Early Christian History

8/3/2019 Early Christian History

1/55

UCD CI\UB_Y BFUCD CI\UB_Y BF

LC_I\UI@J EBLU_IJDLC_I\UI@J EBLU_IJD

Ci|ubry i| }riuudj oy ucd vilubr|*


2/55

Urijiu`ri`j WrbbfUrijiu`ri`j Wrbbf++udsuudsu

Ij f`lu. if }d lbjldjurùd bj ucd djuird obey bfIj f`lu. if }d lbjldjurùd bj ucd djuird obey bfLcri|ui`j niudrùtrd rùcdr uc`j bj ucd `wbnbmduilLcri|ui`j niudrùtrd rùcdr uc`j bj ucd `wbnbmduillbrwt|. iu odlbkd| dviedju ucù ucd o`|i| fbr ucdlbrwt|. iu odlbkd| dviedju ucù ucd o`|i| fbr ucd

ftnnd|u |uùdkdju bf ucd Lcri|ui`j eblurijd bf ucdftnnd|u |uùdkdju bf ucd Lcri|ui`j eblurijd bf ucdeivijd ij Lcri|u `| Nbmb| }`| wrbviede jbu oyeivijd ij Lcri|u `| Nbmb| }`| wrbviede jbu oyiu| bovibt| ebltkdjuùibj ij Hbcj 08 0iu| bovibt| ebltkdjuùibj ij Hbcj 08 0++05 otu oy05 otu oyWrbvdro| 38??Wrbvdro| 38??++


3/55

Ucd WrdUcd Wrd++dsi|udju \bjdsi|udju \bj

Iu c`| odlbkd w`ru bf ucd lbjvdjuibj`n |lcbn`rnyIu c`| odlbkd w`ru bf ucd lbjvdjuibj`n |lcbn`rny}i|ebk ucù ij ucd Jd} Ud|u`kdju \bj bf}i|ebk ucù ij ucd Jd} Ud|u`kdju \bj bfMbe cè rdfdrrde ub ucd ci|ubril`n wdr|bj bfMbe cè rdfdrrde ub ucd ci|ubril`n wdr|bj bf

Hd|t|. jbu ub ` wrddsi|udju odijm* Ucdrdfbrd ucdHd|t|. jbu ub ` wrddsi|udju odijm* Ucdrdfbrd ucdur`j|fdr bf ucd lbjldwu \bj ub ucd wrddsi|udjuur`j|fdr bf ucd lbjldwu \bj ub ucd wrddsi|udjuLcri|u i| ucd kb|u |imjifil`ju f`lubr ij ucdLcri|u i| ucd kb|u |imjifil`ju f`lubr ij ucdwntr`ni|uil ei|ubruibj bf ucd Lcri|ui`j eblurijd bfwntr`ni|uil ei|ubruibj bf ucd Lcri|ui`j eblurijd bf

Mbe ** `je ucd kbj|urb|iuid| bf ucd Kbjbwcy|iuilMbe ** `je ucd kbj|urb|iuid| bf ucd Kbjbwcy|iuilLcri|ubnbmy* Wdnia`jLcri|ubnbmy* Wdnia`j Ucd Lcri|ui`j UrèiuibjUcd Lcri|ui`j Urèiuibj


5/55

Ijudrwdjdurùibj"Lirltkijld||ibjIjudrwdjdurùibj"Lirltkijld||ibj

Ij bucdr }bre|. ucd jùtrd bf d`lc i| ftnnylbjuìjde ij ucd bucdr| `je d`lc w`ruil+

iwùd| ftnny ij ucd }bra bf ucd bucdr|. ydud`lc rdkìj| ei|uijlu*


7/55

Ucd J`kd bf Mbe lbjueUcd J`kd bf Mbe lbjue

Fbnnb}ijm ucd ij|urtluibj| bf Cbny \lriwutrd.Fbnnb}ijm ucd ij|urtluibj| bf Cbny \lriwutrd.}d c`vd oddj u`tmcu ucù Qucd jùtrd bf Mbe[ i|}d c`vd oddj u`tmcu ucù Qucd jùtrd bf Mbe[ i|odybje j`kd| br ctk`j |wddlc* ]d |`y ucùodybje j`kd| br ctk`j |wddlc* ]d |`y ucùdvdry Qeivijd[ j`kd. od iu ijvdjude oy ctk`jdvdry Qeivijd[ j`kd. od iu ijvdjude oy ctk`jlt|ubk br c`jede bj ub t| oy ucd urèiuibj bflt|ubk br c`jede bj ub t| oy ucd urèiuibj bfucd \lriwutrd|. rdwrd|dju| btr lbjldwuibj| bf ucducd \lriwutrd|. rdwrd|dju| btr lbjldwuibj| bf ucdeivijd jùtrd. otu ebd| jbu lbjvdy ucd kd`jijmeivijd jùtrd. otu ebd| jbu lbjvdy ucd kd`jijmbf ucù jùtrd ij iu|dnf* @je ucd |wdlifil j`kdbf ucù jùtrd ij iu|dnf* @je ucd |wdlifil j`kdub }cilc cd }`| `wwnyijm uci| |urilutrd }`|ub }cilc cd }`| `wwnyijm uci| |urilutrd }`|Mbecdè QMbecdè QpdbvucVpdbvucV[ iu|dnf. ucd vdry uiund cd[ iu|dnf. ucd vdry uiund cdt|de ij ci| `llbkkbeùibj ub Mrdda ucdi|k*t|de ij ci| `llbkkbeùibj ub Mrdda ucdi|k*Wdnia`jWdnia`j Ucd Lcri|ui`j UrèiuibjUcd Lcri|ui`j Urèiuibj W ???W ???


