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HADEAN - QUARTERNARYFrom the beginning of Earth history until today
Earth TimesEarth Times
Watzmann west face, Berchtesgaden Alps, Germany
Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, Age: Duration and Numerical AgesNeogene - Cambrian in same scale
Evolution of Animal and Plant Life, Mass ExtinctionsHumanity and Cultural Evolution
Mountain Formations, Supercontinents, GlaciationsSolar System, Planet Earth - Structure
2020 E
Copyright Layout, Text and Graphics 2020:C
www.geoundnatur.de
Dr. E. LangenscheidtD-94474 Vilshofen, Pfarrer-Hartl-Str. 13
Geo&Naturgeoundnaturgeo und naturEarth Times Ewald Langenscheidtgeological timetableEarth History
Fis
che
Bis
heu
te d
ie a
rten
reic
hst
en K
lass
en d
er W
irbel
tier
e.
Fis
che
bis
heu
teA
mphib
ien
Am
phib
ien
Rep
tilien
bis
heu
teR
eptilien
Vöge
lbis
heu
teVöge
l
Säuge
tier
ebis
heu
te
Säuge
tier
e
Mollusk
enM
ollusk
enbis
heu
te
?
Bry
ophyt
abis
heu
teB
ryophyt
a
bis
heu
teP
teridophyt
aP
teridophyt
a
Gebir
gsb
ildungen
Superk
ontinente
Gebir
gsb
ildungen
Superk
ontinente
bis
heu
teG
ymnosp
erm
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
ae
bis
heu
teA
ngi
osp
erm
ae
Angi
osp
erm
ae
Ech
inoder
men
Ech
inoder
men
bis
heu
te
Riffb
ilden
de
Org
anis
men
Riffb
ilden
de
Org
anis
men
Inse
kten
Inse
kten
bis
heu
te
Conodonte
nC
onodonte
n
Trilobiten
Trilobiten
Bra
chio
poden
bis
heu
teB
rach
iopoden
Pilze
bis
heu
tePilze
Gra
pto
lith
enG
rapto
lith
en
Arc
haeo
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iden
Arc
haeo
cyath
iden
Fis
che
Bis
heu
te d
ie a
rten
reic
hst
en K
lass
en d
er W
irbel
tier
e.
Fis
che
bis
heu
teA
mphib
ien
Am
phib
ien
Rep
tilien
bis
heu
teR
eptilien
Vöge
lbis
heu
teVöge
l
Säuge
tier
ebis
heu
te
Säuge
tier
e
Mollusk
enM
ollusk
enbis
heu
te
?
Bry
ophyt
abis
heu
teB
ryophyt
a
bis
heu
teP
teridophyt
aP
teridophyt
a
Gebir
gsb
ildungen
Superk
ontinente
Gebir
gsb
ildungen
Superk
ontinente
bis
heu
teG
ymnosp
erm
ae
Gym
nosp
erm
ae
bis
heu
teA
ngi
osp
erm
ae
Angi
osp
erm
ae
Ech
inoder
men
Ech
inoder
men
bis
heu
te
Riffb
ilden
de
Org
anis
men
Riffb
ilden
de
Org
anis
men
Inse
kten
Inse
kten
bis
heu
te
Conodonte
nC
onodonte
n
Trilobiten
Trilobiten
Bra
chio
poden
bis
heu
teB
rach
iopoden
Pilze
bis
heu
tePilze
Gra
pto
lith
enG
rapto
lith
en
Arc
haeo
cyath
iden
Arc
haeo
cyath
iden
43
20,4
~1500
~600
443,8
423
433,4
485,4
470
458,4
541
497
509
1000
1600
427,4
186
51
56
79
290 47
60
60
42
56
~1960 ~460
~600
~900
4000
~4600
2500
4510
4300
0,129
0,774
37,7
41,2
47,8
59,2
61,6
72,1
83,6
86,3
89,8
93,9
113,0
125,0
129,4
132,6
139,8
425,6
430,5
438,5
440,8
445,2
453
467,3
477,7
521
635
1200
1400
1800
2050
2300
2800
3200
3600
?
?
