku gS \

5-11 *jktkujkmr jh ckr&o.kko* % Hkklk lSyh% nhB fopkj

jktLFkkuh yksd laLÑfr lkfgR; vj Hkklk&fodkl jh nhB lwa fopkj fd;ka y[kkoS dS ckr&o.kko jkS[kkl egro gSA vkauS Hkf.k;k lqHkV y[kkoS dS ft.k ?kV.kk&ijlax jkS ftdj o.kko rgr fd;kS x;kS gS] okStnfi iSyka jkS gS] i.k jpuk ?k.kh iqjk.kh uha gSA vk ckr idk;r gS dS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; vka okjrkokajkS] vka okrka;k dS ckrka jkS [kkl egro gSA vka okrka jS vkSGkoS jktLFkkuh laLÑfr jkS vsd thorkS tkxrkSfprjkae lgt bZ vkika jS lkaeh ijr[k gks tkoSA b.k jS vykok b.k lSyh ;k b.k <c jh ckrka vkSGkoS vBakjSeku[kS uS m.k jh thok tw.k jk dkedkt] fnu&pfj;k] gkV] ou miou] ?kj&vkax.k] tq)] mPNc ØhM+k]fldkj] bR;kn jkS ltho fprj.k vj fooj.k vkika uS ns[k.k Hk.k.k uS feGSA b.k nhB jktku jkmr jkSokr&o.kko dSbZ Hkkar jk vyx&vyx vkSljka jkS lkaoBkS dj;kSM+kS oj.kko gS ft.k lwa vkika uS m.k oxr jh dsbZckrka jh iq[krk tk.kdkfj;ka feGSA

Hkklk lSyh

*jktku&jkmr jkS okr&o.kko* vsd x|&i| e; jpuk gSA b.k x| uS x| dkO; ;k opfudk lSyhdS; ldkaA b.k jS jpko eka; vBkjoSa lbZdS jh twuh jktLFkkuh jh >yd lkQ y[kkoSA b.k ekFkS xqtjkrh HkklkjkS izHkko lkQ >GdSA *ckriksl* vkijh vfHkO;atuk lSyh eka; oxr&oxr jk vkSlj mPNcka jkS o.kko ljlvj ehBh ykx.k okGh lSyh eka; lkarjS <ax lwa fd;kS gSA bZa x|&i| jpukoka eka; rRle vj rn~Hko nksuwa Hkkarjk lcnka jkS Hkjiwj iz;ksx mi;ksx fd;kS x;ks gSA viHkzal jk lcnka jh rkS v.kwrh Hkjekj gSA nslt vj fonslh

52

lcnka lwa bZ *ckriksl* vaxS ijst uha fd;kS gSA tFkkBkSM+ vuqLokjka jkS mi;ksx bZ cjkcj gq;kS gS vj f}Ro&oj.kkajkS mi;ksx bZ BkSM+&BkSM+ gSA jl] vyadkj vj Nanka jh lkaoBh NVk bZ okr&o.kko eka; cjkcj feGSA tq) vjohjrk jS izlax eka; ohj jl jkS iz;ksx lkarjS <ax lwa fd;kS x;ks gSA b.k nhB okr&o.kko Hk.krka ykxS tk.kSHkklk vj jl&Nan ckriksl jS lkFkS&lkFkS galrk&[ksyrk lgt :i lwa pkyS vj BkSM+lj vkijkS gkso.kkS cjkcjnjlkoSA dkO;a jS rgr laLdr jk dfor bZ ckriksl cjkcj mi;ksx dj~;k gSA lkj :i dS; ldka dS ^jktku*jkmr jh *okr&o.kko* jS okpd fljtd vkijh Hkklk jS jpko vkSGkoS iwjh bZekunkjh lwa m.kh Hkklk&lSyh jksmi;ksx fd;kS gS] tdh m.k jS ewa<kxS ghA lgt ljy vj lc jS fg;S <wad.k okyh Hkklk jkS mi;ksx fd;kSAm.kh lSyh jkS c.kko fd;kS gS] tdh yksd uS okyh gh vj tdh yksxka jk eu&foyeko.k jh lkejFk jk[krhAdqy feGk uS vk dS okr c.kko jh Hkklk lSyh yksd jS uSM+h gSA b.k uS yksd&lSyh dS; ldkaA

5-12 okr&o.kko vj vyadkj

ftL;kS dS vkika vc rd Hkf.k;kS dS okr&o.kko x| vj i| nksuwa oka jks feyh tqyh lSyh jkS izek.kgSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vsd U;kjh fujokGh [kkfl;r gS m.k jh vyadkjka jh ?ksj?kqesj fNc fy;ka iz;ksx gkso.kokGh :ikGh Hkklk&lSyhA o.kko eka; BkSM+&BkSM+ nwgk] lksjBk] dkO;a] NIi; bR;kn Nanka jS rgr U;kjk&U;kjkvyadkjka jkS lkaoBkS mi;ksx gq;kS gSA oS.k lxkbZ ¼o;.k lxkbZ½ uS fMaxG dkO; Hkklk rgr t:jh ekfu;kS x;ksgSA *ckriksl* tBSdBS okr&o.kko chpkGS nwgk jkS mi;ksx fd;kS gS] cBS fMaxG jh oS.k&lxkbZ vyadkj jhikcanh jkS iwjkS&iwjkS /;ku jkf[k;kS gS tFkk&

jkekb.k gh jke] dh;M ts gwarh dUgbAlxfr fog.km L;ke] fo<.k u gks;b ohlgfFkAA

*o;.k lxkbZ* jS vykok bZ dsbZ nwtk vyadkjka jkS mi;ksx okr&o.kko jS rgr gq;kS gSA oka eka; dha[kkl vyadkj ^;ed* miek] :id] vuUo;] mRizs{kk bR;kn jkS mi;ksx ?k.kkS gq;kS gSA mnkgj.k lkFkS dhavyadkj b.k Hkkar gSA

;ed & ufHk ufHk la/kS usgA T;kSa T;kSa vkor tkbA

miek & dcka.k T;ka ckadh Hkkagka

:id & rjoj jk iku >fM+;k NS lqtk.kS fouk fMxacjka ljh[kk futj vkoS NSA vkSN tG ekNykrM+QM+h NSA

vuUo; & lqjuj ukx fu?kfV~V;ka dkGS dsgfj;ka

mRizs{kk & Hkksx tksx xqj Hkxr Hkkx ijeka.k Hkqtk;a.kA

lekl & jktku jkmr okr&o.kko jpuk rgr leklka jkS bZ [kklkS mi;ksx ckr iksl fd;kS gSAtFkk&

lr&xqjph] jkt&inoh] ohl&gfFk] jl&dFkk] t;&dyk] xq.k&dyk] dhfrZ&yrk] jkt&ikV] ehBk&ekSGk]jkx&jax] tM+&Hkjr] [kV% jl bR;knA

rRle lcn ¼'kCn½

nso] bZ'oj] egknso] izfrKk] vorkj] egkjktk] BdqjkbZ] fojkteku] lU;klh] fl)] czã.k] egkek;k]iap] ty] "kV&jl] eatu] dq.My] eqfnzdk] uklk] ekSfDrd] iq.;&gkj] panu] ysiu] ykacwye] dj] dad.ke]{kqnzkoyh] iksM'% bR;knA

^rn~Hko lcn*

ijeslj] ldfr] vkl.k] fxj] fcjn] [kV&=hl] fla?kkl.k] pkej] c[kk.k] jktoV] lsracj] [kV&njl.k]ykfx] mijkafr] floiqjh] lq[kkl.k] eksGk] dlkbyk] lokn] xkafBA

53

nslt lcn

lsr] c.kko] tGkcksG] MqGkohtS] fxjan] vf.k;kGk] yk[kh] tksgka] pkSgVS&ekags] Fkdka] ekags] yg.kgkj]je>kSG] /kedS lwa] Bfo;ka] pkSljk] Bkafl;ka] >M+kdk] jlkG] eafM] mgka] fi.k] iSfl] bR;knA

fonslh lcn

flykerh] ikfrlkg] fldkj] gekeka] [ktkuk] xqydkjh] djkekr] jgeka.k] vykg ijoj] rqjdka.k]vkSykn] gtjr] vofy,A

f}:Dr lcn

Hkkafr&Hkkafr] BkSM+&BkSM+] ?k.k&?k.k] okj&okj] ftrjk&ftrjk] MkG&MkG] vkorh&tkorh bR;knA

5-13 Nanka jkS iz;ksx

okr&o.kko eka; x|&ca/k jS vykok BkSM+&BkSM+ dfork jkS mi;ksx bZ :i&fNc vj ljlrk [kkrjdj~;kS gSA b.k jS rgr dfork jk Hkkar&Hkkar jk Nanka jkS :ikGkS iz;ksx vBS feGSA tFkk&

ijeslj iz.kewa izFke nsoka fljgj nsoAlkjnk xq.kifr lefj lr&xqjph dfj lsoAA

nwgka jS vykok dfoÙk] vj NIi; bR;kn jkS bZ lkarjkS iz;ksx *okriksl* okr o.kko jS vkSGkoS ?k.kkS:ikGkS dj~;kS gSA

5-14 fuj[k ij[k&

*jktku jkmr jkS okr&o.kko* lHkk fl.kxkj] fcM+n c[kk.k] :id&ca/k] eqäykuqizkl] dkSrqgy] bpjtcsikjkS bR;kn fol;ka jkS lkarjks oj.kko gSA b.k esa vsds lkFkS dSbZ fol;ka jkS&c.kko vsdB :i esa gq;kS gSArqdkUr x| b.k jh U;kjh fujokGh folslrk gSA b.k nhB ckr&o.kko uS lkfgR; jh vsd [kkl vj dkO; e;lSyh jkS uewukS dS;kS tk ldSA vly ckr rkS vk gS dS ckr&o.kko jh b.k] b.k Hkkar jh lxGh jpukoka ykjSvsd euksfoX;ku dke djSA vly ckr dkabZ gS \ okr&o.kko jS vkSGkoS variar ckr iksl dSo.kh dkabZ pkoS \ft.k Hkkar c<k p<k uS vsd&vsd ckr jkS o.kko gq;kS tkorkS dkabZ okS lc lkap jh dlkSVh ekFkS [kjkS mrj ldS\ ft.k dky [k.M jkS o.kko fd;kS tkrkS] dkabZ m.k oxr ckdsbZ oSM+k bZ vij cGh feu[k] oSM+h bZ xkao uxjjh :M+h fNcka gksorh \ gks ldS dS ckr iksl jk o.kko eka; vsd lhao rd lpkbZ gqokS] i.k vly rrc jhokr rkS dha vkS:a bZ gksorhA vkS bfrgkl jkS okS oxr gkS tn fonslh uS fo/kjfe;ka jk geyk vj vR;kpkjka lwavBak jh thok tw.k bZ uha] i.k lxGk jktk&egkjktk bZ dkBk rax vk;ksM+k ;k /kkfi;ksM+k gkA b.k jS ckotwnoka uS vsd iy folkal yso.k jh Qqjlr uha ghA nqle.k vR;kpkjh vj la[;k eka; ?k.kk gkA jktk&jktohfurdk >xM+k&VaVka lwa ?k.kk nq[kh gkA vsd rjS lwa lkld&ojx jh iwjh jh iwjh dkSe jkS tho vkdG&ckdGgkSA bfrgkl jh b.k vc[kh vj tcjh csGk eka; dha b.k ekar jS foM+n c[kk.k jh ;k dS b.k Hkkar jS okr&o.kkojh ?k.kh njdkj gh] tdkS m.k oxr Qdr jkt dj.k okGk uS gh uha iwjh dkSe jks eu jat.k dj ldS] oka jSeuksjatu jS lkFkS&lkFkSoka uS fgEer&gkSlykS bZ ca/kk ldSA

m.k oxr jk *okriksl* b.k Hkkar jk okr&o.kko jS vkSGkoS vkS dke cjkcj djrkA i.k b.k ckr eka;dksbZ nks jk; uha gS ds vka ckrka jS vkSGkoS yksd&dykoka vj yksd&lkfgR; jkS ikS[k.k bZ gksorksA lHkk chpkGScSB.k okGka jS X;kau jkS c/kk;kS bZ gksorkSA yksx okr&okr eka; tk.krk dS NÙkhl vk;q/k fdlk gksoS \ ;k dSc=hl yN.k fdlk gksoS \

ckr&o.kko jk :id bL;k ckaf/k;ksM+k gS dS tka jkS dksbZ tokc uhaA x| bL;kS dS dfork ftL;kSvk.kan nsoS vj dkO; bL;kS dS dlkoV jh] Hkklk jh lcGkbZ jh lk[k HkjSA okr&o.kko jh Hkklk lSyh vsd:ikGh vj tksjnkj x|&ca/k gSA b.k okr vkSGkoS m.k oxr jk dSbZ jhr&fjokt vj dk.k&dk;nk jh

54

tk.kdkjh lkeh vkoSA [kk.k&ih.k jh thalka jk uke lkaeh vkoSA tq) jh R;kjh vj C;wg ca/k jh jhfr jkS X;kaugksoSA lgj&uxj jh fNc jkS futkjkS lkaeh vkoSA gfFk;kjka jk dsbZ uke vj tq) jh uqaoh lcnkoGh lkeh vkoSAokr&o.kko jS vkSGkoS m.k dkG [kaM jkS vsd thoar fprjke vkika lkeh vk tkoSA

5-15 bZdkbZ jks lkj &

b.k bdkbZ uS Hkf.k;ka iNS&

1- okr&o.kko fo/kk jh tk.kdkjh gqbZ gkslhA

2- jktku jS cG&ijkde uS tkf.k;kS gkslhA

3- uxj jh fNc vj NSyka jk QSy Qhrwj tkf.k;k gkslhA

4- feu[kka jk c=hl yPN.kka jkS X;kau gks;kS gkslhA

5- m.k dky [kaM jkS yksd&X;kau tkf.k;kS gkslhA

5-16 lcnka jk vjFk

nhB¾nf"V] fd;ka¾fdl rjg] y[kkoS¾yxrk gS] egr¾egRo] tq)¾;q)] lqHkV¾Li"V] Hkf.k;ka¾i<usls] tnfi¾;|fi] iSyka¾igys idk;r¾iDdh rjg] ?k.kh¾cgqr] Hkkar¾Hkkafr] mPNc¾mRlo] vkSGkoS¾cgkus]okr¾iksl] ckr dgus okyk] vkSlj¾volj] lxGh¾lkjh] lkarjs¾cf<;k] tFkkBkSM+¾;Fkk LFkku] BkSM+BkSM+¾txg&txg] njlkoS&O;Dr djrk gS] fg;S¾ân;] <wad.k okyh igqapus okyh] fcyeko.k¾cgykus]okyh¾fiz;] tdh¾tks] uSM+h¾fudVA

5-17 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktku jkmr okr o.kko jkS lkj :i esa dFkkud fy[kkSA

2- okr&o.kko lwa dksbZ vsd val jh lizlax O;k[;k djkSA

3- okr&o.kko jh Hkklk&lSyh jh O;k[;k djkSA

4- ckr&o.kko jkS euksoSX;kafud m)sL; fy[kkSA

5- okr lkfgR; jh fofo/k fo/kkoka ckcr fy[kkSA


1- la- ia- ujksÙkenkl th Lokeh & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; laxzg Hkkx&1]

2- ys- ;KnÙk 'kekZ & izca/k lkxj

55

bdkbZ & 6

izeq[k x| xazFk % dqaojlh lka[kyksbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

6-0 mísL;;

6-1 izLrkouk % jktLFkkuh okr&lkfgR; vj *dqaojlh lka[kyks*&

6-1-1 jktLFkkuh okr&lkfgR;

6-1-2 dqaojlh lka[kyks % fofo/k :ikUrj]

6-1-3 dqaojlh lka[kys% jh vSfrgkfldrk]

6-1-4 dqaojlh lka[kyS% jks jpukdky vj jpsrk;

6-2 *dqaojlh lka[kyks*% dFkk&foospu&

6-2-1 dFkk&lkj

6-2-2 dFkk jks mísL;]

6-2-3 dFkk jk ik=;

6-3 *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh dFkk esa fu:fir lekt vj laLØfr;

6-4 **dqaojlh lka[kyks*% flYi&foospu&

6-4-1 dFkk&flYi

6-4-2 vsd lQy miU;kl]

6-4-3 dFkkud&:f<;ka

6-4-4 laokn&;kstuk]

6-4-5 Hkklk;

6-5 *dqaojlh lka[kyks* % lSyh&foospu&

6-5-1 oj.kkao lSyh

6-5-2 opfudk lSyh]

6-5-3 laokn vj i= lSyh

6-5-4 yksd lSyh;

6-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

6-7 vH;kl jk izLu

6-8 lanHkZ xzaFkk jh ikuM+h

6-0 mísL; &

ikB~;iqLrd ^dqaojlh lka[kGks jks o+kr&lkfgR; jS lanHkZ esa lkfgR;d vksG[kka.k djko.kks bZ b.k bdkbZjks mísL; gSA okr&lkfgR; esa dqaojlh lka[kGS jh vsd Bkoh BksM+ gSA b.kh okLrS b.kjk vusdw :i feGSAdqaojlh lka[kGks vsd vSfr;kfld pfjr gS vj flYi jh nhB lwa oks vsd vk[;kf;dk uha gq;^j miU;kl jhdksfV esa jk[;ks tk ldSA vka lxGh ckrka jh vksG[kka.k Egka b.k bdkbZ esa djkokaykaA

56

6-1 izLrkouk % jktLFkkuh o+kr&lkfgR; vj dqaojlh lka[kGks &

6-1-1 jktLFkkuh o+kr&lkfgR; &

jktLFkkuh x| jh vsd pkoh fo/kk gS & okrA i.k b.kuSa dgk.kh lwa U;kjh jk[k.kksA dgk.kh vsdnevk/kqfud x| jh fo/kk gS] tn d o+kr e/;dkyhu ijEijkoka jks cks/k djko.k okGh euksjatukRed x| jh dYghizofr dS fo/kkA b.kesa vyksfdfd rÙo jh vfuok;Zrk vj oalkuqdhrZu jS c[kk.k jh cksgksGrk gqoSA b.k :i esajktLFkkuh o+kr i.k jktLFkkuh dFkk lwa U;kajh gS D;wad dFkk jks mísL; /kje&izpkj vj lhyks.k nsl gqoSA b.kjksvksbZ dkj.k gS d jktLFkkuh okrka esa vsfrlkfld okrka jh cksgksGrk gSA eqgrka uS.klh jh [;kr esa vSMh ?k.khbZ okrka ldfGr gSaA vkijh ckr uSa le>ko.k [kkrj dSbZ ckj crksdM+ks i|kRed val bZ mnr djSA b.k HkkarvS jpukoka paiwdkO; dS opfudkoka tSM+h fn[k.k ykxSA b.k Hkkar o+kr jktLFkkuh x|&lkfgR; jh ok [kkl fo|kgS ft.kesa jktLFkkuh okrkoj.k esa fofo/k midj.kka jh enr lwa oÙk uSa ljl vj ejehGS :i es izLrqr djhtS]dFkht.kks ft.kjks [kkl xq.k gS] ?kVuk vja dk;Z&O;kikj jks ft.kesa uSMS jks lacU/k gS] ft.kesa ?kVukoka jS?kkr&iM?kkar jS lkFks dk;kZfUofr jks fujokg gqoSA ?kVukoka jh cksgksGrk jS dkj.k ft.kesa izHkko fc[kjrks y[kkoSi.k vkf[kj esa fd.k vsd jh izHkkoh Nki ikBd ekFkS iMS+ fcuk uha jSoSA

6-1-2 dqaojlh lka[kGks % fofHkUu :ikUrj &

*dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh c.kxr b.kh rjS jh gSA jktLFkku tu&lekt jks vks pkoks dFkkud jS;ks gS] vr%jktLFkkuh o+kr&lkfgR; esa m.kjh vsd Bkoh tkxka gSA jktLFkku okr&lkfgR; esa m.kjh vsd Bkoh tkxka gSAvksbZ dkj.k gS dS *dqaojlh lka[kyS* jk iksFkh :ikUrj vfLrRo gkFk fy[kh iksFkh :i esa feGSA iSyks laLdj.krks nks ikuka esa ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh ¼chdkusj½ esa NI;ks gksA b.kjk chtk :ikUrjka esa ?kVukoka jh c<+r gqorh jS;hAx| jh chth fo/kkoka jks bZ izosl b.kesa gqo.k yk;ksA vk izozfÙk jktLFkkuh okrka lk: uqoh dksuhA *egkjktkdj.kfla?k th jS daojk jh o+kr*] *jktk fjlkyw jh o+kr* b.kjk mnkgj.k gSA b.k foxlko jks dkj.k [;krka esaizpfyr tuJqfr;ka lwa o+krka jks foxlko gqo.kks bZ gSA tuJqfr;ka ;k dS fdaonfUr;ka lwa o+krka esa *ckriksl*dYiuk lwa foLrkj ns;^j m.k uSa ljl c.kkoS] ft.klwa ikBdka uSa bfrgkl cks/k jh tk.kdkjh lkxS Hkh vk.kan btfeGSA b.k Hkkar NksVh o+kr dSo.k jh ckjhdh lkxS cM+h c.k tkoSA b.k izozfr lwa o+kr jS dFkkud esa flfFkGrkt:j vkoSA *dqaojlh lka[kyks* esa vk izozfÙk iwjh rjS [kjh mRkjSA

foxlko jh izozfÙk jS [kqyklS okLrS bZ MkW- euksgj 'kekZ b.kjS folkG :ikUrj jks laiknu dj^j m.kjksizdkl.k djk;ksA m.kka jks laiknu cM+k Hk.Mkj] chdkusj es a laxzghr fo-la- 1895 jh izfr jSvk/kkj ekFkS djhft;ks gSA b.k laLdj.k esa ojf.kr ?kVukoka 14 oSa lbdS jh dSbZtS] i.k o+kr jh Hkklk 18 oSalbZdS lwa iSyka jh dksuhA eq[ktckuh dS;h tko.k lwa gjsd gkFk fy[kh izfr esa o+kr jh Hkklk] ?kVukoka jk c[kk.k]nwgk vj fy[k.k jks <ax U;kjksa gkso.k lqHkkfod bt dS;ks tklhA

6-1-3 dqaojlh lka[kGS jh vSfrgkfldrk&

*dqaojlh lka[kyks* vsd vsfrgkfld ik= gSA eqgrka uS.klh jh [;kr] Hkkx 1¼la- cnjhizlkn lkadfj;k½esa b.k ckcr pjpk vka vksfG;ka esa djhth gS ^ jka.kks dqaojlhA ftdks lksr jS oSj esa [kjGka jh csVh vka/kh Hkkjeyrksr dj ij.kkabZA laq dqaojlh gFkGsoks tksfM+;ks] rjS Hkkjey uqa vka[kS lw>.k ykxksA [kjGk jh BdqjkbZ iSgyh rnNksgyS fj.k/khjlj dqathnksg dghtS rFkS gqrhA iawxG lwa dksl 10] fodaqiqjFkh dkslA5A^^ckadhnkl jh [;kr ¼la-ujksRrenkl Lokeh½ dqaojlh jS okjS esa tk.kdkjh nsork dSoS& **jkelj jks [khaelh p: lqxkG] ft.k ohBwa uwanks;M+ ilko fn;k] iksGikr Fkkfi;ksA b.kjh csVh Åek x<+ xkxqj.k [khph vPkGnkl uwa ij.kk;hA [khaelh jksdojlhA daojlh jks tSlksA^^

[;krdkjka jh Hkkar bt vk/kqfud bfrgkldkj Hkh b.k tuJqfr lwa vk?kk uha jS; lD;kA oS bZ b.ktuJqfr uSa bfrgkl eka; tkxak nhohA izfl) bfrgkldkj xksgh- vks>k *dqaojlh lka[kyks* ckcr foxr uSabfrgkl :i esa ;wa ekaMS ^^jk;lh ds ihNs mldk iq= v.k[klh tkaxyw dk Lokeh gqvkA chdkusj jkT; dk

57

v.k[khlj xkao v.k[klh ds }kjk clk;s tkus ls mldk uke v.k[khlj izfl) gqvkA v.k[klh ds ckn [khoalhvkSj mlds ckn dqojlh ¼dqaojlh] dqekjflag½ gqvkA dqacjlh ds nks iq=ksa ¼fodzelh vkSj izrkilh½ dh nsofy;kajklhlj xkao esa cuh gqbZ gSa] ftuesa muds eR;q laor~ 1382 vkSj 1383 ¼bZ-la- 1325 vkSj 1329½ fn, gq, gSaAdqojlh dh ,d iq=h nqyg nsoh FkhA ftldk fookg tSlyesj ds jkoy d.kZnso ds lkFk gqvk FkkA mlus fo-la- 1381 ¼1324 bZ-½ esa oklh cjlhaglj esa rkykc cuok;kA^^

tuJqfr;ka bfrgkl jh ixMafM;ka gq;k djSA m.kka ekFkS ikm.Mk Hkjrk bZ bfrgkl jh xSjkbZ yx iwX;kstk ldSA vBS dqaojlh lak[kys jks bfrgkl vka fdofUn;k lwa bZ mtkxj gq;ks gSA bfrgkfld jk izek.kka ika.kdqaojlh lka[kyks iwjh rjS lwa vsd vSfrgkfld pfj= gS ft.kjk izek.k Åij nhfjft;k gSA *iaokj oa'k niZ.k* jSika.k vka jks vknw fBdk.kks ukxkSj ftyS esa :.k gksA cBS lwa vS jklhlj chdkusj esa vey dfj;ksA nfg;ka jS fijksrdSls xqtjxksM+ jk;ly jS csVS [khoalh lka[kys lwa feG tkaxGw law nfg;ka uSa d<ok;^j tkaxGw ekFkS lka[kyka jksdCtks djk;ksA rn dSls uSa lka[kyka iksGikr Fkjfi;ksA mnS jS lkl.k lwa lka[kyak detksj iM+X;kA

vBS b.k ckr jks bZ [kqyklks t:jh gSA ds dqaojlh lka[kys jks C;ko [kjyka jh csVh Hkjey lwa gqo.kksvSfrgkfld lkap gS] i.k ^[kjy fdlS jtiwrka jh [kkai gh] bZa jh dksbZ tk.kdkjh dksuh feGSA jktLo jkvfHkys[kka esa dj.kiqj iapk;r lfefr esa [kjGk ukao jks vsd xkao gSA dj.kiqj xaxkuxj ftYkS esa gSA b.k o+kresa lka[kyka jS xkoka&lÙkklj vj tkaxGw lwa [kjGka jks xkao&T;knk nwj dksuh crk;ks x;ks gSA >ka>jdS p<+ j fnuÅxrS lÙkklj iwx.k okGS [kjGk jS dqaoj jks izlax b.kjh lk[k HkjSA

6-1-4 *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jks jpukdky vj jpsrk

b.k vSfrgkfld foxr lwa dqaojlh lka[kyks fo- 14 oSa lbZdS esa izHkkoh gksA tn lwa bt b.k jS fo:njh jpukoka fy[kht.k ykxh gqoSykA vtS yx dqaojlh lka[kys jh okrka bt feGS] ft.kjks lclwa NksVks :ichdkusj jh *lks/k if=dk*] ^jktLFkku Hkkjrh^ esa iSykaA gksGS&gksGS b.k jk cMk :ikUrj feG.k ykxkA vS:ikUrj fo-la- 1900 yx jk feGS ft.k jh ?kVukoka eqtc b.kjks fljt.k HkyS bZ 15 oS lbZdS jS iSyS fgLlS yxekuyka] i.k Hkklk jS vk/kkj ekFkS vk o+kr fo- 18 oh- lnh jh bZ fl) gqoSA

?k.kh bZ jktLFkkuh okrka esa m.k jS jpsrk jks dksbZ mYys[k ugha feGSA i.k vBS l:lwa vkf[kj yx jpsrkjS :i esa ohBw jks ukao vkoSA vks ohBw lkxh jpsrk gS dS dksbZ dkYifud ukao & b.k ckcr lizek.k dkabZ uhdS;ks tk ldSA gka vks *dqaojlh lk[kyk* iksFkh esa vsd Hkk;yS jS :i esa dqaojlh lka[kyks jS lkFkS lnho nhlSAjpuk jk laiknd ohBw pkj.k uSa bZ b.k jks jpsrk ekurk gq;k vsd ladk jk[kS dS ^^pkj.k eaxrk--------HkkV Mweka ^jks ftdj ft.k:i esa gq;ks gS] oks dksbZ pkj.k vkijS okLrS ugha dj ldSA b.klwa vk ckr iDdh gS dS ohBw pkj.kb.k jks jpsrk dksuh gq; ldSA QSj bZ tS ohBw pkj.k uSa b.kjks jpsrk ekuyka rks dksbZ gjt dksuhA o+kr esa nwgkaT;knk gkso.k lwa rks vka jpuk ohBw pkj.k jh bt fl) gqoS i.k Hkklk T;wa jh R;wa ohBw jh dksuhA ohBw jS dkyvkn jS vHkko esa vk Hkklk 18 oSa lbdS jh^t fl) gqoSA b.kjks fuj.kS rks rn bt gq; ldS tn b.k laIkkfnrizfr jS iSyak jh dksbZ chth izfr feGSA

6-2 dqaojlh lka[kGks % dF;&foospu &

6-2-1 dFkk&lkj

[khaolh lka[kyks tkaxGw jks rkdroj vj lEié jktk gksA m.k jS >kyh] lksuxjh vj lhlksn.kh rhujkf.k;ka ghA >kyh jks csVks dqaojlh gksA >kyh jh eka b.k uSa vkijh lkSdka lwa cp.k okLrS rkcht c.kok^j nSos]ft.kuSa cks ekjx esa lkaHkjerh unh esa Ugkjo nsoSA unh lwa cSorks oks leUnj esa tk; iMS+A rkcht jS dkef.k;Sxq.kka lwa leUnj [khaolh jks :i /kkj^j egyka esa vko.k ykxksA m.k lwa >kyh jS xjHk jS xksA vsdj leUnj[khaolh jS lkEgS iM+xksA >kyh m.k uSa lkjh ckr dS;hA nksuwa jtkean gq;kA leUnj p:lqdkG lawi.k jS iNSikNks ugha vk;ksA

58

dqaojlh eksV;kj gq;ksA ohBw jS lkxS oks LlS jtiwrh dkae dj.k ykxksA [kjG jks os.khnkl Pkk: dkauhtkaxGw okGk jS lkFkS lnSo jSoSA vsd fnu tkaxGw jks jtiwr vkijS dwoS jh j[kokGh dj jS;ks gks rn [kjG jkvkneh m.k ekFkS ryokj okghA ikap&NS efguk ckn eksdks iM+rak bt dqaojlh jk vkneh [kjG jks cnGks fy;ksA[kjG jk vkneh dke vk;kA

os.khnkl uSa b.kjks cnGks yso.k jks vkSlj dksuh feG;ksA oks dwM+uhfr lwa nko nso.k jh lksphA oks vkijhQwVjh vka/kh csVh Hkjey jks ukjsG dqaojlh lk: b.k vklk lwa f[kank;ks dS dqaojlh vkijh vk[kM+h eqtc ukjsGvaxStSykA oks [kjG vklh rn oS m.k uSa ekj nslhA tS oks uh vkoS rks m.kjh jtiwrh [kjkc gkslhA dqaohjlhvkijS ?kjokGak vj lxk&lacfU/k;ka jS f[kykQ tk;^j bZ ukjsG >sG~;ks vj fijksr uSa /ku&/kkU; lkxS lhd nhA

[kjG iwx^j fijksr dqaojlh jk ?k.kk bZ fo:n c[kkf.k;kA C;ko jh rS;kfj;ak OghA dqaojlh os.khnkl jhlxGh pkykfd;ka vj ?kkr lwa okdQ gq;^j iwjS tkirS lkxS nso ÅB.kh bX;kjl uSa lÙkklj lwa C;ko okLRkS[kjG iwxksA paojh esa cSBrk bt vka/kh Hkkjey lw>rh gq; tkoSA nksbZ vsd nwtS uSa ns[k^ j ?k.kk jkth gqoSA okdqaojlh jks ?k.kks vglku ekU;ksA lko.k jh rht ekFkS HkSalak jS [kkMw esa feG.k jks opu ns;^j dqaojlh prjkbZlkXSk os.khnkl uSa yydkjrk tkaxGw okLrS oghj gqoksA

ohBw b.k dksy jks lepkj [khaolh lka[kys uSa fn;ksA iwjk tru dj^j nks lko.k jh rht yx m.kuSatksM+k;rka fcyek;ks jk[;ksA lwoj jS fldkj ij uhdG~;k dqaojlh uSa lwtklj xkao esa Bk iM+h dS vkt lko.kjh rht gS] rks oks [kjG iwxksA Hkkjey m.k uSa vksGeka nsorh vkijh eka jh enÙk lwa HkwgajS esa ys;xhA cBS oks NSehu yx iwjS jtokM+h BkB lwa jS;ksA fd.kh uSa dksbZ [kcj uha ykxhA cMkj.k lwa Hkjey jS P;kj ehuS jS xjHk jhckr lq.k^j m.k jh eka jkTkkth ¼os.khnkl½ uSa Hkjey uSa lÙkklj Hkst.k jh ckr djhA rn os.khnkl vkijh jk.khuSa lkjh rS;kjh dj.k jks vknsl fn;ksA

vkijh ;kstuk eqtc dqaojlh Hkjey vj vkijS lkFk lkXkS lRrklj jh lho ekFkS iwx tkoSA cBS oks jFkesa c.kh isVh lwa ckjS vk;^j vkijS lkGS uSa [kjG esa jSo.k jh foxr crkoSA Hkjey jks HkkbZ lkjh foxr [kjGiwxkoSA jka.kh lwa lkjh ckr le>^j os.khnkl [kqn lkjS nk;tS jS lkFk lÙkklj iwXkS vj dqaojlh uSa lkcklh nSoSAvkilh oSj&Hkko uSa Hkwy^j vkxS dqaojlh jh enÙk jh vkl jk[kSA Hkjey jks lÙkklj esa ?k.kh fetekuh gqoSA cBSgh m.k jS vSd csVks tGeSA

vkijS dksy eqtc dqaojlh os.khnkl jh enÙk lk: [kjG vkoSA oks vkijs ;q) dkSlG lkxS tksb;k uSagjkoSA os.khnkl vkijS iSyS jS cjrko ekFkS fiNrkoks djSA ?k.kh vklhlka lkxS oks dqaojlh uSa lhd nsoSA dqaojlhjS tkaxGw vko.k ij lkjks ifjokj [kql gqoSA nku&fn[k.kka nhjhtSA b.k Hkkar dqaojlh cMks jkt dj~;ks vj EkksVksfljnkj gq;ksA

6-2-2 dFkk jks mísL; &

jktLFkkuh okrka jks [kkl mísL; vkijS vkJ;nkrk jS euksjatu jS lkxS bZ pkok Jksrkoka jks euksjatudj.kks jS;ks gSA okrka esa ckr&oj.kkoa jks egRo b.kh okLrS ekuhft;ks gSA o+krdkj ohBw vBS dqaojlh vj HkjeyjS pfjr uSa mtkG.k jh dkslhl djh gSA b.k o+kr jh ?kVukoka lwa oks vsd lkjFkd lansl m.k oxr jS yksxkauS nsoSA jktiwr tkfr lxrh vj ohjrk lwa lEiUu gqork bZ vkilh dGSg lwa etcwr lÙkk jh Fkji.kk dksuhdj ldhA vBS ckriksl la?klfDr jks lansl ukjh ¼Hkkjey½ jS cqf)dkslG lwa fnjkoSA b.k rjS o+kr ys[kde/;dky esa tn jktiwrh lekt esa ukjh fljQ Hkksx jh oLrq ekuhtrh gh] Hkkjey jS ys[ks m.kjh egku~ lkspjks fo:nxku dj~;ks gSA Hkjey vj m.kjh eka jS truk lwa nks dqVqEcka esa vsdrk c.khA m.kka jks thou ?kelka.kkalwa vGxks gq;^j HksGi esa foLokl jk[k.k ykxksA os.khnkl b.k o+kr uSa o+kr jS vk[kj esa LOkhdkjSA b.k jks izek.kgS m.kjS dkuh lwa dqaojlh ckcr dSbZth vS vksfG;ka ^^lks jk.kks ?k.kks jkth gqoksA ftlks gh :i] ftlh fgEer]blks gh lgwj! o+kr lks ns[k Fkdr jgksA T;kag uSa dq.k vklaxS] dq.k xatS] ft.kka jS blks fljnkj! -----tks dqaojlhFkkgjs ijrki tax thrksA yksd lkjks ok< mrkfj;ksA

59

^^dqaojlh lka[kys ^ jh o+kr jS mísL; esa Hkjey jS v.kwFkS egRo jS ckcr MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jh vS vksfG;ka?k.kh lVhd gS & ^^Hkkjey ¼ukf;dk½ jh efgek vuqie vj m.kjks izdkl loZ= O;kIr gSA jktLFkkuh jpukokaeka; jks lhy lkSan;Z mPp dksfV jks crk;ks x;ks gS vj tulk/kkj.k jh orZeku ekU;rk Hkh b.kht :i esa gS i.kHkkjey rks jktiwr je.kh jks vsd iw.kZ fp= gS] ft.kjks vknlZ izsj.kk jks vuqie izdkl LraHk dS;ks tk ldS gSA^^

6-2-3 dFkk jk ik=; &

^^dqaojlh lk[kys ^ jS izeq[k ik=ka jS :i esa dqaojlh lka[kyks vj Hkjey gSA o+kr jS QG jk vS nksuwavf/kdkjh gSA o+kr jh l:vkr lwa vkf[kj yx nksuwa fd.kh u fd.kh :i esa mifLFkr jSoSA vka nkuqoka jS eka/;elwa okrdkj m.k oxr jS jtiwrh lekt uSa l?kB.k jk egRo uSa crk;ks gSA vka ik=ka jS pfjr uSa fodflr dj.kokLrS b.kjh egÙkh ?kVukoka jks lSa ;ksx jS;ks gS] cBS bZ o+kr jS chtk ik=ka&[khaolh] >kyh jk.kh] ohBw] Hkjey jheka] os.khnkl] m.kjks csVks] Hkjey jh lgfy;ka] leUnj] jSckjh] jtiwr] fijksr] vksMh] oMkj.kka] dqaojlh jh 18tksMk;rka vkn gSa tdk vkijS laoknka vj m.kka lwa lEcfU/kr ?kVukaok jS ek/;e lwa vka jS pfj= fcxlko esalg;ksx dj~;ks gSA leUnj vsd vykSfdd ik= gS ft.kjh mifLFkfr o+kr jS l: vkr esa bZ jS;h gSA >kyh jk.kh]Hkjey jh eka] dqaojlh jh eka] oMkj.kka] dqoajlh jh 18 tksMk;rka b.k o+kr jk ukjh ik= gSa] T;ka jh izlax eqtcbZ izLrqfr Ogh gSA dFkk jh ?kVukoka ;k dS ik=ka jS laoknka jS ek/;e lwa vka jS pfjr jks dksbZ foxlko dksuhy[kkoSA

b.kh Hkkar xkS.k iq:l ik=ka jS pfjr jks bZ folsl foxlko T;wa [khaolh] os.khnkl] fijksrka] jS pkfjf=dfodkl jh fNc jks vBS mYys[k dj;ks tk j;ks gSA b.k jS iSyka dqaojlh vj Hkjey jh Hkksedk vj m.kka jSpkfjf=d folslrkoka jh vBS vksG[kka.k dj tk jh gSA

1- dqaojlh lka[kyks &

^^dqaojlh lka[kyks b.k dFkk jks uk;d gSA oks vkSfrgkfld O;fäÙo gS] ft.kjh izekf.kd tk.kdkjhdjkbZ tk lqdh gSA dqaojlh lkeUrh okrkoj.k esa iY;ks&cMks gq;ks gSA okrkZdkj jpuk jh l:vkr esa bZ m.kokLrS fy[;ks bS ^ geSa dqaoj lh eksVks gqoksA lSyk fldkjka fQjsA vkNk jtiwr] vkNk ?kksM+k jk[khtSA ekstka dhtSAjkt jks dke eqnks lkjks dqaojlh ÅijS] cMks L;ka.kks] cki jks vkX;kdkjhA lks jkt Hkkjh Fkkf"k;ksA ns.kks ekj.kks]oMh vk[kM+h jks fujcko.kgkjh b.kjS iNS os.khnkl jks fijksr dqaojlh jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka jks c[kka.k djrkdSoS ^ oMks jtiwr oMh vk[kM+ks jks fucko.kgkj] nkrkj] >q>kjA^^ m.k jS ckadi.k] tq>k:i.k vj vnE; lkgljk mnkgj.k o+kr esa tkxka&tkxka vk;k gSA xjHkorh Hkjey uSa oS.khnkl tn vkijS csVS lkxS lÙkklj HkstS rnlhoa ekFkS dqaojlh Hkjey jS lkFk uSa yydkjS vj lkjh lkap jks c[kk.k djS&rn oks vkijS firk jS dUgSa m.kjSckadi.k jh lkjh foxr vksBh lkxS f[kankoSA m.k jS vnE; lkgl jks c[kka.k djrk lÙkklj jk jSoklh crkoS& ^ô+kr lkph fi.k vki gh ekVhi.kS jks vkad NS] ugha rks blS oSj esa ,dyks ?kj esa vkoS\ fi.k----Nkrh jks oMks/khB NSA blh Nkrh ,sght djS] ugha rks nslksr blS lkadqMS esa D;wa cM+S \ fi.k ejnka Åijyks ejn NSA^^¼i-47½

bZa o+kr esa dqaojlh jks vsd vknlZ :i lkEgh vkoSA vkijS v[kwV lkgl vj ne ekFkS bZ oks C;ko lk:vsdyks nqleh os.khnkl jS fBdk.kS [kjG iwxSA cMh lkopsrh vj fuMjrk lwa oks vkijS nqleh os.khnkl jhvka/kh csVh Hkjey uSa ij.kSA ikNks dksy eqtc lko.kh rht ekFkS [kjy tkoS vj&Hwkgjka esa No ehauS yx jSoSAb.kjh [kcj mBS Hkjey] m.kjh eka vj nks oMkj.kka jS vykok fd.kh nwtS uSa uha gqo.k nsoSA m.kjh vk fuMjrkos.khnkl jS mn~HkV~Vka uSa lÙkklj jh dkadM ekFkS vka vksfG;ka esa yydkjS & ^^tks Qyka.kth] lkjS lkFk lqa ekagjksjkae&jkae NSA gqa dqaojlh NwaA eghuk No FkkgjS ?kj esa vedMh tk;xk Hkksagjks NS] m.kesa jákS NqaA lks dksbZyksx&yqxkbZ dgh jh pjpk djS] lks erka djT;ksA lko.k lqn rht jh jkr FkkagjS ?kj esa gqa vk; jáks Fkks lksgeS tkgj gqoks NwaA jka.kSth lwa Egkjks ?k.kS ekau tqgkj xqnjkoTk;ksA^^¼i-44½

dqaojlh lkapS vjFkka esa jktiwr gksA jktiwrh opu&iky.k m.kjks /kje gksA m.k uSa vk[kM+h gh dS oksfd.kh Nksjh jk vk;ksM+k ukjsG uSa euk uha djSykA b.k jks iwjks Qk;nks [kjG jks os.khnkl mBk;ksA oks vkijh

60

vka/kh csVh Hkjey jks ukjsG fijksr lkxS m.k jS dUgS f[kankoSA eka&ckai] ohBw jS uk dj.k ij bZ oks vkijh b.kvk[kM+h jks iky.kk djSA oks vkijS nqleh os.khnkl jh csVh jks ukjsG vaxStS vj m.k uSa ij.kok uSa vsdyks bZtkoSA vkijh lkopsrh lwa oks os.khnkl jh dwVuhfr uSa vlQG dj nsoS vj cp^j lÙkklj iwx tkoSA b.k Hkkaroks vkijh okpk jks iwjh rjS lwa ikG.k djSA rhtf.k;ka lwa lko.kh rht jh [kcj ik;^j cks vkijS dksy uS fuHkkc.k[kkrj [kjG iwXkS vj Hkjey jS lkFkS NS eghuS jS;^j m.k uSa lÙkklj yk;^j dksy iwjks djSA

os.khnkl uSa oks opu nSoS dS tn Hkh oS m.k uS cqykoSyk oks [kjG t:j iwxSykA ckr&jS vk[kj esa vksvkslj vk;ksA tksb;ka jS lkxS gq;S ?keklk.k tq) esa oks vkijS iwjS lkFk lkXkS iwxSA lsuk&lapkG.k jks dkslGfn[kk;^j vkijS lqljS os.khnkl uSa nh;ksM+ks opu iwjks djSA m.kjS b.k cjrko uSa vuqHko dj^j os.khnkl uSa dSo.kksiMS+ ^^T;kag uSa dq.k vklaxS] dq.k xatS] ft.kka jS blksa fljnkj! ¼i-52½------- tks dqaojth] FkkgjS ijrki tax thrks]geS ijokMS okM+ dhtS ¼i-61½A^^

o+kr [kqyklks gqoS dS dqaojlh lqUnjrk jks ikj[kh gSA m.k esa Hkjey jS [kkrj v[kwV izse gSA vk tkurkaFkdk bZ dS Hkjey vka/kh gS] oks m.klwa ij.kSaA C;ko jS iNS rks m.kjks izse Hkjey jS lk: c/krks bZ nh[kSA paojhesa cSBrk bt dqaojlh jS ijl lwa Hkjey lw>rh gq;xhA m.kjS QwVjS :i uSa tks;^j oks vks nwgks dSoS&

ikjsoS T;w jrh;ka] en T;wa HkhHkGh;kaAdgh m>s[kS >a[kh;ka] Hkjey vka[kMh;kaAA i`-19

Hkjey jS b.k :i ekFkS oks fuNkoj gSA vcS oks f[k.kHkj Hkh Hkjey lwa vGxks uh jS; ldSA ohBw m.kuSa dSoS ^ vka[;ka late Fkh ugha\ lks vka/kh lwa brjk jh>~;k Nks ^ rn oks iMwRrj esa nwgks dSoS &

ohBw lTtu eu oL;k] T;kalq ykxks fpÙkAlks bZ ?kM+h lqD;kjFkh] tk; feyhtS feÙkAAohBw b.k xksjh r.kka] dsgk d:a c[kk.kA

dG esa voj u dke.kh] HkhuS oknG Hkka.kAA ¼i`-22½

brjkS bt uha [kjG lwa fijksr jS [kkyh gkFkka vko.k iS oks ekSGks gq; tkoSA oks ckj&ckj HkjeG uSa dkxnfy[kS] m.k jks u[k&fl[k oj.kkao djSA tn oks NS efguk rkbZ [kjG dUgS jSoS rsk m.k lwa v.kwFkks I;kj dj.kykxSA lÙkklj esa Hkh oks m.k uSa Hkjiwj I;kj nSoSA HkjeG lkFkS vjksX;ka fcuk m.k uSa [kk.kks ugha HkkoSA lkGS lkxSthe ySo.k iS bZ oks Hkjey uS dSoS &^^gaq thfe;ks rks [kjks i.k /kkau Hkk;ks ugha] Fkka fcuk lks D;qa eqaxkoks ^¼i-46½

HkjeG [kkrj m.kjks vks izse vj yxko brjks fljS iwxS dS ohBw pkj.k jS cw>.k iS dS vc fdrjk C;kojks vkstwa pko gS rks dqaojlh dSoS &

ohBw Hkjey Åijka Qsj u dhtS C;kgAeq[k dks ok;d esj le] lwjt Åx.k rkagAA ¼i`-51½

erGc vks dS dqaojlh Hkjey jS :i&yko.; vj O;ogkj ekFkS iwjh rfj;ak lejfir gSA

dqaojlh lkeÙkh BkB&ckB lwa Hkjiwj gSA vkijS leS jks oks lkapks lkeUr dS;ks tk ldSA/ku&nksyr] jktikV] [ksrh&ckM+h] ilq/ku lwa oks lEiUu gSA lkeÙkh jhfr&fjoktka jS eqtc m.kjS bZ cgqifRuoka¼18 tksMk;rk$Hkjey½ gS vj lkeUrh O;oLFkk nkabZ m.kka jS lkxS m.k jks O;ogkj gSA oks lSfud lkt&lkekulwa lqlfTtr] tq)&dkslG jks /kuh] prjafx.kh lsuk jks ekfyd gSA eka &cki jks ?k.kks vkX;kdkjh csVks gSA m.kjSlkgl vj ohjÙo iwj.k djeka lwa m.k jk ek;r] iztk vj lqljksth ?k.kka [kql gSA ckr jS vk[kj esa tksb;ka lwathr^j tn oks lkljS lwa lhd ys;^j lÙkklj vkoS rks vk[kS tkaxGw esa gj[k gqoSA dqaojlh vkijS ckith [khoalhuSa lkjh lEiÙk lwaiS] ft.k uSa oks vj m.kjk firkth chtk Bkdqjka vj xjhcka esa ckaV nsoSA b.k Hkkar dqaojlh jSnkrkj :i lwa bZ ikBd ifjfpr gqoSA b.k jS iSyak oks os.khnkl jS lkFk lwa thr.k ij yksxka uSa VkGoka lka<ka uSa

