Earthquake Contingency Plan for Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution Company Limited (TGTDCL)

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

15June2008

TitasGasTransmission&DistributionCompanyLimited(TGTDCL)

CONTINGENCYPLANFOREARTHQUAKEHAZARDforTitasGasTransmission&DistributionCompanyLimited(TGTDCL)

TitasGasTransmission&DistributionCompanyLimited(TGTDCL)

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

ContingencyPlanforEarthquakeHazard

UnderComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMP)

MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementEarthquakeandTsunamiPreparedness

CDMP/EC/4a/PC1

Incollaborationwith

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanwithRegardtoEarthquakeHazardforTitasGasTransmission&DistributionCompanyLimited(TGTDCL)

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ListofAbbreviationsADB AsianDevelopmentBankAFD ArmedForcesDivisionAMI AnjumaneMofidulIslamBangladeshAnsar&VDP BangladeshAnsarandVillageDefencePartyBA BimanAirlinesBDR BangladeshRifles BCAA BangladeshCivilAviationAuthorityBCG BangladeshCoastGuardBDRCS BangladeshRedCrescentSocietyBFRI BangladeshForestResearchInstituteBGSL BakhrabadGasSystemsLimitedBGMEA BangladeshGarmentManufacturersandExportersAssociationBIP BangladeshInstituteofPlannersBIWTA BangladeshInlandWaterTransportAuthorityBKMEA BangladeshKnitwearManufacturerandExportersAssociationBLRI BangladeshLivestockResearchInstituteBMA BangladeshMedicalAssociationBMD BangladeshMeteorologicalDepartmentBP BangladeshPoliceBPDB BangladeshPowerDevelopmentBoardBR BangladeshRailwayBRTA BangladeshRoadandTransportAuthorityBRTC BangladeshRoadandTransportCorporationBSS BangladeshSangbadSangsthaBTMEA BangladeshTextileMillsAssociationBTCL BangladeshTelecommunicationCompanyBTRC BangladeshTelecommunicationRegulatoryCommissionBTV BangladeshTelevisionBUET BangladeshUniversityofEngineering&TechnologyBWDB BangladeshWaterDevelopmentBoardCAAB CivilAviationAuthorityBangladeshCBOs CommunityBasedOrganizationsCC CityCorporationsCCP BangladeshCentreforCommunicationPrograms CDA ChittagongDevelopmentAuthorityCDC CommunicablediseaseControlCME CentreforMedicalEducationCMMU Construction,MaintenanceandManagementUnitCPA ChittagongPortAuthorityCPP CyclonePreparednessProgrammeCWASA ChittagongWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthorityDCC DhakaCityCorporationDESA DhakaElectricitySupplyAuthorityDESCO DhakaElectricSupplyCompanyLtd.DFP DepartmentofFilmsandPublicationsDGFisheries DirectorateofFisheriesDGoF DirectorateGeneralofFoodDGLivestock DirectorateofLivestockDGHS DirectorateGeneralofHealthServicesDMB DisasterManagementBureau

ListofAbbreviations


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DMC DepartmentofMassCommunicationDOA DepartmentofArchitectureDPHE BangladeshDepartmentofPublicHealthEngineeringDRR DirectorateofReliefandRehabilitationDWASA DhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthorityEMS EarthquakeMagnitudeScaleFAO FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationFBCCI FederationofBangladeshChambersofCommerceFSCD BangladeshFireService&CivilDefenceIAB InstituteofArchitectsBangladeshIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocietiesIOM InternationalOrganizationforMigrationIRC InternationalRescueCommitteeJICA JapanInternationalCooperationAgencyGSB GeologicalSurveyofBangladeshHBRI Housing&BuildingResearchInstituteIAB InstituteofArchitectsBangladeshIEB InstituteofEngineersBangladeshIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentINGOs InternationalNonGovernmentOrganizationsJGTDSL JalalabadGasTransmission&DistributionCo.LimitedLGA LocalGovernmentAgenciesLGD LocalGovernmentDivisionLGED LocalGovernmentEngineeringDepartmentLGRD LocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopmentLGRDC LocalGovernmentRuralDevelopmentandCooperativesMinCom MinistryofCommerceMoC MinistryofCommunicationsMoCAT MinistryofCivilAviationandTourismMoF MinistryofFinanceMoFDM MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementMoFL MinistryofFisheriesandLivestockMoHA MinistryofHomeAffairsMoHFW MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfareMoHPW MinistryofHousingandPublicWorksMoI MinistryofInformationMoL MinistryofLandNGOs NonGovernmentOrganizationsNHA NationalHousingAuthorityNIPSOM NationalInstituteofPreventiveandSocialMedicineOHCHR OfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsPDB PowerDevelopmentBoardPetroBangla ItisasuccessorofBangladeshMineralOilandGasCorporationPGCL PowerGridCompanyofBangladeshLtdPIB PressInstituteofBangladeshPID PressInformationDepartmentPSTN PublicswitchedtelephoneNetworkPWD PublicWorksDepartmentR&H RoadsandHighwaysRAB RapidActionBattalionREB RuralElectrificationBoardRAJUK RajdhaniUnnyanKortipakhaREHAB RealEstate&HousingAssociationofBangladeshRHD RoadsandHighwaysDepartment

ListofAbbreviations


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TGTDCL TitasGasTransmissionandDistributionCo.LtdSoB SurveyofBangladeshUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNHABITAT UnitedNationsagencyforhumansettlementsUNHCR UNHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNICEF UnitedNationsChildren'sFundUNRC ResidentCoordinatorofUnitedNationsUNOCHA UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsVDP VillageDefencePartyWFP WorldFoodProgrammeWHO(DERG) WorldHealthOrganization(DisasterEmergencyResponseGroup)

ExecutiveSummary


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ExecutiveSummary

This contingency plan is developed by Titas Gas Transmission & DistributionCompanyLimited(TGTDCL).TechnicalsupportforitspreparationwasprovidedbyAsian Disaster preparedness Centre (ADPC) and National Society for EarthquakeTechnologyNepal (NSET) as a part of Contingency planningwith regards toEarthquakeHazards subcomponent of Earthquake and Tsunami PreparednessComponent of Comprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDMP) underimplementation by theMinistry of Food and DisasterManagement (MoFDM), theGovernment of Bangladesh (GoB) with the support from the United NationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),UKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentBangladesh(DFIDB)andtheEuropeanCommission(EC).