8/55

Mbe i| jbu Mbe!!22Mbe i| jbu Mbe!!22

Ij ` edriv`uivd br ` kdu`wcbril`n |dj|dIj ` edriv`uivd br ` kdu`wcbril`n |dj|d `| w`||`md| niad W|`nk 3?86. ijudrwrdude`| w`||`md| niad W|`nk 3?86. ijudrwrdudeucrbtmc Hbcj 078


9/55

Mbe i| jbu Mbe!!22 lbjueMbe i| jbu Mbe!!22 lbjue

Ht|u `| Bjdjd|| odnidvdr| ùud|u ucù ucdHt|u `| Bjdjd|| odnidvdr| ùud|u ucù ucdoiond |wdà| bf ucd k`j Lcri|u Hd|t| frbkoiond |wdà| bf ucd k`j Lcri|u Hd|t| frbk

obuc ` eivijd `je ctk`j wdr|wdluivd.obuc ` eivijd `je ctk`j wdr|wdluivd.Urijiu`ri`j| ùud|u ucù ucd udrk Mbe ijUrijiu`ri`j| ùud|u ucù ucd udrk Mbe ij|lriwutrd |bkduikd| kd`j| wdr|bj bf Mbe|lriwutrd |bkduikd| kd`j| wdr|bj bf Mbe`je ù bucdr uikd| kd`j| jùtrd bf Mbe*`je ù bucdr uikd| kd`j| jùtrd bf Mbe*

Cb}dvdr. ucd nùudr l`jjbu od wrbvdj*Cb}dvdr. ucd nùudr l`jjbu od wrbvdj*


10/55

Mbe i| jbu Mbe!!22 lbjueMbe i| jbu Mbe!!22 lbjue

Ucdrd i| bjny bjd wdr|bj ucù c`| Ci|Ucdrd i| bjny bjd wdr|bj ucù c`| Ci|jùtrd. jbu ucrdd*jùtrd. jbu ucrdd*

]cb odijm ucd orimcujd|| bf ci| mnbry. `je]cb odijm ucd orimcujd|| bf ci| mnbry. `jeucd dswrd|| ik`md bf ci| wdr|bj. `jeucd dswrd|| ik`md bf ci| wdr|bj. `jetwcbneijm `nn ucijm| oy ucd }bre bf ci|twcbneijm `nn ucijm| oy ucd }bre bf ci|wb}dr. }cdj cd cè oy cik|dnf wtrmde btrwb}dr. }cdj cd cè oy cik|dnf wtrmde btr

|ij|. |ù eb}j bj ucd rimcu c`je bf ucd|ij|. |ù eb}j bj ucd rimcu c`je bf ucdK`hd|uy bj cimc1 #Cdord}| 08< )K`hd|uy bj cimc1 #Cdord}| 08< )


11/55

Ikw`||iondIkw`||iond

@nucbtmc cd }`| |ìe ub |tffdr ij ucd@nucbtmc cd }`| |ìe ub |tffdr ij ucdfnd|c. ikw`||ioiniuy lbjuijtde ub odfnd|c. ikw`||ioiniuy lbjuijtde ub od

lc`r`ludri|uil bf cik ij|bf`r `| cd }`|lc`r`ludri|uil bf cik ij|bf`r `| cd }`|Mbe* Cd }`| ijl`wònd bf |tffdrijm bf ci|Mbe* Cd }`| ijl`wònd bf |tffdrijm bf ci|fnd|c lbtne od |ìe ub od ci| b}j* Otu ucdjfnd|c lbtne od |ìe ub od ci| b}j* Otu ucdjucd ptd|uibj }`| 8 Ij }cù |dj|d ebd| jbuucd ptd|uibj }`| 8 Ij }cù |dj|d ebd| jbu

Qucd ikw`||iond Nbmb|[ cik|dnf |tffdr2Qucd ikw`||iond Nbmb|[ cik|dnf |tffdr2Wdnia`jWdnia`j Ucd Lcri|ui`j UrèiuibjUcd Lcri|ui`j Urèiuibj w?


12/55

Ikw`||iond lbjueIkw`||iond lbjue

Ub ucd d`rny `juiUb ucd d`rny `jui++kbe`ni|uil urijiu`ri`j|. iukbe`ni|uil urijiu`ri`j|. iui| `lldwuònd ucù ucd Mbe ucd \bj }`|i| `lldwuònd ucù ucd Mbe ucd \bj }`|

ijl`rjùd ij fnd|c `je eie jbu |tffdr otu. ifijl`rjùd ij fnd|c `je eie jbu |tffdr otu. ifybt |`y ucù Mbe ucd Fùcdr }`| ijl`rjùdybt |`y ucù Mbe ucd Fùcdr }`| ijl`rjùdij fnd|c ybt `rd ` wùriw`||ibji|u* Ifij fnd|c ybt `rd ` wùriw`||ibji|u* Ifeivijiuy l`ju |tffdr cb} ebd| ucd nòdneivijiuy l`ju |tffdr cb} ebd| ucd nòdn

wùriw`||ibji|u }`rr`ju `jy kdriu* Iu i|wùriw`||ibji|u }`rr`ju `jy kdriu* Iu i|ki|ijfbrkde rcdubril*ki|ijfbrkde rcdubril*


13/55

0 ub < ub 020 ub < ub 02

UcdrdUcdrdI\I\ edfijiudny ` |lriwutr`n ei|uijluibjedfijiudny ` |lriwutr`n ei|uijluibjodu}ddj ucd Mbe ucd Fùcdr. Ci| \bj Hd|t|odu}ddj ucd Mbe ucd Fùcdr. Ci| \bj Hd|t|Lcri|u `je ucd Cbny Mcb|u* Uci|Lcri|u `je ucd Cbny Mcb|u* Uci|ei|uijluibj i| bjd bf k`jifd|uùibj `je jbuei|uijluibj i| bjd bf k`jifd|uùibj `je jbuwdr|bj|*wdr|bj|*

Brucbebsy l`j ki|ijudrwrdu |lriwutrd ubBrucbebsy l`j ki|ijudrwrdu |lriwutrd ub

lrdùd `j innt|ibj bf ucrdd wdr|bj|. otu uci|lrdùd `j innt|ibj bf ucrdd wdr|bj|. otu uci|eblurijd oy iu|dnf i| uriucdi|k*eblurijd oy iu|dnf i| uriucdi|k*


