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Early Vine Training,Nutrition,
and Canopy Management
Joseph A. Fiola, Ph.D.Professor and Specialist in Viticulture and Small Fruit
University of Maryland Extension
Canopy Management Basics
Early Vine Training• Straight up!
• Keep graft union above ground
• Keep off ground
• Tie to stake
• 2 trunks
• Trim off suckers and clusters
• Eliminate weed competition
April 6, 2001
April 24, 2001
Canopy Management Basics
Removeyoungclusters
Canopy Management Basics
Grow tubes
Grow TubesBenefits• Animal damage• Moisture• Herbicide• Growth rate• Replaces stake• Physical protection
Canopy Management Basics
Limitations• Cost• Growth rate
Trunk “twist”
• Promotes single trunk
• Diseases, insects• Removal• Winter damage
The use of milk cartons is a good, low cost alternative.
• It can disintegrate by the end of the season • Larger space allows for less humidity/moisture • >1 trunk
Canopy Management Basics
Canopy Management Basics
Train multiple trunks Train 2 trunks
Young Vine TrainingCanopy Management Basics
Grapevine Nutrition• Avoidance and correction of common nutrient
deficiencies in mid-Atlantic vineyards– Pre-plant– soil testing
- important in both pre-plant and in vineyard maintenance
• First-year vine nutrition – Mineral nutrients + organic matter and CEC
Essential Grapevine Nutrients
Obtained from air and water
Macro-nutrients
Micro-nutrients
Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Iron (Fe)
Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Manganese (Mn)
Oxygen (O) Potassium (K) Copper (Cu)
Calcium (Ca) Zinc (Zn)
Magnesium (Mg) Boron (B)
Sulfur (S) Molybdenum (Mo)
Others (?)
• Pre-plant
• Sampling procedure– number, distribution, depth
• Sample handling
• Labs for analysis
• Results (extent of detail will depend on lab)– pH (this will usually decrease over time – why?)– Availability of macro- and micro-nutrients (lbs/A and ppm)– Organic matter
– can be increased with organic amendments (e.g., compost) if there is a clear need
Soil Testing
Target values for soil sampling
Newly-planted vines• Most new vineyards DO NOT require a fertilizer
application.– Apply only as needed to maintain growth– Do not mistake need for water vs. need for nitrogen– On high sand soils, a small (10-20 pounds of actual N) nitrogen
application may advance vine development in the first year.– If needed apply a nitrogen based fertilizer – not a complete
fertilizer.– Applying small amounts and splitting applications via drip
irrigation is very desirable.
Phosphorus• Fertilizer phosphorus is not used efficiently; much of
the added P is “fixed” or rendered unavailable to plants
• Less available at low (<5.5) and at high pH (>7.5) • Soil test should be in > 20 ppm (>40 lbs/A).• Grapes are efficient at extracting P from soil, even
with low P content
• Most new vineyards DO NOT require P– Best determined with pre-plant soil sample
– adjust based on soil samples– Nutrient management plan needed
Potassium
• Deficiency most apt to occur with high soil pH, under conditions of drought, and with young vines (small root system).
• Moves slowly in soil– Preplant incorporation is important
• Critical for cold hardiness• Can disrupt fruit maturity – fruit pH
Nutrient Management Regulationsin Maryland
• A nutrient management plan is a formal document• Balances crop nutrient needs with applied nutrients
– commercial fertilizer, animal manure, or biosolids
• The plan contains soil test results, manure and biosolids analyses (where applicable), yield goals, and estimates of residual nitrogen to generate field-by-field nutrient recommendations.
• Required if over $2500 in sales• Contact your local Extension Office
– Nutrient Management Advisor meet with you
Canopy Management Basics
The Goal = “Ripe grapes”
Key Viticultural Goals• Balanced vine
• Uniformly, fully mature, pest free grapes
• Ripen wood to maximum maturity for cold hardiness
Canopy Management Basics
“Sunlight into Wine”Good Fruit Exposure
Canopy Management Basics
Light Exposure“Air” ExposurePesticide Exposure
Canopy Management Basics
Benefits of ProperCanopy Management
• Fruit Exposure
• Uniform Ripening
• Decreased Disease
• Increased Color
• Decreased Acidity
• Increased Volatiles
• Vine Balance
– Vigor management
• Bud Fruitfulness
• Uniform Bud Break
• Uniform Shoot Vigor
• Ease of harvest
Canopy Management Basics
Canopy Management Basics
Balance of vegetativeand reproductive vigor
Training System TermsCanopy Management Basics
Canopy Management Basics
Varietal growth habit
Vertical
Lateral
Training System Types• Single Canopies
• “VSP” Vertical Shoot Positioning• High Cordon Training
• Split Canopies Vertical• Smart-Dyson• Scott-Henry
• Split Canopies Horizontal• Lyre• Geneva Double Curtain “GDC”
Canopy Management Basics
Canopy Management Basics
Vertical Shoot Positioning
Canopy Management
Canopy Management Basics
High Cordon Training
High Cordon Training
Canopy Management Basics
Canopy Management Basics
Reactive- Leaf pulling
Shaded fruit …Shaded fruit … 2 weeks later maturity2 weeks later maturity
Increased light andtemperature helps fruit to mature
Canopy Management Basics
Benefits of ProperCanopy Management
• Fruit Exposure
• Uniform Ripening
• Decreased Disease
• Increased Color
• Decreased Acidity
• Increased Volatiles
• Vine Balance
– Vigor management
• Bud Fruitfulness
• Uniform Bud Break
• Uniform Shoot Vigor
• Ease of harvest
Joseph A. Fiola, Ph.D.Professor and Specialist in Viticulture and Small Fruit
Western MD Research & Education Center18330 Keedysville Road
Keedysville, MD 21756-1104301-432-2767 ext. 344; Fax 301-432-4089