This plan is an outcome of a series of interactions, workshops and meetingsconducted among the staff of TGTDCL as well as interagency workshops andmeetingconductedduringtheprocess.Itisriskbasedcontingencyplanbasedontheearthquakelossestimationrecentlyconducted.Oncethelossmapsandthetargetedscenarioischanged,somemodificationsintermsofhumanresources,materialsandcostneedsmodificationaccordingly.

Twomainobjectivesofthiscontingencyplanareto:

Makesystemofshuttingdownallthegasdistributiontocontrolfirejustaftertheearthquake

Provide emergency Gas to the evacuated people in immediate shelter areaand

QuickrestorationoftheGassystemafteranearthquakeThespecificobjectivesare:

Vulnerabilityassessmentofgaspipelinesandcompressorstation RapidDamageAssessment Restorationofutilities Rehabilitationandrecoveryplanningforutilities Actionstocontrolfireoutbreaks,environmentalhazardsetc

For the gas system the first action after the earthquake is to shut off all the gasimmediately.Iftheautomaticshutoffvalvesarenotactivated,theyneedtoshutoffmanually.Irrespectiveofthedamagestate,itisplannedshutoffallthemajorvalvesimmediately.GasSystemPipelineRepairNeedwithValvesispreparedinGISmapforfacilitatingthisprocess.

The total number of displaced population needing shelter has been estimated ataround870,000withintheDhakacityduringscenarioearthquake.Thisisestimatedas50%ofthedisplacedpeopleneedimmediateshelteraftertheearthquakeandtheremaining50%willmanage their shelter in their relativesand otherplaces.Open

ExecutiveSummary


vi

spaces within the City Corporation area that are more than 2500 square meters(Area with capacity for sheltering 500 families or more) are mapped and theirsheltercapacitiesarecalculated.The totalopenspaceswithin theDhakacityhaveonlyaboutcapacityofthetotalpopulationneedingshelter.

Thepopulationevacuatedinimmediateshelterrequiresaboutcookinggasforabout56,200 families in the open spaces inside Dhaka City Corporation area. TotalPopulation needing Evacuation Shelter is about 870,000 so the immediate shelterneedingpopulationexceededtheopenspacecapacitywithinDhakaCityCorporationareais616822andneedtobeprovidedwithimmediateshelterinthesheltercampsnear toCityCorporation.Thenumbersof familiesneedingevacuation fromDhakaCityCorporationareatotheevacuationspacesoutsidecityfortheimmediateshelterareabout137,000andtheyrequiretheimmediatecookinggas.

Sothearrangementofcookinggasforabout200,000familiesisthemainchallengeduringimmediateresponse.Atthesametime,almostallofthegaslinewillbeoutoforderandtherewillbeanenormousdemandfromthepublicfortheGAS.

GISmapwiththenumbersoffamiliesindifferentevacuationshelterispreparedtofacilitatethePrepositioningofthisamountofGASbeforeearthquake.

Thetotalnumberofskilled/trainedworkersrequiredforrepairingtheGaspipelineisabout280perdayrepairthesystemwithin7days.Ifitisplannedtorepairin14days,itrequireabout140skilledworkersperday.Thiscalculationisbasedontheassumption mentioned above; it can be updated in the availability of detailinformation.

Skilledworkersrequiredtorepaircompressorstations isnotcalculatedhere,as itrequiremorenumberofpeopledependingonthelevelofdamage.

The total estimated cost require for repairs is about 1.5 Million US Dollars. Theequipmentandmaterialsarenotdetailedandrequiresfurtherdetailingduringplanrevision.

Legal provisions and organizational set up, functional response roles andresponsibilities assigned for the agency, operating procedures guideline andreadinesschecklistsarealsooutlinedinthisplan.

Introduction


1

Introduction

1.1CreationofthePlan

This contingency plan is developed by Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution CompanyLimited (TGTDCL). Technical support for its preparationwas provided by Asian DisasterpreparednessCentre(ADPC)andNationalSocietyforEarthquakeTechnologyNepal(NSET)as a part of Contingency planning with regards to Earthquake Hazards subcomponent of Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness component of ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgram(CDMP)underimplementationbytheMinistryofFoodandDisaster Management (MoFDM), the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) with the supportfrom the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UK Department forInternationalDevelopmentBangladesh(DFIDB)andtheEuropeanCommission(EC).

This plan is an outcome of a series of interactions, workshops and meetings conductedamongthestaffofTGTDCLaswellasinteragencyworkshopsandmeetingconductedduringthe process. It is risk based contingency plan based on the earthquake loss estimationrecently conducted. Once the loss maps and the targeted scenario is changed, somemodifications in terms of human resources, materials and cost needs modificationaccordingly.

1.2ObjectivesofthePlan

Twomainobjectivesofthiscontingencyplanareto:

Makesystemof shuttingdownall thegasdistribution tocontrol fire justafter theearthquake

ProvideemergencyGastotheevacuatedpeopleinimmediateshelterareaand QuickrestorationoftheGassystemafteranearthquake

Thespecificobjectivesare:

Vulnerabilityassessmentofgaspipelinesandcompressorstation RapidDamageAssessment Restorationofutilities Rehabilitationandrecoveryplanningforutilities Actionstocontrolfireoutbreaks,environmentalhazardsetc

1.3PlanningAssumptions

Thiscontingencyplanhasbeendevelopedwithfollowingassumptionsinthebackground:

The gas supply system of the Dhaka city will be out of function if there is anearthquake

TGTDCLofficesandstaffwillstartworkingforprovidingservicestothepeoplejustaftertheearthquake

Capacity of the systems after the earthquakewill not be sufficient andneed extrapreparationsbeforehand

Largenumbersofpersons (hundredsof thousands)willbe inneedof cookinggasandgasolineincludingotherfacilities

Introduction


2

Accesswillbeseverelyrestrictedduetodebris,andcollapsedbridgesetc.1.4IntendedUsersofthePlan

The direct users of this Earthquake contingency plan will be the managementpersonnelofTitasGasTransmission&DistributionCompanyLimited(TGTDCL)inorderto provide natural gas services to the people of Dhaka city during immediateresponse and early recovery phase after an earthquake. The plan also covers thepreparednessactionsbeforeearthquakeforeffectiveresponseafterwards.