Geo&Naturgeoundnaturgeo und natur
2,72
2,568
17,73
10,87
22,1
10,0
34,5
44,5
18,5
10,6
27,2
35,7
10,2
4,7
7,2
13,8
26
24,3
35,7
23,8
10,6
25,9
6
10,4
14,6
11,6
15,4
11,6
12
12
94
85
200
200
200
200
250
250
200
0,117
0,645
1,026
0,78
1,02
1,7
1,946
4,384
2,19
2,15
4,47
2,59
4,77
6,1
3,8
3,5
6,6
8,2
3,2
2,4
4,4
6,1
11,5
2,7
3,5
4,1
6,6
12,5
12
4,4
3,2
7,2
5,2
7,1
5,2
6,2
2,6
2,2
2
3,8
8,6
8,1
8,5
2
7,2
18,5
10
5
5,2
4
0,7
2,2
5
6
3,7
4,1
10,6
6,6
3,4
5,4
4,8
3,3
8,2
8
7,7
15,8
12,2
13,3
10,5
5
5,6
14,3
3,2
2,6
1,8
3,1
2,9
5,1
2,3
3
1,4
7,8
5,4
8,9
2,7
7,7
7,7
5
8
253,8
4,4
8,4
720280
489,5
494
500,5
504,5
514
529
4,1
4,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
7
12
20
0,008200
0,004200
?
?
Snowball Earth
0,0117
1,8
3,6
7,246
11,63
13,82
15,97
20,44
27,8
2,58
5,3
23,03
33,9
100,5
208,5
152,1
157,3
166,1
168,3
170,3
182,7
190,8
199,3
145,0
163,5
174,1
201,3
298,9
259,1
323,2
358,9
419,2
393,3
382,7
227
242
251,2
254,1
265,1
268,8
283,5
290,1
293,5
303,7
307,0
315,2
330,9
346,7
372,2
387,7
407,6
410,8
237
247,2
251,9
272,9
66 2,6541
56,0
66,0
Ple
isto
cene
Holo
cene
QU
ATER
NA
RY
QU
ATER
NA
RY
Indus
Greenlandium
Meg
hala
yium
Nor
thgr
ippi
um
Age
Era
Period
Epoch
Eon
Mollusk
sM
ollusk
suntil pre
sent
Mam
malia
until pre
sent
Mam
malia
Rep
tile
suntil pre
sent
Rep
tile
s
Birds
until p
rese
nt
Birds
until pre
sent
Am
phib
ians
Am
phib
ians
Until pre
sent,
the
most
div
erse
class
es o
f ve
rteb
rate
s
Fis
hes
Fis
hes
Since 1970, vertebrate populations have decreased by around 60%.
Bry
ophyt
esuntil pre
sent
Bry
ophyt
es
until pre
sent
Pte
ridophyt
esP
teridophyt
es
until pre
sent
Gym
nosp
erm
sG
ymnosp
erm
s
until pre
sent
Angi
osp
erm
sA
ngi
osp
erm
s
Mounta
in F
orm
ations
Superc
ontinents
Mounta
in F
orm
ations
Superc
ontinents
?A
nth
ropocene
Duration MaDuration MaDuration Ma
Ele
ments
of
the m
egafa
una b
ecam
e e
xtin
ct
on a
ll contin
ents
due
to e
ither
hum
an in
fluence o
r changes
in c
limatic
conditi
ons.