14/55

0 ub < ub 020 ub < ub 02

Ucdir lnìk ub kbjbucdi|k i| ucd wbruibj bf ucdUcdir lnìk ub kbjbucdi|k i| ucd wbruibj bf ucdeblurijd ucù lnìk| ucù ucrdd |c`rd ucd |`kdeblurijd ucù lnìk| ucù ucrdd |c`rd ucd |`kd|to|u`jld* Uci| l`jjbu od fbtje ij |lriwutrd|to|u`jld* Uci| l`jjbu od fbtje ij |lriwutrd

`jy}cdrd* Ij bucdr }bre| ucdy l`j dsw`je Cik`jy}cdrd* Ij bucdr }bre| ucdy l`j dsw`je Cikijub ucrdd. otu ucdy l`ju wtu Cik o`la ubmducdrijub ucrdd. otu ucdy l`ju wtu Cik o`la ubmducdr`mìj*`mìj*

]cdj ucd oiond |`y| Mbe i| bjd iu i| jbu u`naijm]cdj ucd oiond |`y| Mbe i| bjd iu i| jbu u`naijmht|u ij jùtrd otu ij wdr|bj* Jbu bjd ij tjiuy.ht|u ij jùtrd otu ij wdr|bj* Jbu bjd ij tjiuy.otu |ijmtn`r. jtkdril`n bjdjd||*otu |ijmtn`r. jtkdril`n bjdjd||*


15/55

Ucd Lbw BtuUcd Lbw Btu

Mrdmbry bf Jy||` }`| }innijm ub nbba fbrMrdmbry bf Jy||` }`| }innijm ub nbba fbrrùibj`n |twwbru| ij ci| rdfndluibj bj ucdrùibj`n |twwbru| ij ci| rdfndluibj bj ucdBjd `je ucd Ucrdd1 otu if jbjd }drdBjd `je ucd Ucrdd1 otu if jbjd }drdfbruclbkijm. iu }`| kb|u ikwbru`ju ubfbruclbkijm. iu }`| kb|u ikwbru`ju ubmt`re ucd urèiuibj }d c`vd rdldivdemt`re ucd urèiuibj }d c`vd rdldivdefrbk ucd fùcdr|. `| dvdr |trd `jefrbk ucd fùcdr|. `| dvdr |trd `je

ikkbvònd. `je |dda frbk ucd Nbre ìkkbvònd. `je |dda frbk ucd Nbre `kd`j| bf edfdjeijm btr fìuc* W ??


16/55

\btrld\btrld

@jlidju Lc`kwibj| bf@jlidju Lc`kwibj| bfBjdjd||8 @jBjdjd||8 @jIjvd|uim`uibj bf ucdIjvd|uim`uibj bf ucd

Eblurijd bf Mbe ijEblurijd bf Mbe ijLctrlc Ci|ubryLctrlc Ci|ubry oyoy]inni`k O* Lc`nf`ju]inni`k O* Lc`nf`ju#Wdjudlb|u`n#Wdjudlb|u`n

Wtoni|cijm Cbt|d)Wtoni|cijm Cbt|d)


17/55

Kbj`rlci`ji|kKbj`rlci`ji|k

kbj`rlci`jkbj`rlci`j frbk Mrdda }bre| kd`jijmfrbk Mrdda }bre| kd`jijmbjd rtnd. rdfdrrijm ub ucd bjd. |bvdrdimjbjd rtnd. rdfdrrijm ub ucd bjd. |bvdrdimjMbe }cb rtnd| ucd tjivdr|d*Mbe }cb rtnd| ucd tjivdr|d*

U}b uywd| ucù `rd bfudj ki|uàdj `| ucdU}b uywd| ucù `rd bfudj ki|uàdj `| ucd|`kd8|`kd8

Eyj`kil Kbj`rlci`ji|kEyj`kil Kbj`rlci`ji|k

Kbe`ni|uil Kbj`rlci`ji|k #kbe`ni|k)Kbe`ni|uil Kbj`rlci`ji|k #kbe`ni|k)


18/55

Eyj`kilKbj`rlci`ji|kEyj`kilKbj`rlci`ji|k

@ebwuibji|k@ebwuibji|k

Ucd odnidf ucù Hd|t| }`| jbu Lcri|u tjuin CdUcd odnidf ucù Hd|t| }`| jbu Lcri|u tjuin Cd}`| o`wuixde `je ucd Cbny \wiriu ed|ldjede}`| o`wuixde `je ucd Cbny \wiriu ed|ldjedetwbj cik*twbj cik*

Ucdbebut| bf Oyx`juitk }`|Ucdbebut| bf Oyx`juitk }`|ei|fdnnb}|ciwwde oy Vilubr bf _bkdei|fdnnb}|ciwwde oy Vilubr bf _bkd

odl`t|d iu eie jbu odnidvd Lcri|u }`| Mbeodl`t|d iu eie jbu odnidvd Lcri|u }`| Mbeù Ci| ijl`rjùibj*ù Ci| ijl`rjùibj*


19/55

Kbe`ni|uilKbj`rlci`j|ikKbe`ni|uilKbj`rlci`j|ik

@n|b ajb}j `| @|iùil@n|b ajb}j `| @|iùil kbe`ni|kkbe`ni|k**

@|iùil odl`t|d ucd odnidf i| ucù iu brimijùde@|iùil odl`t|d ucd odnidf i| ucù iu brimijùde`je dslnt|ivdny rd|iede ij @|i` Kijbr*`je dslnt|ivdny rd|iede ij @|i` Kijbr*


20/55

Ucd Wùriw`||ibji|u NòdnUcd Wùriw`||ibji|u Nòdn

@| }iuc `nn edoùd|. ucdrd }`| rcdubril ijvbnvde*@| }iuc `nn edoùd|. ucdrd }`| rcdubril ijvbnvde*Ucd udrk wùriw`||ibji|u #niudr`nny.Ucd udrk wùriw`||ibji|u #niudr`nny. ucd Fùcdrucd Fùcdr|tffdrde|tffdrde) i| ` udrk ucù ucd urijiu`ri`j| t|de) i| ` udrk ucù ucd urijiu`ri`j| t|de