61

vkijS rcSyS esa jk[k^j ckdh jh lka<ka lkFk jS yksxka uSa cDlhl djhA vsd rjokj vj vkB lka< m.k jtiwruSa cDlhl djh ftdk uSa jSckfj;ka ekfj;ks gksA

lkeUrh Bld jS gaqork bZ dqaojlh vkijS lacfU/k;ka lwa ?k.kks luso djSA oks lxGk lacfU/k;ka jks pkoksgSA vkijS vka xq.kka ika.k oks nqleh os.khnkl uSa vkijks lusgh c.kk; ysoSA lkGS jh l[kjh fetekuh djSA ?k.kSbZ eku&lEeku] /ku&nkSyr gkFkh&?kksM+k] ÅVka vj ikslk[kka lwa lhd nsoSA brjkS bZ uha oks lkGS jh ilUn vjpko.k iS vki jS pkoS ?kksM+S uSa ns;^j m.k jks eku c?kkoS& ^^rn dqaojlh njksx uaq dákS] **eksj?kksMks lrkc lktc.kko Y;koksA -----dqaoj lyke dj yh;ks] vlokj gqoks] lqa tk.kS xqMh ÅMh^^ ¼i-47½

lkj :i esa dqaojlh vsd vSfrgkfld pfjr gSA ohjrk] tq>k:i.k] ywaBks lkgl] opuikyu] /khjt]tq) lapkyu] nkrkjh vkn m.kjS pfj= jh vksG[kka.k gSA oks e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkeUrh laLdzfr jks izrhdgSA MkW- euksgj 'kekZ jS lcnka esa oks vsd vknlZ ik= gSA

2- HkjEky &

*dqojlh lka[kyks* dFkk jh ukf;dk Hkjey gSA ok HkVusj jS dUgS jS [kjG jS fBdk.kSnkj os.khnkl jhvka/kh i.k ?k.kh :ikGh Mhdjh gSA o+kr jS eqtc ok iUnjS lky jh tks/k toku ukjh gSA o+kr esa b.kjS lrjS lkyyx jS QwVjkiS jks oj.kko djhft;ks gSA

vsd dwVuhfr jS lkxS vka/kh Hkjey jks C;ko os.khnkl dqaojlh lka[kys jS lkxS djSA paojh jS /kawoS vjdqcjlh jS ijl lwa ok lw>rh gq; tkoSA lkjk lEcU/kh dqaojlh dkauh tkso.k ykXkSA oj&o/kq ?k.kkbZ QqVjk ykxjS;k gSA b.k oxr daqojlh Hkjey jS vka[;k jh lqUnjrk jks c[kk.k djrk dSoS &

ikjsoS T;wa jrh;ka en T;wa HkhHkGh;kaAdgh m>sjoS >a[kh;k] Hkjey vka[kM+h;kAA i`-19

C;ko jS nks cjlka iNS tn dqaojlh lkao.k jh rht ekFkS [kjG iwxS rks HkwgjS esa vkbZ lth & /kth lrjScjl jh xksjM+h HkjeG jS QwVjkiS jks cj.kkoa ys[kd ?k.kS bZ vksirS :i esa ekaM~;ks gSA b.k :i uSa tks;^j dqaojlhbZ pdkpwa/k gq;xksA bÙkks bZ uha tn ok lkljS iwxS vj ixkaykx.kh djS rks lksdka m.k jS :i uSa tks;^j pfdrgq; tkoSA dqaojlh jS pfdr gqo.k jks oj.kko ns[khtS& ^^blk esa Hkjey ikslk[k dj xkg.kks iSgj gkae&dkeykspuh] vkHkS jh oht] lkao.k jh rht] ikoklj jks gal T;qa eYgdrh Fkdh lqa/ks Hkhus xkr j>e djrh vkbZA----ojlks lrjks jh Åej HkjtkscuA lks vkorh uqa ns[k dqaojlh uqa pdkpwa/kh ykxhA^^ ¼i- 38½

*dqaojlh lka[kys dFkk esa dqaojlh vj Hkjey uSa Hkjey&lf[k;ka&oMkj.kka jS laoknk lwa ok ?k.kh prjvj le>nkj yqxkbZ ykxSA m.k esa ok prjkbZ vj le> gS tdh fd.kh fxjgLFk yqxkbZ esa gqo.kh pkfgtSA b.khlakoBh le> jS ika.k ok daqojlh lwa dksy ys;^j lÙkklj tko.k nsoSA lko.kh rht ekFkS dqaojlh jS [kjG vko.kiS ?k.kh bZ le> lkFkS vkijh eka vj oMkj.kka uSa vkijh ;kstuk esa lkfey dj^j dqaojlh uSa pqipki HkwagjS esalkopsrh lkFkS jk[kS vj firkth os.khnkl jh dwVuhfr lwa cp^j vkijS lkljS iwxSA cBS bZ ok vkijh lw>cw> vjO;ogkj dqlGrk lwa lklw&lqljk] lksdka vj uksdj&pkdjka jh pkoh c.k tkoSA b.k Hkkar Hkjey vkijh prjkbZvj lqyT;ksM+h lksp lwa nks ifjokjka jh nqle.kh uSa [kre dj nsoS vj m.kka jS lkEgh vsdB i.kS jS egÙo uSa FkjiSA

Hkjey dqaojlh jS lkxS gq;k b.k C;ko uSa vVwV lacU/k ekuSA dkj.k lkQ gS dS paojh esa gFkGSok jStqMrka bZ m.kjh vka[kk [kqGxhA vSM+ks feu[k rks nsoleku dSbZtSykA HkjeG esa feu[k uSa ij[k.k jh f[kerk gSAb.kh f[kerka ika.k ok vka[;ka jS [kqyrk bZ dqoajlh uS nwgks dSoS &

eSa ij.karh ij[kh;ks] lwjr ikd lukagA/kM+ iM+lh fxM+lh x;an] uhB iMs+lh rkagAA i`-19

b.kh izse jh ij[k lwa m.k jks dqaojlh [kkrj izse c/;ks gS] ft.kjS ika.k ok paojh jh jkr dqaojlh uSa egykaesa :d.k jh vjt djS vj fcnk gqaorh oxr lko.kh rht ekFkS ikNks vko.k jh okpk ySoSA vkijS dqaojlh lk:

62

xSgjS izse vj yxko jS dkj.k bt ok gj eksdS dqaolh uSa os.khnkl jh [kksVh uhr lwa cpkoSA ok dqaolh jS gjdkxn jks iMwÙkj ?k.kS bZ I;kj HkjS lcnka vj nwgka esa fy[kSA dksy eqtc uha vko.k iS vkSGek bZ nSoSA m.kjS dUuSvkijS I;kj jk ?k.kkbZ lekpkj gS] i.k Hkkoqdrk lwa oS eaMht ughaa jS;k gS &

dkxn FkksMks fgr ?k.kks] eks iS fy[;ks u tk;Alkxj esa ik.kh ?k.kks] xkxj esa u lek;AA,d ?kMh vk/kh ?kMh] iy ugha mitS pSuAfnu fx.krka vaxGh ?klh] ekjx tksoS uSa.kAA ¼i`-27½

b.k Hkkar Hkjey dqaojlh lk: lejfir gSA o.khnkl jS rsM+.k iS tn dqaojlh [kjG tkoS vj HkjeGuSa lkFkS uha yStkoS rn lwa dqaolh jS ikNk vko.k yx ok uselj vsd cxr bZ Hkkstu theS vj vkijS bLV jksHktu dhrZu djSA dktG] frGd] racksG NksM+ nsoSA ck /kje&dje esa bZ vkijka fnu fcrkoSA

*dqaojlh lka[kyks* iksFkh esa [kjG ckcr gq;k oj.kkoka law lkfcr gqoS dS [kjG vsd lEié fBdk.kks gks]/ku& /kkU;] ilq/ku vkn eksdGks gksA m.kjS HkwagjS esa nw/k&ngh jh ufn;ka cSoSA ckr&ckr iS ok fuNjkoG dj^jcMkj.kk uSa cDlhl dj jS;h gSA Mk;tS esa bZ jFk] ?kksM+ka] ÅaV] vL=&lL=] /ku&nksyr] xS.kka XkakBk] cSl okxkns[k^j [khaolh jks vk[kks ifjokj ?k.kks [kql gqoSA Hkjey vka esa lwa gjsd uSa m.kjh iSjko.kh fnjkoSA csldherhP;kj tksM+ka dqaojlh uSa] P;kj tksM+ka [kholh uSa iSjko.kh esa nSosa vj vsd&vsd [ksl vkijh nkfl;ka lkxS dkenkj]iz/kkuka uS HkStSA

[kholh Hkh vsd vSfrgkfld pfjr gSA oks vsd ijEijkoknh lkeUrh fopkj/kkjk jks feu[k gSA leUnjuSa egyka esa ns[k^j m.kuSa jhl vkoS i.k lkjh ckr le>^j oks lkearka jh nkbZ /khjt /kkjSA m.kuSa vkijS jktvj tkxhjnkjh jh j{kk dj.kh vkoSA os.khnkl vsd fjlkGw] >xM+kGw] LokjFkh gks i.k ohjrk uSa fiNku.k okGkSjktiwr gSA b.k Hkkar o+krdkj vBS lxGS bZ ik=ka jS pfjr jks eaMk.k vknlZoknh vj ;FkkFkZoknh nhB lwa dj~;ksgSA

6-3 *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh dFkk esa fu#ifr lekt vj laLØfr; &

folS&oLrq jh nhB lwa ^dqaojlh lka[kyks esa e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh lkeUrh lekt jks njlkodjkbft;ks gSA nSfud O;ogkj vj ikjLifjd flLVkpkjka jks brjks [kjks fprjke nwth tkxka feG.kks eqfLdygSA vk[kh o+kr esa l: lwa vk[kj yx jtokM+ka jh ÅB&cSB] cksy&crGko.k] jg.k&lg.k] [kk.k&ih.k vjmPNo&R;wagkjka jk ?k.kk bZ jkspd izlaxk jks vBS ?k.kks lkarjks cj.kko gq;ks gSA m.k cxr jS jtokM+h lekt jhtk.kdkjh jks vks [kjks vk/kkj ekU;ks tk ldSA vka lxGk oj.kkoka jS vk/kkj ekFkS jkor lkjLor b.kuSa lkfgfR;djpuk jh ctk; lkaLØfrd egÙo jh jpuk ekuSA

b.k x| jpuk jks lekt pksnoSa lbdS jks lkeUrh&lekt gSA b.k oxr jktLFkkuh lkearka esa fdL;ksoSjHkko jSorks] b.kjh vksG[kka.k o+kr esa BksM+&BksM+ gqoSA m.k oxr lkearka esa fNi~;k O;ogkj jks cksyckGks gksAvkReh;&Hkko oka esa dBS bZ ugha y[kkoS LokjFkol oSa vka/kk gkA oS.khnkl vkijh csVh uSa dqaojlh lwa ij.kk;^jbZ m.k lwa cnGkS yso.kks pkoSA m.kuSa dBSbZ dksbZ fpUrk dksuh dS b.k dqpkG lwa m.kjh csVh Hkjey jks lqgkxmtM+ tklhA oS.khnkl tSM+k lkeUr nqLe.kh jS pkyrka feu[k jh Hkyekulh uSa bZ Hkqyk nsork gkA b.k O;ogkjlwa vks [kqyklks Hkh gqoS dS m.k oxr lkeUrh lekt esa dU;koka uSa egÙo uha nhjhtrks gksA m.kka jks tho.k vsdnklh tSM+ks bt gksA

b.k oSjHkko jks [kkl dkj.k gks jtiwrka jh Bld] xqeSt jks v.kwFkks fn[kkoksa vj ftíA b.k lqHkko jSeqtc bt m.kka jh jktuhfr] lkekftd vj ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk jks lapky.k gqorks gksA tcjkbZ vj lxrhijh{k.k bt b.k lekt jks y{; gaqorksA vka lxGh nqLizozfr;ka lwa b.k lekt esa cgqiRuh fookg jh izFkk l:gqbZA bZa dFkk esa [khaolh jS >kyh] lksufxjh vj lhlksnh rhu jkf.k;ka gh rks b.kh ijEijk jks iky.k djrksdqaojlh Hkjey lesr mx.khl jkft;ka jks /k.kh c.;ksA i.k o+kr esa ojf.kr lksdka jS O;ogkj lwa y[kkoS dS vka

63

esa izseHkko ghA b.k jS ewG esa m.k oxr jh lkekftd O;oLFkk ghA b.kjks izek.k gS dqaojlh jS tksb;ka jh os<lwa ckoM.kS jS iwBS dqaojlh jS ckjh ckcr cw>.k iS tksM+k;rka jks vks iMwRrj ^^Hkjey jks okjks ys vlokj gqok Fkk]lks bZgka jks NS ^î-63½A

oS.khnkl tSMS+ cSfj;ka lwa cnGkS yso.kks dqaojlh bZ tk.kSA oks iwjh lkopsrh vj pkykdh lkxS [kjG esaHkjey lkxS HkwagjS esa jS;^j NS eghuk iwBS Hkjey jh fcnk;h djk;^j lÙkklj jh lhao ekFkS iwx^j oS.khnkl jhdwVuhfr jh f<ykbZ uSa yydkjS ^ gwa dqaojlh NwaA eghuka No FkkgjS ?kj esa vedM+h tk;xk Hkksagjh NS] m.kesa jákSNqa ^ ¼i-47½A

b.k rjS jks Nne O;ogkj m.k oxr jS lekt esa vke ckr gh] D;wa dS m.kka jS jktuhfrd xqeSt jhQly b.k okrkoj.k esa bZ QG ldS ghA vki jS xqeSt jh iwjfr lk: vS yksx tklwlh djkork gkA dqaojlhlka[kys jh tkljh dj.k uS l:vkr esa bZ os.khnkl vkijS jSckfj;ka uSa HkstS ftdk cBS dksgjka jk ukGk [kksyS vjoka uSa jksd.k iS oS iSgjS okGka uSa ekjSA dqaojlh iwjh tk.kdkjh okLrS vkijk tklwl HkstSA nksuwa nGka esa la?klZgqoS vj [kjG jk vkneh dke vkoSA ¼i-13½A

lkeUrka esa brjks cSj&Hkko gqork Fkdka Hkh m.k lekt esa dqaojlh tSM+k Hkyk] vknlZoknh lekUr bZjSork gk] ftdk ekuo&dY;k.k vj opuikyuk uSa bZ vkijh /kjksgj ekurk gk vj lkpk.kh feu[ki.kS uSa bZBdqjkbZ jh vksG[kk.k ekurk gkA oS.khnkl tSM+h nqLV izozfr okGk feu[k jS Hkh Hkjey tSM+h daoGh HkkoukokaokGh dqaofj;ka gqorh gh ftdh vkijS ln~Hkko lwa ?kj uSa mtkGrh vj lxGak esa ,drk jks Hkko txko.k jhvkQG djrh ghA dqaojlh oS.khnkl jh vc[kk;h esa m.kjh enÙk dj^j vkijS eksVki.k jks izek.k nsoSA cBS bZb.k enÙk esa Hkjey jks bZ lS ;ksx jSoSA

^^dqaojlh lka[kyks ^ jh o+kr jks lekt ,d lkFk jSc.kokGks ifjokj gks] ft.kesa O;oLFkk jh vk[kh ckxMksjeqf[k;k jS gkFkS ghA eqf[k;k vj ?kj jS cMsjak jks iwjks vknj djhtrks gksA dqaojlh] Hkjey vj dqaojlh jh chthtksM+k;rka [khaolh vj >kyh jk.kh jks ?k.kks eku jk[kSA lkeUrh&ifjokj jh jhr eqtc oMkj.kka jh vk[kS egyesa iwx ghA C;ko jh lhd esa igkjo.kh oMkj.kka vj lf[k;ka uSa bZ nhjhtrh ghA

dqaojlhdkyhu lekt esa lkeUrka jh *vkfFkZd fLFkfr* ?k.kh pks[kh ghA ilq/ku jh Hkjekj ghAÅ¡V&?kksM+ka ?k.kk gkA vkokxeu lk: cSyxkfM+;ka] jFkka jS lkxS bZ Å¡V] ?kksM+ka uS dke esa fy;k tkaork gkA xka;kajh vis{kk HkSal ikyu T;knk gksA Hkjey jS ?kjka HkSalka jk ckM+k gkA ok C;ko jS iNS HkSalka uSa bZ vkijS lkFkS lÙkkljys;xh vj vka esaa lwa gh ok vkijS lqljSth] lklwth] dkenkjka] ij/kkuka esa ckaVhA ilq/ku jS dkj.k ?kh&nw?k jhbZ bQjkr ghA lÙkklj esa bZ ilq/ku ?k.kks gksA dqaojlh] Hkjey] [khaolh] os.khnkl] Hkjey jh eka dkuh lwaeksdSlj oMkj.kka] ifjtuka uSa nhjhtrh HksaV vj cDlhlka lwa Hkh lekt jh vkfFkZd lEiérk fl) gqoSA

b.k jpuk jh dFkk lwa [kqyklks gqoS dS m.k oxr C;ko fijksr] [kokl r; djkork gkA Mk;tS jks [kklksizpyu gksA Hkjey [kwc Mk;tks ys;^j vkoS ft.kjh ikorh lwa vk[kks yksd m.kjh okg&okgh djS] [kql gqoSA lqHkvkSljka ekFkS xqM+ ckaV~;ks tkaorks ¼i-24½A gj lqHk vkslj ekFkS fuNjkoG djhtrh ghA vk fuNjkoG oMkj.kka]pkdjk uSa nhjhtrh ghA

csVS jS tye iS ?k.kks gj[k gqorks gksA tye jS eghuka iNS lkaikM+ks gqorks] nlwVu gqorksA vka vksljkaekFkS ?k.kksbZ futjk.kks nhjhtrks gksA b.k eksdS tkr jk feu[kka uSa bZ thekork gkA Vkcj uSa xS.kk&xkaBk nhjhtrkgkA Hkjey jS csVS jS tye ekFkS lkjS lgj esa ?k.kh [kqlh eukbthA yqxk;ak c/kkok xk;k vj c/kkbZ ys;^j ?kjkaxbZA cke.kk uSa vsd vsd fjfi;ks nhjhft;ks ¼i-56½A

rht&rSokjka vj xksBka&fldkj jh b.k lekt esa b/kdkbZ ghA lko.kh vj dTtGh rht jks ?k.kkslkaLdzfrd egRo gksA dqaojlh Hkjey uSa lko.kh rht ekFkS [kjG iwx.k jks dksy djSA Hkjey jh lksdka vkijhlklw jh lykg lwa dqaojlh uS fcyek;k jk[kS vj xksBka jh je>ksG esa m.kuSa eLr jk[kSA vks lekt Hkkstu jks?k.kks lksdhu gksA Hkkark&Hkarhyk O;atu jlksbZ esa c.krk gkA the.k jh vsd fujkGh lkeUrh O;oLFkk ghA e|iku

64

vj racksG lsou uj&ukjh nksuqoh jh ilan ghA

m.k leS eujatu :i esa fldkj jks [kklks egRo gksA lwvj jks fldkj [kkl eujat.k gksA dqaojlh jkjtiwr Hkh m.kuSa lwojka jS vko.k jh lwpuk nSoS vj oks iwjS tkirS lkxS fldkj lk: oghj gqoSA

va/kfoLokl] tknw&Vks.kk] vykSfdd ?kVukoka ekFkS foLokl dj.kksa b.k lekt jh [kkfl;r jS;h gSAjk.kh >kyh jh eka m.kuSa dkae.k djk;k rkcht nSoS ft.kuSa leUnj esa cgkxko.k lwa leUnj dqaojlh jS :i esam.kjS lkxS je.k djS vj m.k lwa vsd csVh jks tGe gqoSA vkijh vykSfdd lxrh lwa leUnj [khaolh uSa vsdp: nsoS ft.klwa m.kjh lEiérk vkstwa c/k tkoSA b.kh Hkkar paojh esa dqaojlh jks gFkGSoks Hkjey lwa tqM+rk bZHjey jh vka[kka [kqy tkoSA vk vsd vykSfdd ?kVuk gSA

*dqaoj lh lka[kyks esa ldquka jk njlko Hkh feGSA tksb;ka lwa yM+.k lk: tkorh nka.k ckjS fudGrkbZ dqaojlh uSa dSbZ lqHk ldqu gqoS & ^^ckgj i?kkjrk usdkG ?k.kks l[kjh euekarh ekYgkyh gqbZA Åijka rqjrykHk jh lkaxw.kh gqbZA igykS MsjS lqabZ&lka> Bkok cksyh;kA >ka>kjdS fuoklh cksfy;kA lkjka jks eu izlugqoks ^¼i-63½

vka lc jS lkFkS bZ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* dkyhu lekt jk lkeUrka jh /kje esa iwjh vkLFkk ghA oS HkkX;uSa egrkÅ ekurk gkA vkijS HkkX; QG uSa Bkoks c.kko.k lk: oS nku&iq.; bZ djrk gkA *dqaojlh lka[kyksesa vka lxGh lkekftd ekU;rkoka jks oj.kko gSA ¼i- 16] 34] 14] 41½A vk jpuk e/;dkyhu tq) oj.kkoka]lkeUrh foykflrkoka] jkt&jkf.k;ka jS gkl&ifjgkl] jktiq:lka jk lM;a= vj tklwlh lwa Hkj~;ksM+S] lkeUrhokrkoj.k jks lkarjks fprjke ikBdka lkeh jk[kSA b.kesa ckSf)d fparu jks vHkko gq; ldS i.k tkrh; Hkkoukokajh ;FkkFkZrk] lkekftd thou jks LoLFk okrkoj.k t:j lkeh vkcSA b.k okLrS bZ b.kjks lkfgfR;d egÙo jhctk; lkaLØfrd egÙo Fkjihft;ks gSA

6-4 *dqaojlh lka[kyks % flYi&foospu&

6-4-1 dFkk&flYi&

*daqojlh lka[kyks jh o+kr esa tkaxGw jS [khaolh lka[kyk jS csBS dqaojjh lka[kys vj m.kjS [kjG oS.khnkljh vka/kh csVh Hkjey jS C;ko jh dFkk dFkhth gSA b.kh dFkk uSa b.k ckr esa [khaolh jks ifjpS djkorka dqaojlhjS tGe] C;ko] tq)] leiUurk jk njlko djkork o+krdkj b.kjks foxrokj foxlko dj;ks gSA vka lxGkizlaxka uSa o+kr jk lEiknd MkW- euksgj 'kekZ 36 ifjPNsnka esa lEikfnr dj~;k gSA o+krdkj b.kjh l:vkr[khaolh vj m.kjh rhu jkf.k;ka jS mYys[k lkxS leUnj jS vykSfdd :i njlkorks gSA b.k rjS jh l:vkrdj.kks jktLFkkuh okrka jS flYi jh ijEijk gSA tS dFkkdkj b.k izlax uSa uha ns;^j dqaojlh lka[kys jS ifjpSlwa lEcfU/kr] nwtS ifjPNsn lwa bZ l:vkr djh tk ldrh ghA i.k okrdkj b.k izlax uSa vBS nks dkj.kka lwalkfey dj~;ks&iSyks dqaojlh jS ^p:lqdkG^ folsl.k uSa fl) dj.k lk: vj nwtks dqaojlh lka[kys jhvSfrgkfldrk crko.k okLrSA b.k Hkkar b.k val uSa ckr jh Hkksedk ekuh tk ldSA b.kjS iNS dqaojlh jS os.khnkljkS jSckfj;k lkFkS gqbZ jkM+ law b.k ckr jh l:vkr ekuh tko.kh pkfgtS ft.kjks foxlku bX;kjoS ifjPNsn lwagqoS] tBS mkesa HkjeG jS izse jh yxu cyorh OgS vj vkijh tksM+k;rka jh xksBka esa fcGE;ks jSoSA rhth lko.khrht ekFkS Hkjey dUgS iwx.k vj NS eghuka yx m.kjS HkwagjS esa jSo.k jh lxGh ?kVukoka b.k o+kr jks e/;HkkxgSA NS eghuk iNS HkwagjS lwa lÙkklj jh lhao ekFkS [kjG jS lkFk uSa yydkj.k jh ?kVuk] b.k dFkk jh pjelhek;k dS mRdlZ dS;ks tk ldSA b.k ?kVuk jS lkxS oS.khnkl dqaojlh jS iq:lkjFk jh ljko.kk djS vj m.k uSatksb;ka lkxS ?kelka.k okLrS rsM+.k jh ?kVukoka lkxS dFkkdkj jS mÌsL; laxB.k c.kko.k & jh dkslhl iwjh gqoSAb.kh pjeksRdlZ lkxS dqaojlh jh lEeku lktS /ku&/kkU; lfgr fcnkbZ vj tkaxGw esa m.kjS Lokxr lkxS b.kdFkk jkS vUr gqoSA b.k Hkkar b.k ckr jh l:vkr] fodkl ¼e/;½ vj vUr jktLFkkuh o+kr lkfgR; jS flYijS vuq:i vsd&nwtS lwa tqM+;ksM+k gSA b.kesa ftX;klk vj jkspdrk gSA vk jkspdrk o+krka jh vyksfdd izozfrlwa bZ ca/kh gSA

65

b.k dFkk esa cjrhft;k nwgk Hkh b.kjh jkspdrk uSa c/kkbZ gSA vka nwgak jS ika.k fl.kxkj jl jhe/kqj /kkjk b.kesa izdV gqbZ gSA bZa jl/kkjk eka; ohj jl jks osx Hkh gS ftdk o+kr uSa mÌsL; dkauh iqxkoSAdFkkuk;d dqaojlh fodV ifjfLFkfr;k¡ esa iMS+ i.k ifj.kfr loZFkk lq[kkUr gSA dqaojlh jks HkwagjS esa jSo.kksjgL;iw.kZ gSA b.klwa o+kr esa dqrwgG c/;ks gSA HkSalk jS ^[kkMw jks fp=.k bZ tBS iznsl esa ilq/ku vj nw/k&nghjh izpqjrk jh tk.kdkjh fnjkoS cBS bZ o+krdkj dkuh lwa vkijh dYiuk lxrh lwa uk;d&ukf;dk jS feGki jksbZ ljko.k tksx tru dSbZtSykA ckr jks ukedj.k uk;d iz/kku gSA o+kr jks uk;d dqaojlh lka[kyks gSA b.kdkj.k b.k dFkk jks ukedj.k *dqojlh lka[kyks*A

6-4-2 vsd lQy miU;kl&

^dqaojlh lka[kyks jh dFkk jk laiknd jh ekurk gS dS b.kuSa vsd cM+h vk[;kf;dk uha eku^j vsd izdkjjks miU;kl ;k dS y?kq miU;kl eku.kks pkfgtSA b.k cxr oS fy[kS&^^bZa ik= lwa lEcfU/kr NksVh ckr lkFkStn b.k cM+h ckr jh rqyuk djka rks nskuqoka esa flYifo/kku eka; ?k.kks Qjd utj vkoSaA ;k pht t:j gS d^miU;kl^ ¼vFkok y?kq miU;kl½ iz;ksx u;ks gS vj b.k jks iwjks :i iqjk.kh jktLFkkuh ckr eka; dksuh ns[;kstk ldS] i.k Qsj Hkh ;k rks eku.kh bZ iM+lh dS jktLFkkuh ckr cl ,dek= ckr bZ dksuh vj vkijSfofo/k :ika esa ok ckr jS vykok vkSj dqN Hkh gSA^^

6-4-3 dFkkud :f<+;k¡&

okr esa dFkkud :f<+;k¡ jks iz;ksx dqrwgy jkspdrk c/kko.k jS lkxS bZ dFkk&foLrkj okLrS bZ djhtSAvykSfdd mRifÙk] daoG iwtk] /kht] cksy] v{k;/ku] tulwU; uxj] ekSu Hkax] lkadsfrd Hkklk vkn vusdwajktLFkkuh o+krka jh [kkl dFkkud :f<+;k¡ gSaA b.k jpuk esa vkaesa lwa rhu dFkkud :f<+;k¡ feGS&vykSfddmrir] v{k; /ku vj /khtA *dqaojlh lka[kyks* dFkk jh l:vkr esa [khaolh lka[kyk jh jka.kh dUgS ^dke.k^jS izHkko lwa leUnj [kqn feu[k :i esa vkoS vj m.kjS lwa latksx lwa m.kjS Mhdjh tGeSaA b.kh Hkkar tn [khaolhuSa egy esa leUnj jks vko.kks lkfcr gqoS rn vk[kh tk.kdkjh iNS leUnj m.kuSa v[kwV /ku :i esa v[kwV p:]nks ek.kd vj P;kj eksrh nSoS] T;kauS ik;^j oks ?k.kks jkth gqoS vj ^p:lqdkG* :i esa vksG[khtSA

fnO; vj lR;fØ;k ukao jh dFkkud :f<+ jktLFkkuh esa /kht dSbZtSA b.kesa lR; vj lhG jh esgeknjlkbtSA *dqaojlh lka[kyks esa Hkjey jS C;ko jS vkslj ij b.k :f<+ jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA paojh esa dqaojlhlka[kys lwa Hkjey jSS gFkGsok jS tqM+rk bZ Hkjey uSa vka[;ka lwa nh[k.k ykxSA ok eka uSa dSoS ^êka Egkj~;k vka[;kagq;ka] eksuwa lw>S gS**A vBS uk;d jS lhG jS izHkko lwa ukf;dk jks vka/kksi.k nwj gq;ks gSA

6-4-4 laokn&;kstuk ¼dFkksidFku½ &

dFkoka esa laoknk jks egRo [kklks gqoSA laokn vsd nwtS ik=ka jh fopkj/kkjk jks [kqyklks djrk gq;k] m.kkajh pkfjf=d folslrkoka lwa ikBdka uSa ifjfpr djkoSA laoknka jS ek/;e lwa dFkkud esa ukVdh;rk vkoS ft.klawoks ikBd vj Jksrkoka esa jkspdrk txk*j m.kuSa vkuUn jh vuqHkwfr djkoSA b.k Hkkar fd.kh o+kr lk: vS laoknNksVk] izHkkoh vj izokgh gqo.kk pkfgtSA b.k o+kr esa laikfnr laokn ns[khtS&

1- >kyh&leUnj laokn 2- >kyh&[khaolh&leanj laokn 3- jSckjh&jktiwr laokn 4- dqaojlh&jSckjhlaokn 5- izksfgr&dqaojlh laokn 6- izksfgr&oS.khnkl laokn 7- ohBw&dqaojlh laokn 8- dqaojlh&[khaolh&>kyhlaokn 9- Hkjey&dqaojlh laokn 10- dqaojlh&oS.khnkl laokn 11- dqaojlh&lSfud laokn 12- oS.khnkl&pkdjlaokn 13- dqaojlh&tksM+k;rka laokn 14- Hkjey&eka laokn 15- dqaojlh&lkGk laokn 16- oS.khnkl vj jka.khlaokn 17- dqaojlh&fldkjh laokn 18- Hkjey&oMkj.kka&dqaojlh laokn 19- Hkjey&l[kh laokn vknA

vS laokn x| vj i| nksuwa :ika esa feGSA i|kRed laokn jktLFkkuh okrka jh [kkfl;r gSA vka laoknkalwa o+kr esa LokHkkfodrk lwa rks oafpr gqo.kks iM+S i.k dkO;Ùo jS ika.k vS jkspdrk uSa c/kkoS vj dFkk uSa bZ vkxSc/kkoSA b.k jpuk esa HkjeG&dqaojlh] dqaojlh&ohBw] Hkjey m.kjh eka] laokn i|kRed gSA

66

ohBw & vki meká /kk.k fnL;k] jgks u jk[;k jktA

rht vkaorh pkyrk] rks lq/kjr lc dktAA

dqaojlh & ukjh izrhe ckgjh] tkag jk fdlk erkA

lko.k dsjk okgGk] dq.k jk[kS ofgrkAA

;wa rks lxGk bZ laokn NksVk gS i.k dqaojlh&ohBw] dqaojlh oS.khnkl jk laokn dqN cM+k gq;xk gSA

6-4-5 Hkklk; &

chth jktLFkkuh ckrka jh Hkkar bt ^dqaojlh lka[kyks jh Hkklk cksypky jh e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh gSAb.kjk lEiknd b.k uSa 18 oSa lbdS jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk ekuSA ;wa rks b.k o+kr jks dFkkud 14 oSa lbdS foØejks gS i.k Hkklk m.k oxr jh ugha gSA vkijS pkoS dFkkud jS :i esa leSa eqtc b.k jS :ikUrjka esa ?kVukokavj Hkklk cnGhtrh jS;h gSA b.k jpuk jS NSyS fgLlS esa rksi jks mYys[k gq;ks gSA Hkkjr esa rksika lwa tq) jhijEijk ejkBka jS mn~Hko lkxS gqbZA b.k Hkkar b.k jh Hkklk NSdM+yS 17 oSa lbdS vj l:vkrh 18 oSa lbdS esaizpfyr jktLFkkuh Hkklk gSA vBS l:vkr esa bt b.k jS jpsrk :i esa ohBw pkj.k jks ukao lkEgh vk;ks gSAcjrhth Hkklk jh lCnkoyh ekFkS {k=h; lekt esa cksyht.k okGh jktLFkkuh jkS izHkko ykteh gSA ljy] ljl]lqcks/k Hkklk ik=kuq:i gS] vj m.kka jS gjSd Hkko jks [kqyklksa dj.k jh lkejFk jk[kS gSA b.kesa tFkk izlaxdkGks&ihGks gqo.kks] ukjsG ys.kks] jkbZ&yw.k dj.kks] jtkoa/k gqo.kks tSM+k lgt cksypky jk eqgkojk cjrhft;kgS rks laLØr] viHkza'k fefJr jktLFkkuh lCnkoyh lkxS bZ [kkaon] buk;r] vjt] pkdj] QqjekotS] f[ktefr]onh] gdhdr] rkdhnh] fuTkj] eqtjks] dcwy] QkSt] isl[kkuks] menk] csldherh] lgwj lkfgc] goynkj tSM+hvjch&Qkjlh lCnkoyh lwa b.k dFkk jh vksi c/kkoS gSA bZa dFkk o+kr esa yksd lCnkoyh jks bZ lkarjks iz;ksx feGST;wa HkwagjS] ojth;k] pksdMks] >jh] lsFkjokuksss] oMkj.k] nko] <ksyh;S] lksal] vklk] ekVhi.kS] xGxGk] >ka>j dSxkSjoS] yksd] lksdka vknA

dFkk esa cj.kko esa fp=kRed vksirh Hkklk jks iz;ksx b.kjh vsd egrkÅ folslrk gSA b.kkesa Hkkokuq:iHkklk] y;kRedrk vj lgtrk jk njlko gqoSA b.kkjh ckuxh ns[k.ktksx gS ^HkjeG uqa vklk jghA eghuk P;kjjks xjQ gq;ksA rSlq Mhy fl?ky iM+.k ykxksA us=ka jh rjS xgGh t.k ykxhA ixka jh oh[k Nhnjh iM+x ykxhAjksekoGh Mhy jh mHkjoh futj vkoa.k yk;hA---vu HkkoS ughaA eqagMS+ feyd.kh jgSA [kkyh vksdkjh jgSA^^

jktLFkkuh okrka jh vsd [kkfl;r vk bZ dS m.kjk laoknka jks xB.k O;kdjf.kd nhB jS vuq:i ughagqoSA dBS bZ iMwÙkj vsd lcn esa *gka*] *dksuh* esa ns fn;k tkoS rks dBS bZ m.k okD; esa dÙkkZ] dje ;k dSlgk;d fØ;k jks vHkko feGSA dqaojlh lka[kGS jh o+kr jh Hkklk esa vk izozfr dksuh y[kkoSA vBS lxGk ik=gj tkxka e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh jh c.kxr esa bZ cksyS] T;wa&

rn dqaojlh dgS & ^^vks dklqa djks Nks \^^

rn HkjeG dgh & ^^tks dqaojlh] Egkjks dh;ks ns[kksA^^

oS.khnkl vk; okx >kyh & ^^tks dqaojlh FkkagjS ijrki tax thrks] geSa ijokM+S okM dhtSA^^

lks dqaojlh vk ght dgS & ^^tks jk.kka th nqle.k gkFk vk;kA gesaa tko.k u ikoSA vkt b.kka jks rGksrksM+ NksMks ^ i- 65&66½A

6-5 dqaojlh lka[kGks % lSyh&foospu&

6-5-1 oj.kkao lSyh &

jktLFkkuh o+krka [kklrkSj lwa dSo.k jh pht gS] dFkk dSo.k okLrS o+krdkj oj.kkaoka jks lgkjks fy;ks gSAvS oj.kkao brjk lgt vj euksje gS dS dBS bZ ikBdka ;k dS Jksrkoka uSa mckoS dksuhA gka vSfrgkfld o+krkesa rF;ak jh izLrqfr jS dkj.k dBS&dBS jkspdrk jks vHkko nh[k.k ykxS i.k okrka jks [kkl mÌsL; euksjat.k

67

dj.kks gqoS] b.k dkj.k o+krdkj m.kjkas l:vkr bZ brjS QwVjS oj.kkaoka lwa djS dS oks Jksrkoka uSa vj ikBdka uSavsd lw= esa cka/k^j oka uSa *gqadkjks* nso.k uSa etcwj dj nSoSA ^dqaojlh lka[kyks dFkk jh l:vkr bZ oj.kkao lSyhesa vka vksfG;ka lwa djS ^^ lka[kyks [khaolh p:lqdkG tkaxGw jkt djSA cM+h lkgsch cM+ks fljnkjA lks [khaolhoalh gGksn >kys ij.kh;kA oM+ks gqoks] cM+ks xwMks [kjp tl voy dh;ks] cM+ks ukao dh;ksA >kyh cM+h Bdqj.kh]ftlks gh :i] ftlks gh lgqj] ftlh gh lkjh o+kr esa lq?kM+A lks [khaolh ?k.kks jkthA

uk;d&ukf;dk jS fey.k] tq) jk oj.kkao] oS.khnkl jS bZldS] HkSalk jS [kkMw vkn jk o+krdkj ?k.kka bZQwVjk oj.kkao ekaM+;k gSA vSM+ks bZ oj.kkao gS ft.kesa Hkjey jks :i oj.kkao ekaMrk okrdkj fy[kS & ^^blk esaHkjey ikslk[k dj xkag.kks iSgj gkae&dkae ykspuh] vkHkS jh cht] lkao.k jh rht ikoklj jks gal T;qa eYgdrhFkdh lqa/ks Hkhus xkr j>; djrh vkbZ ^ ¼i- 38½A

6-5-2 opfudk lSyh &

laLdr Hkklk jh paiw lSyh lwa fodflr jktLFkkuh esa opfudk lSyh gSA b.kesa okrdkj ;k dS dFkkdkjvkijh o+kr x| esa fy[kS i.k [kqnjS dFkuka uSa iq[rkÅ dj.k okLrS [kqn jfpr ;k dS fd.kh chtS dfo jSdkO;kRed Nanka uSa dke esa ySoSA dqaojlh lka[kyks jh o+kr esa vk lSyh lkQ y[kkoSA b.kh lSyh lwa dFkk esajkspdrk vj QwVjkiS uSa c/kkoks feG~;ks gSA okrdkj laoknka jS :i esa [kklrksj lwa nwgka jks iz;ksx dj^j jpukjh dFkk uSa vkxS c/kkbZ gSA pkgS vka nwgka jS iz;ksx lwa dBS&dBS vLokHkkfodrk vk;xh gS] i.k pfj=ka jS foxlkovj dkO;Ro jh vksi t:j c/kh gSA dFkk jS vojks/k uSa rksM+.k okLrS daqojlh ohBw uSa iMwÙkj nsork dSoS&

Hkjey ,slh dkae.kh] tSlks pan izdklAAdk;k ys ?kj dwa pY;k] tho jáks m.k ikl AA ¼i`- 22½

6-5-3 laokn vj i= lSyh &

tS b.k jpuk uSa laokn lSyh jh dSoak rks dksbZ vfrl;ksfä uha gqoSykA vBSa ik=ka esa vkil esa 19 laokngq;k gSA vka laoknka lwa tBS dFkk uSa foxlko feG~;ks gS] cBS bZ ik=ka jS pfj= jks [kqyklks bZ gq;ks gSA dkxnHkh laoknka jks bZ vsd fgLlks gSA bZ jpuk esa b.k lSyh jks nks txka iz;ksx gq;ks gSA Hkjey jS C;ko iNS gksGhekFkS dqaojlh vkijS fijksr lkFkS oS.khnkl uSa Hkjey jS *gyk.kS* lk: dkxn HkstS] lkxS bZ oks Hkjey uSa bZeku&euqokj Hkj~;ks bX;kjS nwgk esa dkxn fy[kSA b.k jS iNS Hkjey vkijS dkxn jks iMwÙkj 14 nwgak esa fy[k^jfijksr lkxS ikNks f[kankoS &

dkxn FkksM+ks fgr ?k.kks] eks iS fy[;ks u tk;Alkxj esa ik.kh ?k.kks] xkxj esa u lek;AA1AA

nsg clS NS xzsg esa] tho t Fkk¡adS iklAdgh;ks oS.k fprkj dj iwjh eu jh vklAA14AA

6-5-4 yksd lSyh &

jktLFkkuh o+krk fd.kh jpsrk jh fy[;ksM+h rks gqoS i.k okaesa m.kjks ukao ugha gqoSA b.k okLrS vS o+krkayksd jpuk :i esa vaxhtSA b.k jpuk esa fy[kkjS jS :i esa ohBw pkj.k jks ukao nhjh ft;ks gS] i.k m.k jhizekf.kdrk fl) dksuhA vk[kh jpuk esa m.kjh Hkksedk dqaojlh jS vsd Hkk;yS jS :i esa bZ gSA tS ohBw pkj.kb.kjks jpsrk gqoS rn Hkh vk jpuk yksd lwa U;kajh uha y[kkoSA b.kesa yksd lSyh jh lgtrk] vykSfdd rÙo jhiz/kkurk] yksd lcnkoyh] rht&rSaokjak jks oj.kkao] yksd jhfr&uhfr jk oj.kkao vkn b.kuSaa yksdlSyh jh jpukfl) djS& ^^laikMs+ jks ik.kh ejnu jks rsy gktj dh;ksA ejnu djk; laikM+ks dh;ksA fur&dje djg"kk;ka&nkau dj ikslk[k dhohA^^

6-5-5 yksd lCnkoyh&

xwMks] ckxNks] dkae.k] vMik;r] vVkojk] gsjk] vk[kM+h] ukaekslh] dft;ks] xksjoks] gFkoksG.kS] oMkj.kka pwai]

68

Hkksaagjks] psYgjka ¼lwvj jk Vkcfj;ka½] oh[k] ikGks] lsFk[kkuS] pj.kks] iM+oks] vklk ¼xjHk /kkj.k½] ikGk] o/kkok]ekYgkGh vknA

b.k dFkk iksFkh esa eaMhft;ks *ckjgeklkss* Hkh yksd lSyh jh bt nsu gSA okrdkj izse jh xgjkbZ uSfn[kko.k lk: ?k.kS bZ izHkkoh vj lkj :i esa ckjS eghuak jS fojg jks rsjg nwgka esa oj.kkao dj~;ks gS mnkgj.k&

dkrh dar lqgko.kks] I;kjh fd;ks c.kkoAefgyS nhid fFkj txS] nhikGh jks pkoAA ¼i`- 5-7½

6-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

*dqaojlh lka[kyks jh dFkk foØe jS 14 oSa lbdS jh gS i.k b.kjk :ikUrj jh Hkklk vj m.kesa vk;ksM+S*jkepax rksika* jS oj.kkao lwa vk jpuk foØe jS 18 oSa lbdS jh fl) gqoSA chth jktLFkkuh o+krka jh nkbZ b.kesao+kr jS eka; o+kr jh dyk jks vHkko gSA vsd likV :i esa dqaojlh jh ohjrk vj m.kjS Hkjey [kkrj v[kwVizse jh dFkk dS;hth gS] ft.kesa m.k oxr jS lkeUrh tho.k jks oj.kkao gSA jtokM+k jh ÅB&cSB] cksy&crGko,k]jg.k&lg.k] [kk.k&ik.k vj mPNc&R;wagkjka jk ?k.kka jkspd izlax b.kesa vk;k gSA m.k c[kr jS lkeUrh lektjh tka.kdkjh jks vks pks[kks lk/ku dS;ks tk ldSA ;wa y[kkoS dS dFkkdkj ?k.kh Qqjlr esa b.k ckr uSa ekaMh gSAMkW- euksgj 'kekZ jS lcnka esa ^^Qwjlr esa fy[;ksM+h vj Qqjlr esa bZ jl yso.k tksx vk iqjk.kS c[kr jS jtokM+hlekt jh ,d ?k.kh ljy vj ykach o+kr ek= gSA b.k jks egÙo lkfgfR;d uh gq;^j lkaLØfrd gSA^^ MkW- euksgj'kekZ b.k uSa vk[;kf;dk uha dS;^j vsd y?kq miU;kl ;k dS miU;kl dS;ks gS i.k y?kq miU;kl jh /kkj.kk 19oSaalbdS jh gS vj vk jpuk 18 oS lbdS jh fl) gqoSA o+kr jh nhB lw vk vsd jkspd [;kr jS xq.kka lwa lEiu]dYiuk law Hkjiwj] bfrgkl cks/k fy;ksM+h vk vkuUn nso.k okGh vsd lejFk jpuk gSA b.k jpuk jks mÌsL;egku gSA b.klwa lkeUrh O;oLFkk esa Hkjey tSMh ukjh laLØfr jks ikB i<k*j nks ifjokjka jh nqLeuh uSa [kredj^j vsdrk jh Fkjiuk djh gSA

6-7 vH;kl jk izLu&

¼1½ jktLFkkuh okr jS l:i uSa le>kork gq;k fl) djks dS *dqaojlh lka[kyks* vsd lQy okr jpuk gSA

¼2½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jS dFkklkj uSa le>koks vj *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh vsfrgkfldrk ckcr vkijk fopkjfy[kksA

¼3½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh ik=&;kstuk ekFkS fopkj djrk gq;k fd.kh vsd ik= jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka uSamnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

¼4½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jS jpukdky vj jpsrk jks gokyks nsork gq;k] b.kjh Hkklk jh folslrkoka crGkoksA

¼5½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh okr jS mísL; jks [kqyklks djrk gq;k] m.k esa vkbZ dFkkud :f<+;ka uSa mnkgj.kka

lwa le>koksA

¼6½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* okr jS flYi ij fopkj izxV djksA

¼7½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* vsd yEch vk[;kf;dk uha gq;*j vsd y?kq miU;kl gS**& mnkgj.kka lkxS b.k dFkuuSa iq[rk djksA

¼8½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jh okr esa cjrhth lSfy;ka uSa le>koksA

¼9½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* vsd lkaLdfrd jpuk gS lkfgfR;d ugha **&b.k dFku jS vkyksd esa b.kesa fpf=rlekt vj laLdfr jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

¼10½ *dqaojlh lka[kyks* jS dFkk&flYi jh folslrkoka jks [kqyklks djksA

69

6-8 lanHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h &

¼1½ la- MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & dqaojlh lka[kyks

¼2½ la- ogh & *jktLFkkuh okr&laxzg*

¼3½ MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & jktLFkkuh okr&lkfgR; % ,d v/;;u