In addition to TGTDCL, the others such as line Ministries, Departments, CityAuthorities, NGOs/ INGOs, electronic and paper Media, Community basedOrganizations (CBOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Academia; DevelopmentPartners will be the passive users of the plan as they will be providing supportservices forplan implementationwith regard toemergency services.Theultimatebeneficiarieswould be the communities at risk to bringnormalcywithin a fastestpossibletime.

1.5 PlanImplementationStrategiesbytheAgency

Thefollowingstrategiesaretobeadoptedinplanimplementation: Setting up a strong organizational framework to identify and assess

earthquake hazards, analyze vulnerability , assess risk and loss estimationwithregardstonaturalgassystem;

Plan&developmentof institutionalcapabilitiestotranslateearthquakeriskreductionintoPreparednessandResponsePlans;

Establish a consistent, participatory approach to the management ofearthquakeemergencyresponses;

Undertake training and education programs on all phases of DisasterManagementforalllevelstobuildthecapacityofprofessionals;

Develop a mechanism to improve the relationships with nongovernmentorganizations to address mitigation, preparedness, response and recoveryphaseeffectively;

Transferknowledgeandstateoftheartoftechnologiesnecessarytosupportinstitutionaloperationsandimplementoperationplans;

1.6 PlanLimitations

Followinglimitationsarenotedwhenthisplanisdrafted: This plan do not address all aspects of earthquake risk management (e.g.

longtermrecoveryplans) ThePlanassumesthatthelineagencieswillhaveMandatoryprovisionsand

nationalcapacity todealwithassigned tasks.Mandatoryprovisions for lineagencies, ministries, and local governments. District authorities can begranted through a gazette notification but Lines of authority need to befinalizedandcommunicatedtoalllevels.

TGTDCL may need additional resources in terms of qualified manpower,technicalaswellasfinancialresourcestoundertakeassignedtasksundertheEarthquakeContingencyPlan.

Introduction


3

The Earthquake Contingency Management process will take some time tobecomefullyfunctionalasanintegratedsystem.

Theplanisbasedonearthquakelossestimationresultsobtainedduringthepreparation of this plan and need verification when the final scenario isprepared

Theseismicassessmentof thedifferentcomponentsofthesystemaredoneas a part of the city risk assessment and require detail assessment forearthquakeriskreductionplanning

EarthquakeHazard,VulnerabilityandRiskAssessmentofWaterandSanitationSystemforContingencyplanning


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Earthquake risk assessment of the water and sanitation system was carried out underearthquakehazard,vulnerabilityandriskassessmentcomponentofCDMPprojectistakenas the base for the Contingency planning purpose. The loss estimation depends on thevulnerability assessment of the system as well as the expected hazards. As the study onhazardandvulnerabilitystudiesarestillinthephaseofrevisions,thelossestimationteammayarrivetonewconclusionsontotallossestimations.

Thisplanhasusedthelossestimationresultsthatwereavailablewhentheplanwascreatedandsubjectstorevisionwhenthenewlossestimationisavailable.

Thevulnerabilityandlossestimationresultsonwaterandsanitationsystemavailablefromthe earthquakehazard, vulnerability and risk assessment component for theContingencyplanningisgiveninSection2.1,Section2.2andSection2.3ofthischapter.

2.1EarthquakesHazardAssessment

2.1.1EarthquakesHazardinBangladesh

Thecombinationofhighdisastereventsaswellasincreasinghumanvulnerabilityresultingfromdemographicpressure,poverty, social inequality andcoupledwith theapprehendedclimate change indicate that Bangladesh is, currently, at high risk to large scale disasterswithconsequentimpactonshelter,food,healthandsurvival.Bangladeshisalsosusceptibletodamagingearthquakes. It isa fact thatduring therecentpastnomajorearthquakehasoccurred in Bangladesh orwithin its neighborhood but records indicates that during thepast few hundred years there have been several significant earthquakes recordedwithinBangladesh. Reliable historical data for seismic activity affecting Bangladesh is availableonlyforthelast450years(Guptaet.al.1986).

Recently developed earthquake catalogue for Bangladesh and surrounding areas(Sharfuddin, 2001) shows1200earthquakeswith amagnitude (Ms) of 4.0haveoccurredbetween1885and1995,withina200kmradiusofBangladesh.

Site dependent seismicmotion and damage, caused by specific soil conditions and othercharacteristics isan importantcharacteristic in seismichazardassessment. It canprovideinputstoMicrozonationstudiesaswellastodeterminetheoverallseismicriskinthebuiltenvironment.Thisfacilitatesthepreparationoftheearthquakeemergencyplansandalsotoimprove the preparedness andmitigation of earthquake and tsunami riskwith a view tostrengthenthecapacityofthecitydwellersofmajorcitiestoface,managetheemergenciesand reduce the impact and economic losses through better preparedness measuresundertakenasalongtermmeasure.

Theearthquakeriskoftheurbancentregrowswitheverypassingmomentbecauseoftheunabated growth of human settlement and industrial and other economic activities.Disastrouseffectsofearthquakes inhighdensityareaseven far fromtheepicentral tractscanbequantifiednowthroughscenariobasedstudies,and itopensuptheopportunity tocreate knowledge products for large urban areas likeDhaka, Chittagong and other urbancentre.



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Figure1 gives themain fault system in and around Bangladesh that can have severe inBangladesh.

Figure1:EarthquakeFaultZonesinandaroundBangldesh

DifferentparametersofthefaultsystemsaregiveninTable111.

Table11FaultParametersforEmpiricalAttenuationAnalysis

Fault Mw Depth totop of fault(km)

Dip(degree)

Downdip rupturewidth(km)

FaultType

MadhupurFault(MF) 7.5 10 45 42 Reverse

DaukiFault(DF) 8.0 3 60 43 Reverse

PlateBoundaryFault1(PBF1) 8.5 3 20/30 337 Reverse

PlateBoundaryFault2(PBF2) 8.0 3 20 137 Reverse

PlateBoundaryFault3(PBF3) 8.3 3 20/30 337 Reverse



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2.1.2EarthquakeHazardinDhakaCity

The ADPC and partners hazard assessment team under the CDMP project studied theseismichazardofthreecities,Dhaka,ChittagongandSylhet.IncaseofDhaka,thePGA,PGVand Sa (h=5%, T=0.3 and 1.0 sec) at ground surface were calculated for five scenarioearthquakes.Inthisanalysis,theeffectsofnonlinearityofsoilswereconsidered.