`mìj|u ucd kbj`rlci`j|*`mìj|u ucd kbj`rlci`j|* Ij uci| ucdy wtu }bre| ij ucd kbtuc| bf ucdIj uci| ucdy wtu }bre| ij ucd kbtuc| bf ucd

kbj`rlci`j| |`yijm ucù ucdy lnìk ucd Fùcdrkbj`rlci`j| |`yijm ucù ucdy lnìk ucd Fùcdr|tffdrde* ]cù kbj`rlci`j| eie |`y.cb}dvdr. i||tffdrde* ]cù kbj`rlci`j| eie |`y.cb}dvdr. i|ucù ucd \bj |tffdrde `je ucd Fùcdr }`| ij ucducù ucd \bj |tffdrde `je ucd Fùcdr }`| ij ucd\bj*\bj*

@llbreijm ub Kbj`rlci`j eblurijd. ucd bjny }`y@llbreijm ub Kbj`rlci`j eblurijd. ucd bjny }`yucd Fùcdr |tffdrde }`| |ykwùcduil`nny*ucd Fùcdr |tffdrde }`| |ykwùcduil`nny*


21/55

Ucd Wùriw`||ibji|u Nòdn lbjueUcd Wùriw`||ibji|u Nòdn lbjue

Frbk ucd Urijiu`ri`j |u`jewbiju bfFrbk ucd Urijiu`ri`j |u`jewbiju bfijudrwdjdurùibj `je lirltkijld||ibj8ijudrwdjdurùibj `je lirltkijld||ibj8

If ucdir Mbe ucd \bj eide `je Mbe ucdIf ucdir Mbe ucd \bj eide `je Mbe ucdFùcdr uàd| w`ru ij `nn ucù ucd Mbe ucd \bjFùcdr uàd| w`ru ij `nn ucù ucd Mbe ucd \bjebd|. ebd|ju ucù kd`j ucù ucd Fùcdr `n|bebd|. ebd|ju ucù kd`j ucù ucd Fùcdr `n|beide }iuc ucd \bj2eide }iuc ucd \bj2


24/55

@|i`Kijbr@|i`Kijbr

Ij ucd Jd} Ud|u`kdjuIj ucd Jd} Ud|u`kdju

\kyrj`\kyrj`

N`beild`N`beild`

Dwcd|t|Dwcd|t|

\`rei|\`rei|

UcyùirÙcyùir`

Wdrm`kb|Wdrm`kb|

Wcinèdnwci`Wcinèdnwci`

Urb`| #2)Urb`| #2)

Lbnb||`dLbnb||`d


26/55

_bk`j @wb|ubnil \tlld||ibj_bk`j @wb|ubnil \tlld||ibj

Wdudr 5?Wdudr 5?++6= @E6= @E

Nijt|. 6=Nijt|. 6=++=9=9

@j`lndut|. =9@j`lndut|. =9++9797

Lndkdju 97Lndkdju 97++9999

Dv`ri|ut|. 99Dv`ri|ut|. 99++07=07=

@nds`jedr. 07=@nds`jedr. 07=++0606

\isut|. 006\isut|. 006++?4?4

Udnd|wcbrt|. 0?4Udnd|wcbrt|. 0?4


28/55

VilubrVilubr

Oi|cbw bf _bkdOi|cbw bf _bkd

Mrd`ud|u bwwbjdju8 Udrutnni`jMrd`ud|u bwwbjdju8 Udrutnni`j


30/55

Wr`sd`| lbjue

Udrutnni`j cè kèd ` |urbjm l`|d ubUdrutnni`j cè kèd ` |urbjm l`|d ubVilubr fbr Kbju`ji|u| odijm rdldivde ijVilubr fbr Kbju`ji|u| odijm rdldivde ijfdnnb}|ciw oy ucd lctrlc ù _bkd*fdnnb}|ciw oy ucd lctrlc ù _bkd*

Wr`sd`| odl`kd ot|yobey ub Udrutnni`jWr`sd`| odl`kd ot|yobey ub Udrutnni`j}cdj cd wdr|tède Vilubr ub rd|lije ci|}cdj cd wdr|tède Vilubr ub rd|lije ci|nduudr bf fdnnb}|ciw*nduudr bf fdnnb}|ciw*


31/55

Udrutnni`j Fimcu| O`laUdrutnni`j Fimcu| O`la

Fbr `fudr ucd Oi|cbw bf _bkd cè `lajb}ndemde ucdFbr `fudr ucd Oi|cbw bf _bkd cè `lajb}ndemde ucdwrbwcduil mifu| bf Kbju`jt|. Wri|l`. `je K`sikinn`. `je.wrbwcduil mifu| bf Kbju`jt|. Wri|l`. `je K`sikinn`. `je.ij lbj|dptdjld bf ucd `lajb}ndemkdju. cè od|ub}deij lbj|dptdjld bf ucd `lajb}ndemkdju. cè od|ub}deci| wd`ld bj ucd lctrlcd| bf @|i` `je Wcrymi`.ci| wd`ld bj ucd lctrlcd| bf @|i` `je Wcrymi`. cdcd. oy. oy

ikwbrutjùdny trmijm f`n|d `llt|ùibj| `mìj|u ucdikwbrutjùdny trmijm f`n|d `llt|ùibj| `mìj|u ucdwrbwcdu| ucdk|dnvd| `je ucdir lctrlcd|. `je ij|i|uijm bjwrbwcdu| ucdk|dnvd| `je ucdir lctrlcd|. `je ij|i|uijm bjucd `tucbriuy bf ucd oi|cbw| wrdedld||br| ij ucd |dd.ucd `tucbriuy bf ucd oi|cbw| wrdedld||br| ij ucd |dd.lbkwdnnde cik ub rdl`nn ucd w`lifil nduudr }cilc cd cèlbkwdnnde cik ub rdl`nn ucd w`lifil nduudr }cilc cd cèi||tde. `| }dnn `| ub ed|i|u frbk ci| wtrwb|d bfi||tde. `| }dnn `| ub ed|i|u frbk ci| wtrwb|d bf

