EARTH SCIENCE

Verneil Bungco I-AmethystNina BataraMarielle Encabo Ms. Charity Mulig

Proposed to:

Mr. Businessman

TASK

• GEOLOGIST -Verneil Icon Bungco• ECONOMIST - Nina Fleur Batara• INDUSTRIALIST- Marielle Encabo

SITUATION

• A businessman would like to increase his earnings through mining. Learning about his interest in the field, three companies immediately came up with project proposals for three different minerel reserves. Company A proposed for manganese, Company B recommended phospates, Company C envisioned a coal mining industry. However, the businessman, seeing the project to involve huge amount of money, thought of hiring your expertise as a team MINERAL EXPERTS to help him decide where to invest.

PROPOSALS :Data on Mineral Reserves

• Company A – Manganese Mining• Company B – Phospate Mining• Company C – Coal Mining

Company A- Manganese

• Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. As a free element, manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Cost of Mining

• Mining acquisitions in Australia, the largest shipper of iron ore and coal, are set to a five-year low hit this quarter, after the government proposed a mining “super profits” tax. There have been 47 announced deals worth $ 914,000,000 for the quarter, compared with 89 deals worth 9.11 billion U.S. dollars in the three months ended June 30 one year ago, according to data from Bloomberg. That’s on track for lowest number of deals since the first quarter of 2006 and the lowest since the fourth quarter of 2005.

Health Effects

• Manganese is a very common compound that can be found everywhere on earth. Manganese is one out of three toxic essential trace elements, which means that it is not only necessary for humans to survive, but it is also toxic when

too high concentrations are present in a human body. When people do not live up to the recommended daily

allowances their health will decrease. But when the uptake is too high health problem will also occur.

Environmental Effects

• Manganese compounds exist naturally in the environment as solids in the soils and small particles in the water. Manganese particles in air are present in dust particles. These usually settle to earth within a few days.

Company B- Phosphates• A phosphate is an inorganic chemical, is a salt of

phosporic acid.In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry. At elevated temperatures in the solid state, phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates.

Cost of Mining• The price of phosphate rock rose

700% in 14 months alone. While demand continues to increase, the cost of mining phosphate rock is increasing due to transport in addition to a decline in quality and greater expense of extraction, refinement and environmental management.

• Mine Life and Market Value• It is said that it will live up to 30

years.

Health Effects

• Phosphate itself does not have notable adverse health effects. However, phosphate levels greater than 1.0 may interfere with coagulation in water treatment plants. As a result, organic particles that harbor microorganisms may not be completely removed before distribution.

Environmental Effects

•Phosphates have many effects upon organisms. The effects are mainly consequences of emissions of large quantities of phosphate into the environment due to mining and cultivating. During water purification phosphates are often not removed properly, so that they can spread over large distances when found in surface waters.

Company C- Coal

Coal is defined as a sedimentary rock composed predominantly of solid organic materials with a greater or lesser proportion of mineral matter. It is derived from the accumulation of plant remains in sedimentary basins, and is altered to solid rock by heat and pressure applied during the basin’s development.

Cost of Mining

• Coal production is the amount of coal that is mined and sent to market. In 2008, the amount of coal produced at U.S. coal mines was 1,171.8 million short tons. Coal is mined in 26 States. Wyoming mines the most coal, followed by West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Texas.

Health Effects

• Coal mining causes a number of harmful effects. When coal surfaces are exposed, pyrite (iron sulfide), also known as "fool's gold", comes in contact with water and air and forms sulfuric acid.

Environmental Effects

• Worldwide, coal is a sought-after energy source. It has the largest reserve and is often the cheapest of the fuel options. Now that clean coal technologies are available, the demand for coal has remained steady despite the current stringent standard on environmental concerns

Our Choice

• COAL MINING is our best choice for it has the highest sale price among the three types of mining.Even though it has massive effect in both health and environment.

SOURCES OF INFORMATIONhttp://wwwhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/

technology_and_impacts/impacts/the-costs-of-coal.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal#Production_trendshttp://www.water-research.net/phosphate.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/table31.html http://www.infomine.com/commodities/manganese.asp http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/mang/p0005.htm http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/mang/au/au/p0005.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/mn.htm www.kids.mongabay.com/lesson-p.google.com.ph/

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• BYE• HAVE A NICE DAY