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Sculptural Art ry-F in Early Buddhist ( of Western Maharashtra (A Stylo-Chrono Study) Ajit Kum*r *ry bi - c "==aEF+::ft-..F?**,.-'q'!*Fa,|=er*8,-r*-if:*3!!*-,.qt*: 4 _*a" .,+, j*; :. **i-l : - 4*; .-:. - -;€t,, ' . #+ :r:= ; -*. - ,*+,;

Early Buddhist Sculptures

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Page 1: Early Buddhist Sculptures

Sculptural Art

ry-F

in Early Buddhist (of Western Maharashtra(A Stylo-Chrono Study)

Ajit Kum*r *ry

bi

- c "==aEF+::ft-..F?**,.-'q'!*Fa,|=er*8,-r*-if:*3!!*-,.qt*:

4 _*a" .,+,

j*;:.

**i-l:

-

4*;.-:. -

-;€t,, '

.#+ :r:=

; -*. - ,*+,;

Page 2: Early Buddhist Sculptures

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Page 3: Early Buddhist Sculptures

ContentsPreface

List of Figures and Maps

Abbreuiations

1. Introduction

Distribution of Cave Sites

sculptures in Hinayana Buddhist caves of western MaharashtraPrevious Stuciy

Statement of the Problem

Research Methodology

AnAssessment of the Sculptures2. Geographic and Historical Background of the Region

Geographical Background

Historical Background

Early Satavahanas

The Kshaharata Rule and later Satvahanas

3' Stylo-Chrono Categorization of Sculptures in Early Buddhist Caves of Western MaharashtraPeriod I .

Sculptural Motifs, their General Style and DatesPeriod I-a

Sculptural Motifs and Generat StyleArchi tectural Peculiarities

Period I-b

Sculptural Motifs and General StyleArchitectural Peculiarities '

Period I-c

Sculptural Motifs and General stylePeriod I-d

Sculptural Motifs and General Style

vu

ix

XV

1

1

1

2

3

4

4

J

D

6

6

8

t1

11

11

t4

L4

15

1.6

1.6

1,6

T7

17

17

77

Page 4: Early Buddhist Sculptures

(xviii)

Architectural Peculiarities

Period I-e

Sculptural Motifs and General Style

Architecrural Peculiarities

General Development Noticed in sculptural Motifs and design during Period I

Period- IISculptural Motifs and General Style

Period II-a

Sculptural Motif and General Style

Architectural Peculiarities

Period II-b

Sculptural Motifs and General Style

Architectural Peculiarities

Period II-c

Sculptural Motifs and General Style

Architectural Peculiarities

Period II-d

Architectural Peculiarities

Period II-e

Sculptural Motifs and General Style

Architectural Peculiarities

4.DescriptiveandAnalyticalAccountofSculpturesinVariousSites1.. Bhaja Caves

DescriPtion of the Cave22

DescriptionoftheSculpfuralBas-ReliefsontheLowBenchDiscussion

SculPtures on the CaPitals

Discussion on the SculPtures

Description of Door-keePer or DrsarapalaYal<shassculptures on the back wall

Discussion

Narrative Panels

Relief to the Left of the DoorwaY

Identification of the Panel

Discussion

Relief to the Right of the DoorwaY

Identification of the Panel

18

18

18

19

L9

20

20

20

20

20

2'1.

21.

2'L

22

22

22

23

24

24

24

24

25

25

25

26

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Page 5: Early Buddhist Sculptures

(xix)

Dirussion

Sculptures on the Roof

Sculptures in the Interior of the ViharaDescription of Bhaja Cave L2

Dirussion on the Sculptures

observation on sculptural style, its Development and DateI i=lkhora Caves

A Brief htroduction to the Caves

Description of Important Caves

Dirussion on in-Situ Sculptures.in Cave 3

Dirussion on the in-Situ Sculptures in Cave 4

Dirussion on Detached SculpturesFtee Standing Sculpture

Concluding Observation

-:" \alsur Caves

Concluding Observationr- K.:rrdane Caves

Description of the Important CaveDescription of the Sculptures

Discussion on Style of the Sculptures

-{rchitectural Peculiarities

chronological Placement of rhe chaityaHall and its sculptures

,Concluding Observationsi. ==nar Tuljalena Group of Caves

Tuljalena Group

Architectural Description of the CaveConcluding Observations

: \cik Early Caves

\asik Cave 18 and L9- --rar Manmodi-Bhutling

Description of Bhutling Chaity a HallDescription of the Sculptures

Dirussions on the panel

Description of the sculptures Flanking the spandrels of the ArchDrrussion on the Figures

Other Motifs on the Facade

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

40

40

40

41.

46

49

50

51

53

JJ

54

54

5/

59

59

60

60

50

60

61

61.

6L

54

64

b5

b5

66

66

67

Page 6: Early Buddhist Sculptures

(xx)

General Discussion on the Architecture and Sculptures of the Cave

Chronological Placement of the Cave and its Sculptures

Concluding Observations

8. Bedsa

Description of Cave Z the Chaitya Hall

Description of the SculPtures

Discussion on the SculPtures

Chronology

Concluding Observations

9. Karle

Description of the Cave

Mithuna Sculptures on the Back Wall of the Verandah

Mithunas on either ends of the Screen Wall

Discussion on the Mithunas in the Verandah and screen wall

MithunaFigures on the Sidewalls of the Verandah

MithunaFigures Flanking the Large Cluitya Window

Discussion on the Pillars within theChaitya Hall and their Capital Figures

General Discussion on the Inscriptions in the Cave

AnA4alysis of the Style of Mithunas Figures at Karle

Chronological scheme Derived by scholars for Karle chaityaHall

Analysis of Artistic Elements in Karle for deriving a chronology

Concluding Observations

L0. Nasik: Later Caves

Sculptures of Period II-a

Sculptures of Period tr-b

Cave 3

Discussion on the SculPtures

Concluding Remarks

Cave L

Sculptures of Period II-c

CaveZ

Cave-4

Nasik Cavel7

Sculptures in the Cave

Cave24

Concluding Observations

57

68

58

58

58

69

7't

7L

72

73

73

74

76

76

nn78

79

80

81

81

83

83

u85

85

86

93

93

94

94

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95

96

98

100

Page 7: Early Buddhist Sculptures

(xxi)

11. Kuda 101

Discussion on the Sculptures 101

Concluding Observations 104

UL Kanheri 104

- -Diseussion on the Sculptunes o_f Period tr-d 106

Concluding Observations 1f3

Eone Common Sculptural and Architectural Motifa and their Stylo-Chrono Developments ll4114Yakshas

Mithuna 115

C'aia-Iakshmi ll7Nagas tl7Animal Figures 119

NaturalAnimals 120

Eephants L20

fions l2lDull l2lArchitectural Elements 122

Pillars Capitals 122

\bdika or Railing Design .124(Oonclusion 126

Smre Inscriptions in Western Indian Caves that have a Direct Bearing with the Chronology

Bibliography135

140