`lajb}ndemijm ucd`lajb}ndemijm ucd |ìe|ìe mifu|* Oy uci| Wr`sd`| eie `mifu|* Oy uci| Wr`sd`| eie ù}bfbne |drvild fbr ucd edvin ù _bkd8 cd erbvd `}`yu}bfbne |drvild fbr ucd edvin ù _bkd8 cd erbvd `}`ywrbwcdly. `je cd orbtmcu ij cdrd|y1 cd wtu ub fnimcu ucdwrbwcdly. `je cd orbtmcu ij cdrd|y1 cd wtu ub fnimcu ucdW`r`lndud. `je cd lrtlifide ucd Fùcdr*W`r`lndud. `je cd lrtlifide ucd Fùcdr* @mìj|u Wr`sd`|@mìj|u Wr`sd`|


32/55

Udrutnni`j @mìj|u Wr`sd`|Udrutnni`j @mìj|u Wr`sd`|

Otu `fudr `nn ucd|d. `mìj. bjd Wr`sd`|ijurbetlde ` cdrd|y }cilc Vilubrijt| }`|l`rdftn ub lbrrbobrùd* Cd `||dru| ucù

Hd|t| Lcri|u i| Mbe ucd Fùcdr @nkimcuy*Cik cd lbjudje| ub c`vd oddj lrtlifide.`je |tffdrde. `je eide1 od|ied }cilc. }iuc

` wrbf`jd `je |`lrindmibt| udkdriuy. cdkìjuìj| ucd wrbwb|iuibj ucù Cd i|Cik|dnf |iuuijm ù Ci| b}j rimcu c`je*


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Xdwcyrijt|


\dldede Vilubr\dldede Vilubr

Mbd| bj rdlbre `| |`yijm8Mbd| bj rdlbre `| |`yijm8 I ajb} bjd Mbe. Lcri|u Hd|t|. `je od|ied|I ajb} bjd Mbe. Lcri|u Hd|t|. `je od|ied|

cik jb bucdr obrj `je |tffdrijm. }cilc cdcik jb bucdr obrj `je |tffdrijm. }cilc cd`jjbtjlde }iuc ucd nikiuijm ln`t|d. ucd`jjbtjlde }iuc ucd nikiuijm ln`t|d. ucd

F`ucdr eie jbu eid. otu ucd \bj. C`rj`la.F`ucdr eie jbu eid. otu ucd \bj. C`rj`la. UcdUcdCi|ubry bf Ebmk`Ci|ubry bf Ebmk`


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L`nni|ut|


]`| ed`lbj ub Xdwcyrijt| `je |dldede cik]`| ed`lbj ub Xdwcyrijt| `je |dldede cik`| oi|cbw`| oi|cbw

Dslbkktjilùde Ciwwbnyut|Dslbkktjilùde Ciwwbnyut|

Ciwwbnyut| nde ` |lci|kùil lctrlc `mìj|uCiwwbnyut| nde ` |lci|kùil lctrlc `mìj|ucik* Cd dvdjut`nny }`| dsinde ub ucdcik* Cd dvdjut`nny }`| dsinde ub ucd

\`reiji`j kijd| `je eide |cbruny `fudr ci|\`reiji`j kijd| `je eide |cbruny `fudr ci|rdnd`|d*rdnd`|d*


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\òdnnit|

Obrj ij Wubndkì| ij NioyÒbrj ij Wubndkì| ij Nioy`

Detlùde ij kbj`rlci`ji|k ij _bkdDetlùde ij kbj`rlci`ji|k ij _bkd

]`| ucd n`|u wrbkijdju edfdjedr bf]`| ucd n`|u wrbkijdju edfdjedr bfkbj`rlci`j|ik. otu ucd kbvdkdju l`rridekbj`rlci`j|ik. otu ucd kbvdkdju l`rridebj fbr ctjerde| bf yd`r| `fudr cd ndfu*bj fbr ctjerde| bf yd`r| `fudr cd ndfu*

Kbvde ub Jbruc @fril` `je wrd`lcde ijKbvde ub Jbruc @fril` `je wrd`lcde ijL`ruc`md `je @nds`jeri` `je |wrdè ucdL`ruc`md `je @nds`jeri` `je |wrdè ucdBjdjd|| eblurijd `nn bvdr*Bjdjd|| eblurijd `nn bvdr*


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\òdnnit|\òdnnit|

Ij _bkd Kbj`rlci`j| }drd ajb}j `|Ij _bkd Kbj`rlci`j| }drd ajb}j `|Wùriw`||ibji|u|Wùriw`||ibji|u|

Ij Jbruc @fril` ucdy }drd ajb}j `|Ij Jbruc @fril` ucdy }drd ajb}j `|\òdnni`ji|u|*\òdnni`ji|u|*


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Lndbkdjd|Lndbkdjd|

Lndbkdjd| `je ci| w`ruy kìjuìj ucùLndbkdjd| `je ci| w`ruy kìjuìj ucùcd }cb }`| jìnde ub ucd lrb||. }cbcd }cb }`| jìnde ub ucd lrb||. }cblbkkiuude ci| |wiriu ub cik|dnf. }cb eidelbkkiuude ci| |wiriu ub cik|dnf. }cb eide`je eie jbu eid. }cb rì|de cik|dnf bj ucd`je eie jbu eid. }cb rì|de cik|dnf bj ucducire e`y `je rd|ude ij ucd mr`vd. }cbucire e`y `je rd|ude ij ucd mr`vd. }cb}`| widrlde }iuc ucd n`jld `je f`|udjde}`| widrlde }iuc ucd n`jld `je f`|udjde

}iuc jìn|. }`| ucd Mbe `je Fùcdr bf `nn*}iuc jìn|. }`| ucd Mbe `je Fùcdr bf `nn*C`rj`laC`rj`la Ci|ubry bf Ebmk`Ci|ubry bf Ebmk`