ThemostimportantearthquakeisMadhipurFaultandthePGAinDhakais220to410gal.Figure 12 shows the PGA distribution map and Figure 13 gives the Liquefactionsusceptibilitymap.

Figure2.2:PGAmapofDhakacity



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Figure2.3:LiquefactionSusceptibilityMapofDhakaCity

2.1VulnerabilityAssessmentofDhakaGasSystem

Vulnerability isassessed fromthecharacteristicsofgaspipelineanddistribution facilitiesthat make them susceptible to the damaging effect of an earthquake. In gas system,vulnerability is identified from the pipe ductility type, distribution facility type, and soilliquefactionsusceptibilityonwhichthepipeandfacilitylieon. Fromthefieldsurvey,itisfound thatmostofdistribution facilitiesarenotpreparedwith theseismicdesign,properanchorage, andbackuppower system.Fromvulnerability assessment,naturalGasSystemconsistsofpipelines(NGP1/NGP2)andcompressorstations(NGC).Botharevulnerabletodamageduringearthquake.Failureofnaturalgassystemmaycauseanotherdisasteroffire.The vulnerability is assessed from the characteristics of pipeline joints and distributionfacilities that make them susceptible to the damaging effect of an earthquake. The gaspipeline is welded steel pipe, and the critical part is located at the joint. Based on theweldingprocess,gaspipelineisdividedintogasweldedjoint (NGP1)andarcweldedjoint(NGP2).Fromdataacquisition,itisidentifiedthatgaspipelinesinthe3citiesarewitharcweldedjoints.Systemvulnerabilityisidentifiedfromthepipetypeandcompressorstationlocation relation to the soil liquefaction susceptibility onwhich they lie on. Pipeline andcompressor stations located on higher liquefaction susceptibility soil is more vulnerablethanthoseonlowornoneliquefactionsusceptibility.

Table21 ComponentsofNaturalGasSystemofDhakaCityCorporationArea

No. Component Material Length(km)orquantity

1. Pipediameter0.5mm Steel 0.76



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3. Pipediameter1mm Steel 448.60











TOTAL 1,420.07

14. DRS NA 7

15. Valve NA 2344

The following tables show the pipeline length and number of facilities in differentliquefactionsusceptibilitysoilsandspatialdistributionofnaturalgascomponentsin3CityCorporationareas.

Table22 NaturalGasPipeLengthandNumberofFacilitiesonSoilLiquefactionsusceptibilityinDhakaCityCorporationArea

LiquefactionSusceptibility(lengthinkmornumberoffacility)Component

None VeryLow

Low Moderate High VeryHigh

Total

Pipeline

ArcweldedJointSteelPipe 0.00 581.96 2.08 124.21 0.26 711.57 1420.08Total 0.00 581.96 2.08 124.21 0.26 711.57 1420.08Facility

CompressionStation(DRS) 0 2 0 2 0 3 7Total 0 2 0 2 0 3 7

Table23 SpatialDistributionofNaturalGasSystemComponentsinEachWardofDhakaCityCorporationArea

Ward

ArcweldedJointSteelPipe

CompressionStation(DRS) Ward


CompressionStation(DRS)

1 145.06 1 32 14.42 2 35.09 33 8.91 3 42.00 34 10.83 4 12.31 35 8.39 5 14.26 36 19.55 7 0.62 37 21.26 8 2.06 38 15.42 10 18.52 39 17.13 11 14.50 40 29.00 12 10.12 41 4.01



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Ward


CompressionStation(DRS) Ward


CompressionStation(DRS)

13 45.11 42 22.78 14 33.86 1 43 23.79 15 19.26 44 25.60 16 44.52 45 27.79 17 36.17 1 46 16.93 18 26.29 47 10.81 19 82.61 2 48 16.75 20 14.54 49 36.02 21 22.82 50 10.24 22 70.89 51 9.60 23 12.86 52 14.29 24 20.60 53 25.81 25 49.92 54 18.39 26 8.32 55 6.87 27 24.07 56 7.00 28 9.48 57 5.28 29 11.27 58 10.31 30 3.89 90 131 10.00 91 1 Total 1,278.21 7

2.2EarthquakeRiskAssessmentofDhakaGasSystem

Table24andTable25provideinformationonthedamagetoGasutility lifelinesystems.The estimateddamage to the gas pipelines shows that therewill be about 247 leaks andbreakagestothegaspipelinesystem

GasSystempipelinerepairneedmapisgiveninMap1ofAnnexIIandmajorCompressorsStationsneedingrepairsisgiveninMap4ofAnnexII.

Table24CalculatedGasPipelineDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea

Component TotalLength(km) TotalLosses(thou$) TotalleaksandbreakagesrequiringRepairs

Pipeline 834 433 246

Table25CalculatedGasSystemFacilityDamageinDhakaCityCorporationArea

Component TotalNumber

FunctionalityProbabilityatDay1

TotalLosses(thou$)

Remark

>60% 40%60%



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2.3OverallEarthquakeDamageScenariooftheCity

Threedifferent lossscenariosarestudiedbytheriskassessmentteamforDhakacity.Thescenario1,thelossduetoMadhupurfault,istakenastheworstcasescenarioforthewaterandsanitationsystemContingencyplanning.TheriskanalysiswasconductedinHAZUS,riskassessmentcomputersoftware.

HAZUSestimatesthatabout166,570buildingswillbeatleastmoderatelydamaged.Thisisover51.00%ofthetotalnumberofbuildingsintheregion.Thereareanestimated75,218buildingsthatwillbedamagedbeyondrepair.

Table25ExpectedBuildingDamagebyOccupancyClassinDhakaCityCorporationArea:Scenariocase1

Dhaka:Case1

None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete

Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 526 0.45 273 0.65 325 0.60 193 0.52 327 0.44

Commercial 16,271 13.80 5,028 11.88 7,738 14.26 6,198 16.71 11,533 15.33

Education 1,388 1.18 384 0.91 432 0.80 349 0.94 610 0.81

Government 330 0.28 117 0.28 168 0.31 129 0.35 170 0.23

Industrial 2,294 1.95 562 1.33 917 1.69 1,033 2.79 1,572 2.09

OtherResidential

94,994 80.56 34,924 82.50 42,882 79.03 27,821 75.01 58,739 78.09

Religion 781 0.66 271 0.64 307 0.57 297 0.80 523 0.70

SingleFamily 1,340 1.14 770 1.82 1,491 2.75 1,072 2.89 1,744 2.32

Total 117,924 42,330 54,261 37,091 75,219

HAZUSestimates thenumberofpeople thatwill be injured andkilledby theearthquake.Thecasualtiesarebrokendownintofour(4)severitylevelsthatdescribetheextentoftheinjuries.Thelevelsaredescribedasfollows;

Severity Level 1: Injurieswill requiremedical attention but hospitalization is notneeded.

