Early Latin Early Latin AmericaAmerica

Chapter 19Chapter 19

Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

The Iberian peninsula was a The Iberian peninsula was a collection of small kingdoms until collection of small kingdoms until Isabella of Castile married Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. Their Ferdinand of Aragon. Their grandson, Charles I, permanently grandson, Charles I, permanently united various kingdom to create united various kingdom to create modern Spain.modern Spain.

Called “Isabella the Catholic”, Called “Isabella the Catholic”, Isabella and her husband moved Isabella and her husband moved to eliminate all non-Catholics to eliminate all non-Catholics from their lands.from their lands.

1492 – the last Muslim controlled 1492 – the last Muslim controlled part of Spain was conquered by part of Spain was conquered by Ferdinand and Isabella.Ferdinand and Isabella.

1492 – the Jews and Muslims of 1492 – the Jews and Muslims of Spain were ordered to convert to Spain were ordered to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain.Catholicism or leave Spain.

1492 – Isabella supported the 1492 – Isabella supported the voyage of an explorer from voyage of an explorer from Genoa – Christopher Columbus.Genoa – Christopher Columbus.

EncomiendasEncomiendas

When it became apparent to the Europeans When it became apparent to the Europeans that Columbus had not found a quicker way to that Columbus had not found a quicker way to India – but instead discovered new lands – they India – but instead discovered new lands – they sought to conquer and dominate the new lands. sought to conquer and dominate the new lands. They tried to replicate European society and They tried to replicate European society and land systems.land systems.

ENCOMIENDA – the Spanish government gave ENCOMIENDA – the Spanish government gave large tracts of land to the Spanish conquerors large tracts of land to the Spanish conquerors in order to form large estates/manors. in order to form large estates/manors. American Indians were enslaved to work on American Indians were enslaved to work on the estates. ***While slavery was rare in the estates. ***While slavery was rare in Europe in the 1400s – Spain was the Europe in the 1400s – Spain was the exception***exception***

The Caribbean CrucibleThe Caribbean Crucible

Hispaniola – today’s nations of Haiti and the Dominican Hispaniola – today’s nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic – the islands of the Caribbean provided the Republic – the islands of the Caribbean provided the launching points for conquest of the American mainland. The launching points for conquest of the American mainland. The native peoples of the islands were enslaved by the Spanish.native peoples of the islands were enslaved by the Spanish.

Encomendero – the person who holds the encomienda – Encomendero – the person who holds the encomienda – granted the right to work OR tax the native peoples under his granted the right to work OR tax the native peoples under his control. Recreation of European serfdom. The native peoples control. Recreation of European serfdom. The native peoples died such huge numbers that for a number of years the died such huge numbers that for a number of years the Spanish islands produced little revenue – UNTIL AFRICAN Spanish islands produced little revenue – UNTIL AFRICAN SLAVES AND SUGAR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!SLAVES AND SUGAR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The Spanish tried to replicate European style cities – but used The Spanish tried to replicate European style cities – but used URBAN PLANNING – Spanish bureaucracy was also URBAN PLANNING – Spanish bureaucracy was also transplanted to the Caribbean – professional legal system, etc. transplanted to the Caribbean – professional legal system, etc.

Notaries – legal witnesses – developing sense of economic Notaries – legal witnesses – developing sense of economic advancementadvancement

Depopulation – within 30 years – few native people of the Depopulation – within 30 years – few native people of the Caribbean survived.Caribbean survived.

Bartolome de Las CasasBartolome de Las Casas

The enslavement and The enslavement and death of thousands of death of thousands of native peoples upset native peoples upset conquistadores conquistadores turned priest turned priest Bartolome de Las Bartolome de Las Casas.Casas.

De Las Casas urged De Las Casas urged the Spanish and the Spanish and Portuguese to find Portuguese to find labor that would not labor that would not decimate the native decimate the native populations.populations.