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Vibndjld ij _bkdVibndjld ij _bkd

`| ucd |lcbbn| jb} ùu`lade d`lc bucdr `| ucd |lcbbn| jb} ùu`lade d`lc bucdrkbrd vibndjuny. `je `j `mrddkdju }`|kbrd vibndjuny. `je `j `mrddkdju }`|w`|u cbwijm fbr. ucd Oi|cbw edudrkijde ubw`|u cbwijm fbr. ucd Oi|cbw edudrkijde ub

dslbkktjilùd obuc \òdnnit| `jedslbkktjilùd obuc \òdnnit| `jeCiwwbnyut|. ucd u}b cdè| bf ucdCiwwbnyut|. ucd u}b cdè| bf ucdlbjudjeijm f`luibj|* C`rj`lalbjudjeijm f`luibj|* C`rj`la Ci|ubry bfCi|ubry bfEbmkÈbmk`

L`nni|ut| }`| ktredrde oy urijiu`ri`jL`nni|ut| }`| ktredrde oy urijiu`ri`j|twwbrudr|*|twwbrudr|*


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Vibndjld ij _bkd lbjueVibndjld ij _bkd lbjue

@ww`rdjuny ucd |}bre }`| |duunde ucd@ww`rdjuny ucd |}bre }`| |duunde ucdei|wtud odu}ddj Bjdjd|| `jeei|wtud odu}ddj Bjdjd|| `jeUrijiu`ri`ji|k*Urijiu`ri`ji|k*

Ucd jdsu oi|cbw dndlude }`| `rmt`ony ucdUcd jdsu oi|cbw dndlude }`| `rmt`ony ucdfir|u Urijiu`ri`j oi|cbw bf _bkd*fir|u Urijiu`ri`j oi|cbw bf _bkd*


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66UcUc Ldjutry \yjbe bf Or`m`Ldjutry \yjbe bf Or`m`

Iu edlrdde8 If `jybjd ebd| jbu lbjfd||Iu edlrdde8 If `jybjd ebd| jbu lbjfd||ucù ucd Fùcdr `je ucd \bj `je ucd Cbnyucù ucd Fùcdr `je ucd \bj `je ucd Cbny\wiriu `rd ucrdd wdr|bj| bf bjd d||djld `je\wiriu `rd ucrdd wdr|bj| bf bjd d||djld `je

virutd `je wb}dr. `| ucd lùcbnil `jevirutd `je wb}dr. `| ucd lùcbnil `je`wb|ubnil lctrlc ud`lcd|. otu |`y| ucù`wb|ubnil lctrlc ud`lcd|. otu |`y| ucùQucdy `rd[ ` |ijmnd `je |bniu`ry wdr|bj. ijQucdy `rd[ ` |ijmnd `je |bniu`ry wdr|bj. ij|tlc ` }`y ucù ucd Fùcdr i| ucd |`kd `||tlc ` }`y ucù ucd Fùcdr i| ucd |`kd `|

ucd \bj `je uci| Bjd i| `n|b ucd W`r`lnduducd \bj `je uci| Bjd i| `n|b ucd W`r`lndud\wiriu. `| \òdnnit| `je Wri|linni`j c`vd\wiriu. `| \òdnnit| `je Wri|linni`j c`vd|ìe. ndu cik od|ìe. ndu cik od `jùcdk` Qltr|de[*`jùcdk` Qltr|de[*


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\lriwutrd| ucù Lbjurèilu\lriwutrd| ucù LbjurèiluUriwdr|bj`niuy lbjueUriwdr|bj`niuy lbjue

Wciniw |ìuc tjub cik. Nbre. |cd} t| ucd Fùcdr.Wciniw |ìuc tjub cik. Nbre. |cd} t| ucd Fùcdr.`je iu |tffilduc t|* Hd|t| |ìuc tjub cik. C`vd I`je iu |tffilduc t|* Hd|t| |ìuc tjub cik. C`vd Ioddj |b nbjm uikd }iuc ybt. `je ydu c`|u ucbtoddj |b nbjm uikd }iuc ybt. `je ydu c`|u ucbt

jbu ajb}j kd. Wciniw2 cd ucù cùc |ddj kd cùcjbu ajb}j kd. Wciniw2 cd ucù cùc |ddj kd cùc|ddj ucd Fùcdr1 `je cb} |`yd|u ucbt ucdj. \cd}|ddj ucd Fùcdr1 `je cb} |`yd|u ucbt ucdj. \cd}t| ucd Fùcdr2 #Hbcj 0583t| ucd Fùcdr2 #Hbcj 0583++9)9)

Odnidvd kd ucù I `k ij ucd Fùcdr. `jeOdnidvd kd ucù I `k ij ucd Fùcdr. `je ucducd

Fùcdr ij kdFùcdr ij kd8 br dn|d odnidvd kd fbr ucd vdry8 br dn|d odnidvd kd fbr ucd vdry}bra|- |àd* #Hbcj 05800)}bra|- |àd* #Hbcj 05800)


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]cb _d|trrdlude Lcri|u2]cb _d|trrdlude Lcri|u2

Udrutnni`j `rmtde ucù * cd }cb rì|deUdrutnni`j `rmtde ucù * cd }cb rì|detw Lcri|u `je i| `n|b ub rì|d tw btrtw Lcri|u `je i| `n|b ub rì|d tw btrkbru`n obeid| }inn od `| iu }drd `jbucdrkbru`n obeid| }inn od `| iu }drd `jbucdrrì|drrì|dr++tw uc`j ucd Fùcdr }cb eide `jetw uc`j ucd Fùcdr }cb eide `jeucd Fùcdr }cb }`| rì|de tw. if iu i| ucducd Fùcdr }cb }`| rì|de tw. if iu i| ucdl`|d ucù Lcri|u }cb eide i| ucd Fùcdr*l`|d ucù Lcri|u }cb eide i| ucd Fùcdr*