¼4½ la- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh% jktLFkkuh ckr&laxzg

¼5½ MkW- iwue nb;k% jktLFkkuh okr lkfgR; % ,d v/;;u

¼6½ MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k % jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;

¼7½ MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor% jktLFkkuh Hkklk ,oa lkfgR;

70

bdkbZ & 7

izeq[k x| xzaFk % uS.klh jh [;krbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

7-0 mísL;

7-1 izLrkouk

7-2 eq¡g.kksr oal vj uS.klh dk iqj[kk

7-3 uS.klh dh thouh

7-4 uS.klh dks NsdM+yks cxr

7-5 jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| vj eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr

7-6 eqgark uS.klh jh [;kr dk lkarjk i[k

7-7 eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr is fookn

7-8 eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr dks egRo

7-9 êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr^ dk x| dh O;k[;k &

7-10 bdkbZ jks lkj

7-11 vH;kl jk izLu


7-0 mísL;

1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa êqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr* dh ?k.kh egrkÅ Bke NSA bZa iksFkh uS i<+ck lwajktLFkkuh Hkklk dk twuk laLdkjka dh gh tk.kdkjh Uga feyS] jktLFkkuh lekt dk laLdkj vj nwth ekurkokaHkh lkeh vkoS NSA

2- eqagrk uS.klh [;kr dk :i esa jktLFkku dk egrkÅ fBdk.kk dks bfr;kl vL;k cxr esa ekaM~;ksa]tn nwth Hkklkoka esa x| ixka pkyck dh tqxr esa NksA

3- eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr ckcr ckap^j* jktLFkkuh bfr;kl dk ?k.kka egrkÅ izlaxka vj jktLFkkuhHkklk dk twuka laLdkjka dh tk.kdkjh ys ldSaxkA

7-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks dkO; gh uha x| Hkh tqxka twuks Hkkar&Hkkar dks vj dFk] lSyh vj nhB lwa HkksregrkÅ gSA bZa folkG lEink jh lkj :i esa tk.kdkjh nsck ds lkXkS gh e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk x|dk egrkÅ jpukdkj vj oka dh jpukoka dh tk.kdkjh djkck dh :ijs[kk bZ bdkbZ lwa ekaMh tk jgh NSA

7-2 e¡qg.kksr oal vj uS.klh dk iqj[kk

eq¡g.kksr uS.klh dks tte vkslokG ¼tSu½ ifjokj esa gks;ks NksA ekU;ks tkoS NS dS bZa oal dksvkfn&iq#l eq¡g.kflag ¼eksguflag½ Nks] vj Å¡ dk gh ukao is bZa oal dks ukao eqg.kksr iM~;kSA eq¡g.kflag ekjokM+dk jko jk;iky jkBkSM+ dks csVks Nks] tdks tSu /kje dh nhDlk ys yhA vk 14 ok¡ lbdk dh ckr NSA

eq¡g.kflag tSu /kje esa dL;k nhfD[ky gks;ks] bZa ys[ks Hkh ?k.kk izokn izpfyr NSA HkkVka dh [;kr dseqtc eq¡g.kflag ds gkFkka ,d }kl.k fgj.kh dks f'kdkj gksX;ksA fldkj ds ikNS eq¡g.kflag uS tn iÙkksa iM+;ksds fgj.kh dk isV esa tho NS] rks Å¡ uS ?k.kksa iNrkoksa gks;ksA iW.k vc dkabZ dj~;ks tk ldS Nks\ lkSHkkx lw¡ Å¡

71

gh cxr tSu ;fr f'kolsu mBh lw¡ [kM~;k gk vj oka fgj.kh uS thorh dj nhA bZa ds ikNS eq¡g.kflag thofgalkrt nh vj tSu /kje Lohdkj dj fy;ksA ekU;ks tkoS NS ds e¡qg.kflag laor~ 1351 esa tSu /kje dh nhD[kkyh NhA êgktu oa'k eqDrkoyh* ukao dh iksFkh ds eqtc jko jk;iky ds thork Fkdka gh HkkbZ;ka dk vkilheueqVko lw¡ rax vk*j eq¡g.kflag tSlGesj dk jkoG ¼jktk½ ds xkSM+s pY;ks X;ks vj mBs gh tSu lar ftupanzlwfj dk izopuka dk izHkko esa vk*j eq¡g.kflag tSu /kje dh nhD[kk ys yhA

lu~ 1891 dh tux.kuk ds cxr ek¡Mhxh tks/kiqj Jh njckj dh fjiksVZ esa ntZ NS ds tSlGesj esa jgrkFkdka eq¡g.kflag dk gSr dk ca/k ,d tSu dU;k lwa¡ gksX;k vj eq¡g.kflag Å¡ lw¡ ek¡Mks Hkh dj fy;ks vj tSu/keZ Hkh Lohdkj fy;ksA ;ks C;ko 1294 esa gks;ks NksA b.k Hkkar eq¡g.kflag dk tSu /kje Lohdkj djck ds ikNS?k.kdjh ekurkoka lekt esa NSA

eq¡g.kflag bZ jlwd gkGk oal dks eqf[k;k gks;ks] iW.k Å¡ lw¡ ys*j eq¡g.kksr lwtk rkabZ bZa oal ckcr dks;izkekf.kd fooj.k Ug¡ feySA eq¡g.kksr lwtk dks cxr lksygok¡ lbdk dks crk;ks tkoS NSA eq¡g.kflag ds ikNSlqHkVlsu] egsl] nsohpan] lknwG] nsohnkl] [ksrlh] es?kjkt] lwjpan Hkkstjkt] dkGwjke] clrhjke] eksgujkt]uxjkt vj lwtk dk ukao ifjokj dk ikuka is rks feyS NS] iW.k dks; [;kr ds egrkÅ ys[k esa m;ka dhtk.kdkjh Uga feGSA lSa lw¡ iSyh tk.kdkjh vpyk lwtkor csbZ feyS NS] tdks jko panzlsu dh lsok esa Nks vjuS.klh dks iM+nknks NksA tn tks/kiqj esa eqxy lsuk dks dCtks gksX;ks vj jko panzlsu uS Mwaxj vj taxGka esaHkVd.kks iM~;ks Nks] Å¡ cxr Hkh vpGk lwtkor vi.kka jko dks lkFk fuHkk;ks vj /k.kha dh lsok lw¡ ew.Mks Ug¡eksM~;ksA lkstr ds duS laojkM+ xkao dk eqxy Fkkuk is jko panzlsu dh lsuk dk vkØe.k dh cxr 19 tqykbZ1579 ;ks tq>kj j.k[ksr esa dke vk;ksA

panzlsu ds ikNS eq¡g.kksr uS eksVk jktk mn;flag dks vkljks feY;ksA eksVk jktk mn;flag dks tks/kiqjis dCtks gks;ks rks eq¡g.kksr Hkh tks/kiqj vkX;kA vpGk dk HkkbZ Nks vtqZu thA vtqZu th lw¡ gh eq¡g.kksrka dh,d [kki vyx gksbZ] egrk ukao /kkj~;ksA vpGk dks iwr tSlk vj tSlk dks iwr t;ey NksA t;ey ?k.kksgherh vj tq>kj NksA tks/kiqj dk jktk lwjflag dk njckj esa jgrk t;ey ?k.kks uke dek;ksA irlkgtgkaxhj dk gqdqe lw¡ xqtjkr dk fonzksg nckck csbZ t;ey Hkh lwjflag dh lkFk X;ks NksA bZa lw¡ [kql gks*j tnikrlkg lwjflag uS iV~Vu ljdkj dks cM+uxj ijxuks xL;ks rks lwjflag t;ey uS gh cBka dks gkfde c.kk;ksNksA QSj lwjflag uS QGksnh dks ijxuks feY;ks rks t;ey cBS dks Hkh gkfde c.;kSA 'kkgtknk [kqjZe tntkGksj dks ijxuks xtflag uS lw¡I;ks rks mBh dks jktdkt Hkh t;ey uS gh laHkGk;ks Xk;ksA t;ey ?k.kkatq/k Hkh yM+;kA cks vi.kh ;ksX;rk lw¡ gh ekjokM+ dks nsl&nhoku Hkh c.;ksA jktin is jgrka t;ey yksddh lsok dk ?k.kka dkjt dj~;kA m.k ?k.kka eafnj c.kok;kA lu~ 1630 esa tn dkG iM~;ks vj feu[k nk.kkank.kka csbZ rjlck ykX;k rks t;ey xjhc xqjcka csbZ vi.kks [ktkukss [kksy fn;ks NksA t;ey ds csbZ ,d nwgks?k.kksa pkoks NS&

^îjkyc/k iyV~;k ijk] nhtS fd.kuS nks"kAtSey tysch ys fx;ks] lk/kka djks larks"k AA**

¼Hkkx iyV X;ks rks vc dq.k uS nksl n~;ksA tysch [kkck dk fnu rks tSey dh ykjS gh x;kAlk/kqoka vc rks Qxr larksl gh dj.kks iM+SxksA½

vL;k gh dhjr iq#l t;ey dk ?kj esa uS.klh dks tye ukS uoacj 1610 uS gks;ksA Åa eq¡g.kksr [kkidk vkfn iq#l eq¡g.kflag dh 21oha ih<+h esa tUe;ks NksA

7-3 uS.klh dh thouh

uS.klh i<+kbZ vj Å¡ dk ckGi.kk ds ckjS esa ?k.kh tk.kdkjh UgW feySA uS.klh eksV~;kj gks;ka ikNS nksC;ko dj~;kA ^ck¡dhnkl dh [;kr* esa ok¡ dk rhtk C;ko dk izLrko ckcr Hkh tk.kdkjh feyS NSA ck¡dhnklds eqtc tn uS.klh tkGksj esa cM+ks gkfde Nks] ckM+esj dk dkenkj dek vi.kh csVh dh lxkbZ dks ukjsG

72

uS.klh csbZ [kank;ksA uS.klh vi.kk firk ds lkFk jktdkt esa O;Lr NksA cxr dh deh ns[k*j Å¡ lxkbZ dksukjsG rks >sy fy;ks] iW.k C;ko csbZ vki [kqn ckjkr yS;*j tkck dh ctk; vi.kks [kM~x ckjkr dh lkFk [kankfn;ksA Å¡ cxr vL;ks fjokt Nks ds cM+k yksx vi.kh Bke is ij.kck csbZ vi.kks [kM~x [aknk n~;s Nk] vj C;kodh jLeka iwjh gks T;koS NhA iW.k dkenkj dek uS bZ uS.klh dks ;ks cjrko Ug¡ :P;ksA cks vi.kh csV dks C;kodks; nwtk eksV~;kj lwa dj fn;ks vj Mksyh eas vkbZ rGokj ds lkxS ,d ewly esy*j ckjkr uS ikNks Hkst nhAuS.klh bZ ckr uS lgu Ug¡ dj lD;ks vj Å¡ ckM+esj is geyks cksy fn;ksA ckM+esj dk ijdksVk dh nhokj dksfdokaM+ m[kM+ok ds tkGksj dk fdyk dh iksG esa yxok fn;ksA vk ?kVuk uS.klh dk lqHkko dks ,d fprjkemdsjs NSA

vlh ckr dks; Ug¡ ds tSu /kje dk vuq;k;h uS.klh tq/k esa cSjh uS cjckn djck dks ;ks ,d gh dkedj~;ks OgSA lu~ 1632 esa exjk esa esjak dh dqpkeknka dqpGck csbZ x;ks uS.klh 15 xkao ckG fn;k vj nks x<+Qw¡d fn;kA lu~ 1643 esa jkM+/kjk dk egspk egslnkl dk jktnzksg uS dqGck csbZ uS.klh vi.kka firk t;eylkxS jkM+/kjk esa ?k.kha ywVikV djhA lu~ 1648 eas esgjktksr jkor ukjk;.knkl tn lkstr ds duS&duSdqpeknka l: djh rks uS.klh vi.kka HkkbZ lqanjnkl dh lkFk ukjk;.knkl uS dqpGck csbZ x;ks vj Å¡ dh enrdj jS;k ujk xk¡o cjckn dj~;ka iNs gh ckoM~;ksA lu~ 1658 esa tSlGesj dk jkoG lcGflag ds f[kykQdkjokbZ djrk Fkdka uS.klh vkl.kh ukao dks nqjx /oLr dj~;ks vj 25 xkao ckG fn;kA

vk ?kVukoka lw¡ ;ks vuqeku yxk;ks tk ldS NS ds uS.klh jkt jh f[kykQr cqjk crkZo uS dks; Hkhdher is cjnkLr Ug¡ djS NksA cks Kkuh Nks vj ?k.kks pks[kks izca/kd NksA êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr* Kku ds csbZÅ¡ dk tl dks c[kk.k djS NSA uS.klh tha <c lw¡ [;kr csbZ tk.kdkjh tqVkbZ NS] vL;ks dkjt cha ftL;ksfo|eku gh dj ldS NksA uS.klh dk lqHkko eas /khjt] Å¡ dks tq>kji.kks vj eku&ejtkn csbZ Å¡ dk laLdkjkauS ns[k*j gh tks/kiqj dk egkjktk tloarflag Å¡uS vi.kka ifjokj dh ns[k&js[k vj lkaj laHkkG tlh egrkÅftEesnkjh Hkh lw¡i nh NhA

uS.klh dk tks/kiqj jkt eas izHkko dks vuqeku bZa ckr lw¡ gh yxk;ks tk ldS NS] ds ujk dfo;ka Å¡ dkxq.kka dks c[kk.k djck okGk xhr ek¡M~;k vj os yksd esa ?k.kka pkok gq;kA ,d fMaxG xhr esa Å¡ dh vj Å¡dk HkkbZ lqanjnkl dh rkjhQ dfo vL;k djh NS&

lf> nGk¡ dh/k uS.klh lqanj] nGs cM+kcM+ eka>h nks;Afdjej&gFkk u iwts dGgj] dyegFkk ug iwtS dks;AAtqx tk.ku ek.kx tSey jk] eq.klka xqj lnrkjk¡ eh<+AbZ<+ u dks vlej>G vkos] vkoS ys[k.k>yk¡ u bZ<+AAHkhp fcUgS jkts jk Hkkjh] eg.k m/kkjh ?kM+ka xzgS AtksM+ u dks fof.k;k.kh tk;k] jk.kh tk;k mjS jgS AA

¼dfo dSoS NS ds vi.kha lsuk uS gesl ltk;ka rS;kj jk[kckokGk lSfud] xq: vj ijkdjeh tq>kj dk:i esa ts dks; fn[kkbZ n~;S NS rks os nksU;w¡ HkkbZ uS.klh nj lqanjnkl dh tksM+h gh NS A ;ka nksU;w¡ dh cjkcjhUg¡ rks dks; dye/kjh dj ldS NS] A vj UgW dks; ryokj/kkjh A ewryc ;ks ds tq>jiW.kak vj ys[kuh nksU;¡wesa ;ka dks dks; lkuh dks; Ug¡A tSey dk ;k¡ nksU;w¡ csVk¡ dh cjkcjh dk; Hkh fo}ku] nkuh] vj ekstht feu[kUg¡ dj ldS A dfo dSoS NS ds nksU;w¡ tye lw¡ egktu NS] iW.k dks; jk.kh dk tk;k iwrka esa Hkh ;ka dh tksM+dks feu[k de gh fey ldS NSA½ uS.klh nhoku in is j~grka Fkdka ekjekM+ dk xk¡oka] lgjka [kkylk HkkSe]tula[;k vj vken vkn dks lyhdk lw¡ losZ{k.k^ djk;ks vj jktLo esa c<+ksrjh csbZ ?k.k lq/kkj dfj~;kA vL;kegrkÅ dke foLokl dk feu[kak fcuk iwjk Ug¡ gks ldS] b± ys[ks uS.klh vka lxGk djt csbZ vi.kka foLokldk feu[k rSukr dj~;k A

73

7-4 uS.klh dks NsdM+yks cxr %&

uS.klh dks vks :rcks jkt dk nwtk vf/kdkfj;k¡ uS Ug¡ Hkk;ks A oL;k Hkh uS.klh dks yxkSyx cnrksizHkko nwljka ds rkabZ dL;k¡ cjnkLr gks ldS Nks \ uS.klh csbZ jktk dk dku Hkj~;k tkck ykX;k vj nwjHkkxlw¡ jktk th dku dk dkpk Nk A vi.kka lSa lw¡ foLokl dk eq¡grk uS.klh lw¡ gh ok¡ dks ifr;kjks gB X;ks Alu~ 1666 esa egkjktk tloarflag vkSjaxkckn NkA oka lqanjnkl vj uS.klh cBSS gh cqyk;ks vj ok¡ is ^jktLo^dh gkfu vj fjvk;k uS lrkck dks vkjksi yxk ^j ok¡uS ,d yk[k :I;k gjtkuk pqdkck dks gqdqe fn;ks AuS.klh b± vieku uS dL;k¡ cjnkLr dj ldS Nks \ Åa tqekZuks pqdkck lw¡ uV x;ks A egkjktk nksU;w¡ HkkbZ;k¡uS dSn djok fn;k vj vkSjaxkckn lw¡ tks/kiqj dh vkM+h [kank fn;k A xSyk esa gh nksU;w¡ HkkbZ;k¡ dh fejrw gksxhA

uS.klh vj lqanjnkl dh fejrq dL;k gksb] b± ckr is yksd ,der dks; Ug¡ A dks; DgS NS ds egkjktkgh nksU;w¡ HkkbZ;k¡ uS ejok fn~;k] rks dks; dks ekucks NS ds nksU;w¡ HkkbZ;k¡ b± vieku dh dkGE;k lw¡ vkregR;kdj yh A ,d fMaxG xhr esa egkjktk tloar flag uS uS.klh vj lqanjnkl dh fejrq dks ftEesnkj BgjkrkFkdka vksGeksa fn;ks x;ks NS &^^ N=ifr vk; cf.k;ks blks vkt Nd] vkSjax rksV iM+ vkSrM+s Åj A egkjktktlk blk D;wa ekjhtS] lwjoj vkHkj.k uS.klh lwj AA^^ dks; dks; dks ;ks ekucks NS ds uS.klh lw¡ ukjktxhjk[kckckyk yksxka vkSjaxkckn lw¡ tks/kqij dk xSyk esa nksU;w¡ HkkbZ;k¡ uS IgSyh rks ?k.kk lrk;k vj QSj ekSdks ns[k^j ok¡ dks o/k dj UgkaD;ks A uS.klh dk ,d nwgks Hkh NsdM+tk cxr esa [kkl yksxka dkuh lwa gq;k cqjk cjrkodhlk[k HkjS NS %&

ngkM+ks ftrjks nso] ngkM+s fcuk ugha nso gS Alqj uj djrk lso]¼vc½ uSM+k u vkoS uS.klh AA

ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k ds eqtc uS.klh vi.kk ukrsnkjka uS jktdkt esa egrkÅ ftEesnkfj;k¡ nhNh] iW.k m.kk [kqn dk dkjt lk/;k vj lqokjFk iwjk djck csbZ os jS;r ij tqye <kck ykx X;k A b± lw¡egkjktk uS.klh lw¡ ukjkt gksX;kA dksydkrk dk jkeukjk;.k eq¡g.kksr NsdM+yk cxr esa uS.klh dk cqjk gkydh ftEesnkjh irlkg vkSjaxtsc dk iM+iap ekFks yk/kh NSA ,d fo}ku dks ekucks NS ds eq¡grk uS.klh tnjktLo cnkck dh nhB lw¡ gkalG c<+k fn~;ks rks djlk.k jkt NksM+ ^j tkck tkX;k] tha lw¡ jkt dks ?k.kksuqdlk.k gks;ks vj egjkt uS.klh lw¡ ukjkt gksX;kA lkap tsk Hkh gks i.k ;ks vuqeku rks yxk;ks gh tk ldSNS dS uS.klh dh cnrh rkdr vj izHkko lw¡ lxGk nq%[kh gksck ykx X;k Nk vj uS.klh ds f[kykQ ?k.kka iM+iapgks;k NkA egkjtk tloarflag tn uS.klh vj lqanjnkl is tqjekuks yxk;ks rks uS.klh b± uS vi.kks viekule>k;ksA lkjh ftanxh LokehHkxfr vj fuLBk lw¡ jkt dh lsok djck okGks uS.klh bZa vieku uS dL;kcjnkLr dj ldS Nks \ Åa tqjekuk dk :i esa ,d yk[k dh jde vnk djck lw¡ lkQ uVX;ksA uVrh cxrk¡uS.klh tdks nksgks cksY;ks cks yksd esa ?k.kks pkoks NS %&

yk[k y[kkjk¡ uhitS] cM+ ihiG jh l[k]ufV;ks ewrks uS.klh] rkacks ns.k rykd AA

¼vki uS.klh lw¡ ,d yk[k dh ek¡x djh NS] iW.k yk[k rks cM+ vj ihiG dh Mky iS iSnk gksoS NSAeq¡grks uS.klh tqjekuks pqdkck lw¡ uVS NS vj b± [kkrj rks rkack dks ,d flDdks nsck dh rykd lkSxa/k NSA½

7-5 jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| vj eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr %&

¼v½ jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| dh Fkjiuk fodze dk pkSngoka lbdk ds yxS VxSekuh tk ldS NSA Å¡ cxr dh tSu /kkjfed jkpukoka] lSa lw¡ egrkÅ NSA lkaph ckr rks ;k NS dS jktLFkkuhHkklk x| dh Fkjruk dks tl tSu larka dk ek¡M~;k /kkjfed vj ykSfdd lkfgR; uS gh fn~;ks tk ldS NSA;ka jpukoka esa ^vjk/kuk^ ¼laor 1330½] ^ckyf'k{kk^ ¼laor 1336½] ^vfrpkj jpukoka ¼laor 1339½] ûodkjO;k[;ku^ ¼laor 1358½] vj ^loZrhFkZ ueLdkj^ ¼laor~ 1359½ lSa lw¡ egrkÅ NSA b± cxr esa gh ^/kuiky

74

dFkktkrd^ dh jpuk Hkh gksbZ] tdh ?k.kh txpkoh gksbZ A Å¡ cxr dk tSu xzzaFkka esa laLdr vj ikzdr dkdF; le>kck csbZ Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh Vhika dks mi;ksx feyS NSA

laor 1400 lw¡ vkxyk nks lkS cjl rkabZ dks cxr jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| dh nhB lw¡ fodkl dks dkyekU;ks tk ldS NSA b± nkSj esa tSu jpukdkj /kkjfed iksF;ka ds lkxS ] nwtk yksdfgrdkjh fol;ka is Hkh iksF;kaaek¡MhA tSu larka ds lkxS nwtk jpukdkj Hkh b± nkSj esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa egrkÅ iksF;ak dks fljt.k dj~;kSA ^^xqokZoyh ] iFohpan pfj= ¼okfXoykl½] fofo/k o.kZd] izdh.kZ o.kZd] vgks ';kyd cksfy] gfLro.kZu]eqRdykuqizkl] eX/kocks/k] vkSfDrd] mfDr laxzS] xf.kr lkj vj xf.kr iapfoa'kfrdk^^ t';k xzaFk b± nkSj esa ghekaM~;k x;k A r:.kizHk lwfj] lkselqanj lwfj] es: lqanj] ik'oZpanz lwfj] ekf.kD;panz lwfj] ftu leqnz lwfj] vj'kkafrlkxj lwfj b± nkSj dk egrkÅ tSu jpukdkj Nk] tdk jkLFkkuh Hkklk esa x| ekaMck dh jhr uS ercqrhnh A b± nSkj esa gh nks larka opfudkoka Hkh fljthA

tSu larka ds lkxS nwtk ys[kd Hkh b± nkSj esa jktLFkku Hkklk esa x| ekaMcks l: dj pqD;k Nk A ;kajpukoka esa lSa egrkÅ jpuk ^ xkxjks.k dk f'konkl xkM.k vpynkl [khph jh opfudk ^ dk ukao lw¡ ek¡MhA b± dks fljt.k leS fo- laaor 1480 ds yxS VxS ekU;ks tkoS NS A b± ikFkh esa x| esa vaR;kuqizkl NS] ;kus x|gksrka Fkdka Hkh vksG~;ka rqd okGh NS A iksFkh esa ?kVukoka vj ik=ka dks oj.ku gh dF; dks iz/kku xq.k NS A ekU;kstkoS NS ds ;k jhr laLdr vj izkdr lkfgR; lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vkbZ A

fodkl dky ds ikNS dk rhu lkS cjlesa] fo- laor 1600 lw¡ fo- laor 1900 rkbZ jktLFkkuh esa ?k.kksx| ek¡M~;ks x;ks A tSfu;ka iV~Vkoyh] oalkoyh ] cfg;ka vkn jS fljt.k lw¡ vi.kks [kkl tksxnku dj~~;ks At;lkse dks iz'uksRrj^] f'kofu/kku dks dkydkpk;Z dFkk ^]le;lqanj dh ;fr vkjk/kuk Hkklk^] dY;k.k lkxjdh ^nku'khyrizHkko rjaxh.kh^ b± nkSj dh egrkÅ jpukok NS A nwth jptkoka esa ^dqrwgwye~]^ ^lHkkfla.kxkj^^fte.kokj ifj/ku fof/k]^ Hkkstu fofPNfr^] ohj Hksktuo.kZd^] Hkkstu HkfDr Hkh egrkÅ NSA vkads lkxS gh tSularka T;ksfr[k is Hkh egrkÅ dke dj~;ks vj iksF;k ek¡MhA b± nkSj esa gh nwtk jpukdkjka Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklkx| ijaijk esa lcGks tksxnku dj~;ks A ^ôpfudk] okr] nokoSr oalkoyh] [;kr] foxr] gky] ih<+h] ;kn]gqdwer cgh] odhy fjiksVZ] dkSeokj nLrwj] [krwr egjktxku] vkn lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| dh ?k.kha lcGhgksbZ A

¼c½ eq¡grk uS.klh dh [;kr %&

[;kr ,d dzec) lEink oj.ku gksoS NSA ;ks o.kZu oal dks ;k dks; [kkl folSoLrq dks gks ldS NSAtwuk cxr esa jkt?kjkuk is vklfjr fo}ku rks ok¡ jkt?kjkx.kk dh [;krka ekaMS gh Nk] iW.k Å¡ cxr dk dqyhu?kjk.k dh [;kr ek¡Mck dh Hkh jhr Nh A gkykafd oalkoyh ek¡Mck okGk HkkV Hkh ihf<+;k¡ dks yM+hokj oj.kufy[kS Nk] iW.k oka dks nk;jks vj fol; lhfer gksoS NkA czteksgu tkokfy;k eqtc [;kr dk :i esa bfrgklijd xzaFk ek¡Mck dh l:ckr ikrlkg vdcj dk dky esa gksbZ A os ek¡Ms NS dS twuk lkldka Hkh gkyk¡fdbfr;kl ijd xzaFk e¡Mok;k] iW.k oka iksF;ka esa ok¡ jktkoka dh tkrjkoka] tq/k vj futw thou pfjr dks gh e¡Mk.kNks A vdcj ^vbZus vdcjh^ ek¡Mck dh izsj.kk ns j bfr;kl ek¡Mck dh lh[k nh A ,d egrkÅ ckr ;k HkhgksbZ dsS vdcj dk njckj esa ?k.kdjk jktk ,dlkFk jSoS NkA oka esa Hkh vi.kka oal dks bfr;kl e¡Mkck dh gksM+ekph Nh A bL;k lkld tkrh; xkSjo c<+kck csbZ [;krak e¡MokbZA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh egrkÅ [;krka esa ^ tks/kiqj jk jkBkSM+ka jh [;kr ^] ûS.klh jh [;kr^] ^n;kynkljh [;kr ^] ^ns'k&niZ.k^] ^vkekZ[;ku ^^dYinzqe^] ^jkoYd jk.kkoka jh ckr^] ^mn;iqj jh [;kr^] ^jko vejlhagjh [;kr^] ^[kkofM+;k jkBkSM+ka jh ckr^]^dwaikork¡ jh [;kr^] ^pkaikork¡ jh [;kr^] chnkork¡ jh [;kr^] ^ck¡dhnkljh [;kr^] ^dsljhflag esgrk jh [;kr^] ^fraojh iqjksfgr th jh [;kr^] êkjokM+ jh [;kr^ vkn dk uke fy;ktk ldS NS A ^nyir foykl^ ukao dks xzaFk v/kwjks feY;ks NS] iW.k vks jktLFkkuh dk ,sfrgkfld xzaFkka esa b± nhBlw¡ egrkÅ NS dS vks vki.kka <c dks ,dyks xzaFk NS A b± esa vdcj dk tekuk dk chdkusj dk jktk jk;flagdk csVk nyirflag dk tho.k dh jkst&jkst dh ckrka dks c[kk.k NS A

75

êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr^ esa ys[kd Qxr ,d jktoal dks bfr;kl Ug¡ ek¡M~;ks cks U;kjk&U;kjkjkt?kkjk.kk dks bfr;kl ,d yM+h esa fijksck dks tru dj~;sk NS A lewpk xzaFk esa uS.klh 97 okrka] 9 [;krka]7 ih<~;k¡] 3 okjrkoka] 5 gdhdr] 10 foxr] 2&2 oalkofy;ka vj vkfnnkLrka vj 1&1 ijokM+k vj oj.ku HkSGkdj~;k NkA

;s lxGh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh vyx&vyx fo/kkoka NS vj ;ka esa :i vj vkdkj dh nhB lw¡ ekewyhvkrjks NS A ;ks vkarjks bRrks ckjhd NS ds uS.klh tL;ks fo}ku Hkh ;ka b± ek¡Mrka cxr pwd dj x;ks A okxfM+;kpgqok.kka jh ih<+h ^ ds rkabZ uS.klh okxfM+;k pgqok.kka jh [;kr laiw.kZ ^ dg ^j iwj.k dj~h NS A ^nfg;k jh okr^dk NsdM+yk val esa [;kr vj okrkZ ukao fn~;ks x;ks NS A ^cqansyk jh ckr^ esa Qxr ih<+h nh xh NS A ôkredok.kka jtiwrka jh ^ esa Qxr N% vksfG;ka jh Vhi NS vj b± nhB lw¡ b± uS ckr UgW d;ks tk ldS A ^tks/kiqjjk jktoka jh [;kr^ esa dsoy oka dk ujklkj dk ukao fn~;k x;k NS] tdh gdhdr ;k foxr rks gks ldS NS]iW.k [;kr Uga gks ldSA ^tSlyesj jh [;kr ^ esa tSlGesj dk xkaok dh izZZXh<~;ka dk ukao gh NS A ;ka dfe;kads gksrka Fkdka Hkh eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr^ vi.kka cxr dh ,d egrkÅ jpuk NS A

7-6 eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr % dk lkarjk i[k

ûS.klh jh [;kr dh Hkklk oka vkykspdka [kkrj ,d mFkGks gks ldS NS] tdk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh,d:irk dks loky [kM+ks djS NS] vj ok¡ feu[kka ds csbZ ,d mnkgj.k gks ldS NS ] tdk b± nkSj esa jktLFkkuhHkklk dh ,d:irk dh [kaspG esa ykx jS;k NSA uS.klh ijlxZ ds rkSj is jS] jk] jh ] uwa] r.kkS vkfn ckij~;kNS vj loZuke dk :i esa EgSa] Egka] Egkjk] Fkka]Fksa] Fkkajks] b.k] m.kak] frdks] ftdks] fd.k] dq.k] dkabZ tL;k lcndke esa fy;k NSA leqPp;cks/kd vo;o dk :i esa ^^ vkSj ^^ vj ûa dks iz;ksx NSA ;k egrkÅ ckr NS dStwuh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lgk;d fØ;k oka dk ojreku :i esa ^NS dks iz;ksx lxGk vapyk¡ esa pkyS Nks Afo}kuka eqtc ;ks Å¡ cxr dks vlj j~;ks gksoSxks tn xqtjkrh vj jtLFkkuh Hkklkokaa dks ,dL;kj :i ghizpyu esa NksA

tnih ûS.klh jh [;kr ^ ek¡Mrka cxrka eq¡grk uS.klh dks ewy edln bfr;kl ek¡M.ksks gh j~S;ks gksoSxks]iW.k iksFkh esa Bke&Bke is nwtk fols Hkh vk;k NS] tha lw¡ i<+ck okGk uS thou dk lxGk i[k ck¡pck uS feySNSA nsoh&nsork] ;{k] Hkwr&izsr dk fdLlk] lgj& xk¡o vj fdYyk dk HkkSxksfyd oj.ku] O;kikfj;k¡ vj e.Mhdk mYys[k ] R;wagkj tkfr;k¡ &mitkfr;k¡ dk uke tlh ujh egrkÅ tk.kdkjh Å¡ cxr dk lekt ckcrêq¡grl uS.klh jh [;kr ^ ns NSA vs oj.ku ?k.kka jkpd c.k iM~;k NSA Å¡ cxr dk lekt vj laLdfr dhtk.kdkjh ysck dh nhB lw¡ êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr ^ ,sd egrkÅ ek/;e NSA

Bke&Bke is uS.klh b± iksFkh esa dqN dfo;k¡ dh dforkoka dk val Hkh fn~;k NS A b± lw¡ ?k.kdjk vL;kdfo;k¡ dk ckjk esa tk.kdkjh feyS NS tdk b± lw¡ IgSyh tkudkjh esa Ug¡ NkA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| dks ,d [kkl i[k lekl gh.k NksVk okD; NSA ;ks xq.k twuh jktLFkkuh esa ghUg¡ viHkza'k dky dh Hkklku~ esa ik;ks tkoS NSA fo}ku ekuS NS ds ;ks vlj laLdr lkfgR; dh ^pw.kZd^ lSyhlw¡ ;ka Hklku~ Hkh vk;ks NSA twuh jktLFkuh Hkklk esa T;knk iksF;ka bZa y?kqin lSyh esa gh ek¡Mhxh NSA uS.klh Hkhvk gh lSyh vi.kkbZ A iW.k cxrlj oj.ku dh njdkj uS /;ku esa j[kk.k ^j dks; dks; Bke is cM+k okD; Hkhek¡M~;k NSA fØ;kgh.k vj de lw¡ de lcnk¡ okGk okD; [k.M uS.klh dk x| dh folslrk NSA uS.klh dhHkklk lSyh vlh NS] ekuks dks; fprjke [ksap j~gh gksoSA carG dk laokn Å¡ dk x| uS cRrks :pck okGksc.kk fn~;ks NS A uS.klh ekSdk dh utkdr eqtc fonslh lcn Hkh [kqy ^j ckij~;k NS vj vi.kha ckr uS /kkjnsck csbZ eqgkojka dks bLrseky Hkh dj~;ks NS A

êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr dh lSa lw¡ egrkÅ ckr ;k NS ds Å¡uS Bke&Bke lw¡ tsdh tk.kdkjh T;ka&T;kafeu[kka lw¡ yh ] ok¡ dks ukao Hkh [;kr esa ek¡M~;ks NSA b± lw¡ nks Qk;nk gks;k A ,d rks uS.klh vyx&vyx dk.kkdh tk.kdkjh ;ka feu[kka lw¡ ys yh] tha lw¡ de cxr [kjp gks;ks vj nwtks ] tk.kdkjh nsck okGk dks ukao

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ek¡M^j uS.klh vi.kk ys[ku uS foLoluh; Hkh c.kk fn~;ksA uS.kklh bZa iksFkh esa b.k Hkkar tk.kdkjh nsck okGkdks ukao ek¡M~;ks NS %& ^^lk[k brh ifMgkjka feGS A HkkV [kaxkj uhfy;k jS fy[kkbZ ^^ ¼Hkkx 1]i- 89½] ^^bfr Jhcwanh jk /kf.k;k¡ gkMk¡ jh [;kr okrkZ lEiq.kZ A fy[kra ohBw iuk] okpsZ ftd.k fljnkjka lwa eqtjks ekye gqlhaA^^¼Hkkx 1]i& 121½] ^^cwansyk lqHkdj.k jS pkdj pØlsu eaMk;k ^^ ¼Hkkx 1] i- 120½ ^^laor~1717 jk Hkknzo jS eklSekagS eq¡grk uS.klh xqtjkr Jhth jh gqtwj x;ks A vklkst ekagS ikNks vk;ks] rjS nsoM+k vejk pkankor jksiz/kku ck?ksyks jkeflag uwa vejs uS.klh duS esfy;ks gqarks A vks tkyksj vk;ks rjS lhjksgh jh gdhdr iwNh A m.kdgh A ^^¼Hkkx 1] i- 172½

7-7 eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr is fookn

eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks ,d egkrkÅ xzaFk NS] iW.k b± xzaFk ckcr Hkh ?k.kdjkfookn py.k es NS A lSa lw¡ egrkÅ fookn ;ks NS ds ;k ikFkh dks; ,d feu[k Ug¡ ek¡Mh A ;ks vkjki yxkckokGk lSa lw¡ cM+ks rjd ;ks nsoS NS dS b± iksFkh esa gh Bke&Bke is nwtk ukao e¡M~;k NS A ;k dks; vuwBh ckrHkh dks; Ug¡A b± ckr is vklkuh lw¡ ifr;kjks Ug¡ OgS dS jktdkt esa vruks O;Lr jgrk Fkdka Hkh dks; feu[kbfr;kl dh vRrh lkexzh tqVk ^j vruks eksVks xzaFk ek¡M ldS NSA iW.k /;ku lw¡ ns[;ka ;ks vkjksi xGr lkfcrgks tkosS NS A ;k ckr lkaph NS ds eq¡grk uS.klh vyx vyx fBdk.kk dh tk.kdkjh vyx&vyx feu[kkadk ek/;e lw¡ tqVkbZ] vj ;k uS.klh dh bZekuhnkjh ghNh dS Å¡ oka yksxak dk ukao Hkh iksFkh esa ek¡M~;k] iW.klxGh ikFkh dh Hkklk LkSyh ,dL;kj dh NS vj b± lw¡ ;k ckr >wBh lkfcr gks tkoS NS dS ;k iksFkh dks; ,dfeu[k Ug¡ ek¡Mh A

gk¡] bZa ckr is Hkjkslks dj~;ks tk ldS NS dS uS.klh dks jktdkt esa [kkl eqdke bZa dke esa Å¡ds csbZennxkj gks;skA gks ldS NS uS.klh dbZ feu[kka uS tk.kdkjh tqVkck dh ftEesnkjh ns nh gksoS vj bZa ys[ks Å¡uSjkt dk izHkko] ;k vi.kk /ku dk mi;ksx Hkh dj~;ks gksoS ] iW.k bZa lw rks [;kr ek¡Mck dk dkjt ds csbZ Å¡dk ladGi dh gh tk.kdkjh feyS NSA bZa ckr is Hkjkslks UgW dj~;ks tk ldS ds uS.klh ;ks xzaFk tks/kiqj dkjktk dk gqdqe lw¡ ek¡M~;ks gksoSxksA ts vL;ks gksrks rks uS.klh vi.kh iksFkh esa ok¡ dks fo:n vol ek¡Mrks] iW.kvlh ckr dks; Ug¡ A bZa lw¡ Hkjkslks rks bZa ckris gh dj.kks iM+Sxks ds eq¡grk uS.klh ;k [;kr vi.kS Hkhrj dh izsj.kklw¡ gh ek¡Mh NS A uS.klh dk cxr rkabZ twuka bfr;kl dh ?kVukoka vj nwj ekStwn fBdk.kk dh ckrka tk.kckdk ek/;e vkt tL;k miyC/k UgW NkA bZa ys[ks gh yksxka ds chpS QSyh ekurkoka gh [kkl vk/kkj NkhA Qs:¡Hkh uS.klh lko/kkuh j[kk.kh NSA Å¡ twuh ckrka ek¡Mrka cxr iVys[k vj twuh iksF;k dh Hkh enn yh NS AHkkVka ] jkoka vj pkj.kka ds xkSM+s oalkoyh vkn dh tk.kdkjh iq[rk j~g Nh ] bZa ys[ks uS.klh ok¡ dh Hkh ennyhA lkaph ckr rks ;k NS dS bZa [;kr uS ek¡Mrk cxr eq¡grk uS.klh tk.kdkjh feyck dk dks; ek/;e vi.kkagkFkka lw¡ Uga f[kldck fn~;ks A ,d egrkÅ ckr ;k NS ds uS.klh [kqn dks ftdj Hkh izFke iq:l esa Ug¡ djdsmRre iq:l :i esa dj~;ks NSA ?k.kka fo}kuka dk eu esa bZa lw¡ Hkh nqfo/kk tueh NS] iW.k ;k jhr rks ?k.kk ys[kdkavi.kkbZ NS ds fy[krh cxrka oka [kqn uS ,d ys[kd gh ekU;ks vj ukao dks ftdj Hkh rhtk iq:l ¼ds mRreiq:l½ dk :i esa dj~;ks NSA

7-8 eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr dks egRrc

êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr lw¡ IgSyh Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ?k.kh [;krka ek¡Mkh xh Nh iW.k os [;krka dks;,d jkt?kjk.kk] ,d oal ;k dksbZ ,d feu[k lw¡ ukrks jk[kck okGh Nh A êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr^ ?k.kakjkt?kjk.kk vj fBdk.kk dks bfr;kl fy[;ks bZa lwa ?k.kka vKkr dfo;ka dk ukao Hkh ikBdka ds lkeh vk;kAvi.kka cxr dh Hkklk] lekt vj ijaijkok dks Hkh ifjpS eq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr fn;ks NSA ;ks vL;ks yq¡Bks xzaFkNS] tdks tk.kdkjh nsck okGk dks ukao ikn fVIi.kh dk :i esa Uga ns ^j lkexzh ds lkxS gh fn;s NSA êq¡grku.klh jh [;kr^ x| dh fofo/k fo/kkoka dh 137 jpukoka NS ] T;ka esa ckr ] [;kr] okjrk ] gdhdr ] foxrvkn egrkÅ NS A bZa lw¡ vk fo/kkoka ds ckcr Hkh ikBd uS tk.kdkjh feyS NS A twuk lekt laLdfr vj Å¡

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cxr dh Hkklk dh tkudkjh dh nhB lw¡ êqgrk uS.klh jh [;kr^ ,d egkrkÅ xzaFk NSA

7-9 êq¡grk uS.klh jh [;kr^ dk x| dh O;k[;k &

vkfn lhlknh;k xSgyksr dfgtS A ,d okr ;wa lq.kh A b.kkajh BkdqjkbZ isgyh fn[k.kuwa ukfld =cadgqrhA lq b.kkjS iwoZtjS lw;Zjks miklu gqrksA ek¡rk/ksu djrk A rn lw;Z izr{k vk; gktj gqrks A fr.klwa dkstq/k thr ldrsk ugha A lqa jktk ?k.kh /kjrh jks /k.kh gqoks A lq jktkjS iq= ugha A rjS lw;Zthlwa iq=jh fourhdhA rjS lw;Z dg~;ks & ^^vkackb nsoh esokM+ bZMjjS xM+kla/k NSA mBkjh tkr cksyksA bNuk djksA vk/kku jglh]rBk iNS tkr djT;ksA^^ iNS tkr baNhA jka.kh jS vk/kkau jg~;ks A iNS jktk&jka.kh vkackbjh tkruwa pkyh;kAlq jka.kh pkyrka jktkjks ea= vkokgu jg~;ks A rjS xzh;ka dkaVfG;k nko yk/kkS ] lw;Zjks miklu fefV;ks rjSflxGk HksGk gq; jktk Åij vk;k A jtk ckt eqvks A x<+ okalyks Hksfe;ka yh;ks A jka.kh vkack;kjh tkr djuSa xkao ukxngS ckaHk.kkjS vka.k Msjks dh;ks A okalka ?kjkalqa lq.kko.kh vkbZ A ik?k vkbZA jk.kh cG.kuqa r;kj gqbZApg f[kM+d r;kj djh A fr.k osGk ukxngk xkaojS ckaHk.kka jka.khuq dg~;ks &isV vak/kkaua Fkdka cafy;ak nks[k.k ?k.kksNS A FkkjS fnu fi.k iwjk gqvk NS A ^^fnu 15 rFkk 20 cGsS jfg uSa NwVhA csVks tk;ksA^^ ¼lhlksnh;k jh[;kr@Hkkx 1&i- 1&2½

dfBu lcn %& fn[k.kuwa ¾ nfD[ku dkuh ] ¼yadkÅ fnlk esa½ A ek¡rk/ksu ¾ ekurk vj /;ku Avkackb nsoh ¾ xqukjkr dh ,d pkoh&Bkoh nsoh A xM+kla/k ¾ uSMS+]¼uthd½A( tkr cksycks ¾ dks; dkjt dsys[ks nsoh&nsork dh ekurk cksy.kS ds dkjt ds iwjks gks;ka ikNS izlknh p<+kck csbZ oka dk Fkku dh tkrjkdjck dsk iz.k dj.kks A bNuk djcks Ú eupk;k dkjt csbZ ;kpuk djcks A vk/kkau ¾ xjHk A tkr# ¾ tkrjkcsbA nko yk/kkS Ú volj feY;ks A ckt ewvks ¾ yM+ j ejX;kA x<+ okalyks ¾ ,d x<+ dks ukao A xkao ukxngS¾ mnSiqj jS uSM+S ,d xkao ukxnk A okalka ¾ ikNS lwa A lw.kko.kh vkbZ ¾ ejth dh [kcj vkbZA pg f[kM+d¾ fprk A nks[k.k ¾ nks[k A jk.kh ds tpxh gksxh A

vjFk %& lhlksfn;k iSyh xgyksr dgkoS NkA xqfgy oal dk gksck lwa xgyksr dgyk;k A ,d ckr;k lq.kh NS A ;ka dh BdqjkbZ IgSyh yadkÅ fnlk esa ukfld =cad esa gkscks djS Nh A ;ka dk iqj[kk lwjt dhiwtk djS NkA ekurk cksyS Nk vj /;ku yxkoS NkA b± lwa lwjt izr[k gkftj gq;ks A ;ka lwa dks; tq/k rks thrUga ldS Nks A b± ys[ks jktk ?k.kh /kjrh dks /k.kha gks;ks A jktk ds dks; iwr dks; Uga Nks A b± ys[ks cks lwjtth lwa iwr csbZ vjt djh A rn lwjt dgh & esokM+ dk bZMj ds uhMS+ vkackbZ nsoh NS A mBh dh ekurk cksyksAbaNk djksA xjHk BgjSxks OgS vj ikNS tkrjk djT;ks A** b± ds ikNS tkr dh ekurk djh Ajka.kh ds xjHkB~gj~;ksA ikNS jktk&jk.kh vkackekrkjh tkrjk csbZ pkY;kA jk.kh vj uS pkyrka Fkdka ,d earj dks tki Hkhdj~;ks A vL;ka geSl lsok esa j~gck okGka Hkskfe;ka uS ekSdks feY;ks A lxGk ,dBk gks j jktk ij geyks dfj;ksAjktk tq/k esa dke vk;ks A ôkalyks * ukao dks x<+ Hkksfe;k ys fYk;ksA tkrjk dj ^j jk.kh ukxnk xako esa cke.kkads vBh Msjks MkY;ks A ikNS lwa jktk dh fejrq dh [kcj vkbZ A ixM+h vkbZA jk.kh [kqn cGck csbZ R;kj gksxhAfprk ltokbZA Å¡ cxr ukxr xkao dk cake.kka jk.kh lwa d;ks&* xjHk lw¡ gksrk cGck esa ?k.kksa nks[k NS A Fkkjkfnu iwjk gksck gkGk NSA**15&20 fnu ikNS jk.kh dh tpxh gksbZA

Jh,dfyaxth duS jkBkl.k nsoh NS A rBS gkfjr fj[k ckjS cjl cM+h riL;k djh A rBS ckiks jkoGVks?kM+k pkjrks] ckaHk.kjks csVks Fkdks A lks b.k gkjhr fj[kjh ckjS cjl ?k.kh lsok djh A iNS fj[khLojjh riL;kiwjh gqbZ A fj[khLoj pky.kjks fopkj dh;ks rjS D;wa bZ ckikuS ms.kjks fopkj dh;ksA rjS gkjhr jkBkl.k nsohÅij dksi dh;ks A dg~;k& ^ckjS cjl Fkkalaw fudV riL;k djh ] Fks Egkjh dnsb [kcj ugh yhuhA* rjS izr[;gq; nsoh dg~;ks &*eksuwa dklwa vX;k djks NksA* rjS gkjhr fj[khLoj dg~;ks &*Egkjh b.k MkoM+S ckiS ?k.kh lsokdjh] b.kuwa vBkjks jkt nh;ks pkfgtSA* rjS nsoh dg;ks & ^Jhegknsoth izlu djks A jkt egknsothjh lsokfcuk ikbZtS u NSA* rjS gkfjr fj[k egknsothjks /;ku dh;ks A mxz Lrqfr djh A fr.kFkh ikgkM+ izFkh QkM+ uStkrY;kax Jh,dyX;ath izxV gqokA rjS gkjhr fj[k oGS egknsothjh mxz Lrqfr djh A egnsoth izlu gqokA

