1945-1972

Early Cold War

Capitalism vs. Communism

Capitalism Communism

Free-Market Economy Government Controlled Economy

Upper, Middle and Working Class Classless Society

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact

United States Soviet Union

Yalta Conference• Poland to hold free

elections

• Declaration of a Liberated Europe- "the right of all people to chose the form of government under which they live."

Big Three

Allied Powers US, Britain, Russia

Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japan

"...an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent." -Winston Churchill

Satellite Nations

One cannot forget the following fact: the Germans carried out an invasion of the U.S.S.R. through Finland, Poland,

Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary....One can ask, therefore, what can be surprising in the fact that the Soviet Union, in a desire to ensure its security for the future, tries to achieve

that these countries should have governments whose relations to the Soviet Union are loyal?

- Joseph Stalin

Division of Germany

Soviet Union- wants heavy reparations from Germany

U.S. and Britain- want to rebuild Germany

Policy of Containment

George Keenen"Long Telegram"

If the U.S. could quarantine/contain communism it could

defeat it.

Truman Doctrine

Greece and Turkey 400 million dollars without military forces

Marshall Plan 13 billion dollars over 4 years to rebuild Europe

Korean War3 year war fought to prevent North Korea from invading

capitalist South Korea

"The policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or

outside pressures."

The Marshall PlanU.S. Aid (in Millions)

Great Britain

France

Italy

West Germany

Holland

0 750 1500 2250 3000

877

1,297

1,316

2,445

2,826

Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949

• Stalin closed all roads and railways into West Berlin in an attempt to control all of Berlin.

• Truman responds by flying food and supplies for 327 days- 277,000 flights delivered 2.3 million tons of supplies

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Warsaw Pact

U.S. Defense Budget

1949- U.S. loses Ground in Cold War

• 1949- Communist forces led by Mao Zedong take control of China

• 1949- Soviet Union gets Atomic Bomb capability

Mao Zedong

Korean War, 1950-1953North Korea invades

South KoreaAttempting to unite

Korea as one Communist Nation

US IntervenesAs they saw North

Korean aggression as a test of containment

MacArthur pushes NK back past 38th

China enters war as MacArthur pushes to

Yalu River

Truman fires MacArthur

"There is no substitute for victory"

President Eisenhower ends war

Eisenhower ends long costly war

38th Parallel

36,400 Americans killed in Korean War

Eisenhower's "New Look"Massive Retaliation

"Brinksmanship"

Threaten to use nuclear weapons to prevent communism from

spreading

Arms build up "More bang for the buck"

CIA- Central Intelligence Agency

Use of covert action against spread of

Communism (Latin America)

Eisenhower DoctrinePromised to support

Mid Easr from Communism

President Eisenhower (R) 1952-1960

CIA, Guatemala Jacobo Arbenz Democratically elected in 1961

begins land reform initiative

Land Reform (Redistribution)

2% owned 70% of land and were using just 12%

100,000 families given land

United Fruit Company(American owned)

Owned 42% of arable land Were paid $3 per acre but

wanted $75

Guatemala purchased arms From Communist Czechoslovakia

CIA- Coup d'état CIA trains and arms rebel army to overthrow Arbenz

The American Vision, p 800

The Americans, p 624

Space Race

• 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik into space

• 1958 U.S. begins N.A.S.A.

• 1969 U.S. puts man a on the moon

Neil Armstrong- first man on the moon

Apollo Program-Spends 24 Billion

The Second Red Scare• Height of WWII 80,000

Americans considered claimed membership in thr Communist Party

• Remember 1949- Soviets get A-Bomb and China Falls to Communism

• Rosenbergs convicted and executed 1953 for espionage

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Fall-Out Shelter

The Second Red ScareLoyalty Review Board-

set up by Truman to investigate the loyalty of government employees. 212

dismissed, 2,900 resigned

HUAC- investigated thr public as well as

government employees. Most famous for investigating Hollywood for possible Communist sympathy

McCarthyism-Intense fear that Communism had

infiltrated out government

Joseph McCarthy

RISE-McCarthy claimed to have a list

with as many as 205 communists that worked for the government

Fall- McCarthy accused U.S. Army

officials of being Communists. He did this during nationally

televised senate hearings. McCarthy lost the support of the

public

Kennedy and The Cold War

Bay of Pigs-

Berlin Wall-

Cuban Missile Crisis-

Peace Corps-

Bobby and John Kennedy

Bay of Pigs, 1961

• 1,400 Cuban exiles (LaBrigda) trained by the CIA planned a secret attack at the Bay of Pigs

Failed attack further Alienates Fidel Castro

Kennedy's indecision emboldens Nikita Khrushchev as he views Kennedy as a weak leader