Severity Level 2: Injuries will require hospitalization but are not considered lifethreatening

Severity Level 3: Injuries will require hospitalization and can become lifethreateningifnotpromptlytreated.

SeverityLevel4:Victimsarekilledbytheearthquake.The casualty estimates are provided for two times of day: 2:00 AM and 2:00 PM. Thesetimesrepresenttheperiodsofthedaythatdifferentsectorsofthecommunityareattheirpeakoccupancyloads.The2:00AMestimateconsidersthattheresidentialoccupancyloadis maximum and the 2:00 PM estimate considers that the educational, commercial andindustrialsectorloadsaremaximum.



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Table26SummaryofthecasualtiesestimatedforearthquakeinDhakaCityCorporationArea:ScenarioCase1Dhaka:Case1

Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4

2AM Commercial 635 209 37 73 Commuting 0 0 0 0 Educational 0 0 0 0 Hotels 72 24 4 8 Industrial 101 33 6 11 OtherResidential 150,938 50,463 8,952 17,733 SingleFamily 561 177 30 59 Total 152,307 50,905 9,028 17,884

2PM Commercial 81,688 27,043 4,789 9,401 Commuting 2 2 4 1 Educational 3,590 1,176 208 405 Hotels 14 5 1 2 Industrial 744 244 43 84 OtherResidential 51,351 17,279 3,166 5,979 SingleFamily 194 62 11 20 Total 137,582 45,810 8,221 15,892

ImmediateShelterNeed:

The estimated displaced population will be about 1,700,000 and about half of them i.e.870,000needimmediateshelter.So,allthereliefmaterialslikewater,food,clothesetc.areneededfor870,000ofthepeoplewithinDhakacity.

2.4InterrelationshipwithotherLifelinesandUtilities

Transportation and lifeline infrastructure include road network, bridge, gas (natural gas)network, electric network, telephone network, water supply network, and seweragenetwork.Typicallysuchlifelinesystemsareextendedspatiallyoverlargeareasandconsistofnumerousstructures;theyarerelatedtourbanlivesandfunctionsandarevulnerabletoearthquake. InDhaka,gasandwatersewerageconnectionsstilluseeithergalvanized iron(GI) or concrete pipes. During an earthquake these are likely to breakdown very easily.Electricalserviceisalsolikelytocollapseduringandafteranearthquake.

Themajor causesofpostearthquake fires includegas leaksdue to failureofpipesorgasappliances;problemsintheelectricaldistributionsystem;flammablematerials;overturningof candles, lamps, cooking ovens, etc. Narrow roads in old town, garments and othermanufacturingindustriesindenseresidentialareasofDhakaarelikelytocreateadditionalproblemsintheeventofanearthquake.

Naturalgasleaksandexplosionsareresponsibleforasignificantnumberoffiresfollowingdisasters. Electrical sparks in broken buildings and infrastructure have the potential ofignitingthegasleaksfromtherupturedpipeline.Firesbreakoutinitiallyandthenspreadtothesurroundingsdependingonbuildingconstruction,buildingdensity,wind,etc.



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Road&bridgedamage

Figure2.3:EffectandImpactofEarthquaketowardinfrastructureandlifelineEffectandimpactofanearthquaketowardsthetransportationandlifelineinfrastructurecanbeseenin(Figure2.1).Inemergencysituation,managementofthoseinfrastructuresformacomplexrelationshipsamongvariouscriticalfacilitiesandinfrastructureelements,andresultininfrastructureinterdependenciesasshownin

PlanforImmediateResponseandEarlyRecovery


13


3.1KeyActivitiesoftheWaterandSanitationSectorforImmediateResponseandEarlyRecovery

One of the objectives of the shelter and utility planning cluster according to the nationallevel contingency plan is Efficient restoration of utilities and services afterearthquakesandpreventoutbreakoffireduetomalfunctioningofutilities.Thegassystemcontingencyplaniswithintheshelterandutilityplanningcluster. Table31givesthe details on gas supply sector objectives, main tasks and activities, lead agencies andsupportingagencies.

Themaintasksassignforpreparationofgassystemcontingencyplanare:

1)Vulnerabilityassessmentofgaspipelinecompressorstation

2)Rapiddamageassessment

3)Restorationofutilities

4)Rehabilitationandrecoveryplanningforutilities

5)Actionstocontrolfireoutbreaks,environmentalhazardsetc

Table31:DetailsonShelterandUtilityPlanningSectorinNationalContingencyPlan

Cluster5Shelter(Includingsettinguptemporaryshelter)andUtilityPlanningResponsibleMinistry:MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementPrimaryResponsibility:DisasterManagementBureau(DMB)SecondaryResponsibilities:TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB,BTCL,PrivateTelecomCompanies,LocalGovernmentBodiesOtherAssociatedAgencies;AFD,Donoragencies,UnAgencies,INGOS,NGOsObjectives:

Toensureefficientrestorationofutilitiesandservicesafterearthquakessuchassupplyoftelecommunicationfacilities,power,gasand,wastedisposaletc

ToensuretemporaryshelterfordisplacedafterdisastereventssuchasEarthquakesandprovisionofbasicfacilitiestothesame

Topreventoutbreakoffireduetomalfunctioningofutilitiessuchasgas,electricitysupplyetc

Toensurepreventionofenvironmentaldisorderduetoreleaseofhazardouswasteandmaterial

ActivitiesLeadAgency/Institution

SupportAgencies/Instit

utions

GlobalClusterPartner(Proposed)/Otherassociateagencies

ConductmeetingswithUtilitiessubcommitteeforenhancedpreparednessmeasurestobeundertakenbyUtilityagenciestominimizeimpactsandtopreventmalfunctioningofservicesduringemergencies