ConquistadoresConquistadores

Hernan CortesHernan Cortes Moctezuma IIMoctezuma II New Spain – 1535 central Mexico named New Spain – 1535 central Mexico named

the Kingdom of New Spainthe Kingdom of New Spain Francisco PizzaroFrancisco Pizzaro Francisco Vazquez de Coronado – looking Francisco Vazquez de Coronado – looking

for “El Dorado”for “El Dorado” Pedro de Valdivia – conquered the people of Pedro de Valdivia – conquered the people of

central Chile and established the city of central Chile and established the city of Santiago.Santiago.

1570 – 192 Spanish cities in the Americas1570 – 192 Spanish cities in the Americas

““God in the sky, the king in Spain, God in the sky, the king in Spain, and me here”and me here”

The conquistadores often ruled their lands as tyrants The conquistadores often ruled their lands as tyrants with absolute power. MONEY and LAND were the with absolute power. MONEY and LAND were the driving forces for the Spanish conquerors.driving forces for the Spanish conquerors.

Guns, Germs, Steel and HorsesGuns, Germs, Steel and Horses Viceroys – representatives of the Spanish monarchy – Viceroys – representatives of the Spanish monarchy –

sent to the Americas to establish royal control and to sent to the Americas to establish royal control and to begin to lessen the personal rule of the begin to lessen the personal rule of the conquistadoresconquistadores

Juan Gines de Sepulveda – wrote of the justification Juan Gines de Sepulveda – wrote of the justification of conquest:of conquest: Natives ruled by harsh overlordsNatives ruled by harsh overlords Natives needed to learn ChristianityNatives needed to learn Christianity Natives not fully humanNatives not fully human Natives were “born to serve”Natives were “born to serve”

The Destruction and Transformation of The Destruction and Transformation of American Native SocietiesAmerican Native Societies

Estimates:Estimates: Mexico 1519 25 million 1580 2 millionMexico 1519 25 million 1580 2 million Peru 1530 10 million 1590 1.5 millionPeru 1530 10 million 1590 1.5 million Smallpox, measles, influenzaSmallpox, measles, influenza

Enslavement - serfdomEnslavement - serfdom By the 1620s, the encomiendas as serf run By the 1620s, the encomiendas as serf run

estates were gone.estates were gone. Spanish crown unwilling to create Spanish-Spanish crown unwilling to create Spanish-

American nobility – control from American nobility – control from Madrid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Madrid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

MITA – forced labor of natives in PeruMITA – forced labor of natives in Peru

Colonial Economies – SILVER and GOLDColonial Economies – SILVER and GOLD

Potosi – largest silver mine in PeruPotosi – largest silver mine in Peru Huancavelica – mountain of mercuryHuancavelica – mountain of mercury Haciendas – rural estates in the Spanish Haciendas – rural estates in the Spanish

colonies – sugar and cacaocolonies – sugar and cacao Board of Trade – Seville – all American Board of Trade – Seville – all American

trade had to pass through Seville in order trade had to pass through Seville in order to maintain Spanish control.to maintain Spanish control.

Consulado – merchant guildConsulado – merchant guild Galleons – armed ships that brought specie Galleons – armed ships that brought specie

to Spain.to Spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – Papal Line of Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – Papal Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Letrados – university trained lawyers from SpainLetrados – university trained lawyers from Spain Recopilacion 1681 – codified the laws for Recopilacion 1681 – codified the laws for

government in the coloniesgovernment in the colonies Council of the Indies – the Spanish monarch Council of the Indies – the Spanish monarch

ruled through the council – issuing laws and ruled through the council – issuing laws and advising the monarchadvising the monarch

Viceroyalties – Mexico City and LimaViceroyalties – Mexico City and Lima Audiencias – the viceroyalties were divided into Audiencias – the viceroyalties were divided into

10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts – AUDIENCIAS.– AUDIENCIAS.

The Clergy in the Americas – Conquerors and LiberatorsThe Clergy in the Americas – Conquerors and Liberators

Fray Bernardino de Sahagun Fray Bernardino de Sahagun – created bilingual – created bilingual encyclopedia of the Aztec encyclopedia of the Aztec history and culturehistory and culture

Diego de Landa, Bishop of Diego de Landa, Bishop of Yucatan – liked many Yucatan – liked many aspects of Maya culture – aspects of Maya culture – but hated the religion – but hated the religion – burning religious texts and burning religious texts and torturing Maya who refused torturing Maya who refused to be Christianto be Christian

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz – Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz – author, poet, musician, and author, poet, musician, and social thinker – part of the social thinker – part of the growing Spanish intellectual growing Spanish intellectual world in the Americas – world in the Americas – universities.universities.