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dg~;ks gjhr dklwa ek¡xS NS \ lq dfgA Egs oj nkaA ^rjS jkoy ckikjh ohurh djh A ckiks esokMjks jkt ikoSArjS egjnsoth nso jkBkl.k izlu gqvkA oj nh;ksA jkt nh;ksA lq geSa jka.kuqa vkJhokjn nhtS NS A rjS gjgkjhr izlu dghtS NS A egknso izlu dj uS gkjhr vk;ksA frrjS ckiks vk; gktj gqoksA ckikuqa fj[khLojvkX;k nh & rSa Egkjh ?k.kh lsok djh A EgSa rksuwa esokM+jks jkt egknsoth nsohth izlu dj nhjk;ks NSA b.k BksM+,dfyax izxV gqok NS A vkSj nsoh jkBkl.k NS A m.kjh rwa ?k.kh lsok djtS jkt rkgjks vfopG jglhA uS rwajkr ?kM+h P;kj ikNyh Fkdh vk,A oGS rksuS dqghad dg.kks NS ] lq dghlA rjS ckiks ?kjS tk; lw; jg~;ksA eksM+kstkxh;ksA rjS nkSM+ ^j x;ksA vkxS gkjhr fj[k foeku cSlrks Fks fr.k osGk x;ksA foeku Åapks gqoksA ckikjhfj[khLoj ckag >kghA gkFk nl ckijks MhG o/kh;ksA fj[khLoj eq[kjks racksG nsrks FkksA tk¡.kh;ks b.kjk ewaMk ekaghiM+lh rks b.kjh nsgh vej gqoS A lq racksG pwd uS ix Åij ifM+;ks A + rjS fj[khLoj dg~;ks &^Fkkgjk ixlwaesckM+jks jkt dnS tk; ugha A uS ckiuqa dg~;ksA & Qyka.kh BksM+ Niu dksM+ lksub;k NS lq mjk ystks A lkekaudj uS phrksM+ Åij tk A eksjh vkxs jkt djS NSA lq ekj uS jkt fprksM+jks mjks Y;ks A laer 50 dgs NS Ackikuqa gqoks A ckiS eksjh ekj uS phrksM+jks jkt yh;ks A ¼lhlksnh;ka jh [;kr @ Hkkx 1] i- 11]12½

dfBu lcn %&* Vks?kM+k ¾ xk;ka dk ckNM+k A dkalw ¾ dkabZ A MkoMS ¾ yM+ds A oGS ¾ QSjA frrjS¾ vruk esaA jkr ?kM+h P;kj ikNyh Fkdh vk, ¾ ikNyh jkr dh P;kj ?kM+h cph OgS tn vktSA lw; jg~;ks¾ lwrks j~;ks A eksM+ks ¾ nsj lawA ckag >kyh ¾ ckag idM+hA eksjh ¾ ekS;Z oal dk feu[k A

vjFk %& Jh ,dfyaxth ds lks<+s jkBkl.k nsoh NSA mBh gkjhr fj[kh ckjg cjlka rkabZ ri dj~;ksAmBh ckiks jkoG cke.k dks csVks gksrka Fkdka Hkh xk; dk cNM+k pjkck vkcks djS NksA Å ckjg cjlka rkabZ gjhrfj[kh dh ?k.kha lsok djh A QSj fj[kh dks ri iwjks gks;ksA fj[khLoj tn pkyck dks fopkj dj~;ks rks ^ckikjkoG ds rkabZ dkabZ u nsck dks eu dj~;ksA b± lwa gjhr fj[kh jkBkl.k nsoh lwa vi.kha jhl trkbZA cksY;k&^ckjg cjlka rkabZ FkakdS lkS<+s ri dj~;k]s iW.k Fkka dnh Egkjk gky Uga tk.;kA ^b± is nsoh izr[k gks j cksyh &êgabZ dkabZ gqdqe djks Nks \^ rn gkjhr fj[kh cksY;k &Êgkjh b± yM+dks ?k.kh lsok djh NSA b± ds rkabZ vBhdks jkt ns.kks pkgh;A^ rn nsoh dgh & Jhegknsoth uS izlUu djksA jkt egknoth dh lsok fcuk Uga feySA^rks gkjhr fj[kh egnso thdks /;ku yxk;ksA ?k.kh vc[kh riL;k djh A b± is igkM+ vj fijFkh QkM+ ds,dfyaxth dk :i es T;ksfrfyax izxV~;kA gkjhr fj[kh QSj egkno th dh dBhu riL;k djh A egknsothizlUu gks;kA cksY;k &* gkjhr dakbZ ekaxS NS \ tks pkfgtS cksyA Egka oj nSaxkA *rn jkoG ckik dh fourhdjhA ckiks esokM+ dks jkt ikoS A egknso th nso vj jkBkl.k izlUu gks;kA oj fn;ksA jkt fn;ksA jk.kk uSvklhokZn fn;ksA vL;k gkjhr uS izlUu dj fn~;ksA egknso uS izlUu dj^j gkjhr vk;ksA vruka esa ckiks vk^j gkftj gks;ksA ckik ds rkabZ fj[khLoj gqdqe fn~;ks & ^Fkus* Egkjh ?k.kh lsok djh NSA EgWus nsoh vj egknsoth uS izlUu dj ^j Fk¡ b± esokM+ dks jkt fn~ok;ks NSA b± Bke isa ,dfyaxth ijxV gks;k NS vj nSoh jkBkl.kNSA oka dh rwa ?k.kh lsok djtSA Fkkjks jkt vfopG j~gSxksA vc Fkwa ikNyh jkr dh pkj ?kM+h ckdh j~gS tnvktS A QSj FkuS dks; ckr dg.kh gks rks dghtsA rn ckiks ?kj tk *j lks X;ksA FkksM+k nsj lwa tkX;ksA nkSM+ *jx;ksA gkjhr fj[kh foeku foeku esa cSB~;k Nk] m.k cxr iwX;ksA foeku Å¡pks gks;ksA fj[khLoj ckik dh ckagidM+hA ckik dks Mhy nl gkFk cn x;ksA fj[khLoj vi.kak ew.Mk dks racksG ¼iku½ nsck ykX;k] oka lksph dh;ks b± dk ew.Mk esa tkoSxks rks ;ks vEej gks tkoSxksA i.k racksG pwd *j ix ÅijS ifM+;ks a rn fj[khLoj cksY;k& *Fkkjk ix lwa ¼oaltka lwa ½ esokM+ dks jkt dnh Uga tkoSxks A ** QSj ckik lwa cksY;k & *Qyk.kh BksM+ is lksukadh NIiu djksM+ eksgjk NS lks ys yhtSA R;kjh dj ^j fpRrkSM+ ds Åij p<+kbZ djA mBh eksjh jktk jkt djSNS A oka bZ ekj ds fpRrkSM+ dks jkt ys fyT;ksA dg NS dS ;k ckr laor 50 dh NSA ckik dsk dke gks;ksA ckikeksjh jktk uS ekjds fpRrkSM+ dks jkt ys fy;ksA

jk.kks lkaxks jk;eyksr phrksM+ jkt djS NSA Vhdk;r csVks jrulh jkBksM+ /kukbZjS isVjks NS A jk.kks lkaaxksiNS gkMh djesrh ] gkMk ujojh jh csVh ijf.k;ks FkksA lq jka.kks djesrhlwa ?k.kh e;k djs NSA iNS djesrh jS csVk2 gqok& fodzekfnr] mnSfla?kA fr.kkalwa jka.kks ?k.kh e;k djs NS A lq ,d fnu nhoka.k lwa djesrh vjt dhoh

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&*nhoka.k ?k.kk fnu lyker jgS] fi.k fodzekfnr mnSfla?k ukUgk NS A jkoGS Bhdkbr lkgohjks /k.kh jrulhNS A jkt cSBka dkabd b.kkajks lw*y djks rks Hkyks NSSA* rjS jka.kkS iwfN;ks & *Fksa fd.k Hkkar vjt djks Nks A* rjSdjesrh gkMh dg~;ks &*b.kkauwa fj.kFkaHkkSj lkjh[kh BksM+ jrulh uS iwNuS nhtS uS gkMk lwjtey lkjh[kkjtiwruw ckag >ykbZtS A vk ckr nhoka.k gh dcwy djhA lokjS nhoka.k tqfM+;ks] rjS daoj jrulhuwa jka.kS lkaxSdg~;ks & *fodzekfnr] mnSfla?k Fkkjk yksgM+k Hkkb NS A fr.kkauwa ,d ix&BksM+ nhuh pkfg;k tS A * lq jka.kks cMksnwB Bkdqj Nks] lqjrulh D;qa Qsj dgh lD;ks ugha A dg~;ks & *jkoGS fopkj vkoS lq BksM+ nhtS A *rjS jka.kSjrulhuwa dg~;ks & *fj.kFakHkkSj b.kkauaw nksaA* rjS jrulh dg~;ks & * Hkyka A* rjS jka.kS fodzekfnr mnSfla?kuwa dg~;ks&* Egs Fkkauw fj.kFkaHkksj fn;ks A Fks ÅB rlyhe djkS A * rjS b.k rlyhe djhA rjS gkMks lwjtey njckjcSBks Fkks A rjS jka.kS lkaxS lwjteyuwa dg~;ks & *Egs fodzekfnr] mnSfla?kuwa fj.kFkaHkSkj nka Nka] lq Fks b.kkajh ckag>kyksA vS Egsa FkkagjS [kksGS ?kkrka NkaA ^^ rjS lqjtey dg~;ks & **EgkjS b.k okr lwa dke dksbZ ugha A gwa phrksM+Vhds cSlsft.kjks pkdj Nwa A EgkjS b.klwa dksbZ ryks ugha A* rjS jka.kS lkaxS pGS /k.kks gB dj dg~;ks & *vS MkoM+kukUgk NSA Fkkagjk Hkka.kst NSA cwanhlwa fj.kFkaHkksj futhd NS A rwa Hkyks jtiwr NSA rn b.kkajh ckag rksuwa >ykokaNkaaA *lwjtey vjt dhoh & nhok.k Qqjekoks lks rks flj&ekFkk ÅijA Egs gqdejk pkdj NkaA fi.k nhoka.kuwa cjl iksgpS rjS Egkauw jrulh ekj.kuwa r;kj gqoS ] fr.kokLrS Egkalw vk ckr nhoka.kjS dgS g~oS ughaA uSjrulhth QqjekoS rks okr vtknh NSA *rjS jka.kS jrulh lkaeks tks;ksA jrulh dg~;ks lwjteyuwa &*Fks nhok.kgqdqe djS lks djksA vS Egkajk HkkbZ NSA Fksa Egkajk lxk NksA jktiqr NksA Egs Fkkalwa cqjks ekauk ughaA^ rjS lqjteynhoka.k dg~;ks R;wa fd;ksA jka.kS lkaxS fj.kFkaHkkSj foØekfnr mnSfla?kuwa fn;ksA b.ks tk; vey fd;ksA** ¼cwanhjk /kf.k;ka jh [;kr @ Hkkx 1] i- 102]103]104½

dfBu lcn %& /kukbZ Ú ,d jk.kha dks ukaoA e;k djS Nks Ú d fjik djS NksA ukUgk Ú NksVkA fj.kFkaHkkSjÚ j.krHk¡oj ] j.kFkaHkkSj ukao dks nqxZA lwy djcks Ú izca/k djcksA ckag >ykbZtS Ú lqiwnZ dj nkaA nhoka.k tqfM+;ksÚ njckj cSBksA yksgM+k Ú NksVkA ix Ú BksM+ ¼j~gSck csbZ Bke½A nwB Ú tcjnLrA rlyhe djks Ú fuao.k djksA[kksGs ?kkrka Nka Ú xksnh esa n~;ka NkaA ryks Ú eryc] yscks&nscksA vyknh Ú vyx] vygnhA vey Ú vf/kdkj

vjFk %& jk;ey dks csVks jk.kks lkaxks fpRrkSM+ is jkt djS NsA b¡ dks Vhdk;r csVks jrulh ck?kk dhcsVh jkBkSM+ /kukbZ dks tk;ks NSA ikNS jk.kk lkaxk gkMk ujcn dh csVh gkMh djeorh lwa c;ko dj~;ks A jk.ksdjeorh is Hkh jktk ?k.kka fdjik djs NksA ,d nu djeorh nhoku lwa vjt djh & *nhoku ?k.kka fnuka rkabZlyker j~gS] i.k foØeknhr vj mnSfla?k rks vckj ukUgk NSA jkt dks Vhdk;r /k.kh jrulh NSA vkidks jktj~grka Fkdka gh ;k nksU;a dks Hkh dks; cankscLr dj n~;ks rks Hkyks NSA* rn jk.kka iwNh & *Fkka dkabZ vjt djksNks * Qsj djeorh gkMh cksyh &*;ka ds rkabZ jk.kFkaHkSj ljh[kh BkSM+ jrulh us iwN ds nhtks vj ;ka dhftEesnkjh gkMk lwjtey tL;k jktiqr ds rkabzZ fnykT;ksA* ;k ckr jk.kk dcwy djh yhA rM+dS njckjtqM~;ks rks daoj jrulh lwa jk.kk lkaxk dgh &* foØekfnr vj mnSfla?k Fkkjk NksVk HkkbZ NSA oka ds rkabZ j~gckcsbZ ,d vyx Bke ns.kh pkfgtSA* jk.ksk ?k.kks tcj Bkdqj Nks] bZa ys[ks jrulh dksbZ Hkh VkyeVksG UgW djlD;ksA cksY;ks &* jkt ds fopkj esa ts vkoS ] ok gh BkSM+ ns n~;ksA* rn jk.kk jrulh lwa dgh &* ;ka ds rkabZj.kFkaHkkSj n~;ksA * jrulh bZa is cksY;ks &* Bhd NSA* QSj jk.kk foØekfnr] mn;fla?k lwa dgh &EguS FkkadS rkabZj.kFkaHkkSj n~;ksA FkSa mB *j fuao.k djksA *cka fuao.k dj~;ks A gkMks lwjtey njckj esa cSB~;ks NksA rks jk.kk lkaxkslwjtey lwa dgh *Egka foØekfnr vj mnSfla?k ds rkabZ j.kFkaHkkSj n~;ka NkaA b± ys[ks ;ka dh ftEesnkjh FkSa laHkkGksAvkauS EgS Fkkadh xksnh esa lqqiqnZ djk NkaA*bZa is lwjtey cksY;ks &*EgauS bZa ckr lwa dksbZ ys.kks ns.kks dks; UgaA Egwarks Å¡ dks pkdj Nwa] tks fpRrkSM+ is jkt djS vj VhdS csBSA* rn jk.k lkaxk Qsj ?k.kks gV djrk lrka dgh&*vs Nksjk vckj ukUgk NSA Fkkdk Hkk.kst NSA cwanh lwa j.kFkaHkkSj uthd NSA FkSa Hkyk jktiwr NksA bZa lwa ;ka dhckag vkidS rkabZ idM+koka NkaA* lwjtey vjt djh & *nhoku tks Qjekos ] cks gqdqe rks flj ekFkk isA Egkarks gqdqe dk pkdj NkaA iW.k nhoku dk lkS cjl iqjk gks;ka ikNS Egka uS jrulh ekjck csbZ R;kj gks tkoS rks\ bZa lwa nhoku ¼jk.kkth½ dk dgck lwa rks Egkalwa ;k ckr fuHksxh UgaA iW.k jrulh QjekoS rks ckr vyx NSA*

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rn jk.kka jrulh dh vkM+h >k¡D;ksA jrulh lwjtey lwa dgh &* nhoku tks gqdqe djS] vki Åa djksA FkSa egkjklxk NksA jtiwr NksA Egk¡ Fkk¡ lwa cqjks UgW ekuSaxkA Qsj nhoku tks dgh] lwjtey oL;ak gh dj~;ksA jk.kka lakxkj.kFkaHkkSj foØekfnr vj mnSfla/k uS nhA ;ka us tk *j gqdqe fuHkk;ksA vki.kks dCtks dj~;ksA

dj.kks &Mgfj;ks eka js isV FkksA fnu iwjk iwjk gqvk rjS dj.kkjh eka dLVhA rjS tksrf[k;kSdg~;ks &*gekj osGk cqjh ogS NSA vS nks; ?kM+h VGs] iNS Nks: gqoS rks egjktk &izFkhir gqoSA* vk okr dj.kkjh eka lq.kh] rjS m.k vkijk ix Åapk ca/kk;kA lq ok rks ej xbZ] uS dj.kks ?kM+h nks; iNS thorks tk;ksa eksVksgqoksA dj.kks oMks egkjktk gqoksA xaxk tequk ohp ?k.kh /kjrh dj.kkjS gqbZA dj.kS vkijh eka jh okr lq.kh&*egkajS ekLrs Egkjh eka brjks dLV lg~;ksA b.k Hkkar nsg R;kxhA *rjS dj.kS pkSjklh rGko uok f[k.kk;uS ,dfnu vkijh ek¡jh okalS riZ.k fd;kA vkSj gh ?k.kk /kje fd;kA dj.kjks jktLFkkau x<+ dkyatj] iz;kxth lwadksl 40 NS rBS gqrksA ¼okjrk x<+ca/kok /kf.k;ka jh@Hkkx &1] i- 132½

dfBu lcn %& eka js isV Fksk Ú xjHk esa NksA dLVh Ú izloihM+k gksbZA osGk cqjh Ogs NS Ú vlqHk ?kM+hNSA izFkhir Ú fijFkh dks /k.khA eksVks gqoks Ú eksV~;kj gq;ksA f[k.kk;uS Ú [kqnok *jA

vjFk %& dj.kks Mgfj;ks ek¡ dj isV esa gh NksA fnu iwjk gks;k rks dj.kk dh ek¡ ds izlo ihM+k gksbZAÅ¡ cxr T;ksfrlh cksY;k &*bZa cxr eqgqrZ vlqHk NSA ;k ¼tpxh½ nks ?kM+h VG~;k¡ ikNS gks; rks ts Nksjks gksoSxks]Å egkjkt & fijFkhifr gksoSxksA ;k ckr dj.kka dh ek¡ lq.k yh rks Å¡ vi.kka ix Å¡pk djok *j c¡/kok fy;kAlks ok rks ej xh] iW.k nks ?kM+h ikNS thork dj.kka uS tye fn;ks A Å eksV~;kj gks;ksA dj.ksk cM+ks egkjktkgks;ksA xaxk vj tequk ds chpS dh ?k.kha /kjrh dj.kka dh gksbZA dj.kka uS vi.kh ek¡ dh ckr lq.kh &* Egkjs csbZEgkjh ek¡vruks dLV lg~;ksA vL;k nsg R;kxhA* Qsj dj.kka pkSj~;klh uqavk rGko [kqnk *j vi.kh ek¡ ds csbZrji.k dj~;kA nwtk /kje dje Hkh dj~;kA dj.kka dks jkt dks fBdk.kks dkyatj iz;kxth lwa 40 dksl nwjNSA

vkljkoA ukMwy fldkj jerks gqrks lq oMks nwB jktoh gqoksA fr.kuwa nsoh chgkM+.k ykxh] lq vkjko chgSigha uS cka.k fcj.kuwa lkaf/k;ks gqrks lks okg~;ks ( rjS nsoh [kqlh gqbZ uS vklkjko uwa dg.k ykxh &^^rksuwa gwa rwBh(rwa tka.kS lq ekaxA** rjS vkljko nsoh jks :i ns[kuS tkaf.k;ks] *blM+h cSj OgS rks HkyhA* rjS nsoh uwa dg~;ks &**rwa EgkjS cSj gq; ?kjs jfgA* rjS okpk NG vkbZA rjS dg~;ks &*vrjh okr gwa igyh dgwa Nwa] dksbzZ ekuwa tka.klhrjS gwa ijh tkbZl *;wa dfguS nsoh ?kjS vkbZA fr.kjS isV] dgS NS P;kj csVk gqok-------A ¼okr pgqoka.kka lksuxjkajhjko yk[k.kks rjka jh @Hkkx 1] i- 202]203½

dfBu lcn %& nqB jktoh gqoks Ú tojnL r jktk gks;ksA chgkM+.k ykxh Ú Mjikck ykxhAchgS ugha Ú Ug¡ MjI;ksA okg~;ks Ú pyk;ksA rwBh Ú izlUu gksbZA cSj OgS rks Hkyh Ú iRuh gksoS rks Bhd A okpk NGvkbZ Ú opuka lwa ca/kh NhA ijh tkbZl Ú ckoM+ T;kÅ¡xhA

vjFk%&vkljko ,d tcj jktks gks;ksA Å fldkj je j~;ks NksA Å¡ uS nsoh Mjikck ykxhA iW.k Å UgWMjI;ks vj fgj.k dh vkM+h lk/k *j ck.k pyk;ksA Qsj nsoh [kql gksbZ vj vkljko lwa dgck ykxh &*Fk¡k lw¡Eg¡ [kql gksbZ rwa tks pkgs lks ek¡xA* rks vkljko nsoh dks :i ns[;ks rks lksP;ks &* vlh tksM+k;r gks rks ?k.khapks[kh A* Qsj nsoh lw¡ cksY;ks & *FkSa Egkjh yqxkbZ gks *j EgjS ?kj j~gksA* nsoh opu lwa c¡/kh NhA rks cksyh &*vruhckr Egw¡ iSyh gh dg nw¡ Nw¡ dS Eg¡uS igpk.k ySxks rks Egw¡ ckoM+ tkÅ¡xhA* ;k dg *j nsoh ?kjka vkbZA dg NSds Å¡ dk xjHk lwa P;kj csVk gks;k---A xksfgyka duka [ksM+ jkBksM+ka yh] rjS xksfgy [ksM+ NkM uS ,d okj dksVM+kjSnsl cfj;kgsM+S x;kA iNS mBkFkh /kka/kGS ekjs uS ijk dkf<+;k] rjS fdrjkgsd fnu lhrM+gkbZ tslGesjFkh dksl12 NS rBS tk; jg~;kA iNS mBSgh jkBksM+ka vkxS jg u ldSA rjS tslGesjjks /k.kh xskfgyka jS ijf.k;ks gqrks lqvS jkoG duS x;kA rjS jkoG b.kkauwa dsbZ fnu tslGesj jk x<+ Åij jkf[k;kA frdks fn[k.k fnl x<+ vksvtsl xksfgy VksGks dgkoS NSA rBk iNS fdrjSgsd fnus vS lksjBuwa x;kA ls=watklwa dksl 4 lhgksj xkao NS] rBStk jg~;k NSA jkoG dgkM+S NSA Hkyk jtiwr Hkwfe;k NSA xkao 400 ekags m.kkajks Hkksfe;kpkjkjks xzkl ykxS NSAlS=watks fi.k xksfgykjS NSA ikyhrka.kS floks xksfgy NS] frdks tkr dj.k vkoS NSA fr.kka duS D;wagh ysuS iNS

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ls=watS fla?kuwa p<+.k ns NSA fojn m.kkauwa pkj.k HkkV ekjokjks ns NSA ¼okr ,d xksfgyka [ksM+ jk /kf.k;ka jh@Hkkx&1] i- 334] 335½

dfBu lcn % duk ¾ ikl lwaA NkM+ uS ¾ NksM+ *jA /kka/kGS ekjs uS dkf<+;k ¾ /kka/kyk¡ ekj*j Hkxkfn~;kA vtsl xksfgy VksGks dgkoS Nks ¾ vckj Hkh xksfgy&VksGks dgkoS NSA lkjBuwa x;k ¾ lksjB x;kA ls=watk¾ l=qat; MwaxjA xzkl ykxS NS ¾ dj ykxS NSA tkr dj.k vkoS NS ¾ tkrjk csbZ vkoS NSA fr.kka duS D;waghysus iNS ls=watS p<+.k ns NS ¾ oka lwa dj fy;ka ikNS l=qat; Mwaxj ekFkS p<+ck n~;ks NSA

vjFk %& xqfgyka lwa [ksM+ dks jkt jkBkSM+ka ys fy;ks] QSj xqfgy [ksM+ NksM+ *j ,d csj dksVM+k dk nslcfj;kgsM+S x;kA mBh lwa Hkh /kka/kGka oka ds rkabzZ ekj *j dkM+ fn~;kA QSj druk gh fnu lhrM+gkbZ] tks tslGesjlwa ckjg dksl NS] mBh tk*j j~g~;kA iNS] mBS Hkh jkBkSM+ka ds vkxS UgW j~g lD;kA tSlGesj dk /k.kh dks C;koxqfgyka esa gks;ks Nks] lks vs jkoG ds xksMS+ X;kA bZa lw¡ jkoG ;ka uS ujk fnuka rkabZ] tSlGesj dk x<+ esa jk[;kAnfD[k.k fnlk esa ok Bke vkt Hkh *xksfgy VksGks* dgkoS NSA Å¡ ds ikNsS druk gh fnu chR;ka is ;s lskjBx;kA l=qatS lwa P;kj dksl lhgksj xkao NS] mBh tk *j j~g~;k NSA jkoG dgykoS NSA Hkyk jtiwr HkkSfe;k NSA400 xk¡oka esa oka dks /kf.k;ki dks dj ykxS NSA lS=qatS Mwaxj Hkh xqfgyka ds gh xksM+S NSA ikyhrk.ksk flok xqfgydk dCtk esa NS vj tks mBh tkrjk csbZ vkoS NS Å oka lwa dj fy;ka ikNS gh lS=qatS Mwaxj is p<+ck n~;s NSAok uS pkj.k HkV vckj Hkh fo:n ¼lEeku gkGks lacks/ku½ ekjokM okGk¡ dks gh n~;S NSA

lSgj eSnkau ekagS olS NS] uS NksVh lh Hkk[kjh Åij lks<k pkanujks djk;ks x<+ NSA rBS jka.kks gqoS lq jgSAx<+ ekagS vackjFk l[kjh NSA ckoM+h ,d x<+ ekagS ika.khjh NS] fr.k x<+ gsBS lsgj olS NSA lks vkxS rks oMh BksM+gqrhA oMh lkfgch gqrhA rn lSgj cLrh ?k.kh gqrhA geS gh tSrkj.k lkjh[kks lgj olS NSA eqnks oLrhjks okaf.k;kÅij NSA oMks vfy;G nsl A ponS ps<h xk¡o ykxSA ps<h 1 jks ekau 560] fr.k ponS ps<h jk xkao 7840 gqokAdkGh>jjks igkM+ oMks] xkao lwa dksl -----------] iNe fnlk ykacks dksl 5A ekagS ika.kh ?k.ksk] >kM+ ?k.kkaaA ukl &Hkktuwa oMh ekhFkkj[khA xkaolwa ikaoMk 100 rGko ,d NSA rBS ika.kh ihvsA okoM+h 6 rFkk 7 xkaojh ik[krhl[kjks NSA ika.kh ehBksA iqjlS 10 rFkk 12A xkao ?k.kka ykxS] ponS p<hjkA iSgyh rks ?k.kk xkao olrkA fgesxkao 140 olS NSA 100 ikjdjjk /kf.k;kjSA xkao 40 lks<k jkaejh eÅ olSA

ikjdj jh /kjrh b.k Hkkar jhA ftdk /kjrh ÅejdksV NgksV.k] lwjkpanA b.k rjQ xkao dSfj;k] ,dlk[k] [ksrh&cktjh] ewax] ekB fryA dwoS ika.kh iqjlS 20 ehBksA chth rjQ dN fnlk]/kjrh dkykj] rBS ljHkjhtS] rBS Tokj] xksgwaA ¼okr ikjdj lks<kajh&i¡okj fHkyS@Hkkx &1] i- 363] 364½

dfBu lcn %& Hkk[kjh ¾ NksVks MwaxjA jka.ksk gqoS lq jgS ¾ tks jk.kk gksoS NS] Å j~gS NS A vaokjFk¾ bZekjrkaA l[kjh ¾ pks[khA gsBs ¾ rGSA lkjh[kks ¾ tL;ksA eqnks ¾ vk/kkj A iNe ¾ vkaFkw.kh fnlkA ukl¾ HkktuwaA oMh ekFkkj[kh ¾ Hkkx*j fNi tkck dhg pks[kh BkeA ikaoMk ¾ dneA ik[krh ¾ uSM+SA iqjlS ¾,d twuks eki( nksU;w¡ gkFk QSyk;ka ikNS lhuk lesr tks yackbZ gksoS ok iq:l dgykoS NS( dks; dks; Bke is120 vkaxG dkuki ds rkabZ Hkh ,d iq:l cjkcj eku fy;ks NSA fgaeS ¾ vckjA dSfj;k ¾ dkaVk okGk :a[kAdkykj ¾ [kyh tehu A rBS lj HkjhtS ¾ tBS rkGkc Hkj tkoS NSA

vjFk %& lgj eSnkauh bykdk esa cL;ks NS vj NksVh lh Mwaxjh ÅijS lks<k pkanu dks c.kok;ks x<+ NSAtks jk.kks gksoS NS] cks oBh j~gS NSA x<+ esa lkarjh bZekjrka NSA x<+ esa ,d ckoM+h ik.kh dh NS] vj bZa x<+ dsuhpS lgj cL;ks NSA vkxs rks ?k.kha BksM+ NhA cM+ks /kf.k;ki NksA rn lgj vj cLrh ?k.kh NhA vckj Hkh tSrkj.ktruh cLuh dks lgj rks clS NSA cLrh dks eq[; vk/kkj ckf.k;ka is NSA oMks vfy;G nsl NSA opns ps<h xkaobZa /kf.k;ki esa ykxS NSA ,d ps<h dks eku 560 NS rks pons ps<h xkaoka dh la[;k 7840 gksbZA dkGh>jjks MwaxjcM+ks NS] xkao lwa --------- dksl nwjA vkFkw.kh fnlk esa 5 dksl ykacksA bZa esa ik.kh vj gfj;kGh ?k.kh NSA Hkkx *jfNick csbZ ;k ,d pks[kh Bke NSA xkao lwa 100 dne is ,d rGko NA mBh ik.kh fioS NSA xkao ds uSM+S 6&7pks[kh ckofM+;k¡ NSA ik.kh ehBks NSA ;ka esa X;kjg&ckjg iq:l Å.Mks ik.kh NSA ponk ps<h dk xkao ?k.kka ykxSNSA iSyh rks ?k.kka clS NkA vckj 140 xkao clS NSA lkS xkao ikjdj dk /kf.k;ki esa vj 40 lks<k jke dkA

82

ikjdj dh /kjrh b.k Hkkar NSA tha /kjrh is ÅejdksV] pksgVu] lwjkpanA bZa vkM+h xk¡o esa dk¡VkokGk:a[k] ,d lk[k] cktjh&ew¡x& eksB vj fry dh [ksrhA dq¡vk es a20 iq:l Å.Mks ehBks ik.khA nwth vkM+h dPNdk j.k dh fnlk] /kjrh catj] dYyjA ckfj[k dk fnuka esa mBh ik.kh Hkj T;koS NS] tha esa Tokj xSgw¡ mitSNSA

fotSjko pwM+kGks fuiV oMks jtiwr vk[kkM+fl} gqoks] r.kqajks csVksA b.kjh BkdqjkbZ iSgyh rks ckNh rh]iNS fr.k Åij fla/k jh oMh QkSt vkbZ uS fotSjko uhalj.kokGks jtiwr ugha] lq vki nsohth jh ?k.kh iwtkdjrks] lw rjS nsohth lwa baNuk djh] eks vkxS vk QkSt HkktS rks gwa iqjr nsohth uS Egjks ekFkks pk<waA eu ekagSbaNuk dhA okr fd.kghuwa t.kkbZ ugha A nsohth jFk vk;k] os< gqbZ] fotSjko thrks] eqxy HkkxkA iNS jko vkijS?kjS vk;ksA vk okr fd.kghalwa t.kkbZ ughaA vk/kh jkrjk vki ,dyksght ÅB uS nsohth jS nsgqjS x;ksA mBS tk;gkFk & ix /kks;uS vkijh rjokj dk<+ uS daoG&iwtk jS okLrs xGk Åij esyh A rjS nsohth dg~;ks & *eka!ea! *] rjS b.k tkf.k;ks] okalS dksbZ eka.kl vk;ks] lw rjokj ijh dhohA chtS QsjS oGS rjokj dka/kSuwa ekaMh] rjSnsohth eksagMS cksfy;k &** iwa fotSjko daoGiwtk er djS] Egs rks Fkkjh iwtk ekauhA* brjks dfg vcksyk jg~;kArjS b.k oGS dka/kSuwa rjokj ekaMhA rjS nsohth oGS dg~;ks & rksuwa Egs cxfl;ks] mckfj;ks] rw daoGiwtk er djArjS b.k dg~;ks & *ekrkth] ;wa rks gwa ekauaw ughaaA* rjS ekrkth vkijk gkFkjh lksukjh pwM+ mrkj uS fotSjkojS gkFkSigjkbZ uS lh[k nh] dg~;ks fotSjkouwa &?kjs tkA iNS ?kj vk;ksA fotSjkojS gkFk nsohth pwM+h ?kkyh rBkFkhfotSjko pwM+kGks dgk;ksA* ¼okr& lkseoalh HkkfV;ka jh ] gfjoal iqjk.k ekags@Hkkx 2] i- 17] 18½

dfBu lcn %& vk[kkM+fl} ¾ tq/k esa efgjA uhalj.kokGks ¾ Hkx*j [kM+ tkck gksGksA os< ¾tq/kA okr fd.kghlwa t.kbZ ugha ¾ ckr dks; ds rkabZ UgW crkbZA daoGiwtk ¾ twuk cxr esa iwtk dks ,dlaLdkj] tha esa lk/kd vki.kks lhl dkV*j noh nsork ds p<+k n~;s NksA okalS ¾ ikNS dh vkM+hA ijh dhoh ¾gVkyhAekagMS cksfy;k ¾ ew.Mk lwa cksY;kA brjks dfg vcksyk j~g;k ¾ vruh ckr ckr cksy*j pqi gksX;kAcxfl;k Ú ekQ dj~;ksA mckfj;ks ¾ cpk;ksA

vjFk %& fotSjko pwM+kGks] tq/k esa ekfgj jtiwr gks;k] Å¡ dks csVksA b± dh BdqjkbZ dh BdqjkbZ iSgyhrks pks[kh Nh] iW.k Å¡ is fla/k dh cM+h QkSt vkbZA fotSjko Mji *j Hkkx tkck okGks jtiwr dks; Uga NksAÅa naoh dh ?k.kha iwtk djS Nks A b± ys[ks nsoh th lwa eukSrh djh ds EgkjS vkxS ;k QkSt Hkkx T;koS rks Egwa nsohuS vki.ksa ekFksk p<+kÅ¡xksA eu esa gh ekurk dj yhA ckr dk; uS Hkh UgW crkbZA nsohth jFk is p<+ ds vk;kAtq/k gks;ks] fotSjko thR;ks] eqxy Hkkx X;kA bZa ds ikNS jko vi.kS ?kjka vk;ksA ;k ckr rks dksbZ lw¡ dgh gh dks;UgW NhA vk/kh jkr vki ,dyks gh mB ds nsoh thdk nsojk isx;ksA cgS tk*j gkFk ix /kk*j vi.kha ryokj dk<+ds dWoGiwtk csbZ xGk is esyhA Å¡ gh cxr nsoh th dgh & *ek¡ ! ek¡ *A fotSjko lksph ds ckgj fotSjko lksphds ckjS dksbZ ekul vk;ks NS] lks ryokj gVk yhA FkksM+h nsj ikNS Qsj ryokj dka/kk is esyh] rn nsoh thew.Mk lwa cksY;k &* fotSjko rwe daeGiwtk er djSA Egs Fkkjh iwtk eku yhA* vruh dg*j nsoh th pqi gksX;kA bZa Qsj dka/k is ryokj esyhA nsoh th Qsj dgh & *Fka bZa Eg cxL;ks] mckj fy;ksA rwa d¡oGiwtk er djSA*rn bZ dgh &*ekrkth vL;ka rks Egwa ekuwaxks Ug¡A** rn ekrkth vi.kka gkFk dks lksuka dks pwM+ks mrkjds fotSjkods gkFkka esa igjk;ks vj fotSjko lw¡ dgh & *?kj tkA* bZa ds ikNS ds ?kjka vk;ksA fotSjko ds gkFkka esa nsohthpwM+h Mkyh Nh] bZa lwa Å fotSjko pwwM+kGks dgyk;ksA

HkfV;ka ekags ,d lk[k eaxfj;k NSA iSgyh rks lqf.k;ks Fkks] vs eaxGjkojk isrjk NSA iNS xksdG jruwadg~;ks & *vS fotSjko ykatks jkoG nqlk>jks fr.kjh vkSyknjk NSA igyh fganw Fkk] geSa rks fd.kgh lc eqlyekugqok NSA frdS tSlGesjFkk dksl 25 vkFko.kuwa eaxGhdk &FkG NS] rBS jgs NSA ok BksM+ eaxGhdk FkG dgkoSNSA rBS nze NSA lq Hkksfe;ks gks; lq MkaMh vkoSA vlSa/kks MkaMh VGS lq ?kksM+ks vlokj xjd gqtk;A vHkwfe;ksMkaMhlkSa VGS lq ejSA b.kkajks ÅejdksV [kkMkgG lwa lhao dkadM+ ,d.kdkauh phUgklwa lhaoA fla/k jS lkoM+klwalhao] Hkk[kjjk xkao ghaxksGtka lwa lhaoA ,d.k dkauh esgjlwa lhaoA [kkVgM+k [kkjh lkSa] eSgj rqjd FkG ekagS jgSNS] lq tSlGesjjk pkdjA xkao lka[kyh] [kqfg;ks yk[kkjks &?kV vS tkxhj NS] FkVSjk ikrlkgh pkdjA rSajs ek.kl

83

2000 jh tksM+A m.k eaxfj;kajk 3 /kM+k NS & 1 pkaoM+ns] 1 ohje ns] 1 <sf<;kA b.kkajs eqnS xkao ohjeks NSA chtkjSlkgGoks NsA rhtkjS xkao >M+oks & lqjfM+;ks NSA xkao pkGhl olS NSA lwuh /kjrh ?k.khgh NSA ika.kh iqjlS 14]dBSgh iqjlS 30] dBSgh 60 lkBSA pkaMhlsk egknso mBS NSA rBS edj & laØkar ykxS rn fnu vkB ika.kh cSagr1 gsBS uhljSA ¼okr HkkfV;ka jh @ Hkkx 2 i- 31] 32½

dfBu lcn%& lk[k Ú oal dh lk[kk,] [kkiA iksrjk Ú csVk dk csVk] iksrkA vkFko.kuwa Ú ifpe fnlkfd vkM+hA nze Ú e:Fkg esa vL;ks iznsl tBS rst vk¡f/k;k¡ lw¡ jsr dk Vhyk ,d Bke lw¡ nwth Bke rkabZ iwxtkoS vj Hkwxksy cnksGrks j~gS NSA Hkskfe;ks Ú tk.kdkjA MkaMh lwa VGS Ú ixM.Mh lwa mrj tkoSA xjd gqtk;Ú /kal tkoSA lhao dkadM+ Ú xk¡o dh ckgjyh lhek] ljgnA FkVSjk ikrlkgh pkdj Ú FkV~Vs dk ikrlkg dkpkdjA ek.kl 2000 jh tksM+ Ú nks gtkj lqHkVka dh tksM+A eqnS xkao Ú [kkl xkaoA iqjlS Ú ,d twuks ukiA 60lkBS Ú lkB iq:l rdA fnu vkB ik.kh oSagr 1 gsBS uhljS Ú vk< fnuka rkaabzZ ,d ckfyLr [kksn~;ka is gh ik.kh[kM+ vkoS NSA

vjFk %& HkkfV;ka esa ,d [kki eaxfj;k NSA iSgyh rks lq.kh Nh ds ;a eaxGjko dk iskrk NSA iNS xksdGjruwa dgh &* vS nqlk> jk jkoG fotSjko dk tk;k NSA iSyh fgUnw Nk] vckj rks lxGk gh eqlyeku gks X;kNSA tSlGesj lwa 25 dksl vkFkwa.kh fnlk es *eaxGhdk FkG* ukao dh Bke NS] oBS NSA ok BkSM+ eaxGhdk FkGdgkoS NSA cks vL;ks iznsl NS tBh rst vk¡f/k;k¡ vc crwY;ka lwa jsr dk Vhck ,d Bke lwa mM+ *j nwth Bkeiwx T;kos NS vj vpk.kpd iwjks Hkwxksy cnG n~;s NSA tk.kdkj gks rks xMkj is vk t;ko]S vutk.k fe.k[kts ixM.Mh ¼xMkj½ lwa VG tkoS rks ?kskM+k vj lokj nksU;wa jsr esa /k¡l T;koS NSA vutk.;ks eu[k ts xMkjlwa VG T;koS rks ekj;ks T;koS NSA ;ka dks ÅejdksV ,d vkM+h [kMkgG lwa lhao j[kk.kS NS vj ,d vkM+h phUgklwaA bZa dh lhek fla/k dk lkoM+k lwa vj NksVk Mwaxj dk xkao ghaxksGkt lwa Hkh HksVs NSA ,d vkM+h lhao eSgjlwa feyS NSA esgj rqjd ts eaxGhdk FkG esa j~gS NS] os tslGesj jk pkdj NSA lka[kyh] [kqfg;ks yk[kkjks ?kVdk yksx FkV~Vk dk ikrlkg dh pkdjh esa NSA ;ka ds xksM+s 2000 lqHkVka dh tksM+ NSA Å¡ eaxfj;k dk rhu /kM+k NS & 1 pkaoM+ns] 1ohjens ] 1 <sf<;kA ;ka dks [kkl xkao ohjeks NSA nwtk /kM+k okyka dks [kkl xkao lkgGoksNSA rhtk /kM+k dsk [kkl xkao ohjeks NSA pkGhl xkao olS NSA lwuh /kjrh Hkh ?k.kh NhA ik.kh 14 iq:l dhm.MkbZ is NS] dBh 30 iq:l vj dBh lkB iq:l dh m.MkbZ isA mBh pkaMh'oj egknso dks Fkkud NSA tnedj laØkar ykxS NS* rn vkB fnuka rkabZ oBS ,d ckfgLr dk m.Mkik esa ik.kh [kM+ vkoS NSA

ljofg;k vkxS fxjukjjk /k.khA jko eaMGhd oMks jtiwr gqoksA vlokj 20000 jh BkdqjkbZ gqrhA tslksljofg;ks eaMGhdjks yksgM+ks HkkbZ gqoksA jko eaMGhd dgS NS] jkst ,d uoks rGko [k.kkorksA lklrks xaxkthjSika.kh lkaiM+rksA xaxktG ihorksA fr.kjS izksG& ckjV joks&lqjrkaf.k;ks gqrksA fr.kjS cSj pkj.k ukxgh nsoh gqrhAfr.kjS iVjks csVks 1 [kwaV gqoksA fr.kuwa ij.kk;ksA m.kjS ?kjS cSj ine.kh vkbZA fr.kjks csvks ukxkjtu] fradksvgeankokn ikrlkg egean osxM+k duS ekax.kh x;ks gqrksA fr.kuwa ikrlkg egean jh>uS ?kksM+h 2 ykN uSfy[keh nhuhA frdS ukxkjtu ?kjS ys vk;ksA fr.kjS isVjk cNSjk 2 gqok] mpkljks uS veksyd frdS oM+k ?kskM+kgqokA m.kkajh jko eaMGhd rkjhQ lq.kh] rjS pkj.k duS ?kskM+k ekafx;kA pkj.k u fn;k A jko eaMGhd ?kskM+kekax.k b.kkjS ?kjS vk;ksA b.ks mtj fd;ks rjS ijks x;ksA

rBk iNS fdrjSgsd fnus jko eaMGhjks ukbZ 1 ukxghjS xkao x;ks gqrksA fr.k duk ukxgh csVkjh ogqine.khjk u[k fyjk;kA lq m.k tk;uS ine.khjh okr jko eaMGhduwa dghA rjS eaMGhd ine.kh ns[k.kuwaukxghjS xkao tk.k ykxksA rjS eaMGhdjh cSj lhlksn~.kh jkouwa ?k.kks gh ojft;ks] fi.k jko ekauS ughaA ¼vFkljofg;kajh ih<h] tkno@2]i- 202] 203½

dfBu lcn %& lklrks Ú yxkSyxA lkaiM+rks Ú UgkcksA cSj Ú iRuh ¼tksM+k;r½

vjFk %& ljofg;k iSyh fxjukj dk /k.kh NkA jko eaMGhd cM+ks jtiwr gks;ksA Å¡ dUuS 20000?kqM+lokjka dh VdqjkbZ NhA tslks ljofg;ks eaMGhd dks NksVks HkkbZ NksA dg NS] ds jko eaMGhd jkst ,d uqvksrGko [kqnkorksA furds xaxkth dk ik.kh lwa lkaiM+rks vj yxkSyx xaxkth dks ik.kh gh ihrksA Å¡ dks izksG

84

ckjgB joks lqjrkf.k;ks NksA Å¡ dh iRuh ukxgh pkj.kh Nh A Å¡ dh dwa[k lwa [kwV ukao dks ,d csVks gks;ksAÅ¡ C;ko dj~;ksA Å¡ ds ine.kh tlh tksMk;r vkbZA Å¡ dks csVks ukxjtqu] tsk venkckn dk ikrlkg egewncsxM+k ds xkSM+s ekaxuh csbZ X;ks NksA egewn Å¡ uS [kql gks*j ykN vj fyNeh ukao dh ?kskM+k;ka nhA ukxkjtquok uS ?kjka ys vk;ksA ok¡ lwa nks cNsjk mpkljks vj veksyd gks;kA tks cM+k ?kskM+k gks;kA jko eaMGhd oka dhrkjhQ lq.khA rks pkj.k lwa ?kskM+k ekax fy;kA pkj.k UgW fn~;kA jko eaxGhd /ksM+k ekaxck csbZ ;ka ds ?kjka vk;ksAbZa ,rjkt dj~;ks rks ikNkS x;ksA

bZa ds fdruk gh fnuk ikNS jko eaMGhd dks ukbZa ukgh ds xkao x;ks NksA tha lwa Å¡ ukxgh csVk dhcgw in~e.k ds rkabZ ns[k yhA Å¡ tk ds in~e.k dhckr jko eaMGhd lwa dg nhA bZa is eaMGhd in~e.k uS ns[kckcsbZ ukxgh dk xkao tkck ykX;ksA eaMGhd dh ?kj~;k.kh lhlksn.kh jko uS ?k.ksk cjT;ks] iW.k jko Ug¡ ekU;ksA

jktk /kaq/kekj jS 13 iq= gqvkA fr.kka lwa tqnh tqnh rsgjS lk[kkvka gqbZ & 1- oMks iq= vHkSjkt] fr.kvHkSiqj olk;ks] fr.k lwa vHkSiqjk dgk.kkA 2- chtks t;oar gqvksA fr.klwa t;oar dgk.kkA 3- rhtks ckxqy gqvksAcqyka.k nsl olk;ks] fr.k lwa cqxyk.kka dgka.kkA 4- pkSFkks vfgjko] fr.k vkgksjx<+ olk;ks] fr.k lwa vfgjkodgka.kkA 5- ikapeks djgks gqvksA ft.k djgsMksx<+ djk;ks] fr.k lwa djgk dgka.kkA 6- NBks typan gqvksA ft.ktG[ksM+ikV.k clk;ks] fr.k lwa tg[ksfM+;k dgka.kkA 7- lkreks de/kt gqvksA rsjg lk[kk jks jko dgka.kkA 8-vkBeksa pansy gqvksA fr.k pnsjh olkbZ] fr.k lwa pnsg dgka.kkA 9- uoeksa vtokjkg gqvksA fr.k iwjc esa vtSiqjclk;ks] fr.k lwa vtcsfj;k dgka.kkA 10-nleksa lwjnso gqvksA fr.k lwjiqj clk;ks] fr.k lwa lwjk dgka.kkA 11-bx;kjoksa /khj gqvksA fr.k /khjkoknx<+ djk;ks ] fr.k lwa /khjk dgka.kkA 12- ckjoksa Øikynso gqvksA fr.k daoyiqjck;ks] fr.k lwa dikfy;k dgka.kkA 13- rsjgoksa [kheiky gqvksA rs [kSjkckn uxj clk;ks] fr.k lwa [ks:nk dgk.kkA¼Hkkx 3] i- 218] 219½

dfBu lcn %& tqnh tqnh ¾ vyx&vyx] chtks ¾ nwljksA

vjFk %& jktk /kqa/kekj ds rsjk iwr gks;kA oka lwa vyx&vyx rsjg [kkika gksbZA 1-cM+ks iwr vHkSjkt]Å¡ vHkSiqj clk;ks] bZa lwa vHkSiqjk dgk;kA 2- nwtks t;oar gks;ksA Å¡ lwa t;oar dgk;kA 3- rhljks ckxqy gks;kstks cqyk.k nsl clk;ks] Å¡ lwa cqxyk.kka dgk;kA 4- pksFksk vfgjko] Å¡ vkgksjx<+ clk;ks] bZa lwa vfgjko dgk;kA5- ikapeks djgks gks;ksA Å¡ djgsMksx<+ clk;ks] bZa lwa djgk dgyk;kA 6- NBks typan gks;ksA Å¡ ty[ksM+ikVuclk;ksA bZa lwa tg[ksfM+;k dgk;kA 7- lkroksa de/kt gks;ksA rsjg lk[kk dk jko dgk;kA 8- vkBoksa pansygks;ksA Å¡ pansjh clkbZaA bZa lwa pansy dgk;kA 9- uoksa vtokjkg gks;ksA Å¡ iwjc esa vtSiqj clk;ks A bZa lwavtcSfj;k dgk;kA 10-nlokas lwjnso gks;ksA Å¡ /khjkoknx<+ djk;ks] bZa lwa /khjk dgk;kA 12- ckjgoksa Øikynsogks;ksA Å daoyiqj clk;ksA bZa lwa dikfy;k dgk;kA 13- rsjgoksa [kheiky gks;ksA Å¡ [kSjkckn uxj clk;ks] bZalwa [ks:ank dgk;kA