Ndu uci| on`|wcdky od |indjuNdu uci| on`|wcdky od |indju


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Cb}dvdr. Ucd Oiond \`y|Cb}dvdr. Ucd Oiond \`y|

Hd|t| `j|}drde `je |ìe tjub ucdk. Ed|urbyHd|t| `j|}drde `je |ìe tjub ucdk. Ed|urbyuci| udkwnd. `je ij ucrdd e`y| I }inn rì|d iu tw*uci| udkwnd. `je ij ucrdd e`y| I }inn rì|d iu tw*cd |wàd bf ucd udkwnd bf ci| obey* #Hbcj ?809 )cd |wàd bf ucd udkwnd bf ci| obey* #Hbcj ?809 )

W`tn. `j `wb|und. #jbu bf kdj. jdiucdr oy k`j.W`tn. `j `wb|und. #jbu bf kdj. jdiucdr oy k`j.otu oy Hd|t| Lcri|u. `je Mbe ucd Fùcdr. }cbotu oy Hd|t| Lcri|u. `je Mbe ucd Fùcdr. }cbrì|de cik frbk ucd edè1) #M`nùi`j| 080)rì|de cik frbk ucd edè1) #M`nùi`j| 080)

Otu if ucd \wiriu bf cik ucù rì|de tw Hd|t|Otu if ucd \wiriu bf cik ucù rì|de tw Hd|t|

frbk ucd edè e}dnn ij ybt. cd ucù rì|de twfrbk ucd edè e}dnn ij ybt. cd ucù rì|de twLcri|u frbk ucd edè |c`nn `n|b ptiladj ybtrLcri|u frbk ucd edè |c`nn `n|b ptiladj ybtrkbru`n obeid| oy ci| \wiriu ucù e}dnnduc ij ybt*kbru`n obeid| oy ci| \wiriu ucù e}dnnduc ij ybt*#_b 3800)#_b 3800)


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IMb ub ucd FùcdrIMb ub ucd Fùcdr

I mb ub ky Fùcdr. `je yd |dd kd jb I mb ub ky Fùcdr. `je yd |dd kd jbkbrd1 #Hbcj 06807 )kbrd1 #Hbcj 06807 )

@ niuund }cind. `je yd |c`nn jbu |dd kd8@ niuund }cind. `je yd |c`nn jbu |dd kd8`je `mìj. ` niuund }cind. `je yd |c`nn |dd`je `mìj. ` niuund }cind. `je yd |c`nn |ddkd. odl`t|d I mb ub ucd Fùcdr* #Hbcjkd. odl`t|d I mb ub ucd Fùcdr* #Hbcj06806)06806)


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Mbe| ]breI| JbuVbieMbe| ]breI| JbuVbie

Uci| ` mdjdr`n |uùdkdju fbr Mbe| }breUci| ` mdjdr`n |uùdkdju fbr Mbe| }brejbu ` wrbwcdlyjbu ` wrbwcdly

\b |c`nn ky }bre od ucù mbduc fbruc btu bf\b |c`nn ky }bre od ucù mbduc fbruc btu bfky kbtuc8 iu |c`nn jbu rdutrj tjub kd vbie.ky kbtuc8 iu |c`nn jbu rdutrj tjub kd vbie.otu iu |c`nn `llbkwni|c ucù }cilc I wnd`|d.otu iu |c`nn `llbkwni|c ucù }cilc I wnd`|d.`je iu |c`nn wrb|wdr ij ucd ucijm }cdrdub I |dju`je iu |c`nn wrb|wdr ij ucd ucijm }cdrdub I |djuiu* #I|ì`c 44800)iu* #I|ì`c 44800)


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@ Jdde fbrVijeilùibj2@ Jdde fbrVijeilùibj2

]inn ucd eiffdrdjld| odu}ddj Urijiu`ri`j]inn ucd eiffdrdjld| odu}ddj Urijiu`ri`j`je Bjdjd|| Odnidvdr| dvdr od rd|bnvde2`je Bjdjd|| Odnidvdr| dvdr od rd|bnvde2

Ij ky bwijibj jb* Jdiucdr i| iu jdld||`ry fbr iuIj ky bwijibj jb* Jdiucdr i| iu jdld||`ry fbr iuub od*ub od*

Dvdj ucd fir|u `wb|ubnil lctrlc }drdju ucdDvdj ucd fir|u `wb|ubnil lctrlc }drdju ucdbjny bjd| lnìkijm ub c`vd ucd urtuc*bjny bjd| lnìkijm ub c`vd ucd urtuc*


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Ucd LrdùibjUcd Lrdùibj

Hd|t| i| ucd ]bre #Hbcj 080. 05) bf Mbe `jeHd|t| i| ucd ]bre #Hbcj 080. 05) bf Mbe `jeucd }brne }`| kèd oy ucd ]bre #Mdjd|i|ucd }brne }`| kèd oy ucd ]bre #Mdjd|i|0) bf Mbe*0) bf Mbe*

Ucdrdfbrd }cdj Lbn 0804Ucdrdfbrd }cdj Lbn 0804++06 |`y| ucù Hd|t|06 |`y| ucù Hd|t|kèd ucd }brnekèd ucd }brne


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]cdjEieCd DkwuyCik|dnf2]cdjEieCd DkwuyCik|dnf2

Ucd L`rkdj Lcri|ui i| odnidvde ub od ` wbruibj bf `jUcd L`rkdj Lcri|ui i| odnidvde ub od ` wbruibj bf `j`jlidju Cykj*`jlidju Cykj*

]cb. odijm ij ucd fbrk bf Mbe. ucbtmcu iu jbu rboodry]cb. odijm ij ucd fbrk bf Mbe. ucbtmcu iu jbu rboodryub od dpt`n }iuc Mbe8 Otu kèd cik|dnf bf jb rdwtuùibj.ub od dpt`n }iuc Mbe8 Otu kèd cik|dnf bf jb rdwtuùibj.