BrazilBrazil

Pedro Alvares Pedro Alvares Cabral – 1500 – Cabral – 1500 – Portuguese explorer Portuguese explorer stopped briefly at stopped briefly at what is today Brazilwhat is today Brazil

Capitaincies – land Capitaincies – land given to Portuguese given to Portuguese nobles to colonize nobles to colonize BrazilBrazil

SUGARSUGAR

Paulistas – backwoodsmen explored the Paulistas – backwoodsmen explored the Brazilian interior – capturing Indians and Brazilian interior – capturing Indians and looking for gold – expanded Portuguese looking for gold – expanded Portuguese control deep into the interiorcontrol deep into the interior

Minas Gerais – 1695 – gold strikes led to Minas Gerais – 1695 – gold strikes led to increase colonization of interior Brazilincrease colonization of interior Brazil

Rio de Janeiro – port city developed Rio de Janeiro – port city developed because of the mining tradebecause of the mining trade

Multiracial SocietiesMultiracial Societies

Sociedad de castas – social organization Sociedad de castas – social organization based on racebased on race

Peninsulares – Spanish BORN colonial Peninsulares – Spanish BORN colonial leadersleaders

Creoles – American born BUT of European Creoles – American born BUT of European ancestryancestry

Mestizos – of European and Native Mestizos – of European and Native ancestryancestry

Mulattoes – of European and African Mulattoes – of European and African ancestryancestry

Amigos del pais – Europe in the 18Amigos del pais – Europe in the 18thth century saw the Enlightenment – century saw the Enlightenment – where social reformers tried to where social reformers tried to improve society – in Spain such improve society – in Spain such groups were called “Amigos del groups were called “Amigos del pais”pais”

Decline of Spain – British, French, Decline of Spain – British, French, and Dutchand Dutch

War of the Spanish SuccessionWar of the Spanish Succession

Bourbon ReformsBourbon Reforms

Charles III – Bourbon Charles III – Bourbon Reforms – tried to re-Reforms – tried to re-establish central control and establish central control and re-invigorate the Spanish re-invigorate the Spanish EmpireEmpire Jesuits expelledJesuits expelled Taxation tightenedTaxation tightened Navy reformedNavy reformed New ports openedNew ports opened New viceroyaltiesNew viceroyalties

Jose de Galvez – investigate Jose de Galvez – investigate graft and corruption in the graft and corruption in the colonies for the monarchy – colonies for the monarchy – blamed the Creolesblamed the Creoles

Corregidores – local Corregidores – local magistrates removed from magistrates removed from Indian villages and replaced Indian villages and replaced by governors controlled by by governors controlled by the monarchythe monarchy

Marquis of PombalMarquis of Pombal

““enlightened despots”enlightened despots” Marquis of Pombal – Marquis of Pombal –

Portuguese prime Portuguese prime ministerminister

Reorganized colonial Reorganized colonial bureaucracybureaucracy

New crops introducedNew crops introduced Jesuits expelledJesuits expelled Slavery stopped in Slavery stopped in

PortugalPortugal Immigrants sent to the Immigrants sent to the

Amazon basinAmazon basin

RevoltsRevolts

Many reforms instituted Many reforms instituted from Madrid and Lisbon from Madrid and Lisbon upset the existing power upset the existing power system in the Americas – system in the Americas – leading to discontent among leading to discontent among the Creoles.the Creoles.

Comunero Revolt 1781 – Comunero Revolt 1781 – rising prices and rising prices and government control of government control of tobacco and liquor use led tobacco and liquor use led people in New Granada people in New Granada (Colombia) to rebel(Colombia) to rebel

Tupac Amaru – took the Tupac Amaru – took the name of the last indigenous name of the last indigenous Incan ruler – mestizo – led Incan ruler – mestizo – led rebellion against Spanish rebellion against Spanish leadership.leadership.