DMB TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB

Pre

DisasterFunctions

and

Agency

Role

Maintenanceofstocksofmostessentialsparepartsandservicepersonalforattendingtolargescaleemergenciessuchasearthquakes

Utilityagencies

Globalcluster



14

DevelopguidelinesforvulnerabilityassessmentofutilitiesandconducttrainingforUtilitysectorstaffforundertakingvulnerabilityassessments


CapacitybuildingofutilitysectorforContingencyplanningandplanningforrestorationoffacilitiesandImplementResponseCapacityAssessmentprogramsforreductionofimpactsforUtilitysectoranddevelopefficientresponsecapacity

DMB TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB,CityCorporationsandUrbanLocalbodies

Designandimplementprojectsforprepositioningofemergencypowersupplyservicesforcriticalareas

LocalGovt.Bodies

TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB

Developprocedureforpostearthquakedamageassessmentofallessentialutilitieswithinthecitybyutilitymanagers

TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB

CityCorporationsandUrbanLocalbodies

Identificationofallbuildings(suchasschools)whichcanbeusedasTemporaryshelterandconductcapacityassessmentsurveyforidentificationofneeds


Utilityagencies

ProvisionofutilityservicesforbuildingsidentifiedastemporaryShelters,andmaintainstocksofstandbyemergencyshelteritems/equipmentforquickmobilizationduringestablishmentoftemporaryshelter(standbygenerators,Temporarycampsetc)


Utilityagencies

IdentificationofallpossiblesourcesofHazardouswaste/hazardousmaterialreleaseduringemergenciesandconductawarenessprogramstopreventenvironmentalandsocietalimpactsduetoreleaseofhazardoussubstanceduringemergenciessuchasearthquakes


RelevantIndustries,Businessenterprises

partnersIFRC,UNHCR

IOMOthersNGO,INGO,BDRCS

ActivitiesLeadAgency/Institution

SupportAgency


ImmediatelyactivatethePlanforshutoffofallsuppliesofGas,Electricity,Wastedisposaletcatallshutoffpoints.

Utilityagencies/LocalGovernmentBodies

DuringDisasterFunctions

and

Agency

Role

Utilityagenciesundertakerestorationworkandactionstorehabilitatesupplyofpower,gas,etctocriticalagencies(hospitals,AFD,Police,evacuationcampssoon)

Utilityagencies(TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB)/LocalGovernment

AFD,FSCD,School,College,Universities,DMB,DRR,

Globalcluster

partnersIFRC,UNHCR

IOM



15

Bodies

Conductrapiddamageassessmentsurveyofpowersupplysystems(generation,distribution,supply)andrestorationofsupplytocriticalfacilities(suchashospitals,police,AFD,FireServiceetc)OrganizeprojectteamstoconductRapiddamageassessmentofallessentialutilitieswithinthecitybyutilitymanagers

Utilityagencies(TGTDCL,JGTDSL,BGSL,PGCL,DESA,DESCO,WASA,BPDB)/LocalGovernmentBodies,

AFD,FSCD,Universities,

Mobilizeprepositionedemergencypowersupplyservicesforcriticalareas

BPDB DESA,DESCO,AFD,FSCD,LocalGovt.Bodies,Universities,NGOs

ObtainperiodicsituationreportsandreviewtheprogressonactivationofContingencyPlansandrestorationofservicesbyutilityagencies


OthersNGO,INGO,BDRCS

Activities

LeadAgency/Institution

SupportAgencies/Institutions


ConductsurveyofTemporarysheltersetupforIDPsforqualitativeimprovementofshelterforIDPs

DMB DRR,AFD,LocalGovernmentBodies,Academia,Professionalbodies,

DevelopearlyrecoveryPlansforsettingupnewSettlementprogramsandrehabilitationofpartiallydamagesettlementandhousingforsupplyofpermanentshelterforaffected.

DMB LocalGovernmentBodies,Academia,Professionalbodies,

ConductingdamageassessmentsurveyofallutilitiesandpreparePlansforrestoreandrehabilitatesupplyofpower,water,gas,toaffectedareasandinwastedisposal

AllUtilityagencies

DMB,AFD,LocalGovernmentBodies,Universities,PDB,PrivateTelecomCompanies,TITAS,Utilityagencies

Conductdamageassessmentsurveyofpowersupplysystems(generation,distribution,supply)andprepareestimatesforrestorationofsupplytootherareas,PreparationofPlansforrehabilitation

BPDB LocalGovernmentBodies,Universities,DESA,DESCO

IntegratemitigationandpreparednessprogramsinRecoveryPlanningbyutilitiesforreductionoffutureearthquakeimpactsduringrestorationoffacilities

AllUtilityagencies

LocalGovernmentBodies,Universities,PDB,Telecom,TITAS,Utilityagencies

Assistinrestorationofallessentialutilitiesandserviceswithinthecitybyutilitymanagers

LocalGovernmentBodies

PDB,TITAS,WASA,DESA,Universities

After

DisasterFunctionsand

Agency

Role

Provideperiodicsituationreportsonthestatusofrestorationofservicesand

DMB,National

PDB,TITAS,WASA,DESA,

Globalcluster

partnersIFRC,UNHCR

IOM

OthersNGO,INGO,BDRCS



16

reviewtheprogress EOC Universities

ReviewthePerformanceofCluster5Shelter(IncludingsettinguptemporaryCamps)andUtilityPlanningClusterandintroducemodificationstotheContingencyPlanforbetterperformanceinfuture.

DMB,NationalEOC

Utilityagencies,LocalGovernmentBodies

3.2ImmediateResponsePlan

3.2.1ControlFire

Forthegassystemthefirstactionaftertheearthquakeistoshutoffallthegasimmediately.If the automatic shut off valves are not activated, they need to shut off manually.Irrespectiveofthedamagestate,itisplannedshutoffallthemajorvalvesimmediately.

GasSystemPipelineRepairNeedwithValvesisgiveninMap2ofAnnexII.

3.2.1ProvideEmergencyGasinImmediateShelterCamps

The total number of displaced population needing shelter has been estimated at around870,000withintheDhakacityduringscenarioearthquake.This isestimatedas50%ofthedisplacedpeopleneedimmediateshelteraftertheearthquakeandtheremaining50%willmanage their shelter in their relatives and other places. Open spaces within the CityCorporationareathataremorethan2500squaremeters(Areawithcapacityforsheltering500 families or more) are mapped and their shelter capacities are calculated. Area ofdifferentevacuationspaces,populationholdingcapacitiesandthefamiliesneedingcookinggas in different evacuation spaces are given in Table32 below. The total open spaceswithintheDhakacityhaveonlyaboutcapacityofthetotalpopulationneedingshelter.