`je ubba twbj cik ucd fbrk bf ` |drv`ju. `je }`| kèd`je ubba twbj cik ucd fbrk bf ` |drv`ju. `je }`| kèdij ucd niadjd|| bf kdj8 @je odijm fbtje ij f`|cibj `| ìj ucd niadjd|| bf kdj8 @je odijm fbtje ij f`|cibj `| `k`j. cd ctkonde cik|dnf. `je odl`kd bodeidju tjubk`j. cd ctkonde cik|dnf. `je odl`kd bodeidju tjubedùc. dvdj ucd edùc bf ucd lrb||* Wciniwwi`j| #?86edùc. dvdj ucd edùc bf ucd lrb||* Wciniwwi`j| #?86++3)3)

Ucdrdfbrd ucd Hd}| |btmcu ucd kbrd ub ainn cik. odl`t|dUcdrdfbrd ucd Hd}| |btmcu ucd kbrd ub ainn cik. odl`t|d

cd jbu bjny cè orbadj ucd |òoùc. otu |ìe `n|b ucùcd jbu bjny cè orbadj ucd |òoùc. otu |ìe `n|b ucùMbe }`| ci| Fùcdr. kàijm cik|dnfMbe }`| ci| Fùcdr. kàijm cik|dnf dpt`ndpt`n }iuc Mbe*}iuc Mbe*#Hbcj 4803)#Hbcj 4803)


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Ucd _imcuC je bf MbeUcd _imcuC je bf Mbe

\b ucdj `fudr ucd Nbre cè |wbadj tjub\b ucdj `fudr ucd Nbre cè |wbadj tjubucdk. cd }`| rdldivde tw ijub cd`vdj. `jeucdk. cd }`| rdldivde tw ijub cd`vdj. `je|ù bj ucd rimcu c`je bf Mbe* #K`ra|ù bj ucd rimcu c`je bf Mbe* #K`ra06809)06809)

Ucd rimcu c`je i| ` Cdord} ieibk ucùUcd rimcu c`je i| ` Cdord} ieibk ucùrdfdrrde ub ucd ftnjd|| bf Mbe| wb}dr*rdfdrrde ub ucd ftnjd|| bf Mbe| wb}dr*


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Ftnnjd|| bfEiduyFtnnjd|| bfEiduy

]cind ucd AHV |`y| ucù `nn ucd ftnnjd|| bf ucd Mbecdè]cind ucd AHV |`y| ucù `nn ucd ftnnjd|| bf ucd Mbecdèe}dnn| ij Lcri|u. ucd JIV edln`rd| ucù `nn ucd ftnnjd|| bfe}dnn| ij Lcri|u. ucd JIV edln`rd| ucù `nn ucd ftnnjd|| bfediuy e}dnn| ij Lcri|u* Ucdy nd`vd bff ucd edfijiud `ruilndediuy e}dnn| ij Lcri|u* Ucdy nd`vd bff ucd edfijiud `ruilnd##ud|ud|. br ucd) fbr ` oduudr rdèijm* Uci| i| |imjifil`ju* Ucd. br ucd) fbr ` oduudr rdèijm* Uci| i| |imjifil`ju* Ucd

ftnnjd|| bf ediuy l`j od ijudrwrdude `| ucd ftnnjd|| bfftnnjd|| bf ediuy l`j od ijudrwrdude `| ucd ftnnjd|| bfpt`niuid| bf ` ediuy* Uci| }btne lnìk ucù Lcri|u i|pt`niuid| bf ` ediuy* Uci| }btne lnìk ucù Lcri|u i|Eivijd* Ucdrd i| jbucijm }rbjm }iuc uci| ur`j|nùibj. otuEivijd* Ucdrd i| jbucijm }rbjm }iuc uci| ur`j|nùibj. otuucd udsu `n|b rdvd`n| dvdj kbrd uc`j uci|* Iu niudr`nny |`y|ucd udsu `n|b rdvd`n| dvdj kbrd uc`j uci|* Iu niudr`nny |`y|Cd i| ucd ftnnjd|| bfCd i| ucd ftnnjd|| bf ucducd ediuy* Uci| nifu| Lcri|u frbkediuy* Uci| nifu| Lcri|u frbk

odijm Eivijd #otu ij Wdr|bj jbu |bndny Eivijd) ub odijmodijm Eivijd #otu ij Wdr|bj jbu |bndny Eivijd) ub odijmucducd bjd `je bjny Ediuy*bjd `je bjny Ediuy*

Fbr ij cik e}dnnduc `nn ucd ftnjd|| bf ucd MbecdèFbr ij cik e}dnnduc `nn ucd ftnjd|| bf ucd Mbecdèobeiny* #Lbnb||i`j| ?89)obeiny* #Lbnb||i`j| ?89)


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Ucd MnbryCd \c`rdeUcd MnbryCd \c`rde

Ucd ]bre bf Mbe |c`rd| ucd mnbry bf Mbe*Ucd ]bre bf Mbe |c`rd| ucd mnbry bf Mbe*

@je jb}. B Fùcdr. mnbrify ucbt kd }iuc@je jb}. B Fùcdr. mnbrify ucbt kd }iucucijd b}j |dnf }iuc ucd mnbry }cilc I cè }iucucijd b}j |dnf }iuc ucd mnbry }cilc I cè }iuc

ucdd odfbrd ucd }brne }`|* #Hbcj 0=84)ucdd odfbrd ucd }brne }`|* #Hbcj 0=84)


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@ Jdde fbrVijeilùibj2 lbjue@ Jdde fbrVijeilùibj2 lbjue

Ucd @wb|ubnil Lctrlc }`| `n}`y| fimcuijmUcd @wb|ubnil Lctrlc }`| `n}`y| fimcuijmf`n|d eblrijd*f`n|d eblrijd*

Uci| i| }cy }d kt|u8Uci| i| }cy }d kt|u8 D`rjd|uny lbjudje fbr ucd fìuc ucù }`| bjldD`rjd|uny lbjudje fbr ucd fìuc ucù }`| bjld

ednivdrde tjub t|* #Hted 08

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Early Christian History