7-10 bdkbZ jks lkj

eqg.kkSr uS.klh jh [;kr jktLFkkuh x| jh izfrfuf/k jpuk gSA b.k bdkbZ e uS.klh jh [;kr jhfolslrkok¡ u lkjk :i e njlk;h xbZ gSA b.k bdkbZ esa b.k x| jpukjk fljt.kgkj eqgrka uS.klh j thoujh lkj:i esa tk.kdkjh Hkh djkbZ xbZ gSA uS.klh j x| j lkFk lkFk n;kynkl jh [;kr] ck¡dhnkl jh [;krekjokM+ jh [;kr tsM+h x| jpukok¡ jks ifjp; Hkh fn;ks x;ks gSA

7-11 vH;kl jk izLu

1 uS.klh jh [;kr jks ifjp; lkj :i e nsvksA

2 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh x| jh nh< lw¡ uS.klh jh [;kr jks dksbZ egRo gS\ mnkgj.k lwa le>kvks

3 eqg.kksr uS.klh jh [;kr jh fo'ks"krkoka mnkgj.k nsdj le>kvksa

4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; u le) dj.k u uS.klh [;kr jks dksbZ ;ksxnku gSa le>kvksA

85

7-12 lanHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h

1 ¼laik-½ vkj-ih- O;kl & ekjokM+ jh [;kr

2 ¼laik-½ MkW- ukjk;.k flag & ekjokM+k jk ijxuk jh foxr

3 ¼alaik-½ MkW- Hkwifr jke lkdfj;k & vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk

86

bdkbZ & 8

izeq[k x| xzaFk % vpGnkl [khaph jh opfudkbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

8-0 mísL;

8-1 izLrkouk

8-2 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk%* ,d ifjpS

8-3 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dk ys[kd ckcr

8-4 *vprnkl [khaph jh opfudk* dks jpuk &dkG

8-5 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dks uk;d

8-6 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dh dFkk

8-7 opfudk dks vjFk

8-8 opfudk dh ijaijk

8-9 opfudk vj nokoSr esa vkarjkS

8-10 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dk lkarjk i[k

8-10-1 Hkklk

8-10-2 lSyh

8-10-3 vyadkj ij[k

8-11 vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk % ewG vj Hkko

8-12 ykyka esokM+h dh ckr

8-13 bdkbZ jks lkj

8-14 vH;kl jk izLu


8-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ ys[ku dks mÌsL; uhps eqtc gS &

1- iqjk.kk jktLFkkuh x| jh vksy[kku djko.khA

2- vpynkl [khaph jh x| jh folsrkok¡ ikBdk lkeh jk[k.khA

3- vpynkl [khaph j O;fDrRo vj cfynku jks c[kku djks mj m.kkjh nslHkfDr] laLdfr izse vjyksddY;k.k jh Hkkouk mtkxj dj.khA

8-1 izLrkouk

twuh jktLFkkuh dh x| ijaijk es vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk egrkÅ iksF;k¡ esa ,d NSA ;k ikFkhjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa x| dh Fkjiuk dh lk[k HkjS NS vj bZa dhHkklk lkarjk <c lw¡ njlkoS NS ds dL;k¡ *viHkza'k*lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks fodlko gks;ksA xqtjkrh dk ukephu fo}ku Lo- >sojpan es?kk.kh ,dj jktLFkkuh dkeku bZa eqtjks djrk Fkdka Qjek;ks Nks & ** vki.kh ek;M+ HKklk dks ukao NS & jktLFkkuhA esM+rk dh ehjkabZa Hkklk esa gh vki.kak in fljtS Nh vj xk cks djS NhA ;s gh in lkSjk"Vª dk feu[k vki.kh cksyh esa xk nsos

87

NkA pkj.k dks dksbZ nwgks jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa izxV gksrks vj FkksM+ks lks :i cnG *j dkfB;kokM+ esa Hkh ?kj &?kjkÅ gks tkrksA ------- cxr dks ijnks mBk *j vki >k¡dksxk rks vkids rkabZ dPN] dkfB;kokM+ lw ys*j iz;kxrkabZ QSyh Fkdh ,d gh Hkklk dk njlko gksosxk vj okHkklk NS jktLFkkuh A cxrlj bZa dh tk;h cztHkklk]xqtjkrh vj vktdky dh jktLFkkuh uqvk tekjk dh Hkklkoka c.khaA**

>kosjpan ess?kk.kh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk tha l:i dh ckr Dgh Nh cks l:i twuh jktLFkkuh dks NksA;k egrkÅ ckr NS dS tha cxr nwth Hkklkoka es ax| ek¡Mck dh fjtd ?kqVY;k¡ pkycks l: gksbZ Nh] jktLFkuhHkklk esa Hkkar & Hkrhyk <c lw¡ x| ek¡Mcks l: gksX;k NksA NqViqV :i esa jktLFkkuh x| dk mnkgj.k nlokalbdk lw¡ gh lkeS vkok ykx T;koS NS] i.k lu~ 1273 esa xqtjkr dk vklkoy xk¡o esa dks; ,d tSu lk/kqdh jph *vjk/kuk* ukao dh iksFkh esa lkarjk <c lw¡ twuh jktLFkkuh dk lSa lw¡ iqjk.kk x| dk njlko lkQ gksosNS&** --------- ts dsbZ tho prqjklh y{k ;ksfu miuk prqxZfr dh lalkjh Hkzeark HkbZ gqfe;k oafprk lhjhfo;kgfl;k fufn;k fdykfe;k nfe;k ikfN;k pwfd;k Hkfo Hkokarfj Hkolfr HkolgfL= Hkoyf{k HkodksfV efu opfudkbZa iho loZgba fePMkfe nwDdM+aA** ¼ts pkSj~;klh yk[k ;kfu;k¡ esa fopjrk lrk¡ vki.kk lkalkfjd djedjrk Fkdk¡ dksbZ tho dks dk; fo/k dkGt;ks nq[kk;ks gksos rks ,d Hko] lkS Hko] yk[k Hko] djksM+ Hko dk vL;kdlk; csbZ eu opu MhG lw¡ ekQh pkg~oka NkA½

jktLFkkuh Hkklk x| dh bZa ijaijk esa gjkoG ikar dh jpuk NS&*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*A*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* tBh Hkklk dh nhB lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk lSa lw¡ egrkÅ i[k dks izfrfuf/krovki.kka dF; esa vki.kka cxr dk e¡Mk.k QwVjk <c lw¡ ikBd ds lkeh mtkxj djS NSA bZa iksFkh ds rkabZ tk.kcksianjgok¡ lbdk dk lekt bZa tk.kcks vj Åa cxr dk thou&ewY;k¡ lw¡ tk.kS vkeh lkeh HksaVcks NSA

8-2 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*% ,d ifjpS

**vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk **jktLFkkuh dk twuk x| dh lSa lw¡ egrkÅ iksF;k¡ es a,d NSA ;k iksFkhx| vj i| nksU;w¡ fo/kkok¡ esa dFkkud dks foLrkj djS NS] vj bZa nhB lw¡ bZa dh lsyh laLdr lkfgR; dh *paiw'kSyh* dh vkG~;w¡ fnykoS NSA iksFkh dks x| Hkh rqdkar NSA bZa iksFkh dks uk;d xkx:.k x<+&ifr *vpynkl[khaph* NSA xkx:.k x<+ yadkÅ& vkaFkw.kh jktLFkkuh dks ,d egrkÅ x<+ NSA ekurk NS dS bZa x<+ uS MksMoal dk {k=h;k¡ c.kok;ks Nks] vj ckjgok¡ lbdk rkabZ ;ks x<+ ok¡ ds gh xkSM+s j~;ksA ekurk NS dS [kVdM+ dk[khaph jktk nsolh IgSyh rks vki.kha cgS.k xaxkckbZ dks C;ko xkx:.k dk jktk chty MksfM;k ls dj~;ks mjQSj vki.kha CgS.k dh enn lw¡ gh bZa x<+ uS thr fy;ksA Å¡ vxr ;ks x<+ MksMx<+] ;k Mksyjx<+ crk;ks tkoSNksA vki.kha CgS.k dks ukao vEej djck dh uhar lw¡ x<+ dks ukao xaxkje.k dj fn~;ks T;ks cxrlj xkx:.kgksX;ksA *eqagrk uS.klh jh [;kr* esa MksfM;ku~ dk X;kjg chtk fdYyka lkxS xkx:.k x<+ is Hkh xwanyjko dhthr dks mYys[k dj~;ks x;ks NSA xwanyjko iFohjkt pksgku dks lkear NksA uS.klh ek¡MS NS& **xkx:.k cw¡nhlw¡ dksl 30] eÅ ls dksl 4] dksVk lw¡ dksl 10 [khaph vpynkl okyh Hk[kj Åij oMks x<+ NSA fuiV pkSM+ks]ft.k ekags ek.kl nl gtkj 10]000 jgSA x<+ oklS unh fla/k cgrh lnk jgS NSA fr.kjks ik.kh x<+ ekagS okfy;kNSA vkxs rks x<+ lwuks MseMj lks FkksA gekj gkMS+ eqdqUn fla?k jh tkxhj esa eqdqUnfla?k x<+ tksj laojk;ks] oMkeksgy djk;kA xkx:.k lgj ?kj 700 rFkk 800 oklS NSA unh fla/k vk eÅ jk ijxuk ekagS ogS NSA ewyxqaMoka.k Fkh vkoS NSA**

vkt lw¡ ik¡p lkS&Ng lkS cjkl IgSyh xkx:.k x<+ e/; Hkkjr ij jkt djck dh gw¡l jk[kck gkGkjktku~ csbZ gesl ,d egrkÅ x<+ gkscks djS NksA bZa ys[ks gh xkx:.k ujh ncn~;k >SyhA lu~ 1270 esa fnYyhdk lqYrku vYkmn~nhu f[kyth xkx:.k is vkØe.k dj~;ksA lu 1423 esa ek¡Mw dk lqYrku gkslax'kkg ] lu~1462 esa ekyok dk egewn f[kyth] lu~ 1464 esa mn;iqj dk egkjk.kk laxzke flag vj lu~ 1475 esa xqtjkrdk ikrlkg cgknqj xkx:.k is vkØe.k dj~;ksA eqxy lezkV vdcj dk jkt esa bZa nqxZ is nkss csj vkØe.kdj~;ks X;ksA chdkusj dk jkBkSM+k¡ Hkh vBh jkt dj~;ksA fo}kuka dh ekurk NS dS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks vEej

88

xzaFk & *osfy fdlu :Def.k jh* fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ xkx:.k ¼xkxjkSu½ esa gh fljt.kk djh NhA

*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ]ukao dh bZa ikFkh esa xkx:.k dk jktk vpynkl vj ekyok dk ikrlkggkslax'kg dh iyVuk¡ chpS tq} dks oj.ku NSA bZa tq} esa [khaph jkt dh iyVuka uS gkj dks lkeuks dj.kksiM~;ks Nks vj NsdM+] x<+ dh pkGhl gtkj ck;jk tkSgj vj gtk:a tq>kjka lkdks dj~;ks NksA iksFkh dkjpukdkj f'konkl xkM.k tq} dh [;k.kh ¼dgk.kh½ ek¡Mck csbZ jktk vpynkl uS tq} djck lw¡ cjt fn~;ksNksA ;k ikFkh lqrajrk dk eku csbZ tku nsck dh feu[k dh gw¡l dks lakrjks prjke mdsjs NSA

8-3 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*% dk ys[kd ckcr

vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh lSa lw¡ egrkÅ iksF;¡k es a,d NSA ;k vpjt dhckr NS dS bZa iksFkh dh fljt.kk djck gkGk ys[kd f'konkl xkM.k ds ckcr bZa lw¡ cRrh tk.kdkjh Ug¡ feGSdS Åa jktk vpynkl [khaph dk njckj esa ,d pkj.k Nks vj ek.Mw dk ikrlkg dk vkØe.k dh cxrfu.kkZ;d tq} esa tkck lw¡ IgSyh jktk uS tq} dk eSnku esa tkck lw¡ bZ gqdqe lkFkS cjt fn~;ks Nks dS Åa tq}dks cj.ku djrk lrka ,d jpuk fljtSxksA bfrgkl bZa ckr dh lk[k HkjS NS dS f'konkl xkM.k vki.kks /kjefuHkk;ks vj vlh drh dh fljt.kk djh dS lkfgR; dh [;kr~ esa Å¡ dks vj Å¡ dk vklz;nkrk dks ukao vEejdj fn~;ksA nqfu;k Hkj esa vL;k mnkgj.k de gh NS] tn iksFkh dk fljt.kgkj ds ckcr de tk.kdkjh gksrkgq;ka Hkh iksFkh uS Hkklk fols[k dk lkfgR; esa vruh egrkÅ Bke feyS] tS Bke *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*ds rkabZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [;kr esa gkfly NSA f'konkl xkM.k uS vi.kh fljt.k f[kerk is ;ks ifr;kjksNks dS bZa ikFkh dks ukao [;kr esa lksuk dk vk¡dkjka lw¡ ek¡M~;ks tkoSxksA bZa ys[ks gh rks Å¡ iksFkh esa ek¡M~;ks Nks& **vkfxym jktk lHkk lfgr lqfpr gqb lq.kkb] rm lqdfo dqdfo dh ikfj[kk tk.kbA** ¼bZa iksFkh dk jpckgkGk dfo dh f[kerk dh lkaph ij[k rks rn gksoSxh tn vkck gkGk cxr esa jktk vki.kka lHkkln lkxS bZaiksFkh uS /;ku lw¡ lq.kSxkA½ vki.kha fljt.k fNerk is vL;ks ifr;kjks Å.Mh lk/kuk ikNS gh c¡/k ldS NSA

8-4 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*% dks jpuk&dkG

lxGh iksFkh esa f'konkl xkM.k us vL;ks dks; mYy[k Uga dj~;ks tha lw¡ iksFkh dk fljt.k dks lghcxr tk.;ks tk ldSA ,d Bke is jpukdkj ;k Vhi t:j nh NS dS ;ks tq} egkLVeh ds fnu l: gks;ks vj,d i[kokM+k ikNS nwth vLVeh ds fnu [kre gks;sk &**blh ifj R;ka yM+rka ykxrka] ejrka&ekjrka] ejrka]egkvLVeh Hkkjr tq/k ekrm Fkm] R;ka nwljh vLVeh vkbZ laizkIrh gqbZA** ¼b.k Hkkar yM+rka lrka] ejrka &ekjrka] egkvLVeh ds fnu FkjI;ks nwth vLVeh is iwjks gks;ksA½ vBh egkvLVeh lw¡ eryc gksekLveh lw¡ NS] tsvkfLou ekl dk lqfn i{k esa vkoS NSA iW.k bZa ckr lw¡ ;k rkSG UgW iM+S ds jpukdkj dL;k cjl dh egkLVehdh ckr dj j~;ks NS\

fo}kuka eqtc ?k.kdjh laHkkoukoka NSA gks ldS NS dS f'konkl xkM.k tq} l: gksrka gh iksFkh dh jpukl: dj nh gks vj tq} iwjks gksrka gh iksFkh uS Hkh iwj.k dj nh gksoSA ;k Hkh gks ldS NS dS tq) chR;ka ikNSf'konkl xkM.k vki.kha ;knnkLr lw¡ tq) dhegrkÅ ?kVukoka uS dye dks vklhl c[L;ks gskoSA vL;k esa ;kstk.kcks t:jh gks tkoS NS dS ;ks tq} dn gks;ks \ iW.k bfrgkldkjka esa bZa ckcr Hkh ,d jk; dks; Ug¡A

xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vsk>k ds eqtc ;ks tq) lu~ 1435 ds yxS VxS gks;ksA eksrhyky esukfj;k tq) dksle; lu~ 1428 crk;ks NSA *rcdkr&,&vdcjh* vj *rkokjh[ks Qfj'rk* ukao dh iksF;ka ds eqtc gkS'kax'kkgxkx:.k is geyks fgtjh lu~ 626 ¼bZLoh lu~ 1423½ esa dj~;ks NksA cRrk fo}kuka dh jk; NS dS xkx:.k isekyok dk jktk gkS'kax'kkg dk tha tq} dks oj.ku djrk Fkdka f'konkl xkM.k bZa opfudk dh jpuk djh Nh]Åa tq) lu~ 1423 esa gh gks;ks Nks vj Å¡ ds yxS VxS gh *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dh jpuk gksbZ NhA

8-5 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*% dks uk;d

tL;k¡ ds uke lw¡ gh lkQ gksoS NS f'konkl xkM.k dh jph ikFkh *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dks

89

uk;d x<+ xkx:.k dks vpynkl ukao dks jktks Nks tdks [khaph oal dks NksA eqgrk uS.klh ds eqtc ,d csjvklkjko vki.kk iwr ek.kdjko lw¡ Dgh dS lwjt mxck lw¡ ys *j lwjt vk¡Fkck rkabZ Åa /kj.kh dk truk fgLlkis fopj ySxks] cks fgLlks ek.kdjko uS c[l nh;ks tkoSxksA ek.kdjko Å¡V is cSB *j [kM~;ks vj fnu vk¡F;akis ?kjk¡ ckoM+ vk;ksA Å¡ lw¡ vklkjko iwNh dS fnu Hkj Hkw[kks gh j~;ks ds dbh dysoks Hkh dj~;ks \ ek.kdjkocrk;ks dS ,d Bke is Å¡ yksxka dh nh [khpM+h Å¡V is cSB~;ka cSB~;ka [kkbZ NSA ;k ckr lq.k *j vklkjko dkSGeqtc ok tehu rks ek.kdjko ds rkabZ c[l gh nh] tha is Å fnu Åxck lw¡ fnu vkF;ka rkabZ ?kwE;ks Nks iW.kbZa dh ySjka gh Å¡ dk oaltka ds rkabZ [khph ukao Hkh n~;ks] D;w¡ xSyk esa ek.kdjko [khapM+h [kkbZ NhA ek.kdjko[khaph dh ianzgoha ih<+h esa vpynkl dks tyHk gks;ksA vpynkl dk firk dks ukao Hkkstjko vj ek¡ dsk ukaolQykns NksA

vpynkl dk cxr rkabZ [khafp;k¡ vi.kh lkoFkZ vj lk[k /k.kh c<+k yh NhA ,dyks x<+ xkx:.k isokadks jkt gh okadh rkxr dh nqgkbZ ns NksA [khafp;k¡ ekyok vj jktLFkku esa dSbZ rks NksVk jkt Fkji fy;kNk] vj dSbZ cM+k ukephu jktku~ dk eksVk lkear & ljnkj gksX;k NkA

jktk vpynkl uS opfudk dkj */khjks|kr uk;d *dk :i esa izLrqr djS;kS NSA vL;ks uk;d tdks vi.kka ekuis tku nsck csbZ mNko lw¡ Hkj~;ks iwj~;ks NSA [kqn ds tqx dh jhr eqtc vpynkl ik¡p C;ko dj~;kA Å¡ dksIgSyks C;ko mnSiqj dk jk.kk eksdy dh ykMslj jktdqekjh iqLikorh lw¡ gks;ks NksA opfudk es iqLikorhdks ukaoykyka fn~;ks x;ks NSA Å¡ cxr dh jhr eqtc jkf.k;k¡ ds rkabZ ok¡ dk xkS= ukao lw¡ gh iqdkj~;ks tkos NS tL;k¡*ckxM+uh*] *lka[kyh*] rkojk.kh *dNokgh*& vknA

opfudk esa mYys[k NS dS iqLikorh lw¡ vpGnkl ds *Ånh* ukao dh ,d csVh tueh tndS opuhdkes vpynkl dk nks csVk *ikYg.klh* vj *ikry* dk gh ukao NS *pkSgku dYinzqe* ukao xzaFk esa ok¡ dk ik¡p csVk& pkfpxnso] dgkuflag] ikyunso] izrki ¼ikry½ vj [kMxflag ¼xtflag½ dks ukao NSA ikYg.klh bZa ys*j,d ?k.kksa gh Hkko Hkj~;ks izlax opfudk esa NS] tha ds ckcr egSa vkxs i<+SaxkA lka[kyh lw¡ jktk vpynkl dkC;ko dk ckcr Hkh ,d jkspd izlax *ykyka esokM+h jh ckr* esa NSA ;ks izlax ck;jka dk lqHkko eqtc vkilhbzZlxk vj vpynkl ds lkxS j~gSck dh ftí dks lakrjsk fprjko isl djS NSA

*ykyka esokM+h jh ckr* eqtc vpynkl [khaph dh jk.kh iqLikorh uS un bZa ckr dh Hkud iM+h ds jktktkaxdw dk jktk [khaolh lka[khy dh csVh lw¡ C;ko djcks pkg~oS NS] rsk Å¡ dks eku tkx mB~;ksA bzZldk dhyk; tkxrh Hkh dL;k¡ Ug¡ \ [khaolh lka[kyk dh ykM+yh mek Nh Hkh vlh :iorh ds pkan Hkh cha fetkt.klkeh ljekrks nh[kS NksA **vkHkS ls mrjh bUnj jktk dh vIljk] ekuljksoj dks gal] ljn #r dks daoG]Hkknok dh cknGh] cknG ekagh chtGh] cj[kk dh ohjcgwVh] lksyg Vdk lwuksa] fyNeh dks vkSrkj] rM+dko dkslwjt] iwue dks pk¡n gsr dh YgSj nkabZ**& Åa dks c[kk.k gq;ks NSA jk.kh iqLikorh jktk vpynkl dks mek lw¡C;ko csbZ gkeG rks Hkj nh] i.k ;k ljr esy nh ds jktk uqbZ jk.kh lw¡ HksaVck jk.kh iqLikorh mQZ ykyka dhbtktr fcuk dnh UgW tkosxksA jktk opu ns fn;kA i.k tn Åa mek lw¡ feY;ks rks jh>oku gksX;ksA Åa bZaykyp esa vki.kk jkt vkM+h gh UgW ckofM+;ksA jktk HksaVck csbZ jk.kh ykyka dh vuwefr dht:jr dks; UgWle>hA iW.k vL;kW dn rkabZ dkjt l/krkA bZa ds vkxS dh [;k.kh ¼dgk.kh½ jktk is vi.ksak dke.k c.kk;kajk[kck csbZ ykyka dk iM+iap vj mek dk cjr & la;e dh ckr¡k crkoS NSA NsdM+] jk.kh mek lak[kyh uSvi.kk jktk dk lkFk dks lq[k feyS NSA vkst xq.k iz/kku vpynkl dh [;k.kh ¼dkgk.kh½ esa vs izlax feu[kdk lqHkko dks lgt vj lkarjk e¡Mk.k mdsjs NSA

tn ikrlkg gkslax'kkg xkx:.k is geyks djS NS rks vpynkl jtiwrh ijaijk eqtc tq) djck dhBk.k Y;S NSA vpynkl vi.kka llqj vj esokM+ dk egkjk.kk eksdy vj ekjokM+ dk egjktk j.key uS lanslks[k¡nk enn pkgh] iW.k nksU;w¡ cxrlj enn UgW ns lD;kA vpynkl vj Å¡ dk flikgh gkslax'kkg dh lsuk lw¡yM+rk Fkdka vi.kks tq>kjiW.kks lkfcr dj ns NS] iW.k eqV~Bh Hkj feu[k vruh cM+h lsuk dks lkeuks dn rkabZ

90

djrk \ NsdM+ Å¡ vxr dh jhr eqtc ohjka ekFkk is dslfj;ks ck¡/k lkdks dj~;ks vj x<+ dh pkGhl gtkjck;jka tkSgj dh vkx esa dwn *j vki.kk lr~ dh fjPNk djhA

bZa lw¡ lSa IgSyh bZa opfudk esa ,d Hkkoqd izlax Hkh vkoS NSA tn lsuk lkdk csbZ tkck dh B.k Y;s NSrks x<+ dk nkuk &L;k.kka dh lykg&lwr lw¡ jktk vi.kka csVk ikYg.klh uS tq) lw¡ ojtrk gq;k chauS nwthBke tkck dh ckr DgS NS] tha lw¡ oal Hkh cp T;koS vj ohj csVks vki.kka firk dk cSjh lw¡ cnGks Hkh ys ldSAl: esa rks ikYg.klh tq) dk eSnku lw¡ nwjS tkck dh ckr lw¡ lkQ uV t;koS NS] iW.k lxGka dk le>kckis Å¡ uS ckr le> vkoS NS vj Åa eku T;koS NSA f'konkl xkM.k Å¡ dsk ?k.kksa ekfeZd fp=.k dj~;ks NS] thacxr jktk vpynkl vi.kka csVk ds rkabZ xyk lw¡ yxk *j fonk djS NSA

jktk vpynkl [khaph dh dhjr dFkk ek¡Mrk Fkdk opfudkj ek¡M~;ks NS & *rsf.k ikfrlkg vk;kalkarfj lr NksfM ugha] [k= [kkaMb ugha] nhu u Hkk[kb ikx?kj yaf?kr u gksbZ rs jktk vpyslj lkfj[kk vpyuj vpysl gh gksbZA*

8-6 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dh dFkk%

dfo eaxGkpj.k esa vi.kha vkjk/; vj fo|k dh nsoh lqjlrh bZa fuao.k djrk dFkk dh l:okr djhNSA Åa ek.MS NS & **lkb lkjnk efu laojh cka/km xzaFk vikj@lwjfr jk[kma vpG dm [kmankfGEe fldkjA**¼vlh ekrk lqjlr dks /;ku dj Egw¡ Å¡ jktk vpynkl dh [k;k.kh ¼dk.kh½ Dgw¡ Nw¡] ts ikrlkg dks fldkjgksX;k NSA½ opfudk dh l:okr dks ;ks nksgks lkfcr djS NS dS vpynkl bZ iksFkh dks fljt.k tq) lkxS UgWFkjI;ks] tq) iwjks gks;ka is FkjI;ks NksA

lSa lw¡ f'konkl xkM.k ek.Mw dk ikrlkg gksS'kax'kkg dh lxfr vj Å¡ dk ijkØe dks ifjpS ns NSAÅ¡ dh rkxr ds vkxS lxGk jktk ueck is etcwj NkA tn Å¡us xkx:.k is vkØe.k dj~;ks ] Å¡ vxr HkhdqN jktk¡ vpynkl uS gkSalx'kkg lw¡ cSj eksy UgW ysck dks lanslks [kank;ks Nks iW.k Åa ohj gh dkabZ ts tkutkck dk Mji lw¡ vi.kha vku cku lw¡ le>kSrks dj Y;S \

vpynkl tq) dj~;ksA ;ks tq) ,d i[kokM+s rkabZ pkY;ksA NsdM+yk fnu tq>kj ekFkk is dslfj;kck¡/k *j yM+ck x;k vj jkf.k;k¡ x<+ esa ekStwn pkGhl gtkj ck;jka lkxS tkSgj dj fy;ksA lkaP;k tq>kj dhvkSG[kk Fkji *j vpynkl yksd vj ijyksd & nksU;w¡ esa vi.kks ukao vEej dj fy;ks &**lalkfj ukao vkroljfx] vpy csfo dh/kk vpyA**

8-7 opfudk dks vjFk%

*opfudk* lcn laLdr Hkklk dk opu lcn lw¡ [kM~;ks gks;ks ekU;ks tk ldS NSA laLdr esa opulcn dFku] okD;] /kjo laca/kh ckrka] mGFkk] vknsl vj DgSu csbZ ckij~;ks tkoS NSA ;ka lxGh ckrka uSopfudk esa ckij~;ks tkoS NSA izks- Hkwifrjke lkdfj;k ds eqtc &**vL;ks izrhr gksoS NS dS opfudkj dk euM+kesa jpuk ds cxr ,d fojkV nhB j~gh gksosxh vj bZa ys[ks gh ok¡ vi.kha jpukoka ds rkabZ *opfudk* ukao n~;ksAcxrlj] opfudk ek¡Mck dh ,d [kkl fo/kk o.kxh NhA bZa dh ,d [kkl lSyh dks fodlko gks;ks vj QSjbZa dk Hksn& miHksn Hkh c.kX;kA

8-8 *opfudk* dh ijaijk

opfudk jktLFkuh lkfgR; dh ,d vyw¡Bh vj egrkÅ fo/kk NSA eqalh ghjkyky us <wa<kM+h cksyh esavdcj dk njckj dk bfrgkldkj vcqyQty dh iksFkh *vkbZus vdcjh* dks mGFkks dj~;ks vj Å¡ ds rkabZHkklk opfudk ukao n~;ks NksA eqa'kh ghjkyky vkbZus vdcjh dks ;ks mGFkks t;iqj dk jktk lokbZ izrkiflagdk gqdqe lw¡ dj~;ks NksA

tSu larka Hkh ?k.kha *opfudkoka* dh jpuk djhA oka dh jpukoka dks ewG edln /kje laca/kh ckrka dks

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egro c[kk.kcks NksA *ijekReizdk'k opfudk*]*o)Zekuiqjk.k opfudk*]*gfjoa'kiqjk.k opfudk* tlh jpukoka /kje dk minsl dh nhB lw¡ gh ek¡Mh xh gksoSxhA iW.k *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* vj *opfudk jkBkSM+egslnklksr jh f[kfM+;k tXxk jh dgh* tlh jpfuoka ladGi vj [k.k tL;k mnkRr xq.k bZa c[kk.kck csbZ ek¡MhxhA

*ftu leqnzlwfj jh opfudk*]*'kkafrlkxj lwfj jh opfudk*]*tks/kjkt xksfndkdr Hkkonhi opfudk*]*VksMjeydh 'yksdlkxj opfudk*]*vkRekuq'kklu opfudk*]*iq:"kkFkZ fl/kqik; opfudk*] *nkSyrjko jfpr iq.;kJoopfudk* *jktofrZr opfudk*]*t;panz dh izes; jRuekyk opfudk* vj *c[kjke dh /keZcqf} opfudk*ofpfudk lkfgR; dh egrkÅ jpukoka NSA

lSyh dh nhB lw¡ opfudk vlh rqdkar x|&i| jpuk NS]tha esa vUr;kuqizkl ij cG ns NSA bZa dkviokn gks ldS NS] iW.k T;knkrj jpukoka esa ;ks xq.k ik;ks tkoS NSA bZa nhB lw¡ opfudk dh Hkklk lSyh laLdrdk *pEiw dkO;* ds HkSGi esyh tk ldS NS iW.k nksU;w¡ esa ,d vkarjks NSA pEiw dkO; esa rqdkar dks egro dks;UgW] iW.k opfudk esa rqdkar is tksj j~gs NSA

dfo eaPNkjke lsox dh iksFkh *j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks* vj fdluk vk<+k dh jpuk *j?kqoj tlizdkl* esa opfudk ds rkabZ x| dks ,d Nan ekU;ks x;ks NSA

x| i| cs txr~ esa] tka.k Nan jh tkrAlein i| ljkgtS] NwVd x| N tkrAAnkokoSr fQjokr n[k] tqxr opudka tka.kAvksN v/kd rqd vle] vs chnx x| c[kak.kAA

¼j?kqoj tl izdkl & la-lhrkjke ykyl] i`- 851½

*j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks *dks tdks laLdj.k Jh esgrkc pan laikfnr dj~;ks NS] Å¡ esa iLB 247 isopfudk dk in ca/k Hksn crkrk gqvk ok¡ dk Hkh nks nks miHksn c[kk.;k x;k NS %&

oSr nok] ftu cpudk] in xn ca/k izek.k]nq; nq; fo/k fr.kjh n[kwa] lq.ktS tdk lqt.kAA

8-9 *opfudk* vj *nokoSr* esa vkarjkS%

*opfudk* vj *nokoSr* nksU;w¡ twuh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh pkoh Bkoh fo/kkaoka NSA nksU;w¡ esa lSyh vlh,dlkj dh ckijh tkoS NS] dS IgSyh utj esa rks nksU;w¡ esa Qjd djcks gh vc[kkS dke gks t;koS NSA *nokoSr*ds rkabZ vk/kqfud [;k.kh ¼dk.kh½ dh iwoZorhZ fo/kk Hkh ekU;ks tk ldS NSA *opfudk* vj *nokoSr* nksU;w¡ esac[kk.k vj cj.kko gh NS vj bZa ys[ks gh nksU;w¡ ,dL;kj dh nh[kS NSA bZ ys[ks ,d ekuhrk leh{kd rks ;k ckrgh ek¡M nh ds nksU;w¡ ds chpS vruks lks Qjd y[kkoS NS ds *nokoSr* ds cfuLir *opfudk* FkksM+h ykEchvj foLrkj gkGh gksoS NSA /;ku lw¡ ns[kk¡ rks *opfudk* vj *nokoSr* esa Hkklk dh nhB lw¡ Hkh ,d cM+ks vkarjksNSA nksU;w¡ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh fo/koka NS] iW.k b/kdh dh opfudkoka viHkza'k dk HkSGi gkGh jktLFkkuh Hkklkesa ek¡Mh xh NS] iW.k *nokoSr* dh jktLFkkuh Hkklk is mnwZ & Qkjlh dks vlj lkQ y[kkoS NSA bZa nhB lw¡ ;ksHkh ekU;ks tk ds *opfudk* l:okrh jktLFkkuh dks Hkklk laLdkj fy;k¡ NS] iW.k nokoSr ikNGh jktLFkkuhesa vi.kha ckr dgoS NSA Hkklk dk laLdkj esa ;ks vkarjks L;kr bZa ys[ks Hkh NS dS *opfudkoka* dh ijaijk rkspkSngoka lbZdk lw¡ gh feyS NS] iW.k nokoSrk¡ esa lSa lw¡ twuh *ujfla?knkl xkSM+ dh nokoSr **l=goka lbZdk dhjpuk NSA

8-10 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dk lkarjk i[k

*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh ,d egrkÅ /kjksgj NSA jktLFkku dh yadkÅ& vkaFkw.kh fnl esa xkx:.k dk x<+ifr vpynkl tn geyks djck gkGk uS ew.Mks rksM+ mFkGks nksck dh uhar

92

lw¡ vkj&ikj dh yM+kbZ yM+ck dks iz.k ys Y;ks rks Å¡ uS vi.kk pkj.k dfo f'konkl xM.k uS ;k DgS*j tq}dk eSnku esa tkck lw¡ cjt fn~;ks dS Åa lxGks orkUr ek.Ms] tha lw¡ vkck gkGh ih<~;k¡ uS bZa tq} dk oka i[kdh T;ka ds dkj.kS pkGhl gtkj vksjrka tkSgj djck csbZ pky iM+h vj ohjka ekVh dk eku is tku ns nsckdks iz.k ys *j ekFkk is dslkfj;ks ck¡/k fy;ks A bZa vkst xq.k iz/kku jpuk uS dkG t;h c.kkck ds ikNS bZa jpukdk ujk xq.k NSA

8-10-1 Hkklk%&

fMaxy jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ,d vyw¡Bh vksg[kk.kh nh NSA f'konkl xkM.k *vpynkl [khaph jhopfudk* dh jpuk vL;k cxr esa djh tn ukxjh viHkza'k lw¡ iuih fMaxG Hkklk vi.kh U;kjh vksG[kk.kFkjick dh xSy is pky iM+h NhA bVyh dk Hkklk lkL=h MkW- ,y- ih- rSLlhrksjh jktLFkkuh Hkklk is ?k.kksegrkÅ dke dj~;ks NSA ok¡ fMaxy dk fodkl Øe uS nks Hkkxka esa ck¡V~;ks NSA twuh fMaxG dks dkG rsjgok¡lw¡ lksygok¡ lbdk rkabZ vk¡D;ks x;ks NS vj uqbZ fMaxG dks dkG l=goka lw¡ mUuhloka lbdk rd ekU;ks x;ksNSA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* tquh fMaxG dh izfrfuf/k iksFkh NSA bZa ys[ks gh bZa dh Hkklk is viHkza'k dksvlj lkQ y[kkoS NSA ,d mnkgj.k ckWpks & **bl jktk midafB dm.k Nb ftdb efu ikfrlkg dh jhlolh] dm.k dk ekFkk rbZ f[klh \ dm.k gb nbZ :Bm \ dm.k dh ekbZ fook.kh tq lkem jgb v.kh\ **;kavksG~;ka esa blm] dm.k ftdb] :Bm] lkem t';k lcn viHkzal dk vlj dk mnkgj.k NSA

Hkklk dh nhB lw¡ *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa rn~Hko lcn /k.kdjk NS] iW.k jktk] mRrj] dkark]gLrh] vkjaHk] izokg vj ikjkokj tL;k rRle lcn Hkh ckij~;k x;k NSA egrkÅ ckr ;k NS dS bZ iksFkh esafonslh lcn ?k.kka de ckij~;k x;k NSA Hkklk uS vlj c[lck dh nhB lw¡ opfudkdkj fn:Dr lcn ¼tn,d lcn nks ckj cksY;ks tkoS] tL;k¡ do.k&do.k] ifx ifx] okj okj vkn½ Hkh ?k.kh rknkn esa ckij~;k NSA

vpynkl dh Hkklk rkdr dks ,d lkarjks mnkgj.k NS %& **rs jktk vpyslj lkfj[kk vpG ubvpGsl gh gks;bA vpyslj rm fdlm \ ----ckym pdjojfrA /ku /ku gks jktk vpGsljA Fkkjm ft;m]ft.kh ikfrlkg lma [kaMm fy;m A** ¼jktk vpynkl ljh[kks dsoy vpynkl vpynkl gh gks ldS NSAckyiW.kka esa gh pØofrZA /kU; /kU; gks jktk vpynklA Fkkjks thcks Hkh /kUu NS] tha us ikrlkg ds lkeS [kM~xmBk;ks NSA½

8-10-2 lSyh %&

;k ckr rks IgSyh gh ek.Mh tk pqdh NS dS *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* laLdr lkfgR; dh *pEiw'kSyh* lw¡ esy [kkrh lSyh esa ek¡Mh xh NS iW.k nksU;w¡ esa ;ks cM+ks vkarjks Hkh NS dS tBh *vpynkl [khaph jhopfudk* dk x| esa rqdkar is tksj NS] *pEiw 'kSyh** dk dkO; esa rqdkar is oruks tksj Ug¡ j~gSA fMaxG dk ohjjl Hkfj;k lfgR; esa uk;d dh ohjrk vj BkB & ckV uS c<+k p<+k *j ek.Mck dh jhr j~gh NSA *vpynkl[khaph jh opfudk* Hkh bZa dks viokn dks; Ug¡A vki.kak uk;d dk djrc bZa deky dks crkck csbZ izfruk;dds cSbZ Hkh jpukdkj vlh vlh ckrka ek.Ms Nks dS lq.kck gkGk vpjt lw¡ Hkj T;koS NkA *vpynkl [khaphjh opfudk* esa Hkh vL;k mnkgj.k ik;k tk ldS NSA elyu gkSlax'kkg dh lsuk esa lkfey ujfla?knkl dhiyVu ds ckcr opfudkdkj ek.MS NS &** rn ujfla?knkl dk dVd ca/k pkfyrk lkarfj vkxGb nfG ik.khikfNGb nfG dkneA rb dkne db Bkfg [ksr mM+rh tkbA** ¼ujfla?knkl dh folkG lsuk dh rkSy bZa ckrlw¡ gh iM+S NS ds ts Å¡ dks gjkoG ik.kh esa lw¡ [kM+rks rks lsuk dk chp dk Hkkx vkrka vkrka Åa ik.kh dhpM+esa cnG T;ksrks vj pankoG vkrk vkrka rks Å¡ Bkao lw¡ /kwG mM+ck ykx T;koS NhA½ vfrjatuk dk mNkg esagh f'konkl xkM.k *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ,sfrgkfld nhB lw¡ ;ks xyr rF; Hkh ek¡M fn;ks dS fnYyhdks ikrlkg vki ek.Mw dk gkSlax'kkg dh enn djck csbZ vk;ks NksA

*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ukao dh ;k iksFkh ?k.kha ljy dks; UgaA Å¡ cxr dh jhr vj fMaxGdfork dh fjtd eqrkfcd f'konkl xkM.k iksFkh esa jktLFkkuh dks [kkl vyadkj *oS.klxkbZ* Bke Bke is

93

ckij~;ks NSA ijaijk dh nhB lw¡ *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* pkj.k lSyh dh jpuk NSA in~Hkko lcn] O;tudks nksgjko vj oS.klxkbZ vyadkj pkj.k lSyh dh [kkfl;rka NS vj ;s rhuw¡ gh ckrka *vpynkl [khaph jhopfudk* esa ikbZ tkoS NSA

8-10-3 vyadkj %&

vyadkj csbZ fgUnh dh [kS.kkor NS ds *Hkw"k.k fcu u 'kksHkfga] dfork & ofurk & feŸkA* tha cxrf'konkl xkM.k *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dh jpuk djh] Å¡ cxr esa dfork esa vyadkj ckijcks dforkdjck gkGk dh lk/kuk dks izek.k ekU;ks tkoS NksA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ?k.kdjk vyadkj ckij~;kx;k NSA

oS.klxkbZ%

*oS.klxkbZ* vyadkj jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks ,d [kkl vyadkj NSA bZa esa dks; okD; dk nks o.kkZ chpSvkilh tqM+ko dks vyadkj ekU;ks tk ldS NSA fo}kuka ds eqtc bZa dks edln dkO; esa vk;k vlqHk xq.k vjnX/kk¡[kjka dks vlj de dj *j dfork esa /ofu&lkSan;Z iSnk djcks NSA ,d izfl} nwgks NS &

vkoS b.k Hkklk vey] oS.k lxkbZ oslA nX/k vx.k vn nqx.k jks] ykxS ug yoyslAA

Hksn%& oS.klxkbZ dk ujk Hksn NSA eksVk eksVk :i esa oS.klxkbZ uS mRre] e/;e vj v/ke oS.klxkbZHksank¡ esa ck¡V~;ks tkoS NSA ,d in dk l:orh vk¡[kj Å¡ gh in dk vkf[kjh lcn esa ckij~;k tkoS rks *oS.klxkbZ*vyadkj dks fuokZg gksoS NSA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ckij~;k x;k mRre oS.klxkbZ vyadkj dks ,dvnkgj.k NS%&

eqxr fpj flgqfj eafM] ofIi daB rqyllh oklhAHkstkmr Hkqtcyfg] djfga dfjej dkyklhAA

vuqizkl%& vyadkj dks Hkh *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa f'konkl xkM.k [kwc m;ksx dj~;ks NSAiksFkh bZa i<+rka Fkdka ykxS NS dS vuqizkl vyadkj csbZ dfo uS [kkl tru Uga djuk iM~;kA os lgt :i esavksG;k¡ dk Hkko eqtc vk;k NSA ,d dq.MfG;k dh l:okrh pkj vksG~;k¡ bZa dks mnkgj.k NS %&

xboj xGb xGfRFk;m]

tga [kapb rga tkbZAlhg xGRFk.k tb lgb] rg ng yfD[k fodkbZAArg ng yfD[k fodkb] eksy tk.koh eqgxsjkAdM+ok dkjf.k dfFku dksfi [kmankfGe dsjkAA

vaR;kuqizkl % rqdkaUr x| gh rks *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* dh [kkl vksG[kk.k NSA viokn NksM+|ka rks vaR;kuqizkl lxGh ikFkh esa ckij~;ks x;ks NSA

**vsd lhg ub ik[kjlm] lwj flgkbfr vkoj;m] iapkezr veh ijxj;mA egknku vkNb ?kM+b] nw/k ekafglkdj iM+bA lkum ub lq&okl] vsd vpG dFkb flonklA**

;ed vyadkj%

iksFkh dh IgSyh vksGh esa gh f'konkl xkM.k vi.kha vkjk/; nsoh ds rkabZ lqfejrka Fkdk ;ed vyadkjdks lkarjks iz;ksx dj~;ks NS%&

rma ohl gfFk fojksfGrba ohl&gfFk fojksfG;bA

¼chl gksFkksa ls nq"Vksa dk lagkj djus okyh nsoh rwus chl gkFkksa okys nq"Vksa dk Hkh lagkj dj fn;kA½

miek vyadkj

94

iksFkh esa x| vj i| nksU;w¡ :i esa opfudkdkj vi.kka vklz;nkrk dh dhjr c[kk.kck csbZ miekvyadkj dks lkarjks iz;ksx dj~;ks NSA

**vpyslj rm fdlm\ mRrj] nfD[ku iwjc ifPNe dm HkM+ fdaokM+ vkbU;k vtbikGA vgadkfjjko.kA nwljm /kk:A rhljm fla/k.kA Nb njl.k N;k.kob ik[kaM dm vk/kkjA ckGm pdjojfrA /ku /kugks jktk vpysljA**

¼vpynkl Hkh dL;ks \ P;k:¡ [kw¡V esa cstksM+ tq>kj] izfrLBk esa vtSikG vj xjc&xqeku esa tL;k¡jko.kA nwtks /kk:A rhtks fla/k.kA lxGk Ng nlZu vj fN;kuos ik[kaMk¡ dsk vk/kkjA ckyiW.kka esa gh pØorhZjktk tL;ksA vL;ks jktk vpyslj rwa /ku~ NSA½

;k¡ vyadkjka ds flok Hkh mRiz{kk] vuUo;] :id] iqu:fDr vj nwtk vyadkj *vpynkl [khaoh jhopfudk* esa f'konkl xkM.k ckij~;k NSA [kkl ckr ;k NS dS ;s vyadkj ikFkh esa tcju BwaL;k gks;k Uga ykxSlgtiW.kk lw¡ dfork vj okr dh vksfG;k¡ esa izokfgr gks;k ykxS NSA bZa xq.k lw¡ iksFkh ck¡pck is dgu dks vljvŸkks cn T;koS NSA

n- Nan % *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* ,d y?kq jpuk NSA QSj bZa esa x| i| HkSGi esa NSA bZa ys[ksbZa dfr esa Nan fofo/krk dh cRrh laHkkoukoka Uga cpSA Qs:¡ Hkh f'konkl xkM.k Hkko eqtc vyx&vyx Nanckij~;k NSA ldG :i esa ikFkh esa 67 nwgk vj lksjBk] nks dfoRr] vj ,d ,d dq.MfG;k] jlkoyk] xkFkkvj xkgk Nan NSA

nwgks% nwgks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks lSa lw¡ yksdfiz; Nan NSA bZa dk U;kjk U;kjk Hksn NSA pj.kkuqlkj nwgkadk ckjg Hksn ekU;k X;k NSA fgUnh esa lksjBks nwgk lw¡ ukGks Nan NS] iW.k jktLFkkuh esa bZauS nwgk dsk gh ,d HksnekU;ks x;ks NSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks ,d yksdfiz; nwgks NS %&

**lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Hkyh ejo.k jh okrAtksc.kNkbZ /k.k Hkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkrAA**

nwgk esa IgSyk vj rhljk pj.k esa 13 ek=k vj nwtk vj pkSFkk pj.k esa 11 ek=koka gksoS NS] tn dslksjBk esa IgSyk vj rhtk pj.k esa 11 vj nwtk vj pkSFkk pj.k esa 13 ek=koka gksos NSA oMks nwgks lksjBk vjnwgk ds chpS dh ,d fljt.kk NSA bZa esa IgSyk vj pkSFkk pj.k esa 11 ek=koka vj nwtk vj rhtk pj.k esa 13&13ek=koka gksos NSA

fo}kuka *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ckij~;k x;k nwgka uS Hksn dh nhB lw¡ lwnz ofRr dk nwgkkekU;k NS] D;w¡dS ;k¡ esa cRrhl lw¡ cRrh y?kqek=koka NS &

**tmgj tky.k gkfj vub] tGb tGb rkbZ mrjbAgfj gfj gfj gksb] folu folu frfu okjAA**

dfoRr% fgUnh esa bZa Nan uS NIi; Hkh dg~;ks tkoS NSA ohj jl dk dfo;ka csbZ ;ks ,d pkoks vj BkoksNan NSA

lkry lkse gehj dUg fte tmgj tkfG;Apf<; [ksr pgokf.k vkfn dqy oVV mtkfG;AAeqxqr fpgqj flfj eafM cfIi daB rqylh oklhAHksktkmr HkqtcG fg] djfg dfjej dkGklhAAx<+ [kafM iMarh xkxqj.k fn< nk[ks lqjrk.k nGAlalkfj ukao vkre ljfx vpG nsfo dh/kk vpGAA

xkgk % xkgk Nan izkdr lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk rkabZ vk;ks NSA izkdr dh dkGt;h iksFkh *xkFkklIr'krh bZa Nan esa gh fljth th NSA Nan jpuk dh nhB lw¡ *xkgk Nan* dk Hkh nks Hksn ekU;k x;k NSA tdk

95

nks *xkgk* Nan *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ckij~;k x;k NS] os bZa nhB lw¡ *xkgk nqesy* <c dk Nan NSAbZa esa ek=koak rks lksGg gh gksos NS iW.k vkf[kjh lcn dh vkofRr dks uSe dks; Ug¡A *xkgk* pkSlj Nan esa iSgykpj.k dk NsdM+yk lcn dks nskgjko gj pj.k esa t:jh NS] iW.k xkgk nqesy esa iSgyh vksGh dh rqd nwth vksGhlw¡ vj rhth vksGh dh rqd pkSFkh vksGh lw¡ fey.kh pkfgtSA

**ckjg yD[k r Nb oM ibnyAefneRrk pojklh ebaxyAAlkg.k lgg rhl vj rsjgAvkyelkg vMh pm&QsjgAA**

dq.MfG;k Nan % *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ,d gh dq.MfG;ks Nan NSA dq.Mfy;k Nan esaik¡poka pj.k esa dfo dks ukao vkoS NSA *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa ckij~;k dq.MfG;k esa lxGk fo/kkudks fuokZg djrk Fkadk Hkh dfo vi.kka ukao dks mYys[k Uga dj~;ks NSA dq.MfG;ks Nan iksFkh esa dfo Å¡ Bkaois ckij~;ks NS tn Å¡ ds rkabZ ;k foospuk djcks t:jh ykX;ks dS D;w¡ dqN jktk rks gkSlax'kkg dh lsuk esa HskGkgks x;k tn ds vpynkl lqrajrk csbZ tku nsck is Hkh vrk: NSA

Nan jlkoGk % *jlkoGk* Nan dk e¡M.k is fo}kuka esa FkskM+ks Hksn NSA *j?kqoj tl izdkl ukao dk xzaFkesa *jlkoGk* Nan dk yD[k.k c[kk.krk ,d Bkao is fy[;ks NS +&%** ft.k xhr jS izFke jh rhu rqdka ek=k ponspons gks;A eksgjs jx.k x.k gks;A rqd iSyh ek=k pons] rqdkar jx.k gks;] nqd rhth ek=k pons] rqdkar jx.kgks;A rqd rhth ek=k ponS] rqdkar jx.k gks;A rqd pkSFkh ek=k vX;kjS rqdkar eksgj lx.k gks; lsk xhr ukxxgS NSA gs [kxjkt x:M+ lks xhr jlkoGkS dgkoS NSA** lhrkjko ykyl *jlkoGk* uS 24 ek=koka dks NanekU;ks NS] tha esa rsjg vj X;kjg is ;fr gksoS NS iW.k *opfudk* dk jlkoGk dh jpuk ;k¡ lw¡ esG UgW [kkkoSA

8-11 *vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk*% ewG vj Hkko

*vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh ,d dkGt;h jpuk NSA bZa iksFkh jktLFkkuhHkklk esa x| ys[ku dk uqvk e¡Mk.k ek¡M~;kA bZa ,d iksFkh lw¡ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [;kr esa iksFkh dkfljt.kgkj f'konkl xkM.k vj dFkk dk uk;d vpynkl [khaph dk ukao vEej gksX;kA vpynkl [khaphtn gkSlax'kkg lw¡ fu.kkZ;d tq) csbZ x<+ xkx:.k lw¡ [kM+ck ykX;ks] rks f'konkl xkM.k uS tq) esa tkck lw¡cjtck dks Å¡ dsk edln Hkh ;ks gh Nks dS f'konkl tq) is dks; vlh jpuk ek¡MS] tdh vpynkl dh ghervj Å¡ dk tq>kjiW.k dh lk[k tqxka rd HkjSA f'konkl xkM.k vi.kks ;ks /kje pks[kh nkabZ fuHkk;ksA

iskFkh dks ewG xq.k vkst NS iW.k Hkko i[k Hkh etcwr NSA lk¡ph rks ;k NS dS dfo dks eu tq) dk oj.ku esaoruks jerks Uga nh[kS truks tkSgj dk oj.ku esa jerks nh[kS NSA viHkza'k dk izHkko gkGh jktLFkkuh Hkklk uSvL;k oj.ku dsk vlj cRrks dj fn~;ks NSA vpynkl tn vi.kka liwr uS tq) lw¡ cjt *j dqG dh nwthftEeofj;k¡ fuHkkck csbZ fonk dj~;ks rks Hkh dfo dks Hkkoi[k rkxroj rjhdk lw¡ mHkj *j lkeh vk;ks NSA iwjhiksFkh esa f'konkl xkM.k vi.kS ckcr foLrkj lw¡ UgW ek¡M~;ksA foLrkj dh t:jr Hkh Ug¡ NhA ,d NksVh lh iksFkhesa f'konkl vi.kh lcn lk/kuk dks lkarjks ifjpS n~;ks NSA

Hkkx&nks

vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk¼pq.;k gks;k val½

nwgk rma ohl gfFk fojksfG] iba ohl&gfFk fojksfG;bAHkkofB Hkkeb rw r.kb] fgT;ma lq dkabZ fgaxksfGAA1AAimf<e ejgfj;kg vkjaHk dfj Åifj vljAnsfo nokj fFk;kg osufr;kbr ohl gfFkAA2AA

96

efglklqj tw ekb ej tb efg[kklqj ejbAlqj NVb lqj jkb okj iqgkGh ohl gfFkAA3AA

dfBu lcn % ohl gfFk¾chl gkFkka okgh nsohA fojksGh ¾ ukl djck okGhA fojksfG;b ¾ ukl djn~;ksA HkkofB ¾ Hkko NSA Hkkeb ¾ fuaNkojA fgT;ma ¾ vckj rkabZA fgaxksfG ¾ fgaxqGkt nsohA imf<e ¾ijkØjeA ijgfj;kg ¾ rt n~;ksA osufr;kbr ¾ vjt djck okGkA okj ¾ vorkj] ennA rqgkGh ¾ FkkjhA

O;k[;k %& chl gkFkka lw¡ nqLVka dsk ukl djck okGh gs nsoh ek¡! Fkw¡ chl gkFkk¡ okGk ¼jkxllk¡½ dksHkh ukl dj~;ks NSA Egkjhs lxGh okaNkoka vj Hkko Fk¡k is fuaNkoj NSA gs fgaxqGkt ek¡! dkabZ Egw¡ vckj Hkh Fkkjhfdjik dks vf/kdkjh dks; Ug¡ \ chl gkFk j[kk.kck oGh nsoh ek¡] vkius jkxllk¡ is p<+kbZ djh rks os lxfrgh.kvj vki lw¡ lj.kkek¡xck csbZ etcwj gks;kA gs chl gkFkk¡ okGh efglklqj enZuh nsoh ek¡]Fk¡uS efglklqj jkxlluS ekj *j nsorku~ ds rkabZ ladV lw¡ eqxfr fnyk nhA

tib rqgkGb dkfG MgMfg;k MEe: r.kkANkMs vlqj lq vkfG rb ok HkkjfFk ohl&gfFkAA4AAjkekb.k gh jke dh;m ts dh;m ts gwarh dUgbAldfr fogw.km L;ke fo<.k u gks;b ohl&gfFkAA5AA

dfBu lcn % dkfG ¾ ijxV gkscks] dkG:iA MgMfg;k ¾ eqGdcks Me: vkn dsk cktcksA NkMs¾ NksM+sA vkfG ¾ tq)A HkkjfFk ¾ tq)A gwarh ¾ tha lw¡A dUgbZ ¾ xkSM+sA ldfr ¾ lxrh] nsohA fogqm.k¾ fcukA fo<.k ¾ tq)A

O;k[;k% gs chl Hkqtk okGh nsoh ek¡] Me: ctk *j izlUu j~gSck okGk :nz Hkh Fk¡uSbZa lqfejS NSA Fkkjkgh Mji lw¡ jkxll dqpeknka vj tq) rt ns NSA gs chl gkFkk¡ okGh nsoh] tn jketh tq) dj~;ks rks rwa ghok¡ dh ennxkj NhA Fkkjh lxrh ds fcuk jke tq) Ug¡ dj ldS NkA

okr % blh rkg nsehA /ku lkg.k iwr ifjokj] mn.k mNkg nso.kgkjA rkl xq.k ueks pG.kkbA

dfBu lcn % lkg.k ¾ ?kskM+kA mnm ¾ mUufrA rkl ¾ FkkjkA pj.kkb ¾ ixka esaA

O;k[;k % lain] iwr] ?kskM+k] mUufr vj mBkg nsck okGh gs chl gkFkka okGh nsoh ek¡ Fkkjk ixka esafuao.k NSA

oS.kk iqLrd /kkfj.kh dklehj danfj olafrAxhr ukn xq.k xkg fn;.k nsf[k dfo;f.k fn;afrAlkb lkjnk efu laojh cka/km xzaFk vikjAlwjfr jk[kma vpG dm [kmankfGEe fldkjAA

dfBu lcn % oS.k ¾ oh.kkA danfj ¾ xqQkA olafr ¾ j~gSck okGhA xq.k ¾ dkO;A fn;.k ¾ nsckxGhA lkb ¾ ok gh A laojh ¾ lqfej.k djhA cka/km ¾ jpuk d:¡ Nw¡A [kmankfGEe ¾ ikrlkgA

O;k[;k % oh.kk vj iksFkh j[kk.kck okGh vj d'ehj dh xqQku~ esa oklks djck okGh gs ek¡] lqikrj uS igpk.k*j vki dfo;k¡ uS xhr] xkFkk vj nwth jpukoka csbZ cbZ nwth jpukoka csbZ cqf) nsck okGh NksA vlh lqjlrekrk dks lqfej.k dj *j Egw¡ vpynkl lw¡ laca/k j[kk.kck gkGk xzaFk dh jpuk dj j~;ks Nw¡] tks vpynklikrlkg dks fldkj gks x;ks NSA okr % ,d lhg ub ik[kj;m] lwj flgkbfr vkoj;m] iapkezr vehrjxj;mA egknku vkNb ?kM+b] nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+bA lksum un lq&okl] vsd vpG dFkb flonklA

vc pkj.k dgb&vs oMh oMkbZ rm vki.kigb iwNb u gbA lq vsrjb fgtw dkj.kb] vkfxym jktklHkk lfgr lqfpr gqb lq.kkb] rm lqdfo dqdfo dh ikfj[kk t.kkbAA

dfBu lcn % lhg ¾ flag] ukgjA ub ¾ Ug¡] uSA ik[j;m ¾ ?kskM+k vkfn is thu MkycksA flgkbfr¾ enn ds csbZA vkoj;m ¾ ijxV gks;ks] ?ksjks MkY;ksA ijxj;m ¾ cnG x;ksA lkdj ¾ lDdj [kkaMA

97

vi.kikgb ¾ vi.kS iklA vsrjb fgrw ¾ vruka gh A vkfxyb ¾ vkck okGk cxr dkA ikfj[k ¾ ij[kA

O;k[;k % f'konkl vc ,d vL;k vpynkl dh xkFkk c[kk.k j~;ks NS tdks thu dL;k¡ fcuk ukgjdh ukabZ Nks vj tha dh fjPNk nsork djS NkA Egkjh ;k [;k.kh ¼dk.kh½ lwuka esa lqokl vj nw/k esa lDdj dhukabZ NSA ;k egknku dh ukabZ ifoRrj vj iapker dh ukabZ bejr Hkjh NSA

pkj.k vkxS Dgs NS dS ;k c<+kbZ dh ckr NS] Qs:¡ Hkh vki.kS rkabZ xnk.kS gh dks; Ug¡A vkck okGk vxrdk jktk tdk vi.kh lHkk ds lkxS bZa dFkk uS /;ku lw¡ lq.kSxk tn gh lqdfo vj dqdfo dh lk¡ph ij[kgksoSxhA

mRrj nfD[k.k nsl iwjc ubv ifPNe r.kkA[kfM+;ka [kma nkfGe dVd] ufe;k ldG ujs'kAAgndai fganwdkj ?kj ?kj izfr gwom ?k.kmAfefG;b eaMi jkb db dq.k Åijb da/kkjAArba ifrlkg r.kksg ik;k.km ikjaHk lq.khAgGgfG;k gksdk.kkob x<+ifr xes xesgAArba lpGrb lw: /kwa/kfG;m] /kj /ke/kehA[kma nkfGe [khph fnlb fd;m I;k.km iw:AA

dfBu lcn% dVd ¾ lsukA ufe;k ¾ ueX;k] v/khu gks X;kA gwom ¾ gks;ksA eaMijkbZ ¾ jktkA da/kkj ¾ikrlkgA r.ksg ¾ dksA ik;.km ¾ dw¡p djcksA gGgfG;k ¾ ?kcjk x;kA gsd.kobZ ¾ vpk.kpdA xes xesg¾ P;k:¡ dwaVA lapyrbZ ¾ pkyck lw¡A /kj /ke/keh ¾ /kj.kh dk¡ick ykxhA

O;k[;k % ikrlkg ¼gkSlax'kkg½ vi.kha folkG lsuk lkxS dw¡p dj~;ks rks P;k:¡ fnlkok dk jktk chadslkeh >qdX;kA lxGk fgUnqok¡ dk ?kj esa gM+dai ekpX;ks vj ?k.kdjk jktk vk vk*j gkSlax'kkg dk nG dsHkSGi gksX;kA tn ikrlkg dks vkØe.k l: gksck dhckr lq.kh rks P;k:¡ vkMh dk jktk vpk.kpd ?kcjkX;kAtn vki.kh R;kjh lw¡ ikrlkg vpynkl is vkØe.k djck csbZ pkY;ks rks Å¡ dh iGVu dh /ked lw¡ /kj.khdk¡ick ykxh vj P;k:a vkMh vruh /kwG mM+h ds ck lwjt uS <¡d fy;kA]

okr% blh rfjR;k [kmankfGe xksjh jktk ckjg y[k ekGokjm pdjojrh rb & jb rsok.k yk[kekGok jk dVd ca/kA rb dVd ca/k jm vkjaHk ikjaHk xjrkou xMkojmA rb dVd ca/k ekafg rm dgbfn[kkGmaA egk/kj rm do.k do.k \ ml ek[kku Qrsg[kku xtuh[kku mej[kku gbcfr[kkuA [kku rmeqxhl lkfj[kkA ghanw jktk do.k do.k \ ldG gh ld oa/kh] ldG dGk laiwj.k] jktk ujfla?k lkjh[kkArb ujfla?knkl dk dVd&ca/k pkfyrka lkarfj vkxGb nfG ik.kh ikfNGb nfG dkneA rb dkne dn Bkfg[ksr mM+rh tkbA nwljm fodekbrA

dfBu lcn% blh ifj ¾ b.k HkkarA ekGokjm ¾ ekGok dkA rsjk.kw ¾ frjkuosA dVd ca/k.k ¾lsukA xjokru ¾ xjc xqestA vkjaHkikjaHk ¾ tq) dh p<+kbZA xMkojm ¾ x<+k gqvkA ld ca/kh ¾ ohj]tks/kkA lkarfj ¾ vkarjk lw¡] rst] etcwrA dkne ¾ dhpA [ksg ¾ /kwGA fodekbr ¾ foØeknhrA

O;k[;k % b.k Hkakr ekyok dk ikrlkg dh lsuk esa ckjg yk[k pØojrh jktk vj frjkuos yk[kekyckbZ lSfud NkA vlh lsuk dk vkØe.k ds cxr Å¡ dks x<~;ks Fkdks xjc pde mB~;ks NksA bZa lsuk esadq.k dq.k [kkl lSfud Nk] Å¡ dks c[kk.k d:¡ Nw¡A dq.k dq.k uokc Å¡ ds HkSGi Nk \ eku[kku] Qrg[kku]xtuh[kku ] mej[kku] gScr[kku vj eqxhl[kku tL;k eqfLye ohj Å¡ lsukesa lkfey NkA dq.k dq.k fgUnwjktk lkfey Nk \ jktk ujfla?k tL;ks tq) dks ekfgj vj lxGh fo|koka dks ekfgj iq:[k bZa lsuk esa lkfeyNksA ujfla/nkl dh folkG vj lxrh okGh lsuk dh rksy b± ckr lw¡ gh pkyS Nh ds tn Å¡ lsuk dks gjkoGfgLlks ik.kh lw¡ gks*j [kM+rks rks Å¡ gh Bke is chp okGk fgLlk uS dhp feyrks vj pankoG dk pkyck rkabZrks mBh mM+rh gksbZ /kwG bh[kck ykx T;koS NhA nwljks foØeknhr tlksA

98

vsdbZ ofUu olarM+k] vsoM+ varj dkbZ \lhg doM~gh ug ygb] xboj yfD[k fodkbZAA

dfBu lcn% cfUu ¾ taxG dkA olarM+k ¾ jgck okGkA doM~Mh ¾ dksM+hA xboj ¾ gkFkhA

O;k[;k % DgSck csbZ rks ugj vj gkFkh ,d gh taxG dk jgck okGk NS] Qs:¡ Hkh nksU;w¡ esa vruks vkarjksdha ys[ks NS dS ukgj ds rkabZ dks; dksM+h esa Hkh UgW [kjhns tnds gkFkh dks eksy ,d yk[k :I;k NSA

dq.MfG;ks

xboj xGb xGfRFk;m] tga [kapb rga tkbAlhg xGRFk.k tb lgb] rg ng yfD[k fodkbZArm ng yfD[k fodkb] eksy tk.koh eqgxsjkAdM+ok dkjf.k dfFku dksfi [kmankfGe dsjkAAos< dsk/k ifM+;kj] fugfl dgkjm nqgqa dfjAjkb u xzgm ujfla?k xGb xGfFk tma xb ofjAA

dfBu lcn% xGbZ ¾ xGk esaA xGfRFk;m ¾ xGk esa c¡/;ks gks;ksA xGgRFk.k ¾ xGk dks ca/k.kA ng ¾ nlAtk.koh ¾ tk.kcksA eqgaxsjk ¾ eqagxksA dksfi ¾ jhl esaA dsjk ¾ dkA ifM+;kj ¾ ifM+;kj oal dks] ujfla?knklAos< ¾ tq}A fugfl ¾ izgkj dj~;ksA jkb ¾ jktk] vpynklA xzgm ¾ xzg.k dj~;ksA

O;k[;k % dfo ds eqtc bZa vkarjk dks ,dyks dkj.k ;ks NS ds gkFkh vi.kak xGk esa ca/ku Myok Y;SNS vj tBh Hkh Å¡ uS [khaP;ks tkoS] mBg tk.ksk iM+S NS iW.k ukgj vi.kk xGk esa ca/k.k uS cjnkLr Uga djSAts Å xGk esa ca/k.k csbZ jkth gks T;koS rks nl yk[k esa] ds Å¡ lw¡ eq¡gxks fcdSA ikrlkg dk dM+ok cksy lw¡jhl esa vk *j vpynkl nksU;w¡ gkFkk¡ esa dVkj ys *j izgkj dj~;ksA nBh gkFkh ds ukabZ ujfla?knkl tL;k xGkesa ca/k.k eatwj dj fy;ks Nks] oL;ks vpunkl uS UgW dj~;ksA

okr % rs jktk ujfla?knkl lkjh[kkA cRrhl lgl lkg.k fj.k [ksfr esfYg pkY;mA enksuer gLrhesfYg pkY;mA vki.k tkb leanb ?kkY;mA lean tkb [kkaMm i[kkfG;mA vusd jkb enxfGr dfj eYg~;kArs jktk ujfla?knkl lkjh[kk rs jktk ujfla?knkl dk dqacj rm pk¡nth [kseth lkjh[kkA ekraxiqjh dkpdzojrh y[ejko lkjh[kkA cMyhjk nsoflag lkjh[kkA cwanh dk pØojrh voj nsoM+k ghanw jkb cafn NksM+nwljk ekyns lejlhg lkjh[kkA nsl rm dm.k dk.k \ lfr;klh ufe;kM tqx eku/kkrk vklsfj nwx/kjflykjiqj yxb dk dVd ca/kA e> nsl rm ekaMo /kkj mth.k lhgksj [kqyw [kaM [kaM dk uxj uxj dk [kkuehj vejko prqjax nG pf< pkY;k] iklkg vkiq.kkim iyk.k ?kkY;kA

dfBu lcn % lkg.k ¾ ?kM+lsukA esfYg pkY;m ¾ ukl djck;ksA i[kkfG;m ¾ iz{kkfyr dj~;ks¼/kksiks½ enxkfGr dfj esYg~;k ¾ xjc pwj dj UgkaD;ksA ufe;kM+ ¾ uhekM+ vapgA tqx ¾ nksA cafn NksM ¾can vj eqxr djck okGksA vklsj ¾ nqxZ] ,d nsl dks ukaoA vkiq.kib ¾ vki gh A

O;k[;k % vL;k jktk ujfla?knkl uS cRrhl lgL= ?kqM+lSfudk¡ vj en lw¡ pwj gkfFk;k¡ dks j.k esa ukldj~;ksA Åa tq} dk en esa leUnj rkabZ tk iwX;ksA leUnj esa Å¡ us vi.kha ryokj iz{kky.k dj~;ks ¼/kksbZ½ vjb.k Hkkar ?k.kdjk jktku~ dks xjc pwj dj~;ksA vL;k jktk ujfla?knkl dh ySjk¡ Å¡dk nks iwr pk¡nth vj[kseth NkA ts ohjrk esa vi.kka firk dh ukabZ NkA ekraxiqjh dks jktks y[kejko] nsoflag] cw¡nh dk jktk vjchtk nsoM+k fgUnw jktk tks canh NksM+ Nk vj ekynso lejfla?k tL;k ohj Å¡ dh ysjk¡ NkA dL;k dL;k nsllw¡ ;s jktk i/kkj~;k Nk \ lrklh uhekM+ dk ijfl) ekU/kkrk] vklsj] nqxZiqj] flykjiqj dk vehj mejko bZalauk es alkfey NkA e/; nsl dk ekaMo] /kkj] flgksj vj mTtSu dk vj nwljk ?k.kka[kku] ehj vj mejkovi.k prqjax nG dh ySjka vkØe.k esa lkfey gks;k vj lSa lw¡ egrkÅ ckr rks ;k ds ikrlkg vki thudlck *j eSnku esa vk;ksA

99

¼dqN fo}kuka dks ekucks NS dS vpynkl ;k ckr fnYyh dk ikrlkg vsbZ ek¡Mh NS]iW.k dqN nwtkfl}uka ds eqtc vBh iklkg lw¡ vjFk gkSlax'kkg lw¡ gh NSA½

tq) dks njlk

okr% blk vsd ikrlkg jk dVd ca/k vpGslj Åifj NwVk] okV dk [kM+] ba/k.k [kqVk]nzg dk ik.khVwVkA ijcrka flfj iaFk ykxk] nq?kV ?kV Hkkxk] lwj lw>b ugha[ksr vkxkA

dfBu lcn % okV ¾ xsy] ekjxA [kM+ ¾ ?kklA [kwVk ¾ chrX;kA nzg ¾ gkSn] rkGkcA iaFk ykxk¾ xSy c.kxhA lwj ¾ lwjtA

O;k[;k% ikrlkg dk vL;k fodV lSfud nG vpynkl is geyks dj~;ksA xsyk dks bZa/k.k vj pkjkschrX;ksA gkSnka ik.kh chr x;ksA Mwaxj dh pksVh is xSyk c.kX;kA dfBu ?kkfV;k¡ vklku c.kxhA iGV.k dkpkyck lw¡ mM+ck okGh /kwG ds dkj.k lwjt nh[kcks can gksX;ksA

nqgk

gboj xboj ikbnG] iqgfo u ikjkokjAxksjh jkm xhfj vklum] xm x<+ xat.kgkjAA

dfBu lcn % gboj ¾ ?kqM+lsukA xboj ¾ gkfFk;k¡ dks nGA iqgfo ¾ fijFkhA xksjh jkm ¾ xkSjh lkld]ikrlkg gkSlax'kkgA x<+a xay.kgkj ¾ x<+ ds rkabZ feVk nsck okGkA

O;k[;k % iSny] gkFkh vj ?kskM+k¡ dk nG gkGh] fijFkh is lenj dh ukabZ QSyh bZa folkG lsuk ds lkxSx<+ uS feVk nsck okGk dh lk[k gkGks gkSlax'kkg ikrlkg vpynkl dk x<+ ds lkS<+s iwX;ksA

okr % blk vad ikfrlkg dk dVd ca/k vkb pqgb dksl ekfg laizkIr gwckA eqdko eqdke dk <ksyokxk] rc vkb vs xqMjob /koygj nhflok ykxkA

dfBu lcn % pqgb ¾ p;k:¡A laizk gwok ¾ vk iwx;kA okxk ¾ ckT;kA xwMjob ¾ xkx:.k]xkxjkSuA /koGgj ¾ EgSyA

O;k[;k % ikrlkg vj Å¡ dh folkG lsuk xkx:.k x<+ lw¡ P;kj dksl dh nwjh is vi.kk racw xk<+fn~;k] tBh lw¡ xkx:.k dk EgSy nh[kck ykX;kA Bke Bke is uxkM+k cktck ykX;kA

nwgk

vkyo dk vM+lky bZ[ks xwMj vklukAx<+ dk xk x<+ifr dUgb oz/k vj rj.k okGAAgo lkfg;m u gksb] ej.k gqob x< esfYg;bAvk[kb vpyslj blm lr e¡Mm r lg dksbAAx< xjokbZ xk¡o] ys[km tkb yadk txbApkanm gks pkyS ugha x< rft xksjh jkoAAÅ¡pk nqjx vlsl NfG cfG fd.kfg u NqV~BghAyh/kk ofG ykxh djh lkfg vkye lkfg nslAA

dfBu lcn % vM+lky ¾ csjh ds csbZ fodjkG :iA bZ[ks ¾ ns[k *jA vkluk ¾ ?k.kks uth*dAxwMj ¾ [ksekA dUgb ¾ uSM+SA oz/k ¾ cw<+kj] o}A rj.k ¾ eksV~;kj ck;jA lkfg;m ¾ ennA eaMgq ¾ /kkjSApkanm ¾ panjek] vpynkl dks csVks pk¡nksA NfG ¾ /ksk[kk lw¡A

vjFk % ikrlkg ds vsbZ fodjkG :i vpunkl x<+ ds rkabZ f?kj~;ks gks;ks tk.k*j Vkcj lw¡ ys *j cw<+kjrkabZ] lc uS ,dBk dj~;ks vj ok¡ bZ mNkg nsrks Fkdks cksY;ks&** vc x<+ dh fjPNk Ug¡gks ldSA x<+ ds rkabZrt*j tku dh ckth yxkck csbZ R;kj gks tkvksA lc vi.kk vkrecG vj lkgl dks ifjpS fn~;ksA Egkadsk

100

;ks xqest okGks nqjx yadk dk x<+ dh Hkkar NSA pnjeks Hkh bZa ds ÅijS lw¡ [kM+rh cxrk¡ MjI;ks gks;ks j~gS NSAvi.kka NG vj cG lw¡ gkSlax'kkg ?k.kdjk Å¡pk Å¡pk nqjx vj iznsl Hkys gh thr Y;k gksoS] iW.k xkx:.kdk x<+ uS gfFk;kcks Å¡ ds csbZ vklku UgW gksoSxksA

nwgk

lft vk;k lqfjrk.k vkxh yx vk[kb vpGAx<+ Fkh x< esYgh djh pkyh u xm pgok.kAAuob u [khph uhao x< Fkh x< esYgh djhAÅg gq;h mijkoBka lh/k x;h rft lhaoAAys[kb dqG dh ykt ykt yksih yksdslojALokeh dFku vk;hlq.kk.k rf.k Hksktkmr HkkftAAlg x<ifr L=hdkj HkM+ l rqgkjb Hkko.kkbAefu ekU;m eksdG l/kw Hkym Hkym HkjrkjA

dfBu lcn % fijhNkob ¾ le>koSA vkxh yx ¾ nwj rkabZA uob ¾ >qdcksA uhao ¾ ysam] drbZAmijkoBka ¾ iwaB Qsj dsA ykt yksih ¾ ejtkn feVk dsA yksdsloj Ú ikrlkgA Hksktkmr ¾ Hkskt dks iwrAHkM+ ¾ ohj] tq>kjA Hkko.kbZ ¾ fuaoNkojA eksdG l/kw ¾ esokM+ ds jk.kk eksdG dh csVhA

vjFk % lqyrku lsuk uS ys *j Egkadk iznsl esa ?k.ksk Hkhrj rkabZ /k¡l vk;ks NS rks Egka etcwrh lw¡ Å¡dks lkeuks djkaxkA HkwrdkG esa dHkh ujh csj cSfj;k¡ geyk dj~;k iW.k pkSgk.k jktk vi.kk x<+ NksM+ *j Ug¡x;kA Egw¡][khaph oal dks vpynkl Hkh vi.kks x<+ lw¡i*j cSjh ds lkeS ekFkks Ug¡ uokmaxksA Å¡ uS iawB QSj *j vjlhek NksM+ *j Hkkx.kks iM+SxksA Egk¡dk dqG dh ejtkn ns[k *j ikrlkg Å¡ ejtkn uS uLV djck dh nhB lw¡vi.kha ykt rt nh NSA vi.kka ifr&Hkskt dk csVk dh ckrka lq.k *j jkf.k;k¡ Hkh nkSM+h vkbZA

xkFkk

ckjg yD[k r Nb oM ibnyAefneRrk pojklh ebaxG AAlkg.k lgl rhl vj rsjgAvkyelkg vM+h p m QsjgAA

dfBu lcn % inoy ¾ iSnyA efneŸkk ¾ en lw¡ eŸkA lkg.k ¾ ?kskM+kA pm Qsjg ¾ P;k:¡ esjA

vjFk % ckjg yk[k iSny] pkSjklh lw¡ en lw¡ eŸk gkFkh vj r;kaGhl gtkj ?kqM+lSfudka okGhvkye'kkg dh folkG lsuka x<+ uS P;k:¡ esj lw¡ ?ksj fy;ksA

foM+n % ckgfj lkfg >kM+ lkfg foHkkM+] cfG;ka lkfg daf/k dqnkG] lcG lkfg eku ejnu] fucGlkfg Fkkiukpkjt] ;axzke lkfg------- fj.k Hkkt.kk lkfgt tbr [kaHk] lqfjrk.k nwljm vykofnuA fdlb vsdvkjafHk ikjafHk vkb fVD;m BbA ifx ifx imfG imfG gLrh dks xt ?kVkA rks Åifj lkr lkr lb /kud/kj lkaoBkA lkr lkr vksfG ikd dh cbBh] lkr lkr vksfG ikbd dh mBhA [ksM+k mM.k eqn QjQjh pqagpfd Bkab Bkab BBjhA blh vsd R;k iVmfM p= fnfl iM+h] fr.k okftr dba fuukfn /kn vkdkl pM+gM+hAcki cki gks! Fkkjk vkjaHk izkjaHk ykfx x<+ ys;.kgkj] fduk cki cki gks! Fkjk lr rst vgadkj] jkb nqxjk[k.kgkjA

dfBu lcn % foM+n ¾ fo:nA ckgfj ¾ ckgjykA >kM+ ¾ uklA fcxkM+ ¾ ukl djck okGksAcfG;k ¾ cGokuA fj.k Hkkt.kk ¾ tq} lw¡ Hkkx ck okGkA tbr [kaHk ¾ fot; FkaHk okGk] ,dBA [ksM+k mM.k¾ xk¡oka dks ukl djck okGh lsukA pqagpfd ¾ P;k:¡ dkuhA Bkab Bkab ¾ Bke BkeA BBjh ¾ fFkj gksbZAiVmfM ¾ rEcwA pM+gM+h ¾ xw¡thA

101

vjFk % geyks dj *j ikrlkgka uS ywV ysck okgks vj ok¡ dks ukl djck okGks] cGoky ikrlkgka dkdka/kk dks dqnkG :i vj tq} lwa HkkX;k ikrlkg ds csbZ fot; FkaHk :ih lqyrku] vL;ks ykxS Nks tL;ks nwljksvYkkmn~nhuA dL;ks gekyks cksyck dh R;kjh dj *j vk *j fVD;ks NSA ix ix] iksG ikGis gkfFk;k¡ dk nGrSukr NSA ok¡ dh fjPNk csbZ /kuql ck.k ckGk lkr lkr lkS ohj rSukr NSA rhu rhu vksfG;k¡ vL;k ?kqM+lkokjkadh NS] ts ?kksM+k¡ lw¡ mrjrk Ug¡ nh[kSA xk¡o dk xk¡o uLV djck okGh lsuk P;k:¡ esj [kqlh lw¡ [kM+h NSA tq}dk cktk ckt j~;k NS] tha lw¡ lxGh fnlkoka esa Mji NSA cki js cki] vL;ks ykxS NS dS ikrlkg rwa x<+Y;kagh ekuSxks vj cki js cki] Fk¡k lw¡ VDdj ysck okGks vpynkl Hkh x<+ cpkck csbZ R;kj NSA

jlkoGk

fcgq Nsg ok.kkoGh] lj iqMax lGGhAv.kh v.kh vrqGh] [kx [kXx [kGhA:f/kj /kj jGrGh] cgq ukpb dea/k egkcGh] vkGw >b vka=koGhAvkye vpGslfj vM~;ka lsu fcUgs be lafeGhAA1AAlgb dq.k lCHkjh vsd vsdIijhAykfx ykxb [kjh] Bkb ug BkBjhAfnu jkr u tkb.k nwljh uhan Hkw[k f=l oksljhA[kma nkfG [khaph pkjh] lsu fcUgs be lafejhAA2AA

dfBu lcn % fcgq Nsg ¾ nksU;w¡ dkuhA iqMax ¾ /ku[k/kkjhA cwan lGGh ¾ pkyhA v.kh ¾ lsukA[kGh ¾ ukl djck okGhA jGrGh ¾ CgSX;ksA dea/k ¾ fcuk flj dks MhyA vka=koGh ¾ vk¡rkaA lCHkjh ¾xjc okGkA vsd vsdIijh ¾ ,d lw¡ ,d ÅijS! [kmankGh Ú ikrlkgA fcUgs ¾ nksU;w¡A

vjFk % vkyo'kkg vj vpynkl nksU;w¡ dh lsukoka b.k Hkkar feyh dS nksU;w¡ vkM+h lw¡ /ku[k/kkjh ck.kcjlkck ykX;kA vkayw¡Bh lsukoka esa VDdj gksbZA rGokjka lw¡ ukl gksck ykX;ksA lhlgh.k MhG ukpck ykX;kAyksgh lw luh vk¡rka iaxka esa my>ck ykxhA dq.k dks; vkSj dks xjc LgSu dj ldS NS \ lxGk ,d lw¡ c<+*j ,d NSA nksU;w¡ lsukoka uS tq} dh [kjh yxu ykxh gksbZ NS] bZa ys[ks os ,d Bke is fFkj Ug¡ j~gS ldSA fnuvj jkr dks vkarjks feV X;ks vj tq>kj uhan] Hkw[k] rl vkn fclj X;kA

xkgk

bf.k ij lgl lgl nqb rqV~BbAifx ifx vMb u ix vogV~BbAAvkyo vpG lsu vkoV~VbAdud ftgha jfg dlcV~VbAA

dfBu lcn % rqV~Bb ¾ izgkj djS NSA vogV~Bb ¾ ikNS [kldcksA vkoV~Bb ¾ yM+S NSA dloV~Vb¾ dls NSA

vjFk % b.k Hkkar nksU;w¡ vkM+h dk gtk:a lSfud j.kHkkSe eas dVck ykX;kA lxGk lSfud ix ixf[kldck csbZ yMS Nk] i.k ix ikNS UgW f[kldkoS NkA ikrlkg vj vpynkl dh lsukoka jg jg *j vL;k¡VdjkoS Nh] tL;k¡ lsuka uS j~gS&j~gS *j dlSkVh ij dL;ks T;koS NSA

tkSgj dk njlko

cM+k nwgk

vki.k lqoj vthr ekgs ekgs eYgirhA dqG ogqoka nhlS daoG mxka fdfj vknhrAArs pkyh frf.k Bkb vkbfl vpGslj r.kbA

102

lfl o;.kh flo flo dgb iblb ikod ekgAANwfV u tkbZ NSfg ekgs tmgj esN y/kAvkb vkb pMb mrkoyh iVjk.kh vkxsfgAAumgj ekfg tfyokg blb rst iblb vuGAifgyk Fkh jfg ikfNyh ix vsd iM+[kb ukgAAlqdyfr ds ltxhl vub lw oj vsdk[kehArfi;m vpGslj r.km vm tmgj txnhlAAtmgj tky.k gkfj vub tGb rkb mRrjbAgfj gfj gfj gfj gksb jg~;m] folu frgf.k okjAA

dfBu lcn % eYgirh ¾ eLr lw¡ pkycksA fdfj ¾ tL;k¡] ekuksA lflo;.kh ¾ pk¡n tL;k MhyokGhA tmgj ¾ tkSgj Nsfg ¾ varA es/k ¾ vkØe.k djck gkGk ;ouA y/k ¾ feGSA iM+[kb ¾ ikNS dksAlqdyr ¾ ck;jkaA vsdk[keh ¾ /khjt okGhA

vjFk % vi.kk vi.kk lwjohj lk;c ds rkabZ y[k *j dqG cgqoka eLr pky lw¡ pkyrh gksbZ vL;k¡ gj[kesa nh[k j~gh Nh] tL;k¡ lwjt dk mnkl gksck is d¡oG f[kyX;k gksoSA os f[ky *j Å¡ Bkao is vkbZ] tBhvpynkl [kM~;ks NksA pk¡n dk Mhy okGh ck;jka f'ko th dks uko ysys *j tkSgj dh vxu esa lek j~gh NSvj dSoS NS Egs tkSgj djck esa pwd Ug¡ T;koka vj djck okGk ;ouka ds gkFk Ug¡ iM+ tkoka] ;k gh lksp lksplc mrkoG djck ykxhA vruk esa iVjk.kh rks mrkoGh mrkoGh vkbZ vj tkSgj dh vxu esa tk dwnhA tkSgjesa tkck csbZ vlh gksM+kgksM+ ekp j~gh Nh dS ts ck;jka vkxS Åch Nh os ikNS j~g xhA oka esa lw¡ dks; Hkh ,dHkh ix ikNS Ug¡ j[kk.kcks pkoS NhA tkSgj djck okGh ck;jka uke/kkjh] tl/kkjh vj /khjt/kkjh tq>kjka dh ?kj~f/kj;k.k~ ;ka NhA vpynkl dks ;ks tkSgj nwljk tkSgjka lw¡ Hkh cn ds NksA tkSgj esa dwn *j vxu uS cŸksk mtkGckokGh ck;jka tkSgjh esa tkck dh gksM+ esa gfj gfj ukao mpkj j~gh NSA

iqgfo u ikjkokj x< vkfu;S xkaoka r.kkAlqj rsarhlb le /kjf.k nf.k;j ns[k.kgkjAAlh/k.kgjS NNksfg vkeksfyd ?kj vki.kmAtmgfj vk/km tkfG;m yg~;m vk/km yksfgAAis[;k frf.k ifj tkb jk;axf.k jk.kk r.kbAmfRre yksfg vki jb [kwapb [khph jkbAAfo<rk ohj fr okV pkY;k jkb pkyh gqobAdg [kwapb dg f[kylrk yksg~;k yksg ejkVAA?k.kk nG /kjka /k.kg lj tkfG;m laHkfj /k.khAos<;m vpGslj fo<s Hkk;ka Hkk=htkagAAvk;k vsderkg x< gwark x< rGgVhAlr yksgh lha/k.k gjk xksMk yx xGrkgAA

dfBu lcn % iqgfo ¾ fijFkhA vkfu;S ¾ vU;] nwtkA lwj rsarhlb ¾ djksM+ nsokrkA nf.k;j ¾lwjtA NNksfg ¾ tq>kjA yksfgl ¾ gF;kjA jk;axf.k ¾ EgSy dks vkax.kA [kwapb ¾ eu esa pqHkS NSA ohjfrokV¾ tq>kjiW.kksA frokV ¾ Åa xSyA ejkV Ú ekjck okGksA lj ¾ dkGE;kA laHkfj/kf.k ¾ lkaHkj dk /k.kh] pkSgk.kAHkk=htkg ¾ HkrhtkA

vjFk % bZa tkSgj uS ns[kck csbZ fijFkh is x<+ vj xkaoka dk feu[kka dks ikj dks; UgW NksA rSarhldjksM+ nsork vj lwjt fijFkh is gks j~;k bZa tkSgj uS ns[k j~;k NkA Egkadks ?kj lha?k.k dks oalt NSA ;kscM+ks tq>kj vj veksy NSA vk/kk feu[k rks tkSgj esa cG X;k vj vk/kk tq/k esa lwji.ksk fn[kkrka Fkdk [ksrgks;kA bZa is vpynkl dk jkt dk vkax.kS esa tk *j yksx ns[kS NSA vi.kka oal dk pks[kk [kwu dk xqest

103

ds dkj.k Åa cfunku gks;ksA tq>kjka Nf=; gksck dh ijEijk fuHkkrka lrka tq/k dj~;ksA tcj tks/kku xjclw¡] gkalrk ;ks tq/k dj~;ksA vi.kka HkkbZ lxk vj Hkrhtka ds lkxS vj ?k.kdjk oalka dh lsuka lkxS ys *jpkSgkuka deky dh yM+kbZ yM+hA xkSjookGk lha?k.k dk tk;k x<+ uS NksM+ j rygVh esa Å¡ BkSj rkabZ vk;k]tBh ?kqVuka rkabZ yksgh CgS j~;sk NksA

gb ob vi.kb gkfFk ikM+s daoj iapkgjbAvka=kofG vk:nrm HksGm gqb HkkjkfFkAA/khjm ogrh /kkfj iM+rb daoj fiVkfGtbAvko/k lxGs vkijk okg~;k ohj fr okfjAA?k.kk vlqj ?k.k ?kkb ikM+s vpGslj iM+;mAvki.k nqjx u vfIi;m thor tkby jkbAAvfu ifg fte x<+ vfB ÅtM+ dfj vkIim ughaAyb xksjh jkm xkxqj.k iM;k Hkkstor iwBhAA

dfBu lcn % gb ob ¾ ikrlkgA ikM+s ¾ fxjk;kA iapkgjM+ ¾ iapka dk oaltA v:nrm ¾mG>xhA HksGmgqbZ ¾ gks;ksA fiVkfGtb ¾ isV ds cG pkY;kA vko/k ¾ gF;kj] vk;w/kA tkby jkb ¾ pkSgk.kjktk] vpGsljA iwfB ¾ ikNSA

vjFk % ikrlkg vi.kka gkFkka lw¡ iapk dk oal uS ekj fn~;ks vj tq/kHkkse esa vk¡rka ,d nwljk lw¡vG>xhA yksgh dh /khjs /khjs Cgrh gksbZ /kkj esa d¡oj isV ds cG CgSck ykX;kA Å¡ cxr vpynkl vi.kka lxGkgF;kj ckij~;kA ?k.kdjk geykoj ;ouka uS ekj *j vpGnkl ohjxfr ikbZ iW.k thrka th Å¡ uS vi.kks x<+ UgWfn~;ksA Å¡ uS vki.kks x<+ mtkM fn~;ks iW.k nwtk ujk {k=h; jktku~ dh ukabZ Åa ikrlkg uS UgW lw¡I;ksA xkx:.kx<+ rks irlkg vpynkl dh ekSr ikNS gh ik lD;ksA

dfoRr

lkry] lkse] gehj] dUg fue tmgj tkfG;Apf<; [ksr pgokf.k vkfn dqGeV~V mtkfG;AAeqxqr fpgqj flfj eafM cfIi daB rqGlh oklhAHksktkmr Hkqt cGfg] djfg dfjej dkGklhAAx< [kafM iMarh xkxqj.k fn< nk[ks lqjrk.k nGALalkfj ukao vkre ljfx vpG csfo dh/kk vpGAA

dfBu lcn % dUg tkGksj dk jktks dkUgM+ns] pgokf.k ¾ pkSgku] vpGnklA dqGoV~V ¾ dqG dhjkrA fpgqj ¾ dslA ofIi ¾ MhyA dfjej ¾ ryokjA dkGklh ¾ yksgk lw¡ c.;ks gks;ksA iM+rh ¾ dCtk esavkX;ksA nk[ks ¾ crkcks] dgcksA

vjFk % lkry] lkse] geehj vj dkUgM+ns tL;k jktk dh Hkkar tkSgj lw¡ vi.kka dqG dh jhr bZamtkG *j vpyGnkl tq/kHkkSe esa dke vk;ksA [kqY;k dsl vj xGk esa rqGlh dh ekGk IgSj~;ka gks;ka Hkkst dkiwr vpGnkl vi.kh Hkqtk dh lxfr vj rGokj dh rkxr lw¡ vuwBks tq>kjiW.ksk fn[k;ksA b.k Hkkar vpGnkllalkj esa vki.kks ukao dj~;ks vj lqjx esa Bke ikbZA vpGnkl nksU;w¡ yksd esa vEej gksX;ksA x<+ dk VwV tkckvj xkxjks.k x<+ dk gkFk lw¡ [kM+ tkck is Hkh vpGnkl lqyrku dk nGks lkeS xk[kskiW.k fn[kk;ksA b.k HkkarbZa yksd] vj ijyksd] nksU;w¡ esa vpGnkl vEej gks X;ksA

8-12 ykyka esokM+h dh ckr

¼ykyka esokM+h ukao vpGnkl dh jk.kh vj esokM+ dk jk.kk eksdG dh csVh ds rkabZ gh j[;ks X;ks NSA;k ckr dks; dks; Bke is vpGnkl dh ckr DgS *j Hkh iqdkjh tkoS NSA ;k jktk vpGnkl dk tho.k dk,d nwtk gh i[k is izdkl MkyS NSA vkika vc ewG dFkk dks la[ksi esa mGFkks i<kaxk½