Mabp rounded
Modern History
PresentAge
Ancie
nt H
isto
ry
5000 BC
Euro
pe
Egypt
ChinaMaya
Inca Khmer
Mesopotamia
Cultural EvolutionCultural Evolution
Industrialization
2500
1000
0500
Classical Antiquity
Middle Ages
Axum
geonatur
year
NeolithicRevolution
ca. 10.0
00 -
4000
Mid
dle
Sto
ne A
ge
ca. 4000 -
1800
Late
r S
tone A
ge
Early S
tone A
ge
genera
lised, re
gio
nal diff
ere
ntiation
early
prim
ate
sH
om
inin
ae
genus
Hom
o
Hom
o sa
pie
ns,
the
mod
ern
hum
an, si
nce
appro
x. 3
30.0
00 (
?) y
ears
Neandert
hal m
an
H
omo
flor
esi
ensi
s
Hum
an E
volu
tion
Hum
an E
volu
tion
Aust
ralo
pit
hecu
safa
rensi
s “L
ucy
”
Aust
ralo
pit
hecu
sse
dib
aSahela
nth
ropus
tchadensi
sH
omo
ere
ctusHom
o habilis Hom
o heid
elb
erg
ensi
s
Iron A
ge
BC
ca. 1
80
0 -
80
0
Bro
nze
Ag
e
Ard
ipit
hecu
sra
mid
us
1500
Danuvi
us
gugg
enm
osi
Wisconsinan / DevensianValdaian
llinoian / WolstonianMoscovian, Dnieper
Pre-IllinoianKansan / Anglian
Okian
Nebraskan / BeestonianKrinitisian,
Tolucheevkian
Midwest U.S. / British IslesRussian Plain Stages
Gel
asia
nC
alab
rian
Tara
ntia
n
older glacial periods
mid
dle
late
ICE
AG
ES
(si
mpl
ified
)
Duration Ma Duration Ma
Chi
bani
umm
ari
ne
early
Earth Times Ewald Langenscheidt
Humanity Evolution of Animal Life Humanity Evolution of Animal Life PlantsPlants
NEO
GEN
EM
iocene
Danian
Selandian
Thanetian
Ypresian
Lutetian
Bartonian
Priabonian
Rupelian
Chattian
Aquitanian
Burdigalian
Langhian
Serravallian
Tortonian
Messinian
Zanclean
Piacenzian
Plio
cene
C E
N O
Z O
I C
C E
N O
Z O
I C
NEO
GEN
EO
ligocene
TE
RT
IAR
Y
Eoc
ene
Pal
eoce
ne
PA
LEO
GEN
EPA
LEO
GEN
E
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
cephalo
pods
Am
phib
ians
Rep
tile
s
Birds
Mam
malia
Fis
hes
The Grande Coupure”“
Two thirds of Eocene mammal families and genera in Europe died out due to climatic changes at the beginning of the Oligocene. New families and genera already replaced them by faunal turnover in Rupelian time.
Mam
malia
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
cephalo
pods
Am
phib
ians
Rep
tile
s
Birds
Fis
hes
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Angi
osp
erm
s (f
low
erin
g pla
nts
)
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Angi
osp
erm
s
Moss
es
Fer
ns,
clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails
Moss
es
Fer
ns,
clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails
Berriasian
Valanginian
Hauterivian
Barremian
Cenomanian
Campanian
Maastrichtian
Aptian
Albian
Turonian
Coniacian
Santonian
low
er
u
pper
CR
ETA
CEO
US
CR
ETA
CEO
US
Mam
malia
Rep
tile
s
Birds
Am
phib
ians
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
am
monoid
ea
Fis
hes
until pre
sent
Inse
cts
Inse
cts
Inse
cts
Moss
es
Fer
ns
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Angi
osp
erm
sA
ngi
osp
erm
s
Fer
ns,
clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails
Sky
thia
n
Olenekian
Anisian
Ladinian
Carnian
Norian
Rhaethian
Toarcian
Pliensbachian
Sinemurian
Hettangian
Callovian
Bathonian
Bajocian
Aalenian
Tithonian
Kimmeridgian
Oxfordian
low
e r
m
iddl e
upper
M E
S O
Z O
I C
M E
S O
Z O
I C
JU
RA
SSIC
JU
RA
SSIC
low
er
m
iddle
u
pper
TR
IASSIC
TR
IASSIC
Inse
cts
Birds
Mam
malia
Am
phib
ians
Fis
hes
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
