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E.2 Perception of Stimuli
Four Sensory receptors:
• 1. Mechanoreceptors Stimulated by some type of pressure
2. Chemoreceptors
respond to chemical substances
3. Thermoreceptors
respond to a change in temperature
4. Photoreceptors
respond to light energy
Know the eye?
Rods and Cones
Ear
E.3 Innate and Learned Behavior
Innate –vs- Learned
• Develops independently of the environment
• Controlled by genes
• Inherited from parents
• Increases chance of survival and reproduction
• Develops dependently of the environment
• Not controlled by genes
• Develops by response to an environmental stimulus
• May or may not increase chance of survival and rep.
TAXIS: a direct response to a stimulus
• Response to chemicals in the environment
• Response to light• Response to gravity• Response to water current• Response to touch• Flatworm that has two eyespots with
photoreceptors and chemoreceptors• Single-celled protist with eyespot and is
positively phototaxic
chemotaxis
phototaxis
Gravitaxis
Rheotaxis
thigmotaxis
Planaria
Euglena
KINESIS: a movement in response to a non-directional stimulus
• When an organism changes speed in response to stimulus but does not move towards it
• When an organism turns slowly or rapidly in response to the stimulus but doesn’t move towards it
Orthokinesis
Klinokinesis
Examples of Learning increasing survival
• Imprinting
•Birdsong
•Hoarding food … Like Monica
DON’T FORGET!
•Go back over the kinesis experiment (pg 475) and Pavlov’s experiments!!!!
E.5 Brain
fMRI
• X-rays? NO!• Radio waves and a strong magnetic field• Allows scientists to see current blood flow
in the brain• Take movies while subject does different
tasks• Determines when regions of the brain
become active and how long they remain active
So why? (5 reasons)
1. Plan for surgery
2. Treatment for stroke
3. Placement of radiation therapy for a brain tumor
4. Effects of degenerative brain disease
5. Diagnosing how a diseased or injured brain is working
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
• Important in emergency• Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine• Response is to relax• Excitatory• Important in returning to normal• Inhibitory• Response is ‘fight or flight’• Neurotrans. noradrenaline
P
P
P
P
S
S
S
S
Testing for Brain Death
• Movement of extremities• Eye movement• Corneal reflex• Pupil reflex• Gag reflex• respiration
E.6 Further studies of Behavior
Social Organizations (bees)
• Queen– Lays eggs– Makes pheromones to calm colony and cause
other females to be sterile• Worker
– Feeds larvae– Produces wax and honey– Searches for nectar and pollen– Protects hive
• Drone– Mates with Queen
Foraging
• Behavioural ecologists base predictions of animal foraging based on cost-benefit analysis of the behavior
• Animals tend to change their behaviour in order to keep the high ratio of the energy taken in compared to the energy they expend
Mate Selection
• Leads to exaggerated traits• Ex) peacocks
• Rhythmic Variations in activity• Reproductive rhythm• Ex) coral release gametes in synchronized mass
spawning ritual• Too much food for predators
Daily rhythms
• behaviours usually have a strong endogenous component, but exogenic cues are important in keeping the internal biological clock synchronized with the environment.
Nice robes!
Sweet crowns!
Write a rap???