104

xkx:.k dk jktk vpGnkl [khaph dh jk.kh ykyka nl gtkj tkxhjka dk /k.kh esokM+ dk egkjk.kkeksdG dh csVh NSA jkt dh lkjh oSoLFkk ykyka dk gkFk esa gh NSA

mBh tkaxGwa esa [khaolh lka[kyk dks jkt NSA Å¡ dh csVh Åek ?k.kha :ikGh NSA [khaolh dks ,d pkj.kNks ohBw vj ohBw dh,d CgSu Nh >hekaA >heka xkx:.k vkb gksbZ NhA vpGnkl >heka lw¡ d;kS dS ekjokM+esa dks; yM+dh ij.kck tksx gksoS rks crkvksA >heka cksyh & *[khaolh lka[ys dh csVh vkids tksx NSA tL;k¡vkHkS ls mrjh banj dh vIljk] ekuljksoj dks gal] ljn dks dWoG] Hkknok dh cknGh] cj[kk dh ohjcgwVh]fyNehdks vkSrkj] rM+dko dsk lwjt] gsr dh YgSj] xq.k dks cgko] :i dks Hk.Mkj gksoSA tha ?k.kak iqUu dj~;kgksoSxk vj ijeslj us Hkt;ks gksoSxks] Åa gh m.kuS ik ldSxksA QSj >heka cksyh & **ts vki vi.kks ij/kku Hkstn~;ks rks os laca/k uDdh dj*j gh vkoSxkA**

vpGnkl >heka dh ySjka vi.kks iz/kku] pkj ?kksM+k ,d gkFkh [kank *j Å¡ uS fonk nhA ianzg fnuka easos tkaxGw iwX;kA mBh >heka vi.kka HkkbZ ohBw uS dgSyk;ks dS vpGnkl vkiuS tqgkj DgSyk;ks NS vj oka ÅekackbZ dh eax.kh csbZ vi.kks izk/kku [k¡nk;ks NSA vki [khaolh th uS fuosnku djks vj iz/kku uS vi.kS lxS ystk*j ixka yxokvksA [khaolh th ?k.kka eku lkFkS lekpkj iwN~;kA QSj Msjks Myok;ks vj ?k.kh Hkkar dh R;kjh djdsHksktu ftek;ksA

lka> ds cxr j.kokl esa Hkh dk vkck dh [kcj iwxk nhA QSj [khaolh vki.kka iz/kku] eksgrks vj j.kokllw¡ lykg lwr djds Åeka dk lca/k dks ukjSG fn~;ksA yXu e¡Mok *j izk/kku uS fonk nh vj cksY;k ds cM+hckjkr djds i/kkjT;ksA iz/kku oBh lw¡ pky *j xkx:.k x<+ vk;X;ksA oBh iwx *j vpGnkl uS ?k.kka jax fn~;kvj cksY;ks uDdh dj~vk;ks Nw¡A vki vc ckjkr c.kk*j C;ko csbZ pyck dh R;kjh djksA

vc vpGnkl ykyka uS lansl [kank;ks & EgkauS ekjokM+ esa laca/k dj~;ks NSA FkSa cksyks rks C;ko djckcsbZ tkokaA**

ykyka esokM+h jhl esa vk;xhA cksyh & *NkuS NkuS ;ks laca/k D;w¡ dj~;ks\* rn vpGnkl cksY;k &*tksgks.kks Nks] lks rks gksX;ksA vc gqdqe djks rks C;ko dj~vk Å¡A* bZa ij ykyka esokM+h ,d opu ekax fy;ksA opu;ks Nks ds tn ubZ jk.kh vk tkoSxh rks jktk th ykyka dh vuwefr fcuka Å¡ dk j.kokl esa Ug¡ tk ldSxkAjktk opu ns fn~;ksA bZa ds ikNS ckjkr ?k.kh lt /kt vj R;kjh lw¡ tkaxGwa dh vkM+h pkyhA tn dksl Hkj dhnwjh j~g xh rks lka[kyka lkEgGks dj~;ksA QSj C;ko gks;ksA C;ko ikNS vpynkl th iwjk lkr fnuka rkabZ j.kuklesa gh jS~;kA dks; dks eqtjks Hkh UgW fy;ksA rn mejkoka tkck csbZ eqtjks dj~;ksA Å¡ bxr vpGnkl vi.kka iz/kku uS opu dh ckr crkbZ vj ;k dgykbZ ds cs Hkh lka[kyh is os jh>oku gksX;k NSA vj ykyka dk opu dkseku Hkh j[kk.kcks t:jh NSA dkabZ djka\ rn iz/kku vksY;ks &*vBh lw¡ tks pkyka\ vBh D;w¡ fVdka \* bZa ijvpGnkl cksY;k & *EgSa rks lkr ekl rkabZ vBh gh oklks djkaxkA vruks DgS *j vpGnkl iz/kku uS xkx:.ktkck dks gqdqe ns *j QSj EgSy esa vanj i/kkj X;kA

iz/kku xkx:.k vkx;ksA ykyka uS dkxn [k¡nk;ks ds Fkk¡ dk lk;c lk;c cnG X;k NSA os lka[kyh isjh>oku gksX;k NS vj vkids rkabZ fn~;k opu lw¡ MjiS NSA bZa ys[ks vki oka uS dkcn [k¡nk *j foLokl c¡/kkvksAykyka uS iz/kku lw¡ feY;k lepkj tk.k *j ?k.kkas jksl vk;ksA QSj Å¡ ,d dkxn ekaM~;ks & *jkt] vki bZa i=ik;ka ikNS ik.kh Hkh er ihtks vj xkx:.k vk tktks] Uga rks Egk uS ejh gksbZ tk.ktksAA dkxn vpGnkl thds iSgyh gh Åeka ds gkFkka iM+X;ks vj Å¡ cks dkxn QkM+ fn~;ksA iz/kku jhl esa vk *j ckoM~vk;ksA Å¡ ykykads rkabZ lansl DgSyk;ks dS vkidks dkxn rks dks; vk¡[;ka lw¡ Hkh Uga ns[;kA jktk th cnG X;k NSA jhl esaykyka eksgrks uS cqyk *j thorh Hkle gks tkck dks ladGi lq.kk;ksA eksgrks ykyka uS le>k;ks dS ,d csj EgjSrkabZ tkaxGw gks vkck n~;ksA ekgrks NsdM+ jktk vpGnkl uS tkaxGwa lw¡ xkx:.k csbZ gyk.kS rkabZ jkth djfy;ksA mBh tkaxGwa dk jktk tn uS ykyka esokM+h okGk opu dh ckr tk.k iM+h rks Å¡ dk eu esa csVh csbZfpark tkxhA Å¡ ohBw lw¡ Dgh dS pkj Eghuk csbZ >heka us ckbZ Åeka dh ySjka [kank n~;ksA QSj tn Åek uS lkjh

105

phtka dh jQr iM+ T;kxh rks >heka uS cqyk Y;kaxkA ohBw Dgh & *bZa esa iwNck dh dakbZ ckr NSA >heka tlhEgkjh cgu NS] olh gh vkidh Hkh cgu NSA

xkx:.k iwxck esa vpynkl uS xSyk esa gh pkj Eghuk yxk fn~;ksA >heka uS cgu foY;ksA xkx:.kiqX;k rks ykyka loky dj;ks dS vk vruks cxr dL;ka yxk fn~;ks\ vpynkl th cksY;k & *tks cxr ykX;ksAvc vkidk opu dks iky.k djkaxkA eku tkvksA lka[kyh ds rkabZA ,d U;kjks Egy ns fn~;ks NSA tBh okHkxoku uS tiS NSA

?k.kak fnu chr x;k rks Åeka >hek lw¡ Dgh dS feyck dks dks; mik; dj vlh oh.kk ctk ds vpGth jh>ok.k gks T;ksoSA >heka cksyh & *iW.k vpG th nh[ck esa rks vkoSA* nksU;w¡ vL;ka gh ckrka djcks djSNhA ,d fnu Åeka vj >heka uS nsoh lwiuka njl.k fn~;k vj lkapk eu lw¡ iwtk djck dh DghA nsoh dk crk;kfo/kku lw¡ nksU;w¡ ti dj~;ks rks lkaP;ka gh ,d fnu feyck dh lwjr fudG vkbZA bZa chpS ykyka iM+iap dj~;k]ts jktk vpGnkl is [kqyX;kA os ykyka is ukjkt Hkh gks;kA >heka ekSdk feY;ak is fojkg dk nwgk xk xk *jÅeka dks nq[k crk;ksA QSj nksU;w¡ dks feyu gks;ksA bZa dk ?k.kka cjl ikNS tn vpGnkl tq/k esa ikrlkggkSlaxlkg lw¡ yM+rh cxrka [ksr fj~;k rks xkx:.k esa pkGhl gtkj jkf.k;ka Gs tkSgj dj~;ksA ykyka vj ÅekaHkh oka esa NhA vL;ka nksU;w¡ dks :Bcks feV~;ksA

8-13 bdkbZ jks lkj &

b.k bdkbZ e ohj ohjoj vpynkl [khaph jh ohjrk jks opfudk j :i esa cj.kko gq;ks gS ft.k lwavks irks ykx gS d vpynkl [khaph de lk/ku gqrk r[kk Hkh [kqn jh ekrHkwfe u nqLe.kka jh folky lsuk lwacpkbZ vkSj /keZ vj laLdfr jh j{kk djhA xkxjkS.k >kykokM jks ukeh x<+ gS vkSj b.k lwa tqM+;ks jh ?kV.kk vkSjtq/k jks vka[;k ns[;ks c[kku dfo [kqn jh dye lwa ?k.k vksir <ax lwa dj;ks gSA opfudk lSyh jh vk vn~Hkqnjpuk gSA

8-14 vH;kl jk izLu

1- vpGnkl [khaph dq.k Nks \

2- f'konkl xkM.k dk ckjk esa vki dkabZ tk.ksk Nks \

3- *vpGnkl [khaph jh opfudk* dh Hkklk is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

4- *vpGnkl [khaph jh opfudk* xkxj esa lkxj NSA dL;k¡ \

5- *vpGnkl [khaph jh opfudk* esa vyadkj is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

6- opfudk dh ijaijk ds ckcr vki dkabZ tk.kks Nks \

7- tq/k dks ,d dkYifud njlko ek¡MksA

8- **xboj xGb xgfRF;m] tga [kapb rga tkb** lw¡ dfo dks dkabZ vkl; NS\

9- *oS.k lxkbZ* vyadkj jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks ,d [kkl vyadkj NSA dL;k¡ \

10- ts vki f'konkl xkM.k dh tkxka is gksrk rks tq/k chR;ka is dkabZ ek¡Mrk \ dYiuk djksA

11- *opfudk* vj *nokoSr* esa dkbS varj NS \

8-15 lanHkZ xzaFkk jh ikuM+h

1 MkW- vkye ’kkg [kku] opfudk lkfgR; izeq[k jp.kkokaA

2 f’ko Lo:i vapy & jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;A

3 MkW- eksrh yky euksfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

106

bdkbZ & 9

izeq[k x| xazFk % i`FohpUnz pfj= okfXoyklbdkbZ jks eaM.k

9-0 mísL;

9-1 izLrkouk

9-2 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh izkphu x| ijEijk

9-2-1 /kkjfed x| lkfgR;

9-2-2 vSfrgkfld x| lkfgR;

9-2-3 dykRed x| lkfgR;

9-2-4 oSKkfud x| lkfgR;

9-2-5 izdh.kZd x| lkfgR;

9-3 iFohpUnz pfj=

9-3-1 êkf.kD; lqanjlwfj* jks tho.k ifjpS

9-3-2 ^îFohpUnz pfj=** jks dFkklkj

9-3-3 ^îFohpUnz pfj=** jks LFkku c.kko

9-3-4 ^îFohpUnz pfj=** esa fjrq c.kko

9-3-5 ^îFohpUnz pfj=** esa /kkjfed vj uSfrd rÙo

9-3-6 ^îFohpUnz pfj=** esa egksRlo ¼mPNo½ cj.kko

9-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

9-5 lizlax O;k[;k

9-6 lcnkoyh

9-7 vH;kl jk izLu


9-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks ewG mísL; jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh izkphu x| ijEijk jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh jS lkFkSoj.kd xzUFkka jh ijEijk esa ^îFohpUnz pfj=** tSM+k fcjyk xzUFk jh foLrkj lwa tk.kdkjh uS vj 15oha lnh jSb.k xzUFk jh egrk uS lkaeh yko.kks gSA b.k izse[;ku xzUFk jk fjrq&cj.kko vj oLrq cj.kko b.kesa dFkkud:f<+;ka ?k.kh gSA b.kjks mísL; fo|kfFkZ;ka uS b.k twauS xzUFk jh egrk vj oj.kd xzUFk ijEijk esa ^î`FohpUnzpfj=** tSM+k x| lkfgR; jh fiNka.k djok.kh gSA

9-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks izkphu x| lkfgR; Hkkar Hkrhyks gSA b.kesa tSu lk/kq /kkjfed x| lkfgR; :iesa ckykocks/k] Vhdk vj VCck jks fujt.k dj~;ks gSA vsfrgkfld x| lkfgR; esa iêkoyh] oalkoyh] Mk;jh][;kr vkn ?k.kk pkok gSA dykRed x| lkfgR; esa oj.kd xzUFkka esa iFohpUnz pfj=] lHkk&fl.kxkj vjdqrwgy Hkh ?k.kk pkok gSA oSKkfud x| lkfgR; esa vuqokn] izdh.kZd x| lkfgR; esa iz'kfLr ys[k] rkM+i=]

107

flykys[k Hkh gSA ^îFohpUnz pfj=*** ekf.kD;lqanj lwfj jfpr fo-la- 1478 jh x| jpuk gSA b.kjks nwtks uke^ôkfXoykl** Hkh gSA b.kesa iFohpUnz* vj jrueatjh* jh iz.k; dFkk ns[k.k feGS gSA b.kjk cj.kko ?k.kk lkarjkgSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS izkphu x| lkfgR; esa tSu fo}kuka jks [kklkS ;ksxnku gSA oj.kd xzUFkka esa ^lHkkfl.kxkj*] ^dqrwgy* vj îFohpUnz pfj=* tSM+k fx.krh jk xzUFk feGS gS] T;ka jks lkfgfR;d egRo ?k.kkS gSA

9-2 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh izkphu x| ijEijk

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh x| vkijh ledkyhu x| lSyh esa fy[;ks tkorksa gks] izkphu jktLFkkuhvSfrgkfld x| esa [;kr] ckr foxr] ihf<+;k] nokoSr] opfudkoka vkn :iksa esa izkIr gksoS gSA b.k twauh x|ijEijk jks ojxhdj.k Hkh ns[k.k uS feGS gSA x| ftrkS twukS gS ÅrkS fgt oj.kkRed Hkh gS] jktLFkkuh x|lkfgR; uS [kklrkSj lwa ik¡p Hkkxka esa ckV~;ksa tk ldS gS&

(i) /kkjfed x| lkfgR;

(ii) vsfrgkfld x| lkfgR;

(iii) dykRed x| lkfgR;

(iv) oSKkfud x| lkfgR;

(v) izdh.kZd x| lkfgR;

9-2-1 /kkjfed x| lkfgR;

¼1½ ckykocks/k & ckykocks/k jks eryc ljy vj lqcks/k Vhdk lwa gSA b.kesa ewG fl)krka uS le>ko.kdj.k okGh dFkkoka gSA fo-la- 1411 esa vkpk;Z r#.k lwfj jh ^"kM+ko';d ckykocks/k* jktLFkkuhx| jh iSyh dfr gSA

¼2½ VCck & VCck jks reyc fd.kh ckr jks lkj dS.kks gSA b.kesa ewG lcn jks vjFk Åij vj uhpSuS lkaeh fy[;ks tkoSA NksVh Vhdkoka uS ^VCck* dSos gSA VCck i)fr 14 oha lnh lwa jktLFkkuhHkklk fy[kht.k ykxhA

9-2-2 vSfrgkfld x| lkfgR;

¼1½ iêkoyh & b.kesa tSu xPNka jks oj.kkRed vj Øec) fooj.k gSA b.kesa tSu xq#oka jh fnup;kZjks c.kko Hkh ns[k.k uS feGS gSA mnkgj.k& ûkxkSjh yqdkxPNh; iêkoyh*] ^csxM+xPN iêkoyh*]^dMqok er iêkoyh* vknA

¼2½ Mk;jh & b.kesa tSu xq#oka jS jksthuk jk O;ogkj jks laxS gSA ;knnkLr jS :i esa vS fy[kh tkaorhghA

¼3½ ihf<+;ka & vka jpukoka esa vSfrgkfld feu[kka jh oal&ijEijk jks x|kRed cj.kko gSA mnkgj.k&^bZMj jk /k.kh jkBkSM+ka jh ihf<+;ka] gEehjksr HkkfV;ka jh ihf<+;ka] Hkk;yk jh ihf<+;ka] pUnzkorka jhihf<+;ka] tkxhjnkjka jh ihf<+;ka vknA

¼4½ oalkoyh& oalkoyh esa fd.kh vSfrgkfld iq#l vj jktkoka jh oalkoyh fn;ksM+h feGS gSAoalkoyh fy[k.k jks dke cgh Hkkê djrk gkA oalkoyh jk mnkgj.kka esa& ^jkBkSM+ka jh oalkoyh*]^>kyka jh oalkoyh] jktiwrka jh oalkoyh] fllksfn;ka jh oalkoyh] vkslokGka jh oalkoyh vknfx.kkbZtSA

¼5½ gdhdr & gdhdr jks eryc okLrfodrk lwa gSA vka y?kq dfr;ka jks mísL; fd.kh ?kVuk]LFkku&folsl vj jktoal jS ckjs esa lgh tka.kdkjh jks cks/k djko.kks gksA mnkgj.k&eulu jhgdhdr] chdkusj jk /kf.k;ka jh gdhdr] ikrlkg vkSjaxtsc jh gdhdrA

108

¼6½ ;knnkLr & ;kn jk[k.k [kkrj QqV*j fVII.ki jS :i esa fy[;ksM+h ckrka vj ?kVukoka uS ;knnkLrdS;ks x;ks gSaA fnYyh jk ikrlkg jh ;kna vj jko tks/kkth ih<+h;ka jh ;kn [kkl gSA

9-2-3 dykRed x| lkfgR;

¼1½ [;kr & [;kr* lcn jks lEcU/k [;kfr* lwa gSA b.kesa fd.kh jktoal] lkezkT; vj O;fDr folsljh tho.k ?kVukoka jks cj.kko feGS gSA [;kr oalkoyh jks fgt fodflr :i gSA 16oha lnh esa[;kr lkfgR; fy[k.k jh ijEijk ?k.kh pkoh gh] jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa dSbZ rjS jh [;krka fy[khthgS] ft.kesa eqgark uS.klh jh [;kr] ckadhnkl jh [;kr] n;kynkl jh [;kr] mnSiqj jh [;kr]tks/kiqj jh [;kr] eqU/k;kM+ jh [;kr] tSlGeSj jh [;kr vkn izfl)A

¼2½ opfudk & jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS dykRed x| esa ôpfudk* Hkh vkijkS [kkl LFkku jk[kS gSAopfudk ys[k.k jks leS 14oha lnh lwa lq: Ogh;ksa] b.kesa NksVk&NksVk okD;ka okGS rqdkUr x| jhiz/kkurk gSA b.kuS pEiw dkO; Hkh dS; ldk gk] b.kjk mnkgj.kka esa vpynkl [khph jh opfudk¼flonkl½] ôpfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egslnklksr jh* ¼tXxks f[kfM+;ks½] ekrkth jh opfudk¼t;pan ;fr½] nslyth jh opfudk ¼gehjnku jruw½ vkn [kkl gSA

¼3½ nokoSr & nokoSr esa mnwZ vj Qkjlh lcnka jh Hkjekj gksoS gSA nokoSr fy[k.k jh ijEijk e/;dky eas eqxyka jS leS jh gSA nokoSr esa lclaw twuh vj NksVh jpuk ^ûjfla?knkl xkSM+ jhnokoSr] ekuhtS gSA b.kkjk] mnkgj.k esa ^vthr flag jh nokoSr*] ^nokoSr vleky nsoM+k jh*]^nokoSr pwMkor nsohflag jh] nokoSr egkjk.kk tokuflag jh] jktk t;flag jh nokoSr Hkkn [kklgSA

¼4½ flyksdk & flyksdk lwa lEcU/k ^'yksd* lwa gSA b.k fo|k esa nsoh&nsorkvka vj ohj iq#lka jhefgek jks xq.kxku gSA b.kkjk mnkgj.kka esa jke&y{e.k jks flyksdk egkohj th jks flyksdks]lwjtth jks flyksdks] jko vejflag jks flyksdks] egkjktk ekuflag jks flyksdks vkn [kkl gSA

¼5½ foxr & b.k fo|k esa fd.kh oal] LFkku] xk¡o] lSgj] ijxuk] Hkk[kj] xM+k vkn jks Øec) cj.kkofeGS gSA vkS vsd rjS jks vSfrgkfld fVII.k gS] ft.kesa fcr~;ksM+h ?kVukoka jks mYys[k feGS gSAT;wa&esokM+ jk Hkk[kjk jh foxr] fllksfn;k pwM+korka jh lk[k jh foxr] xgyksrka jh pkSchlklk[kkoka jh foxr] x<+ dksVk jh foxr vkn [kkl gSA

¼6½ ckr& ^^ckr** lcn laLdr jS okjrk lwa fuiT;ksM+k gSA jktLFkkuh dk.kh jks twuks :i fgt ckrgSA jktLFkkuh ckrka esa ikSjkf.kd ckrka] vSfrgkfld ckrka] ohjrk lwa lEcfU/kr ckrka] izse iz/kkuckrka] gkL; iz/kku ckrka] uhfr iz/kku ckrka] pfj= iz/kku ckrka] dqrwgy iz/kku ckrka vkn dSbZfol;ka lwa lEcfU/kr ckrka feGS gSA ohjrk iz/kku ckrka esa îkcwth jh ckr] xksxkth jh ckr] gehjjh ckr*] izse iz/kku ckrka esa ^<+ksyk&ek: jh ckr] ukxth&ukxoarh jh ckr] cha>k&lksjB jh ckr]gkL; iz/kku ckrka esa iksikckbZ jh ckr] QksQka.kns jh ckr*] uhfr iz/kku ckrka esa vDy jh ckr] HkykScqjkS jh ckr] pfj= iz/kku ckrka esa ^txnso iaokj jh ckr] dqaojlh lka[kyk jh ckr* vkn [kkl gSA

¼7½ oj.kd xzUFk & jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ?k.k[kjka oj.kkRed lSyh ekFkS vk/kkfjr oj.kd xzUFk Hkh feGSgS] ft.kkesa cj.kko okGh Nêk fujkGh gSA b.kkesa Hkkar&Hkkar jk LFkku] dke] fjrqoka jS foLrkj jSlkFkS fprjkRed c.kko feGS gSA ft.kkesa ôkfXoykl] dqrwgy vj lHkk&fl.kxkj* vkn dSbZjpukoka feGS gSA b.kkesa ukuk Hkkar jk cj.kko feGS gSA T;wa uxj cj.kko] C;k*o c.kko] [khaph xaxs;uhekor jks nks&igjks] jktku jkmr jks ckr c.kko] Hkkst&c.kko] fjrq&c.kko] tq)&c.kko] vk[ksVc.kko] vkn feGS gSA

9-2-4 oSKkfud x| lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa oSKkfud x| lkfgR; vuqokn jS :i esa feGS gSA vk;qosZn] ^T;ksfr"k*] lxqukoyh]

109

^lkeqfnzd'kkL=*] ra=&ea= vkn dSbZ fol;ka jk laLdr xzUFkka lwa jktLFkkuh vuqokn Hkh dj~;k x;k gSA b.kfo/kk esa ^xf.kr lkj* vj ^xf.kr ipfolfrdk ckykocks/k* jpukoka feGS gSA

9-2-5 izdh.kZd x| lkfgR;

b.kesa vfHkys[k] îz'kfLr ys[k*] flykys[k] rkM+i= vkn esa laLdr jS iz;ksx lkFkS jktLFkkuh x| jksiz;ksx Hkh feGS gSA vS phtka jktdh; i= O;ogkj esa ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

9-3 i`FohpUnz pfj=

îFohpUnz pfj=* jktLFkkuh cj.kd xzUFk ijEijk esa fljs LFkku jk[kS gSA vk vyadr x| dfr gSAb.kuS ôkfXoykl* Hkh dS;ks tkoS gSA vk jpuk tSu fo}ku ekf.kD;lqanj lwfj fo-la- 1478 esa jph ghA b.kesaegkjk"Vª jS igqBk.kiqj iê.k jS jktk iFohpUnz vj v;ks/;k jS jktk lksenso jh iq=h jrueatjh jh iz.k; ¼izse½dFkk jks cj.kko dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.k dfr jk fjrq c.kko] oLrq&c.kko] ?k.kka ywaBk gSA vk dfr cM+kSnk vksfj;UVylhfjt lwa izdkflr gSA ^îzkphu xqtZj dkO; laxzg** esa b.k xzUFk jks ifjpS feGS gSA ^îzkphu xqtjkrh x|lanHkZ** ys[k esa eqfu ftufot; uS Hkh b.k xzUFk jS ckjs esa tka.kdkjh miyC/k djk;h gSA îFohpUnz pfj=*cj.kkRedrk jh nhB lwa ?k.kkS egrkÅ jpuk gSA b.kjkS lclwa iSyka izdklu xqtjkrh fo}ku Jh lh-Mh- nykydj~;ks gks] jktLFkkuh x| ijEijk jh dM+h esa îFohpUnz pfj=* vsd pfjr xkFkk gS] ft.kjkS fol; izsek[;kuewyd gS vj cj.kkRed lSyh esa peRdkfjrk gSA dFkk jks uk;d iFohpUnz gSA dFkk xkS.k gS] i.k ^f'kYixrlkSUn;Z* ?k.kkS ywaBks gSA lhrkjke ykyl jS lcnk esa &^^yksd Hkk"kk esa o.kZuksa dk ,slk lanHkZ xzUFk lEHkor% vU;ugha gSA**

fj;klr] jktk] n.Muhfr] lkr nhi] fcj[kk] lkr [ksrj] tqn vj Lo;aoj] crhl gtkj&nsl]uk;d&ukf;dk] fjrq izdfr fl.kxkj vkn fol;ka jks c.kko ?k.kks izHkkoh gSA b.k esa ik¡p mYyklk esa c.kko gq;ksgSA

9-3-1 êkf.kD; lqanjlwfj* jks tho.k ifjpS

vs Jh es:rax jk psyk gk] Jh t;'ks[kj lwfj ¼1400&1462 la-½ b.kkjk HkkbZ gk] ekf.kD; lqanj lwfj jStho.k jS lEcU/k esa T;knk izkekf.kd tka.kdkjh uha feGSA

dfo jh jpukoka & xq.koekZ pfj=] lrjHksnh iwtk&dFkk] prq% iohZ dFkk] 'kqdjkt dFkk] ey; lqanjhdFkk] lafoHkkx ozr dFkk] iFohpUnz pfj=A

9-3-2 î`FohpUnz pfj=* jks dFkklkj

vkS pfjr iz/kku xzUFk gSA b.kjkS uk;d iFohpUnz gSA b.kesa egkjkLVª jS igqBk.kiqj iê.k jS jktkiFohpUnz vj v;ks/;k jk jktk lksenso jh iq=h jrueatjh jh izse dFkk jks c.kko feGS gSA jrueatjh uS iko.kjh izsj.kk iFohpUnz uS lqiuk esa nsoh lqa izkIr gksoSA jrueatjh jks tnS Lo;aoj gksoS rn ckS oBS lSU; cG jS lkFkSiwx*j cjekGk Mky*j jrueatjh uS izkIr djS gSA b.kh leS csrkG ek;k jks :i /kj*j jrueatjh uS ys tkoS]i.k vkf[kj esa iFohpUnz nsoh jh vuqie dhjik lwa m.kuS ikNh izkIr djS gSA uk;d ?k.kh eqlhcrka jks lkeuksdjrksa gq;ks vkf[kj esa jrueatjh uS izkIr dj ysoS gSA Hkkjrh; izsek[;ku ijEijk esa Hkh dFkk jks vUr lq[kkUrgksoS gS] fc;ka bZ b.k dFkk esa Hkh gq;kS gSA

9-3-3 î`FohpUnz pfj=* jks LFkku c.kko

b.k esa Hkkar&Hkkar jk uxjka jks c.kko dkO;kRed vj vyadr lSyh esa dj~;ks x;ks gS] ft.kesa mTtSuuxjh] v;ks/;k uxjh] ikYg.kiqfj uxjh vj fo/kkiqjh xkao jk c.kko ?k.kk lkarjk gSA vk c.kkoka esa NksVk&NksVkokD;ka lwa fp=kRedrk ns[k.k uS feGS gSA v;ks/;k uxjh jks c.kko ns[k.k tksx gS&

^^frgka Nb uxjh v;ks/;k fdlh rs uxjh /ku dud le) iêoh ihf<+ izfl)] vR;Ur je.kh;] ldyyksd Lig.kh; iFoh :fi.kh dkfeuh bgg fr; dk;eku] loZ lkSUn;Z fo/kku y{eh yhyk fuokl ljLorh

110

r.km vkokl]**

nwtks mnkgj.k&

^îzHkkr leb lw;Zr.ks fdj.ksdjh izklkn r.ks f'kf"kfj /kt dy'k >ydb] /ktÅ³ yydb]/k.kma fdlq dghbZ&ftlh gksbZ vejkorh Hkksxkorh vFkok vydk yadk bZlh uxjh v;ks/;k ojokf.kbA**

ejgV~B nsl jks c.kko&

^^ft.k nsfl xzke vR;Ur vfHkjek jke Hkyk¡ uxj] ftgka u ekxh;bZ dj nqxZ] ftL;ka gqbZ LoxZ /kkU;]u uhitb lkekU; vkxj] lksuk] :ik r.kk lkxj tsb nsl ekfg unh ogba] yksd lq"kga fuoZgb bflm nsl]iq.; r.km fuos'k x#vÅ izns'k frf.k nsl igBk.kiqj ikV.k crZba] ftgka vU;k; u crZba] th.kb uxfjdmlhls djh lnkdkj] ik"kfy iks<+m izkdkj] Ånkj izrksyh }kj ikrky Hk.kh /kkbZ] egkdk; "kkbZ] leqnz tsgquqaHkkbZ ts fyb dSykl ioZr flamokn] bL;k loZK nso r.kk izklkn djba mYykl] u{ks'ojh dksVh/ot r.kkvkokl vkuUnba eu] x#Ma jktHkou] mikjh mnaM lqo.kZe; naM] /otiV ygygb izpaMA** b.k dfr jk c.kkoesa rqdkUr x| jks c.kko Hkh feGS gSA ft.klwa b.kuS i<+rh nka.k vka.kn jh vuqHkwfr gksoS gSA

ou jks c.kko Hkh ns[k.k tksx gS&

^êkxZ tkrka vkoh ,d vVoh fgr rs fdalh ifj o.kZfooh tsg vVoh ekfg reky] rky izeq[k o{kkoyhnhlb] chgarka lw;Z r.kk fdj.k ekfg u iblba] vub fdgkab flok r.kk QsRdkj] ?kwd r.kk ?kwRdkj] O;k?kz r.kk?kqjgjkV] u ykHkbZ okV ub ?kkV ekafg okuj ijEijk mNyba] enksUerk xtsUnz xqykxyba flagukn Hk;Hkhre;xy [kyHkyba ftL;k nfo nk?kk [khy] frL;ka Hkhy lwvj ?kqjdba ph=k cqjdba] csrky fdyfdyba] nkokuy]izToyba jhN lkapjba] fo#r.kk ;wFk fopjba blh egk jkSnz vVoh**]

b.k rjS oLrq vj LFkku jks c.kko b.k iksFkh jh [kkl folslrk gSA dkO;e;h lSyh jS dkj.k dFkk esavar rkbZ jkspdrk jks fuokZg Ogh;kS gSA

9-3-4 î`FohpUnz pfj=* esa fjrq c.kko

b.k dfr esa fjrq c.kko vj izdfr fp=.k ?k.kkS gh jkspd vj LokHkkfod gSA fjrq folsl esa izdfr jksdSM+ks fl.kxkj gksoS gS] m.kjkS Nh.kks cj.kko vBS feGS gSA b.klwa iSyka b.k rjS jks izdfr jks fp=.k dBSbZ uhaOgh;kSaA vuqdj.kkRed lcnka jks p;u] :id vj miekoka jks izHkkoh iz;ksx b.kjh folslrk gSA mnkgj.k jS :iesa fcj[kk vj clar jk fprjke ns[k.k tksx gS&

^^bflg volfj vkfoM vk"kkm] brj xqf.k laok<+] dkVb;b yksg] /kke r.km fujksg] Nkfl [kkVh] ik.khoh;kb ekVh] foLrfjm o"kkZ&dkG] ts iaFkh r.km dkG] ukBm nqdkGA

tkf.kb o"kkZdkfG e/kqj&/ofu esg xktb] nqfHkZ{k r.kk Hk; Hkktba] tk.ks lqfHk{k&Hkwifr vkorka t;<Ddk cktb] pgqa fnlh cht >dgGb] iaFkh xjHk.kh iqGb] fojhr vkdk'k] lw;Z pUnz ikfjikl] jkfr va/kkjh]yoba frfejh mrj&um Åu;.k] Nk;m x;.k] fnfl ?kksj] ukpba eksj] l/kj ojlb /kkjk/kj] ik.kh r.kk izokg[kGgGba] okf³ Åifj osy oGba] ph[kfy pkyrka 'kdV L[kGba] yksdr.kk eu /keZ&Åijh oGba] unh egkiwfjvkoba] iFoh&ihBh Iykoba] uoka fdlG; xgxgba] oYyh&forku ygygba dqMqach&rksd ekpba egkRek cbVkiqLrd okpba ioZr&rm uh>j.k foNwVba] Hkfj;k ljksoj&QwVbaA

clar jks c.kko b.k xr gS& ^frflba vkfom olar] gwM 'khr r.km var] nf{k.kfnfl r.km 'khrG okmokb] foglb c.kjkb]

nksgk &

lCcs >Yyk eklM+k] i.k obZlkj u rqY; Ats nfo nk/kkj :[kM+k] rhbZa ekFkb QqYy AA

111

emfj;k lgdkj] paid mnkj] csmG odqG] HkzaejdqG&ladqG dyjo djba dksfdy r.kka dqy izojfiz;axq ikMG] fueZy tG fodflr deG jkrk iGkl] lsoaHkh okl dqan&eqpdqan egegba] ukx&iqékx xgxgbalkjlr.kh Jsf.kfnlh oklhbaA

dqlqe js.kh yksd r.ks gkfFk oh.kk] oL=kMEcj >h.kk /koy Ükaxkj lkj] eqDrkQy r.kk gkj lokZax lqUnj]ou ekfg jeba Hkksx iqjUnj fgaMksyba ghpba] Hkhyrka okfnba] tfyba lhapbaA**

Hkklk jh nhB lwa b.k xzUFk jks egRo ?k.kkS gSA vk[kh jpuk esa vuqizklk&inkoyh jks iz;ksx ns[k.k feGSgSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh dkseyrk vj ekjfedrk jk mnkgj.k b.k esa ns[;ka tk ldS gSA vkS xzUFk jktLFkkuhHkklk jks lclwa iSyks lkfgfR;d :i gSA

9-3-5 ^î`FohpUnz pfj=** esa /kkjfed vj uSfrd rRo

^îFohpUnz pfj=** esa /kkjfed orkar vj /kkjfed fl{kk jk cj.kko Hkh feGS gSA vk[kh dFkk jh nhB/kkjfed gSA lnqinsl vj pfjr&fujek.k b.kjkS vk/kkj gSA b.kesa iki vj iqUu jh ehekalk djh x;h gSA/kkjfed x| jks mnkgj.k ns[k.k tksx gS&

^^vgks HkO; tho , bL;ka /keZuka Qy tkf.koka do.k&do.k ifgyqa rka mredqfy vorkj] , /keZ r.kkaQy lkj tb tho uhp dqfy vorjb rq fdlma iq.; djb] ,g fo'o ekagh ,d ekNh r.kk dqy] Hkhy r.kkdqy] dksyh r.kk dqy bZf.k ifj Fkksgjh vkgsMh okxqjh [kkVdh i|i ?kkaph pksj oS';k ckojh es; Mqac ik.kisj.kh;kar.kka iki r.kka dqy tkf.kokaA**

9-3-6 ^î`FohpUnz pfj=** esa egksRlo ¼mPNo½ cj.kko

iFohpUnz jktk jh dFkk oj.kkRedrk fy;ksM+h gSA lxGk izlax cj.kkoka jh ;kstuk lwa ght ltk;ksM+kgSA dFkk esa mPNc cj.kko uS dkO;kRed <ax lw fpf=r dj~;ks x;ks gSA T;wa&vyadfjM izdkj] Ükaxkfj;k izrksyh}kj] eap rf.k jpuk gqbZ] LoxZiqjh r.kh 'kksHkk ybZ] /ot irkdk ygdbZ] iq"i gfjey cgdbZ] ukpba ik=] jktHkokfe vkoba v{kr ik=] lksekbZ Hk.krka vkoba Nk=] yksd vyadjbZ rks.k] cka/khibZ canjoky] mRlo fo'kky] xqy/khM ykBh;ba] eu mekghiba] if.k ;qfDr tUe egksRlo gqvkA

9-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k bdkbZ jks lkj vkS gS dS twuk jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; ijEijk esa dykRed x| lkfgR; jS cj.kdxzUFkka esa îFohpUnz pfj= ¼okfXoykl½* tSM+ks fcjyks xzUFk gSA vSM+s twuS xzUFk jh oj.kkRedrk esa vkyadkfjdrk]lthork] fl.kxkj] peRdkfjrk jk mnkgj.k ljkg.ktksx gSA b.k xzUFk jks x| ?k.kkS twaukS vj fujkGkS gSA bZabdkbZ jks lkj jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS izkphu x| jh fo/kkoka jS ifjpS jS lkFkS ^îFohpUnz pfj=** xzUFk jh egrkuS njlko.kks gSA vkt jS nkSj esa uwaoh ihf<+ uS twuS x| lkfgR; jh tka.kdkjh nso.kh t:jh gSA

9-5 lizlax O;k[;k

^îFohpUnz pfj=** eka; lwa dha izlaxk jh O;k[;ka uhpS nh xbZ gS] ft.kesa] izlax] m.kjh O;k[;ka vjfolsl jS :i esa m.kjh Hkklka jks cj.kko fn;ks x;ks gS dqNSbZ izlaxk jk c.kko uhpS eqtc gS&

¼1½ rhu ekfg o[kk.kh;b ejgV~Bnslk th.kb nsfl xzke] vR;Ur vfHkjke Hkyka uxj] ftgka u ekxh;badj nqxZ ftL;ka gqb LoxZ /kkU;] u uhitb lkekU; vkxj] lksuk] :ik&r.kk lkxj tsb&nslekfg unh ogba] yksd lq[kba fuoZgba bflm nsl] iq.; r.km fuos'k] x#vm izns'kA rhf.k nsligqBk.kiqj ikV.k orZb] ftgka vU;k; u orZb] th.kba] uxfj dmlhls djh lnkdkj] ik[kfGiks<+m izkdkj] Ånkj] izrksGh&}kj ikrkG Hk.kh /kkbZ] egkdk; [kkbZ] leqnz tsguq HkkbZZ ts fybdSykl&ioZr&flmaokn] bL;k loZKnso r.kk izklkn] djba mYykl] u{ks'ojh dksVh/ot r.kkvkokl vkuanba eu] x#Ma jkt&Hkou] mikfj mnaM] lqo.kZe; naM] /otiV ygygba izpaM]

112

tsg&ikV.kekfg vusd vk'p;Z okijba] pmjklh pmgVka dGdGkV djbaA**

izlax & vks i|kal ekf.kD;lqanj lwfj jfpr ^îFohpUnz pfj=** lwa fy;ks x;ks gSA b.k esa egkjk"Vª jSiSBuiqj ¼izfrLBkuiqj½ uked uxj jks cj.kko dj~;ks x;ks gSA

O;k[;k & b.k esa dfo egkjk"Vª jS iSBuiqj uxj jh lksHkk jks cj.kko dj~;ks gSA cks dSoS egkjk"Vª nslesa xkao ?k.kk lqanj gS] ywaBk uxj gS] tBS jkt dj uha ekx~;ka tkoS gSA tBS jk nqjx lqjx jS cjkcj gSA oBS/kku T;knk iSnk uha gksoS] tBS jh [kkuk esa lksuk&pk¡nh lkxj jS leku gSA ft.k nsl esa ufn;ka cSoS gSA feu[klq[k lwa jSoS gSA vSM+ks nsl] tdks iqUu jks fu/kku vj xkSjolkyh iznsl gSA m.k nsl esa iSBuiqj uke jks uxjgSA tBS vU;k; uha gksoSA ft.k uxj jks x<+ daxwjkoka lwa pkokS vkdkj okGs gS ft.kkjS P;k: rjQ etcwrijdksVka jh P;kj nhokjh gSA m.k x<+ jks eksVks fdokM+ Hkh gSA ft.k x<+ jS uhpS ikrkG jh rjQ eksVh xSjh [kkbZgSA leqUnj ft.kjks HkkbZ gS] tdks dSykl ijcr lwa VDdj ySoS gSA vSM+k lxGk Hkxoku~ jk feUnj Hkh gSAy[kifr vj djksM+ifr;ka jk Hkou gSA eu uS ?k.kkS yqHkkoS jktHkou m.kjS Åij v[k.M] lksus jS n.M okGh]Hkkjh /ktk ygjkoS gSA ft.k uxj esa dSbZ bpjt ns[k.k uS feGS gSA m.k uxj esa pkSjklh cktkj dGdGkV djSgSA vSM+ks uxj iSBuiqj gSA

folsl &

1- b.k x|kal jh Hkklk ?k.kh ljl vj lqcks/k gSA

2- x| esa rqdkUrrk vj /oU;kRedrk gSA

3- uxjh; c.kko ?k.kkS lkarjks gSA

¼2½ ^êmfj;k lgdkj] paid mnkj] osmG odqG] HkzejdqG&ladqG] dG[k djba dksfdy r.kka dqyizoj] fiz;axq] ikMG] fueZy tG] fodflr&deG jkrk iGkl] lsuaHkh okl] daqn&eqpdqanegegba] ukx&iqUukx xgxgba] lkj lr.kh Jsf.kfnfl oklhba dqlqe&jsf.kA

yksd r.ks gkfFk oh.kk oL=kMacj >h.kk] /koG Ükaxkj lkj] eqDrkQG r.kkgkj] lokZx&lqanj] ouekSfg jebZ Hkksx iqjanj] vsfd xhr xokjba] vsfd nku fnokjba] fofp= okfnu oktba] jefGr.kk jaxNkxbZ] ,fd okfnbZa] Qwy pwVbZa] o{kr.kk iYyo [kqaVbZa] ghMksGba] ghapba] >hyrka okfnba tfGbalhapba] dsfGgjka dmfrx tks;ba] izhrear gks;baA

izlax & vs vksfG;ka ekf.kD;lqanj lwfj jfpr ^îFohpUnz pfj=** x| iksFkh lwa yh x;h gSA b.kkesaclar fjrq jks cj.kko dj~;ks x;ks gSA

O;k[;k & b.k cj.kko&iz/kku x| xzUFk esa jpukdkj uS clar fjrq jh lksHkk jks cj.kko dj~;ks gSAys[kd dSoS gS clar fjrq jS vko.k lwa vke jk #a[k vj pEikjk eksVk :[k eatjh ;qDr gq;X;k gSA cdqy] HkaojkajS lewg lwa ifjiwj.k OgS x;k gSA dks;y ia[kh jk lewg dyjo djS gSA fiz;xqa vj ikVy izoj gSA tG fujeGOgS x;ks gSA dey f[ky jS;k gSA ckal jk :a[kka jk irk yky OgS x;k gSA lsorh esa lqxU/k Hkj x;h gSA dqanvj eqpdqan ?k.kk eSgd jS;k gSA lji&lji.kh Qqadkjk ekjs gSA lkjlka jks lewg mM+ jS;ks gSA P;k: fnlkokaQwGka jS ijkx lwa lqxfU/kr OgS jS;h gSA

yksxka jS gkFkka esa oh.kk gS vj m.kk jk diM+k >h.kk gSA m.kkjkS /kksGkS/ki fl.kxkj gSA cs eksfr;ka jk gkj/kkj.k dj~;k Fkdka gSA okajS lxGk lqanj vaxk lwa] bUnj jS leku] taxG esa Hkksx HkksxS gSA dSbZ t.kk xhr xkoSgS vj dSbZ nku nSoS gSA U;kjka&U;kjka ok|;a= ckt jS;k gSA dey jS jax lksHkk nsoS gSA dSbZ tkxka okfVdk esaQwyrksM+ jS;k gS vj dksbZ :a[kk jk irk rksM+s] dSbZ t.kk >wGk&>wG jS;k gSA fluku djrk gq;k gksM jS lkFkSik.kh lwa Hkhx jgk gSA dsfyxzgka esa dkSrqd ¼bpjt½ ns[k.ktksx gSA lSx t.kka [kqlh lwa eLr OgS jS;k gSA

folsl &

1- b.kesa fjrq cj.kko ?k.kka ywBkS gSA

113

2- bZa x|kal jh Hkklk ?k.kh ljl vj lqcks/k gSA

3- ^^bflbZa volfj vkfom vk"kk<+] brj xqf.k laok<+ dkVybZ yksg] /kker.km fujksg Nkfl [kkVh]ik.kh ihHkkb ekVh] foLrfjm o"kkZ&dkG] ts iaFkh r.km dkG] ukBm nqdkG] tkf.kbZ o"kkZ dkfGAe/kqj&/ofu esg xktb] nqfHkZ{k r.kk Hk; Hkktb tk.ks lqfHk{k&Hkwifr vkorka t;&<Ddk cktba]fpgqa fnfl cht >GgGba] iaFkh ?kj Hk.kh iqGb] foijhr vkdk'k] pUnz lw;Z ikfj;kal] jkfr va/kkjh]yoba frfejh] mrj&um&Åu;.k] Nk;m x;.k fnfl ?kksj] ukpba eksj lq/kj] ojlb /kkjk/kj ik.khr.kk izokg [kGgGba] okf³ Åifj osGk oGbZa] ph[kfy pkyrka 'kdV L[kGba] yksdr.kk eu/keZ&Åifj oGba unh egkiwfj vkoba] iFoh&ihfB Iykoba] uoka fdlG;] xgxgbZa] ogyh&forkuygygba dqMqach&yksd ekpba] egkRek cbBk iqLrd okpba ioZr&rm uh>j.k foNwVba] Hkfj;kljksoj QwVbaA**

izlax & vka vksfG;ka esa ekf.kD;lqanj jfpr îFohpUnz pfj=* x| iksFkh lwa fy;ksM+h gSA vka vksG~;kaesa vklk<+ ebZuk jh fcj[kk fjrq jks c.kko dj~;kss x;ks gSA