am
monoid
ea
P H
A N
E R
O Z
O I
CP
H A
N E
R O
Z O
I C
Moss
es
Funga
euntil pre
sent
Funga
e
Gym
nosp
erm
s (a
mongs
t oth
ers
conifer
s, g
inkg
os
and c
ycads)
Funga
e
Fer
ns,
clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails
Alp
ine o
rogeny
Rep
tile
s
Moss
es
Fer
ns,
clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Funga
e
Superc
onti
nent
Pangä
a
Moss
es
Fer
ns,
clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Funga
e
Conodonts
Conodonts
Mam
malia C
onodonts
Fis
hes
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
am
monoid
ea
Am
phib
ians
Rep
tile
s
Trilobites
Trilobites
Gzhelian
Kasimovian
Moscovian
Bashkirian
Serpukhovian
Visean
Tournaisian
Pennsylv
ania
nM
issi
ssip
pianCA
RB
ON
IFER
OU
SC
AR
BO
NIF
ER
OU
S
Inse
cts
Rep
tile
s
Fis
hes
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
am
monoid
ea
Am
phib
ians
Bra
chio
pods
until pre
sent
Bra
chio
pods
Conodonts
Trilobites
Karo
o
Ic
e
A
ge
Changhsingian
Wuchiapingian
Capitanian
Wordian
Roadian
Kungurian
Artinskian
Sakmarian
Asselian
Lopin
gia
nC
isur
alia
nG
uada
lupi
an
PER
MIA
NP
ER
MIA
N
Inse
cts
Trilobites
Am
phib
ians
Fis
hes
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
am
monoid
ea
Conodonts
Rep
tile
s
Moose
Clu
b m
oss
es,
hors
etails,
fer
ns
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Funga
e
Gym
nosp
erm
s
Extinction of tree-like lycopsids
Alleghenia
n / H
erc
ynia
n o
rogeny
Famennian
Frasnian
Givetian
Eifelian
Emsian
Pragian
Lochkovian
Ludl
owW
enlo
ck
Rhuddanian
Aeronian
Telychian
Sheinwoodian
Homerian
Gorstian
Ludfordian
Pridoli
upper
low
erm
iddl
e
P A
L E
O Z
O I
CP
A L
E O
Z O
I C
DEVO
NIA
ND
EVO
NIA
NLl
ando
verySIL
UR
IAN
SIL
UR
IAN
Gra
pto
lite
sG
rapto
lite
s
Fis
hes
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
am
monoid
ea
Am
phib
ians
Bra
chio
pods
Conodonts
Trilobites
Inse
cts
?
Gra
pto
lite
s
Inse
cts
Trilobites
Bra
chio
pods
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
cephalo
pods
Conodonts
Fis
hes
Moss
es
Moss
es
“old
est
fern
s” w
ith m
ycorr
hiz
a-f
unga
e, lyc
opsi
ds
(clu
b m
oss
es),
equis
etace
ae
(hors
etails)
, fe
rns
Funga
eFunga
e
Alg
ae
Alg
ae
until pre
sent
Cale
donia
n o
rogeny
Katian
Sandbian
Darriwilian
Dapingian
Floian
Tremadocian
upper
low
erm
iddl
e
OR
DO
VIC
IAN
OR
DO
VIC
IAN
CA
MB
RIA
NC
AM
BR
IAN
Gra
pto
lite
s
Inse
cts
“Fis
hes
”
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
cephalo
pods
Trilobites
Bra
chio
pods
Conodonts
?
Inse
cts
Trilobites
Bra
chio
pods
Conodonts
Arc
haeo
cyath
aA
rchaeo
cyath
a
“Fis
hes
”
up
pe
rm
iddl
eF
uron
gian
Mia
olin
gian
Ser
ies
2Te
rren
euvi
an
Stage 10
Jiangshanian
Paibian
Guzhangian
Drumian
Wuliuan
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
Fortunian
Gast
ropods,
biv
alv
es,
cephalo
pods
Moss
es
Funga
e
oldestspores
Alg
ae,
gre
en a
lgaes
Funga
e
PlantsPlants FungaeFungaeEvolution of Animal WorldEvolution of Animal World(very schematically and simplified)
With exception of vertebrates all animal phyla are present in seawater.
Higher developed soft-bodied creaturesHigher developed soft-bodied creatures
Within a short time of 5 - 10 ma a rich fauna expanded. Especially skeleton- and calcareous shells-bearing organisms spread worldwide in large number during lower Cambrian time.