O;k[;k & b.kesa vklk<+ ebZuk jh fcj[kk fjrq jks izHkkoh cj.kko gq;ks gSA jpukdkj dSoS gS dS vSM+SleS esa vk;ks vklk<+ ?k.kka xq.kka lwa ifjiwj.k gSA fcj[kk fjrq esa yksgk ekFkS dkV ykx tkoS gSA yksgk xeha jksfujks/k OgS x;ks gSA b.k leS NkN Hkh [kkVh OgS tkoS gSA ik.kh lwa ekVh Hkh cSg x;h gSA fcj[kk ekSle jks foLrkjOgS jS;ks gSA tdks fejR;q jS leku nq[knk;h gSA b.klwa nqdkG Hkh Hkkx x;ks gSA

ft.k fcj[kk esa e/kqj vkokt lwa cknG xjts gS] vdkG Hkh Hkkx tkoS gSA T;wa lqdky :ih jktk jSvko.k lwa QGlS jk uxkM+k cktS gSA P;k:a rjQ fctfG;ka pedS gSA tkrjh vkijS ?kj jh rjQ tk jS;k gSAvkdkl foijhr gS] pk¡n vj lwjt---------A

jkrka va/ksjh gS] b.k leS frejh uke jks tho cksGS gSA mrj fnlk esa cknG meM+ fj;k gSA vkdklcknGka lwa Nk; x;ks gSA fnlkoka esa xjtuk OgS jh gSA eksj ukp jS;k gSA nwj&nwj rkabZ yxkrkj cknG cjl jS;kgSA ik.kh jks izokg [kGHkGkgV dj jS;ks gSA ckM+ka jS Åij csyka QSy jh gSA dknS esa pkyrk Ogh;ka [kkMk cSgjS;k gS] yksxka jk eu /kje jh vksj eqM+ jS;k gSA ufn;ka eksVs izokg esa vkoS gSA /kjrh jS rG uS Nw jh gSA uwaokfdly; egd jS;k gS csyka jk e.Mi yg~jk jS;k gSA dqVqEc esa jSo.k okGk yksx eLr OgS jS;k gSA egkRek yksxcSB~;k iksfFk;ka ckap jS;k gSaA Hkk[kjk lwa >j.kk cSo.k lwa ik.kh lwa Hkj~;ka rkGkc QwV jS;k gSA

folsl &

1- b.k x|kal jh Hkklk /oukRed vj vuqizkfld gSA

2- b.keas izdfr jks izHkkoh cj.kko gq;kS gSA

9-6 lcnkoyh

b.kesa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lcnkoyh vj /ofu iz;ksx U;kjk fujkGk gSA jktLFkkuh x| jh izkphufo/kkoka esa lcnkoyh jks :i fy;ksM+ks gS ft.k lwa ?k.k[kjh Hkklkoka jk lcn feGS gSA îFohpUnz pfj=* esa HkhdSbZ Hkklkoka jk lcn vk;k gSA b.kesa viHkza'k] laLdr] vj nslh lcn jks esG fuxS vkoSA

^viHkza'k* Hkklk jk lcn& /k.kma] r.km] Hkf.kma] nh?kbZ] okapbZ] oktb] nhlba] vkfom] [kyHkyba]ukBm] cGba] oklhba] tfyba] r.kka] vkobaA

laLd`r jk lcn & /keZuka] oL=] izHkkrA

nslt lcn& bL;ka] ik.kh] :a[kM+ka] bZlh] ftL;k] foL;ka] dkG] nqdkGA

114

9-7 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 500 lcnka esa nsoks&

¼1½ ^jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh izkphu x| ijEijk* fVIi.kh fy[kksA

¼2½ ^îFohpUnz pfj=** esa vk;k Hkkar&Hkkar jk cj.kkoka jk mnkgj.k nsoksA

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 150 lcnka esa fy[kks &

¼1½ jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS izkphu x| ijEijk esa vSfrgkfld x| lkfgR; jh vksG[kk.k djkoksA

¼2½ jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS dykRed x| lkfgR; ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kksA

¼3½ îFohpUnz pfj=* xzUFk jks ifjpS nsoksA

¼4½ îFohpUnz pfj=* jS fjrq cj.kko jh mnkgj.k lwa folslrk crkoksA


¼1½ MkW- jkedqekj xjok & jktLFkkuh x|'kSyh dk fodklA

¼2½ MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor & jktLFkkuh x| fodkl vkSj izdk'k ¼Hkkx&1½A

¼3½ ujksrenkl Lokeh & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; laxzg ¼Hkkx&1½A

¼4½ MkW- f'koLo:i 'kekZ ^vapy* & jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % mn~Hko fodklA

¼5½ izkphu xqtZj dkO; laxzgA

¼6½ MkW- jkeLo:i O;kl & jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed ,oa fodklkRed bfrgklA

¼7½ MkW- vkye'kkg [kku & jktLFkkuh opfudk,aA

¼8½ vxjpan ukgVk & izkphu dkO;ksa dh :i&ijEijkA

¼9½ lhrkjke ykyl & jktLFkkuh lcndkslA

¼10½ MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;A

115

bdkbZ & 10

izeq[k x| xzaFk % cgh lkfgR;bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

10-0- mísL;

10-1- izLrkouk

10-2- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh [kkl x| fo/kkoka jks ifjp;

10-3 cgh lkfgR; jks ojxhdj.k

10-4 jktLFkkuh jS x| jh fo'ks"krkok¡

10-5 xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh jh egrkÅ O;k[;k

10-6 lcnkoyh

10-7 bdkbZ jks lkj

10-8 vH;kl jk izLu


10-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks m)sL; jktLFkkuh jS izkphu x| lkfgR; jh cgh fo/kk esas ^^xqjkalk&ukjk;.knkl jh cgh**jks vSfrgkfld vj lkfgfR;d egRo njlk;kS tkoSyk lkFkS fgt m.k tqx jk x| lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjh HkhdjkbZ tkoSyhA

b.k bdkbZ jks m)sL; jktLFkuh Hkklk jk twuk x| vj m.kjh fo|koka jh tk.kdkjh djko.kks gSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks twuks x| Hkkar&Hkar jks vj lkarjks gSA b.k bdkbZ esa m.kjh esa tk.kdkjh djkbZtkoSykA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS twuS x| esa cgh fo/kk U;kjh gS vj m.kjks [kkl egRo gSA cgha lkfgR; jh tk.kdkjhjS lkFkS xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh jh foxr ekaMh tkoSykA

cgh lkfgR; jk ojxhdj.k jS lkFkS okajk U;kajk&U;kjk fol;ka jh cfg;ka jh foxr nh tkoSykA

10-1 izLrkouk

fd.kh Hkklk jh fiNk.k vj f[kaerk jh tk.kdkjh m.kjk x| lwa feGS gSA vk[kS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSHkyh Hkkar le>.k [kkrj m.kjk twuk lkfgR; jh fuj[k&ij[k t:jh gSA b.k bdkbZ eas ^^xqjkalk ukjk;.k nkljh cgh** jS lkFkS jktLFkkuh jS twuS x| lkfgR; jh ijEijk vj fodkl jh tk.kdkjh njlk;h tkoSykAjktLFkkuh twuh] lEiUu vj flefj/k Hkklk gSA jktLFkku jks bfrgkl] lkfgR; vj laLdfr vk[kS txr esa pkohgSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS bfrgkl esa vkfndky lwa yS;*j vk/kqfud dky rkabZ egrkÅ lkfgR; jp~;ks x;ks gSAHkxrh] uhfr] fl.kxkj] ohj vj gkL; jks lkfgR; x| vj i| jh fo/kkoka esa jp;kSM+ks gSA

b.k bdkbZ esa ^xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh uS /;ku esa jk[yk jktLFkkuh jS twuS x| lkfgR; jhfuj[k&ij[k@djh tkoSyh@jktLFkku jS bfrgkl esa b.k xqjkalk jh cgh jks vSfrgkfld vj lkfgfR;d egRo?k.kkS gSA b.k cgh lwa vSfrgkfld ?kVukoka jks ys[kkS&tks[kkS lkeh vkoS vj ckrka jks [kqyklks Hkh OgSA

116

10-2 jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh [kkl x| fo/kkoka jks ifjp;

jktLFkkuh Hklk jh tqxka twuh x| ys[ku ijEijk gS ft.kjks lfgR; HkaMkj Hkkar&Hkkar jks vj lez) gSAjktLFkkuh Hkklk jh twuh x| fo/kkoka esa izeq[k gS& Vhdk] VCck] ckykocks/k] flykys[k] rkEckirj] iV~Vk]ijokuk] gky] vgoky] iV~Vkoyh] xqjjkoyh] oalkoyh] ihf<+;koyh] gdhdr] rgdhdkr] ;knnkLr :Ddk]flyksdk] okr] [;kr] fcxr] opfudk] nokoSr] ihf<+;ka] [kM+k cgh] nLrj cgh vka x| fo/kksoka esa eksdGk ys[kugq;ks gSA b.k x| us /kkfeZd] ,sfrgkfld] jktdky] lkfgR; jh nhB lwa dbZ [k.Mk eas ckaV~;kStk ldSA twuks x|tSu /kje lwa tqM+;kSM+ks gSA Vhdk] VCck] ckykocks/k] iV~Vkoyh] xqjjkoyh] flyksdk fo/kkoka esa jpk;ksM+ks x|T;knkrj tSu jpukdkjka jks jp;kSM+ks /kkfeZd x| gSA flykys[k] rkEckirj] gky] vgoky] oalkoyh]ihf<;koyh] gdhdr] [;kr] foxr] vkj ,frgkfld x| d;kS tk ldS n¶rjh cgh] :ôk] ijokuk] iÍk]gdhdr] rgdhdkr] ;knnkLr vkn jktdkt esa dke vko.kokGks x| gSA ôpfudk* vj nokoSr lkfgfR;dx| gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks twuk x| ?k.kks gS& dh ckuxh uhpS eqtc gS& lMkoL;d ckykocks/k* fo-la- 1411jh vkpk;Z r:.k lwfj jfpr jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh isyh x| jpuk gSA ^dMqvk er iÍkoyh*] ukxksjh yqadkxPNh;iÍkoyh vj csxMxPN iÍkoyh* & twuk tSu jktLFkkuh x| jh egrkÅ iksF;ka] iksF;ka] tkxhjnkjka jh ihf<;kavkn ,sfrgkfld x| jh fx.ko.k tksx jpukoka gSA ^xf.krlkj* vj ^xf.kr iap foa'kfrdk ckykocks/k oSKkfudx| jk xzUFk gSA

[;kr lkfgR;

eqgrk uS.klh jh [;kr] n;kynkljh [;kr] ck¡dhnkl jh [;kr tks/kiqj jk jkBkSM+ka jh [;kr] fdlux<+jh [;kr egkjkt ekuflag jh [;kr egkjktk vthrflag jh [;kr] tSlGesj jh [;kr] mn;iqj jh [;kr]ewan;kM+ jh [;kr] xkSM+k jh [;kr

opfudk&

vpGnkl [khaph jh opfudk] opfudk jkBkSM+ jrufla?k egsl nklksr jh

ftu leqnz lwfj jh opfudk] 'kkfUrlkxj jh pofudk] ekrk th jh cpfudk]

nokoSr lkfgR;&

egkjktk vthrflag jh nokoSr] chdkuSj egkjktk ljnkflag jh nokoSr] vleky nsoM+k jh nokoSr]¼fcgkjhnkl esgMw jfprk½ nokoSr mnSiqj jks cj.kko ¼fdluk vk<+k jh½ nokoSr pwaMkor nsohflag jh ¼Hkknkfdjikjke jh½] nokoSr egkjk.kk tokuflag jh ¼rstkjke vfl;k jfpr½] nokoSr jkekZfla?kksr jh ¼dfo pSy jhdgh½ jkT; t;fla?k jh nokoSr ¼Mwaxjlh ckxM+h jfpr½] egkjktk y[kir jh nokoSr ¼dqoaj dqly jfpr½

foxr lkfgR;&

esokM+ jk Hkk[kjka jh foxr dNokV&ls[korka jh foxr fllksfn;k&pwaMkorka jh lk[k jh foxr xgyksrkajh pkSchl lk[kkoka jh foxr x<&dksVka jh foxr] ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr vkn foxrka jktLFkkuh x| esaleS leS ij fy[khth

flyksdk lkfgR;

dqaoj fot; ghj fot; lwfj flyksdks lqjlrh jks flyksdks egkohj jks flyksdks] fj[kc nsoth jksflyksdks vkcw rhjFk th jks flyksdks] jko vejflag jks flyksdks] vteky th jks flyksdks] HkkVh dsgjflag jksflyksdks] egkjktk ekuflag jks flyksdks

okr lfgR;

Mk<+dS lwj jh okr] ines pkj.k jh okr] eku/kkrk jh okr] txnso iaokj jh okr] vklekrk jh okr]

117

x.ksl Hkxoku jh okr] ljn iwue jh okr] okr cjLirokj jhA nsorkoka jh okr xksnkojh rhj js tksxh jh okr]dka.kk jktiwr jh okr] vdy jh okr] lkgwdkj jh okr] iksikckbZ jh okr] [kqnk; okoGh jh okr] QksQkuan jhokr] iapekj jh okr] llh iwuks jh okr <ksyk&e[k.k jh okr] ukxth ukxerh jh okr] ch>k&lksjB jh okr]ewey egsnzk jh okrA ikcwth jh okr] [khaoS&cha>S okr] jko txeky jh okr] xksxkns jh okr] jko dkUgM+ns jhokr] gEehj nso jh okr] esfgykajh okr] jko tks/kkth jS csVka jh okr] iyd nj;ko jh okrA

10-3 cgh lkfgR; jks ojxhdj.k

1- ^nLrwj cghA

2- gdhdr cgh

3- gdwer ogh

4- [kkaMk cgh

5- n¶rjh cfg;ka

6- jk.kheaxk HkkVh jh cgh

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk [;kruke fo)ku Jh lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor jS lcnk esa cgh lkfgR; jks egRons[khtS&

^^jktLFkkuh lkfgR;] laLdfr vkSj bfrgkl dh ?kVukvksa ds orkar rFk ijEijkvksa ds lanHkZ cfg;ksa lsizekf.kr [;krksa ds [kfygkuksa ls ?kVukvksa rFkk rF;ksa ds jRu fudkys tk ldrs gSaA rokjh[kksa dh rjktw esa burF;ksa dks rksyk tk ldrk gSA okjrkvksa dh cqxfp;ksa dks O;FkZ ugha eku ysuk pkfg, buds rkuksa&ckuksa esabfrgkl ds lw= my>s&vVds iM+s gSaA xhr] nksgs dfor vkfn dh xaxks=h ds uhj dks uhrkj dj bfrgkl dspj.kker dk iku fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj izkIr lk{;ksa dks le> ij[kk vkSj fopkjk tkuk pkfg,A**

;w rks cgh esa fglkc&fdrkc jk[;ks tkoS i.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[kh vka cfg;ka esa [kkl&[kkl yksxkajS tho.k jh egrkÅ ?kVukoka] izlaxka] vj okalwa tqM+;kSM+h ?k.kh gh NksVh&eksVh tk.kdkjh;ka feGSA vka cfg;kaesa fy[;k fooj.k uS nwth x| fo/kkoka esa fey.k okGS b.k rjS jS fooj.k law feyk.k dj.kS lwa bfrgkl vj?kVukoka vkfn jks C;kSjks nwth BkSM+ ugha feGS] rn cfg;ka jS fooj.k uS bZ izek.k eku.kks iM+SA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa fy[k;kSM+h dSbZ [;krka] foxrka] ckrka vj cfg;ka feGS ft.kk esa bfrgkl fNi;ksM+ksgSA vka cfg;ka jk ys[kd ;k rks ijr[k cka feu[kka vj ?kVukoka uS ns[kh gh ;k okajS thoudky esa os ekuoh thoSgkA b.k dkj.k vs cfg;ka T;knk izekf.kd gSA

1- nLrwj cgh &

*nLrwj* jks vFkZ *fjokt* ;k *jhr* gSA *tks/kiqj jkt jh nLrwj cgh* jh Hkklk mnwZ&Qkjlh jks iqV fy;kSM+hjktLFkkuh Hkklk gSA b.k cgh lwa m.k leS jk jhfr&fjokt] laLdkj yksdksRlo] ijEijkoka vj usxpkj jhtk.kdkjh feGSA vk nLrwj cfg;ka lwa e/;dky jk jktLFkku jh laLdfr lkeh vkoSA vka cfg;ka esa vyx&vyxfj;klrka vj fBdk.kk jhr&uhr] lksGg laLdkjka] dk.k&dk;nka vj yksd C;kSgkj jh foxr eaMh gSA

2- gdhdr cgh&

gdhdr cfg;ka esa ?kVh ?kVukoka jh lkph rLohj eaM;kSM+h gSA vs cfg;ka vkt jh x| fo|k *fjiksjrkt*jks twuksa :i d;ks tk ldSA

3- *gdqer cgh*

vs e/;dky jk jktdkt jh vksG[kk.k djko.kokGh cfg;ka gSA fj;klrka ;k fBdk.kk jh lklu O;oLFkk

118

jh tk.kdkjh dj.kokGh vka cfg;ka uS *gdwer cgh* jks uke fn;kS x;kSA fj;klr jh lsuk] iqfyl] dksV&dpsM+h]n.M] fu;e&dk;nk vkn jh iwjh tk.kdkjh vka cfg;ka lwa feGSA

4- [kk.Mk cgh

*[kkMks* ryokj uS d;kS tkoSA vkfndky vj e/;dky esa dSbZ izlax lkeh vkoS tn jktk jktdaoj;k lkear [kqn jS gh C;ko esa uha tk; lddk rn cs [kqn jh ryokj ¼[kkaMks½ cjkrh;ka jS lkFkS Hkst fn;k djrkvj m.k *[kakMs* ¼ryokj½ jS lkFkS gha chu.kh QSjk ySorh vj C;ko jk lxGk jhr&jhokt iwjk djrhA vk C;kojh *jhr* jtokaM+ak esa ?k.kh ghA b.k [kkrj b.k jh cgh Hkh vyx gq;k djrhA

5- n¶rjh cgh

e/;dky jk jktk egkjktk] lkear] ljnkj vehj] mejko vj tkxhjnkj [kqn jS thou vj ^tk;nkn*jh [kkl&[kkl ckrka ft.k cgh esa fy[kh tkorh] ck ^nLrwj cgh dgh trhA vka cfg;ka esa jksthuk jk dkedktvj jkstukepk fy[;k tkorkA vs cfg;ka jkt jk n¶rjka esa jk[kh tkaorh] b.k dkj.k Hkh vkauS ^n¶rjh cgh*d;kS tkorksaA

6- jk.kh eaxk HkkVka jh cgh

HkkVka jh cgh;ka ckcr vka cfg;ka esa jktLFkku jks bfrgkl jktdkt lkfgR; vj laLdfr jh foxr eaMhgSA jk.kh eaxk Jherh y{ehdqekjh pwaMkor fy[;ks gS&

^^jktLFkku esa cgh HkkVksa dh ijEijk cgqr iqjkuh jgh gSA lfn;ksa ls ;g ijEijk pyh vk jgh gSAizR;sd jkt?kjkus ds vius cgh HkV jgs gSa] tks fu;er :i ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h viuh cfg;ksa esa uke fy[krs pysvkrs gSaA izR;sad fBdkus dh rFkk dqy dh cfg;ka bl HkkVksa ds ikl vkt Hkh ekStn gSaA bgsa cgh HkkV Hkh dgktkrk gS vkSj cM+ok HkhA lUrku mRiUu gksrh gS rks cgh esa mldk uke vkSj tUefnu fy[k tkrk gSA fookgdk Hkh blesa fjdkMZ dj fn;k tkrk gSA -------- jf.keaxk HkkV* jkf.k;ksa ds ;kpd jgs gSaA ;s jk.kh;ksa vFkkZr dsoyefgykvksa ds gh uke ek.kMrs FksA ;s muds ;kpd Fks vkSj budh thfodk dk lk/ku ,d ek= efgykkvksa lsgh izkIr gksrk Fkk] blfy, ;s ^jk.kheaxk* dgyk,A**

10-4 jktLFkkuh jS x| jh fo'ks"krkok¡

1- jktLFkkuh jS x| jh dsbZ fo'ks"krkok¡ gSA ¼1½ vks x| b.k dkyjh lxyh vk;ZHkk"kkoka jS x| lwa twuksgSA ¼2½ b.kjh foØe pkSngoh 'krkCnh iwokZ) lw v[kwV ijEijk kvkt lkabZ feyA laor~ 1330 esa fy[;ksM+h^vjk/kuk* uke jh fVIi.kh esa iqjk.kk jktLFkkuh x| jkS igyks uewuksa feySA f'kykys[k¡ esa vk;ksM+k x| jk uewukrks vkSj Hkh iwjk.kk feySA ^jkmy osy* ¼nloh lnh½] chdkusj jS csjklj vj ukFkwlj xkok¡ jS f'kykys[k¡k] ¼laor~1161 vj 1280½ esa x| jk uewuk feySA ¼3½ fo"k; jh nhB lwa ns[kk¡] rks oha esa tho.k jS gjd igyw jk fprjkeekaMhT;k gSA tho.k lw tqM+;ksMS gjsd fo"k; & Hkk"kk lkfgR;] laLdfr] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] dyk] ykd&tho.kohajh ekurkoka] oh*jS U;kjk&U;kjk igywvk¡] oS|d] T;ksfr"k] 'kkfygks= vfn jk lkarjk fprjke x| eas dksjhT;kgSA ¼4½ vks x| fujkbZ :ik¡ vj fo|koka esa mtkxj gq;kS gSA e/; tqxjh eksVh&eksVh fo|koka gS& 1- [;kr] 2-okr] 3- opfudk] 4- nokoSr] 5- ihf<+;koyh&oalkoyh&iÍkoyh] 6- gky] 7- gdhdr vFkokgxhxr 8- foxr]9- rgdhdkr] 10- iÍk&ijokuk&[kr&i=] 11- f'ykys[k] 12- rkscki=] 13- Vhdk&VCck 14- dFk] 15-pfj=xzaFk 16- o.kZd xzUFk] 17- jkstukepk rFkk 18- cgh vkfnA ^xqjkalk jh cgh* ] ^cgh* x| fo|k jh egrkÅvj ywBh jp.k gSA

1- vk cgh xqjkalk Jh ukjk;.knklth jh gSA b.kesa jk; tks/kk lw yS;j foØeh lao~r 1780 rd jkS y[kkSgSA gkykafd vk cgh iwjhg dksuh] vk/kh gSA i.k b.k lw e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh x| jh lkaxksikx tk.kdkjhfeyS] b.k [kkrj bfrgkl gh uha lfgR; jh lkfgR; jh nhB lw Hkh b.kjkS [kkl egRo gSA ;wa cgh jS :i esa

119

ch.kt&O;kSikj jh foxr fy[kh tkorh jh gS i.k xqjkalk ukjk;.k nklth b.k cgh jS :i esa bfrgkl uS cM+Sgh vksirS <ax lw vj dfo;ka jk dkO; jh lk[k nS;j fy[;kS gS] vk EguS vsd u;h ckr ykxhA

b.k cgh jh lq:vkr tks/kth jk csVk tksxkth jk cj.kko lw g;h gSA tksxkth jk csVk [kaxkjth Hkksruklh feu[k gq;k fu.kkjk tl jk xhr dfo ^dyk tho.k* jk dj;kSM+k b.k orkUr jS lkFkS fn;kSM+k gSA b.k rjStks/kkth jk nwtk csVk djefla/k kth gk fu.kk [khaolj clk;kS vj m.kka lw gh djefl/kksr tks/kk] jkBkSM+ka jkvsd&vsd xkao jh foxr] okajk of.kk;ka jh foxr vj [kkl&[kkl ?kVukoka jh rkjh[kka izekf.kd :i lw fn;kSM+hgS b.kh rjS jko tks/kkth jk csVk jk;ikyth ft.kkalw jk;ikyksr jkBkSM+k jh lk[k pkyhA okajk oa'ktka jh foxrHkh xkao&okj fn;kSM+h gSA iNS flojktksr tks/kk dghT;kA b.kjS iNS jko tks/kkth jk liwr jko chdkth jkSbfrgkl okajh oa'kkoyh vj chdkusj jS xkaoka jh foxr fn;kSM+h gSA iNS jko tks/kkth jk nwtk csVk chnksthft.kklw jkBkSM+k jh fcnkorka jh [kkai lq: gqbZ] iwjh tk.kdkjh fn;kSM+h gSA vkxs jko fjM+eyth jS csVk jh lkj:i lw tk.kdkjh gS ft.k esa v[ksjktth ft.kk lw v[kSjkt jkBkSM+ dghT;k vkjS ifjokj jh foxr vjv[ksjktth jk ikVoh csVk iapk;.kth jS tl jk iokM+k] dosljka jk xhrka xqaFkht;kSM+k izek.k :i esa fn;kSM+k gSAiapk;.k th jS iNS okajk nwtk csVk tSrksth jkS ys[kks gSA tSrkth jk csVk iFohjktthjh dhjr jk c[kk.k gq;kgSA iNS jryke] ekyok Å>cx<+ jk jktkoka jh oa'kkoyh gS vj vkf[kj eas ohjka vj ns'k Hkxrka jS tl esaafyf[k;kSM+k dbZa dosljka jk xhr fn;kSM+ gSA b.k rjS vk ikSFkh bfrgkl vj lkfgR; jkS esy gSA vsd u;h fo|kjS :i esa fyf[k;kSM+h gSA

nwth ckr vk gS ^d b.kesa ckrka jS T;w* ?kVukoka jks QSyko uha gS] lkj :i esa lkjh ckr fyf[k;kSM+h gSAvsd vksyh esa de lonka esa ckr jkS C;kSjks nso.k jh dkslhl gqbZ gSA dkslhl gqbZ gSA b.k dkj.k b.k ogh lsjpukdkj FkksM+k lk ikuk esa ?k.kh tk.kdkjh ns lD;kS gSA

2- ;w rks cgh esa fglkc&fdrkc jk[;ks tkoS vj cha jh c.kkoV Hkh ,d [kkl rjka jh gqoSA i.k x| jh,d fo/kk jS :i esa cfg;ka esa [kkl&[kkl yksxk¡ jS tho.k jh egrkÅ ?kVukoka] izlaxk vj oka lw tqMSM+h ?k.khgh NkSVh&eksVh tk.kdkj;k¡ feySA dS; ldka d cgh] oalkoyh gdhdr vj foxr jkS foojkS gSA bZjkS izek.k bZcgh esa gh feyS ¼i"B 5]31] 56] 58 vj 69½A cfg;k¡ esa ekaMSM+S lxyS foojS uS nwth x|&fo/kkoka esa fey.k okySb.k rjS jS foojS lw feyk.k dj.kS lw bfrgkl vj ?kVukoka jks lgh vj ewy <kapkS [kM+;kS gqoSA tBS dsbZ feu[kk¡]izlaxk vj ?kVukoka vkfn jkS C;kSjkS nwth BkSM+ ugha feyS] oBS rks cfg;k¡ jS fofoj.k uS bZ izek.k eku.kks iM+SA bZckor nks ckrka /;ku esa jk[k.kh pkbZtSA bfrgkl vksj lkfgR;&oka esa ,d rks gqoS rF; ¼fact½ vj nwth gwoS ohajhO;k[;k ¼Interpretation½A rF; jh ckcr rks fd.kh rjka jh Ågkiksg uS vVdyckth pyS dksuhA rF; rks ftdkSgS cksbZ gS( bZ esa fd.kh jh /kj.kk vj vuqeku jh t:jr dksuhA rF; jh O;k[;k lk: U;kjk&U;kjk fopkj gq;ldSA ns'k] dky] ijEijk] fopkj] ekurk vj fo'okj vkn uS ys*j O;k[;k esa vkUrjksa gq; ldSA bZ ^xqjklk jhcgh* esa vs nksuw ckrkabZ feyS vj nksuka esa bZ iSyM+h ckr&rF; jkS vkady.k] lady.k vj ukUgha&ukUgha ckrk¡ vj?kVukok¡ jkS foojkS rks ?k.keksyks gSA i.k vka rF;ka uS nwth BkSM+ feyf.k;k¡ & blk rF;ka lw feyk.k dj.kks t:jhgS thlw bZ jk izek.k iq[rk uS iDdk gqoSA vk¡ nksuw ckrk¡ jS [kqyklS lk: ^cgh( jS l:iksr jks ftØ ysok¡A jkotks/kkth jks csVks tksxksth Vhdk;r Fkks ^^fi.k VhdkS ugqokSA luku djk;kS] mejkoka rsM+h;k] dãks&i/kkjkSA rn fd.kghd pkdj [kokl dáks&ekFkks lwdS NSA blk opu ldqU;k lq.;kS rn VhdkS u gqokS** ¼ikuk1½A bZ esa dF; jh vk ckr gS d tksxkSth jko tks/kkth jkS Vhdk;r csVks gksA oks gks ;k dksuh gks] bZ jh iM+rkynwtS foojS lw Hkh iq[rk dj.kh pkbZtSA O;k[;k jh vk ckr gS d ^êkFkks lwdS** dSo.k lw vilqdu eku^j cohûSVhdks udkjhT;kSA vk O;k[;k bZ ^cgh* jh gSA tksxkSth jS Vhdks u gqo.k jk dkj.k nwtk Hkh gq; ldSA ts rF;gh xyr gqoS rks ohajh O;k[;k rks xyr gw tkbZA

3- bZ ^cgh* esa U;kjk&U;kjk fljSukek¡ esa [kkl&[kkl [;kr&iqjlk¡] ok¡jh ifRu;k¡ vj gjsd iRuh lwa gqbZlarfr] ohajh oa'k&ijEijk] oa'ktka jS fBdk.kka] vk; vkfn jkS foojkS fn;kS gSA bZ foojS esa ukUgha&ukUgha ckrk¡

120

rdkr jks ftØ gSA b.k rjk¡ jS ?k.kkbZ dFkuka jh iqf"V lk: lk[k jh dfork* :i esa fujkbZ fMaxy xhrk¡] dforkavkfn jkS gokykS fn;kS gSA bRrh vj blh lkexzh nwth BkSM <w<+.kS lw bZ feylhA ^cgh* jh vk [kkfl;r gSA

nwth ckr vk gS ^d bZ esa jkt jS ^^NqVHkS;ka** jkS vj NksVS&fBdk.kSnkjk¡ jkS foojkS ?k.kks gS( [;krukehiqjlka jkS cjrkar de bZ gS D;w fd okajks foojkS rks ?k.kkS gh nwth BkSM+ feySA fd.kh jkt jS lgh vj lyaxbfrgkl okLrS NksVS&NksVS fBdk.kka vj okajh ihf<+;k¡ jkS oj.ku fdRrks t:jh gS vk dSo.k jh ckr dksuhAlkfgR; jS bfrgkl esa Hkh cMS&cMS fy[kjka jS lkFkS NksVS&NksVS fy[kajk¡ jkS egrkÅ tksxnku gqoSA NksVk&NksVkfy[kjka jS djrc ekFkS gh cM+k&cM+k fy[kkjk tl ikoS] cM+k¡ jkS ekxZ c.kkof.k;k NksVk bZ gqoS&lkfgR; jSbfrgkl fy[kkjka uS vk ckr Hkwy.kh ugha pkbtSA

rhth ckr&bZ ^cgh* esa fn;kSM+h&^lk[k jh dfork*&ckcr gSA bZ esa 53 fMaxyxhr] 16 nksgk] 8 dforvj 1 ^dfor&dq.Mfy;ks* gSA lkfgR; jS bfrgkl lk: rks vk lkexzh ?k.kh bZ egrkÅ gSA vk¡ xhrk¡ vkfn jkdfo dbZ rks ?k.kk ukeh gS vj dsbZ vYiKkr uS vKkr gSA dh ukao gS&jkeks lkanw] nqjlks vk<ks] vklksth ckjgB]xkM.k pksyks] jkBkSM+ fizFkhjkt] jk;ey f[kfM+;k¡] jk;ey ogh;koV] nekeh lq[kks] fdluks esgM+w] loyks ckjgB]dYgks tho.k] :iks ¼:i dfo½] pksxks esgMw] fdluks nlw /kh] rstlh f[kfM+;kS vfnA vs U;kjk&U;kjk tqxkajk dfogS vj cka tqxka jS nqtk dfo;k¡ esa vkjh fx.krh gwo.kh pkbZtSA vs dforkoka tBSbZ ^cgh* jS foojS jh lk[k HkjScBS ch c[kr jS lkfgR; jS bfrgkl jh uhao Hkh HkjSA lk[k jh dfork* [;kr iqjlka jS dkjukek vk ckajh ekStqnxhesa fy[;kSM+ks dforkok¡ gS( bZ dkj.k vs ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA ,d osfy;k xhr esa rks xkM.k pksyks chdkusj jS jktklwjrfla/k jk;fla?kkSr jS o.kZu esa lHkk :i esa jkMkSM+ oa'k jS ukeh yksxka jh oa'kkoyh nh gS ¼ikuk 40&41½Abfrgkl lk: bZjks mi;ksx dj;kS tk ldSA bZ esa vk;sM+k dbZ xhr nwth BksM+ Hkh NIik gSA bZ lw bZ jhizekf.kdrk id~dh gqoSA bZ jkS î;ky~* rBS cfy jg.k u ikÅ ¼ikuks 34½ xhr ^xhr eatjh* ¼laiknd JhujksRrenkl Lokeh½ esa NisM+kS gS ¼ikuks 40½A b.khrjS bZ jks ^^lgh lha/k dh;k rS vki lkjh[kk** ¼i"B 33½^xhreatjh* esa feyS ¼i"B 32½

4- bZ ^cgh* jk fy[kkj xqjkalk Jh ukjk;.knklth gSA vka us ^^vtcfla?kth ?kksM+ks uhyks nh/kks** gks ¼i"B14½A ^^jko fjM+eyth jS csVk 24 jkS ifjokj dgkoS NS fr.kjh foxr fy[kh NSA fy[krq xqj ukjk;.knkl**A vk¡pkSbZlk esa tks/kiqj clkof.k;ka jko tks/kk ikVoh gkA bZ cgh esa bZ izlax lw ysj laor~ 1770 vj laor~ 1780 rkbZjh ?kVukoka jkS foojkS gS ¼ikuks 23½A bZ;k¡ ykxS d vk cgh Jh ukjk;.knklth jh iSrd cgh gS ftdS esa okajkiwoZtksa leS&leS esa [kkl&[kkl Vhi ekaMh ghA ^^pkSin o fdluth nh;kS&ukao fy[kk;k& la- 1762 cslk[k ofn5 xqjka nsbZnklth** ¼i"B 68 QqVuksV½A nwth ckr vk d bZ esa yksxka jh crk;kSM+h ckrk¡ Hkh fy[khth gSA lkspldka d fy[kkjk¡ blh ckrk¡ jh lPpkbZ jh [kkst djh gqlhA lxyh ckrk¡ ij fopkj djrk Fkdk¡ vk rks dS;bZ ldka *d bZ ^cgh* jh foØe vBkjgoha 'krkCnh jh foxr rks ?k.kh izekf.kd gS D;wfd ukjk;.knklth b.kh'krkCnh esa gq;k gkA rhth ckr vk gS d vk ^cgh* iwjh dksuh( v/kqjh ykxSA bZ esa nks tkX;ka fy[;kS gS *d^^vpyksth---------** ¼i"B 31½] ^^tSrkth jS ijkØe ---------** ¼i-6½ jkS foojkS ^êkynso jks okdks** esa ekaM~;kS gSA i.kbZ esa ekaM;kS gqoS tdh vckj feyh dkuhA bZ jh Hkh [kkst&iM+rky gqo.kh pkbZtSA bZ;k ykxS *d T;w&T;w ftlohtk.kdkjh feyh R;w&R;w xqjkalk vj okajk iwoZt ch uS ekaMrk x;kA vksbZt dkj.k gS *d dsbZ tkxka ?kVukokavkxS&ykjS eaMsM+h gS] ok¡ esa dkyØe jks dh fglkc dksuh] foojS esa O;frØe gSA jko yw.kdj.k jS oa'kØe lw iSyhjko dY;k.key vj jko tSrlh jkS foojkS fn;kS gS ¼i"B 45½A bL;k dbZ mnkgj.k bZ esa feySA

5- bZ ^cgh* esa ?k.kh BkSM+ frfFk;k¡ gSA vkajh tk¡p t:jh gSA frfFk;k¡ esa fy[kkjka jh Hkwy Hkh gq; ldSAbZ esa Bhd gh ekaM;kS gS *d *laor~ 1545 esa chdSth chdkusj dksV djk;kS&HkkaMklkgjk nsoM+k duS* ¼i"B 36½Ai.k vks ekaM.ks Bhd dksuh *d *chdsuh chdkusj lgj laor~ 1510 esa clk;ks ¼i"B 35½ laor~ 1522 esa os uwoksajkT; c.kko.k lk: tks/kiqj lw jokuk gq;k gkA laor~ 1542 esa ok¡ jkrh?kVh ij x< jh uhao jk[kh vj 1545 esaoha x< jS duS chdkusj uxj clk;ks gksA

121

,d vkSj frfFk ij fopkj djk¡A bZ cgh esa fy[;kS gS *d laor~ 1568 esa chnSth chnklj clk;kS ¼i"B50½A vkgh ckr *tSrlh Ånkor jh ckr* esa nh & iNS laor~ 1568 & chpS chnklj clk;kS* ¼jktLFkkuh okrk¡]lEiknd& l;Zdj.k ikjhd] i"B 206½A bZlw *cgh* jh foxr lkaph y[kkoS vj bZ ckr jkS bZ csjks ykxS *djktLFkkuh okrk¡ esa vk;kSM+h frfFk;k¡ Hkh /k.kdjh ckj lgh lkfcr gqoSA bfrgkl jS fo}kuk¡ uS bZ ckr ij /;kunSo.kks pkbZtSA

osfy fØl.k :def.k jh &

bZ esa jkBkSM+ fizFkhjkt vj m.k jh ôsfy* ckcr dbZ ckrk¡ ekaMrka Fkdk dS;ks gS& îFohjktth----------d".kth jh osfy dh/kh 1639 LeS o³ks xq.k NSA eFkqjkth jkae dãkS* ¼i"B 43 QqVuksV½A bZ esa crk;kSM+h ykjyhnks ckrka rks Bhd bZt gS( i.k *osfy* jh jp.kk fdlS laor esa gqbZ] bZ jS ckcr U;kjk&U;kjk er gS& laor~ 2637vj laor~ 2644A bZ *cgh* esa ,d vkSj laor~ crk;ks gS 2639A i.k vk ckr vVdy lw bZ fy[kht;kSM+h ykxSAbZ jkS dkj.k gSA *osfy* ij yk[kk pkj.k jh VCck&Vhdk okyh gkFk jh fy[;kSM+h iwjh izfr ekstekckn jS tSu'kkL= Hk.Mkj esa feyh gSA bZ esa *osfy* jkS jp.kk&dky laor~ 2639 gh fn;kS gS vj vk Vhdk laor~ 2638 esa iwjhgqxh ghA b.k dkj.k laor~ 2937 esa gh *osfy* c.kkbZ xbZA

nwth ckr&fo}kuka *osfy* jS fgUnqLrkuh ,dsMseh laLdj.k esa fn;kSMh <w<kM+h Vhdk uS bZ yk[kk pkj.kjh Vhdk ekuyh ghA i.k vk ckr xyr gSA nksuw Vhdk ekuyh ghA i.k vk ckr xyr gSA nksuw VhdkokaU;kjh&U;kjh gSA *osfy* jS dqy NUnka fo"kS Hkh yk[kk pkj.k jh bZ Vhdk jS lUnHkZ esa uwoS fljS lw fopkj dj.kSjh t:jr gS( i.k vokUrj ckr gwo.kS lw vBS bZ jks ftØ Bhd dksuh ykxSA vk ckr Hkh /;ku esa jk[k.kh pkbZtS*d izk;% 2&3 lkyka jkS Hksn rks U;kjh&U;kjh [;krka&foxrka vkfn jS laokrka esa feySA bZ jk ?k.kk bZ mnkgj.kfn;k tk ldSA

6- iqjk.kh gkFk&fyf[;kSM+h iksF;k¡ jh [kkst okauS i<.kks] le>.kks vj rdZ vj foKku lEer lkso.kS :iesa lkeh Y;ko.kkS cM+ks egur vj /khjtkbZ jkS dke gS( [kpkZyw rks gS bZA MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor jktLFkkuhjh ?k.kh lsok dj fj;k gSA jktLFkkuh x| jh *cgh* fo/kkjh bZ *xqjkalk jh cgh jh [kkst Hkh okajh bZ t gS vjbZ us bZ :i esa lkeSY;kj oka jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] bfrgkl vj laLdfr jh egrkÅ lsok dhoh gSA vk ?k.kSgj[k dksM jh ckr gSA lxyS fo|k&izsfe;k¡ dkuh lw oS c/kkbZ jk ik= gSA euS Hkjkslks gS *d U;kjS&U;kjS Kku[ksrj jk fo}ku bZ jks lk;jks ys*j vki&vki jh [kkst iDdh uS iq[rk djlhA vk Hkh mEehn d: *d fo}kubZ *cgh* jh Vhi&*ekynso jks okdkS vj ckdh NwVSM+h fcxrka Hkh mtkl dj.kS jh psLVk djlhA

MkW- ghjk yky ekgs'ojh

10-5 xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh jh egrkÅ O;k[;k

lizlax O;k[;k&1

**jko tks/kkth jS iq- tksxkSth gqokA Vhdk;r Fkk fi.k Vhdks u gqoksA luku dj;ks] mejkoka rsM+h;kAdg;ks i/kkjksA rn fd.kghd pkdj [kokl dg;ks&ekFkks lwdS NSA blk opu ldqU;ka lq.;ks rn VhdS u gqoksA

tksxkth iq- [kaxkjth 2 frxka jh lk[k NSa tksxkor [kaxkjksr NSA [kaxkj tksxkor oM+ks nkrkj gqokA ?k.kk?kksM+k fn;kA vclka.k fl) tSrokj gqoksA

izlax %& vks x|kal xqjkalk ukjk;.k nkl th jh cgh lwa fy;kskM+ks gSA vk cgh e/;dky jktLFkkuh x|jks vksirks mnkgj.k gSA b.k cgh esa bfrgkl jh ?kVukoka vj oka ?kVukoka jk izeq[k yksxka jh tk.kdkjh nh xbZgSA

O;k[;k%& bZ x|kal esa fy[;ks gS dS tks/kiqj clkof.k;k jko tks/kk jS csVk ¼jktdqoaj½ tksxkth gq;kAcs Vhdk;r gk i.k okajks Vhdks dksuh gq;ksA okauS fluku djk;kS x;ks] okuS mejko cqyk;k vj dg;kS&i/kkjksA

122

rn fd.kh lsod ukbZ dg;kS & tksxkth jks fluku djk;ksM+ks ekFkks lwd fj;kS gSA lxq.k ns[k.kokGk tn ukbZjh vk ckr lq.kh rks okajks Vhdks ugha gq;ksA

tksxkth jS ,d csVk [kaxkjth gk ft.kka jh izfrLBk gSA tksxkor {k=h; [kaxkjksr gkA tksxkth jks csVks[akxkj ?k.kks nkrkj gq;ksA cks ?k.kk ?kksM+k nku fn;kA cks tsrkork esa fl) iqjl gq;ksA

[kkl& bl x|kal esa bfrgkl jk bZa lkap dfo fMaxG xhr gS lkFkS ikBdka lkeh jk[;kS gSA vkopfudk lSyhA bfrgkl jh lk[k fMaxG xhr HkjSA jks uewuks gSA

O;k[;k&2

egkjktk jk;fla?k cMk HkkxokuA ifrlkgh cM~k mejko oMks equlcA ?k.kk ijxuk gqokA cMk nkrkjAchdkusj uoks dksV djk;ksA ?k.kk ijxuk vk.k fQjhA ckjgV lkadjth uwa lokdksM+ nh;kA phrkSM| ij.kh;k]pkSjklh pojh ,d lkaoBh jk.ks dh/kh] rBS ?k.kksa nku nh;ksA ?k.kk gkFkh nh;k lq ?k.kk :id NSA fr.k lk[k jksnwgks NSA

izlax& vks x|kal xqjkalk xqjkalk ukjk;.knklth jh cgh lwa fy;ks x;ks gS ft.kesa chdkusj jk egkjktkjk;flag jS tl jk c[kk.k gq;k gSA

O;k[;k%& bZa x|kal lwa tk.kdkjh feGS dS egkjktk jktflag cM+Hkkxh gkA cs cknlkg jk oM+k mejkogS vj m.kkajks eulc ¼in½ Hkh cM+ks gksA m.kk dUuS ?k.kk ijxuk gkA cs cM+k nkuh gkA cs chdkusj jks u;ks x<+djk;kS gksA okajh ?k.kk ijxuk ij nqgkbZ fQjhA cs ¼egkjktk jk;fla?k½ dfooj ckjgB lkadj uS dok djksM+fn;kA cs fprkSM+ esa C;ko dfj;ksA fprkSM+ esa okajk lqljk jk.ksth pksjklh pofj;ka ,d lkFk c.kokbZA cBS Hkhjk;flag th ?k.kks nku fn;ks] ?k.kk gkFkh fn;k ft.k jh lk[k jks dkO; ?k.kks gSA

[kkl & b.kesa e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh x| jh lkarjh cuxh lkeh vkoSA

10-6 lcnkoyh &

xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh jks x| e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lekt jks nji.k gSA b.k x| jpuk esa Hkkse[kkrj vk;ksM+k lcnka jh Hkjekj gSA uki&rksy] tkxka] tkfr;ka] jktoalk jh lcnkoyh vksirh gSA b.k cgh esalaLdr] vjch&Qkjlh vj nslt lcnka jk njlko ns[k.k tksx gSA xqjkalk jh Hkklk e/;dky jh jktLFkkuhgSA b.k cgh jh lcnk ;kstuk jk mnkgj.k b.k xr gS%&

10-8-1 in~Hko lcn & /kje] izr[k] cjl] iFkh] jkrhoklks] ijcr] tl] djrc] vxfu] ljlfr] lqHkko]ekjx] oj[kk vknA

10-8-2 laLdr Hkklk jk rRle lcn & dksV] ijkØe] iz/kku vgadkj] vknA

10-8-3 fonslh lcn & mejko] iBka.k] ikfrlkg] ekaeyks] mdhy] lkfgtknk] lyka;r] lkg] lqfjrka.k]rqjd] nhoka.k] fnyxhj] vkge] eqxy] rkcwr] iBka.kh] dkfcy QkSt] ijokuks] vjt] vknA

10-8-4 nslh ¼jktLFkkuh½ lcn & vk[kj] v.kikj] uhlfj;kS] vlokj] [kqjlk.k] BjdkS] vGxkS] lqHkko]tl] vxfu] /kje vknA

10-7 bdkbZ jks lkj

bZa bdkbZ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh egrkÅ x| fo/kk ^cgh* jh lkaxksikax tk.kdkjh nh xbZ gSA

xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh esa bfrgkl jS lkFkS gh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk *fMaxG* dkO; jh ck lkexzhHkh lkeh vkoS ft.klwa cka ?kVukoka vj pfjr Ukk;dka jh ns[k Hkxrh] ohjrk vj laLdfr izse jh fNc iwjS mtkllkFkS vk[kjka <dh gSA *vs fMaxG xhr* ok ?kVukoka vj chjka jS mtGks dhjr jh lk[k HkjSA bfrgkl lkfgR;

123

vj laLdfr jks cstksM+ esG bZa ihFkh esa ns[;kS tk ldSA

b.k bdkbZ lwa e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ckcr Hkh izekf.kd tk.kdkjh feGSA chdkusj jk dosljiFohjkt jkBkSM+ jh dkO; jpuk osfy fdl.k :def.k jh & fuj[k ij[k jh bZa *cgh* esa gqbZ gSA

jktLFkku jk e/;dkyh lkfgR; vj bfrgkl jh vk iksFkh lkarjh tk.kdkjh djkoSA

bZa jpuk lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk twuk x| jh ckuxh lkeh vkoS tdh xjc&xqesttksx gSA

10-8 vH;kl jk izLu

1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k x| fo/kk *cgh* ij lkj:i esa vkys[k fy[ksA

2- *jk.kh eaxk HkkVka jh cgh* & jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

3- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh iqjk.kh x| fo/kkoka jh foxr ekaMksA

4- **xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh**& jh folslrkoka fy[kksA

5- *cgh lkfgR;* jks ojxhdj.k djksA

6- *xqjkalk ukjk;.knkl jh cgh* & D;w egrkÅ gS mnkgj.k lqa le>koksA

10-9 lanHkZ xzUFkk jh ikuM+h &

1- MkW f'koLo:i 'kekZ & jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR; % mnHko vkSj fodklA

2- MkW ohØeflag jkBkSM & tks/kiqj jkT; dh nLrwj cghA

3- MkW- egsUnzflag uoj & jk.kheaxk HkkVka jh cghA

4- MkW dY;.kflag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A


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dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/MARJ06.pdf · jk ckr o.kko*] bdkb 4 e ^dojlh lk[kyk* vj bdkb 5 e ^u.klh jk [;kr* jh tk.kdkjh vj m.kjk x| y[ku jh follrkok

dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/MARJ06.pdf · jk ckr o.kko] bdkb 4 e ^dojlh lk[kyk vj bdkb 5 e ^u.klh jk [;kr* jh tk.kdkjh vj m.kjk x| y[ku jh follrkok