“Cambrian explosion”
Pan-A
fric
an o
rogeny
oldesttrace fossils
Plants FungaePlants FungaeAnimalsAnimals
single-celled life with nucleus andchromosomes
Superc
onti
nent
Rod
inia
ospher
ith
e
L
Planet Earth in numbersPlanet Earth in numbers Diameter at the equator: 12,756.2 km Circumference at the equator: 40,076.592 km Mass: 1/330,000 solar masses Average density: 5.52 g/cc Volume: 1083.23 billion cubic kilometers Av. distance from sun: 149,600,000 kilometers (1 AU)
Dr. E. Langenscheidt
63705150
2890 660250
70 km
Structure of the EarthStructure of the Earth
Continental Crust(30 - 70 km thick)Oceanic crust
(5 - 10 km thick)
Upper mantle
Lower mantle (solid)
Outer corepredom. Fe (liquid)
Inner Corepredom. Fe (solid)
Asthenosphere(partially molten)
Ediacaran
Cryogenian
Tonian
Stenian
Ectasian
Calymmian
Statherian
Orosirian
Rhyacian
Siderian
PR
EC
AM
BR
IAN
NEO
PR
OTER
OZO
ICN
EO
PR
OTER
OZO
ICM
ESO
PR
OTER
OZO
ICM
ESO
PR
OTER
OZO
ICPA
LEO
PR
OTER
OZO
ICPA
LEO
PR
OTER
OZO
IC
Period
Hur
onia
n gl
acia
tion
Sturtian
Marinoan
Gaskiers
Griesjöglaciation
glac
iatio
ngl
acia
tion
P R
O T
E R
O Z
O I
CP
R O
T E
R O
Z O
I C
EraEon
earliest metazoa
BacteriaBacteria ArchaeaArchaea EukaryotesEukaryotesuntil present until present until present
The mass extinction 2,4 billion years agoThe “Great Oxidation Event” was caused by cyanobacterias.Theyproduced oxygen that “poisoned” the environment, therefore most anaerobic organisms died out.
Superc
onti
nent
Kenor
land
diff. o
lder
oro
genie
s
HAD
EAN
HAD
EAN
Note: This timeline is not to scale!But: Neogene - Cambrian same scale.
ARCH
EAN
ARCH
EAN
Eon Era
Bacteria
simple single-celled life
formation of the Moon
beginning ofplate tectonics
oldest Earth’s crust
proto-Earth
Neoarchean
Mesoarchean
Paleoarchean
Eoarchean
~4600
~13820 Big Bang
~13600 Milky Way
Sun
Solar system
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Numerical ages (rounded) are taken from:Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission (Hrsg.) (2012): Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland Kompakt 2012(STDK 2012); Potsdam (Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum).International Commission on Stratigraphy: INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART v2020/03. www.stratigraphy.org. Coloring: Based on: Commission for the Geological Mapof the World (CGMW), Paris, France (2012).Ver. 2020E
Copyright Layout, Text and Graphics 2020:C
www.geoundnatur.de
Dr. E. LangenscheidtD-94474 Vilshofen, Pfarrer-Hartl-Str. 13
Induan
Hirnantian
Ande
an -
Sah
aran
gla
ciat
ion
The most well known mass extinction About half of all animal species, including the dinosaurs, ammonites and belemnites became extinct. The reason for this could be the impact of a meteorite and its consequences on the territory of today’s Yucatán and/or the increased volcanism in India.
Mass extinction at the end of TriassicMore than 2/3 of all animal species, including most land-living vertebrates became extinct. Extensive volcanism associated with the breakup of supercontinent Pangea could be the reason.
The largest mass extinction in Earth's history Within a short time 90% of all animal species in the sea and over 2/3 of all terrestrial species of reptiles and amphibians as well as a third of all insect species were driven to extinction. Extensive volcanic activity and its consequences on today’s territory of Siberia may be considered as a reason.
The upper Devonian mass extinctionAbout 50% of all species became extinct. Also reef-building organisms were affected, which disappeared forever.
The mass extinction at the end of Ordovician Approximately 60% of marine species died out.
The mass extinction at the turn of Cambrian - Ordovician In particular, brachiopods, conodonts and trilobites were affected.
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HADEAN - QUARTERNARYFrom the beginning of Earth history until today
Earth TimesEarth Times Copyright Layout, Text and Graphics 2020:C
www.geoundnatur.de
Dr. E. LangenscheidtD-94474 Vilshofen, Pfarrer-Hartl-Str. 13
geological timetableEarth History