Table32:RequirementofEmergencyCookingGasinDifferentEvacuationSpaces

EvacuationSpace Area_m2 Capacity FamiliesneedingImmediateCookingGas

1 64157 7129 15842 59836 6648 14773 81509 9057 20134 677244 75249 167225 60265 6696 14886 128245 14249 31677 119715 13302 29568 809639 89960 199919 31132 3459 769

10 25125 2792 62011 145079 16120 358212 32601 3622 80513 44054 4895 1088

TotalPopulationEvacuatedinOpenSpacesInsideDhakaCityCorporationArea

253178 56262



17

Thepopulationevacuatedinimmediateshelterrequiresaboutcookinggasforabout56,200familiesintheopenspacesinsideDhakaCityCorporationarea.TotalPopulationneedingEvacuationShelteris about 870,000 so the immediate shelter needing population exceeded the open spacecapacity within Dhaka City Corporation area is 616822 and need to be provided withimmediateshelter in thesheltercampsnear toCityCorporation.Thenumbersof familiesneedingevacuationfromDhakaCityCorporationareatotheevacuationspacesoutsidecityfortheimmediateshelterareabout137,000andtheyrequiretheimmediatecookinggas.

Sothearrangementofcookinggasforabout200,000familiesisthemainchallengeduringimmediate response.At the same time, almost all of the gas linewill be out of order andtherewillbeanenormousdemandfromthepublicfortheGAS.

ThenumbersoffamiliesindifferentevacuationshelterareshowninMap3ofAnnexII.

3.3EarlyRecoveryPlan

3.3.1HumanResources,MaterialsandCostPlanning

Assumptions:

HumanresourcesrequiredforrepairofGasPipeline:

2daysfor4personcrewtorepaironebreak.

Humanresourcesrequiredforrepairandconstructionoftheotherfacilitiesdependsonthesizeofthefacilities.Agroupofabout1020skilledmasonsarerequiredfromaweekto6monthsforrepairandreconstructionofthedistributionfacilities.

Table 32 gives the required human resources and the repair plan for the gas systempipelineandTable33givesthecompressorstationsrepairplan.

Table32ExpectedGasSystemPipelineRepairPlan

NumberofSkilledWorkersRequiredtoRepairthePipeline

in

Component

TotalLength(km)

TotalLosses(thou$)

TotalRepairs

7days 14days 30days

RepairUnitCost(thou

$)

RepairCost(thou$)

Pipeline 834 433 346 281 141 66 0.69 170



18

Table33ExpectedGasSystemFacilitiesRepairPlan

NumberofSkilledWorkersRequiredtoRepairthePipeline

in

Component TotalNumber

TotalLosses

(thou$)

TotalRepairs

7days 14days 30days

RepairUnitCost(thou

$)

RepairCost

(thou$)

CompressorStations

7 1284 4 1000 1284

Thetotalnumberofskilled/trainedworkersrequiredforrepairingtheGaspipelineisabout280perdayrepairthesystemwithin7days.Ifitisplannedtorepairin14days,itrequireabout140skilledworkersperday.Thiscalculationisbasedontheassumptionmentionedabove;itcanbeupdatedintheavailabilityofdetailinformation.

Skilledworkersrequiredtorepaircompressorstationsisnotcalculatedhere,asitrequiremorenumberofpeopledependingonthelevelofdamage.

Thetotalestimatedcostrequireforrepairsisabout1.5MillionUSDollars.Theequipmentandmaterialsarenotdetailedandrequiresfurtherdetailingduringplanrevision.

FunctionalityofCompressorsStations,LocationofGasFillingStationsandGasLineforfillingstationsisgiveninMap5ofAnnexII.TheGasSystempipelinerepairneedisgiveninMap1ofAnnexII.

3.3.2PrioritiesforEarlyRecovery

The first priority after the immediate response is to start the recovery of the criticalelements within the system. Following are the proposed priorities actions for effectiverecovery:

Priority1:RepairCompressors

Priority2:RepairFilingStationsPipeline

Priority3:RepairMainPipelines

Priority4:RepairPipelinesinLessDamageAreas

Priority5:RepairPipelinesinotherareas

LegalProvisionsandOrganizationalSetup


19


4.1 Legal Provisions, Authority and national level DM Functions of theAgency

Organizational setup of the Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution CompanyLimited:TheManaging Director, alongwith the Board ofMembers, of TGTDCL isresponsible for Implementation of all Gas Transmission related programs & toprovide technical guidance to theMinistry.TendifferentDivisionsareassigned toworkundertheManagingDirector,TGTDCL.With regard to Disaster Management, the Titas Gas Transmission & DistributionCompanyLimitedistoprovideefficientGastransmissiontoalllevelsofvictims.

4.2 The Major roles assigned to the agency in relation to NationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan

The agency level responsibility of TGTDCL with regards to Earthquake RiskManagementistoensuremanagementofsituationofmasscasualtiesandtreatmentof victims as a result of Earthquakes andmajor aftershocks and as a result of colateral hazards. The main roles assigned to TGTDCL in relation to NationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanaretoensure:

AssistUtilityagenciestorestoreandrehabilitatesupplyofpower,water,gas, etc to critical agencies (hospitals, AFD, Police, evacuation camps soon)

AssistUtilityagenciestorestoreandrehabilitatesupplyofpower,water,gas,toaffectedareasandinwastedisposal

4.3 The support roles assigned to agency under National EarthquakeContingencyManagementPlan

AstrongNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanisconsideredtobeaonethatisbuiltonafoundationforDRMthatpromotes AppropriateCommandandControlmechanism Efficient,effectivecollaboration&coordination Trust,mutualrespectandunderstandingamongallstakeholders Arrangements for sharing of resources and experience thatwill result in a

highest level of safety and security of citizens of Bangladesh fromEarthquakesatalltimes

4.4 Agency levelstructure forCommand,ControlandCoordinationwithintheorganizationandwithoutsideagencies

TheOrganogramoftheTitasGasTransmission&DistributionCompanyLimitedisgivenasfollows:



20

Command,ControlandCoordinationmechanismforTGTDCLwithregardtoDisasterManagementareasfollows:Overall Supervision: Managing Director, Titas Gas Transmission & DistributionCompanyLimitedFocalPoint:Director(Operations),TGTDCLManagementsupport:GeneralManager(Marketing)Monitoring:GeneralManager(Planning)TheResponseActionofTGTDCLcanbeexpressedasunder:Initial Action: Managing Director calls Officials of TGTDCL and other concernAgenciesContinuingAction: SituationAssessment Activate&deployofMedicalResponseTeams CoordinationofRequestsformedicalTransportation/Ambulance CoordinationofRequestsforFSCD

FunctionalResponseRolesandResponsibilitiesAssignedfortheAgency


21


5.1 EmergencyResponseTasksunderRespectiveFunctionalGroupsPreparednessandMitigationPhase(normaltimeactivities)

ToensurethisContingencyplanningasaforwardplanningprocess,itisobvioustoagreeuponspecificscenariosandobjectives.AneffectivePotentialResponseSystemhastobeputinplaceinordertoprevent,orbetterrespondto,anemergencyorcriticalsituation.In this regard, TGTDCL needs to accomplish the following activities wellbefore theearthquakeevent.

ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning Developandregularlyupdatecontingencyplan Conductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforplanupdate Carry out periodic reporting to authorities on readiness of the sector for

respondingtoearthquakeevents

ActivitiesrelatedtoGasTransmission DevelopContingencyPlansforearthquakerisk ConductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforPlanupdate Carryoutperiodicreportingtoauthoritiesonreadinessofthe(TGTDCL)for

respondingtoearthquakeevents

ActivitiesrelatedtoJustafterRecoveryPhase Develop procedures and guidelines for recovery projects in Gas Transmission

facilitiestoreducefuturedamages Developprocedures for integrating seismic safety in recoveryprograms inGas

Transmissionsector Developcapacitybuildingprogramsforprofessionalsto integrateseismicsafety

andimprovepreparedness

5.2 EmergencyResponseTasksunderRespectiveFunctionalGroupsResponsephase(activitiesduringandsoonafterthedisasterevents)

ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning Compliance with plan arrangements and reporting on the health sector

involvementinprovidinghealthcaretovictims

ActivitiesrelatedtoGasTransmission CompliancewithPlanarrangementsandreportingonthe(TGTDCL)involvement

inContingencyPlanimplementation Activatethealertsystem Organize project teams to conduct Rapid damage assessment of all essential

utilitieswithinthecitybyutilitymanagers



22

Obtain periodic situation reports and review the progress on activation ofContingencyPlans

Resourcedeploymentforaidtoinjuredanddisposalofdead

5.3Recoveryphase(activitiesfollowingadisasterevent)

ActivitiesrelatedtoContingencyplanning Compliancewiththeplanarrangementsandreportingongastransmissionsector

involvement.

ActivitiesrelatedtoGasTransmission Organize project teams to conduct Detail damage assessment of all Gas

Transmissioninfrastructureandprepareforrecoveryprogramimplementation Develop guidelines for Gas Transmission systems for build better taking the

impactofpotentialearthquakesActivitiesrelatedtoJustafterRecoveryPhase Assistinrestorationofallessentialutilitieswithinthecitybyutilitymanagers Obtainperiodicsituationreportsandreviewtheprogress

OperatingProcedureGuidelines


23


6.1 Planningassumptions

TheagencylevelresponsibilityofUtilitiesandServiceagencies(watersupply,gas,electricitysupplyandtelecommunications)withregardstoEarthquakeRiskManagementistoensurequickrestorationofservicesandfacilitiesandextentassistanceinevacuation,Search&Rescueoperations,transportationofrelief&welfareitemsaswelltohelpinMedicalFirstResponsetoalllevelsofvictimsofearthquakedisaster.AgreedactionslistedintheNationallevelPlanduringnormaltimesshouldbecoveredcomprehensivelyduringAgencylevelplanningbytheconcernedutilitiesandserviceagencies.ThelevelofpreparednessatanygiventimedeterminesthelevelofresponsecapacityoftheutilitiesandserviceagenciesduringanyEarthquakedisastersituation.Themaintenanceofstandardsofservicesandrednessduringnormaltimescanbedemonstratedthroughverificationofeffectivenessthroughsimulationsandconductofregularstocktakingandregularreporting.Thisensurestheresponsecapacityoftheutilitiesandserviceagenciestoanydisastersituation.

Foreffectivepreparedness,theutilitiesandserviceagenciesmusthaveaclearlydefinedEarthquakeContingencyPlan,inordertoavoidconfusionand,improveefficiencyincostandtime

Operatingproceduresformobilizingstaff,manpower,andmaterialduringvariousstagesofearthquakeemergencyresponseshouldbeidentifiedbytherespectiveagenciesintheAgencylevelEarthquakeContingencyPlan.AllutilitiesandserviceagenciesarerequiredtostudytheNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanandadoptappropriatemeasurestoensuretheuninterruptedservicesbyrespectiveagencyduringpostearthquakeperiod.

Alsotheagenciesshouldensuretheutilitiesandserviceagencieshavetakenmaximumefforttocontroltheoccurrenceoroutbreakandanykindofspreadofcollateralhazardeventssuchasfireoutbreaks

OrientationandtrainingforimplementationoftheEarthquakeContingencyPlanandproceduresaccompaniedbysimulatedexerciseswillkeeptheutilitiesandserviceagenciespreparedformeetingtheneedstoactinEarthquakeevents.Specialskillsrequiredduringearthquakeemergencyresponseoperationsneedtobeimpartedtotheofficialsandthestaffofutilitiesandserviceagencies.Selectedpersonnelcanbedeputedfortraining

Adesignatedofficerfromeachorganizationlistedunderutilitiesandserviceagenciesatnationallevelshouldtaketheroleofas"NODALOFFICERGasTransmission.Inthesimilarwaytheofficersshouldbedesignatedas"OfficerinchargeGasTransmissionatthecityleveltotakechargeofEarthquakeContingencyPlanrelatedfunctions.

Measuresshouldbeundertakentoenhancethecapacityofutilitiesandserviceagenciesregularlyintermsofmanpower,equipment,materialetctorespondtoanEarthquakedisaster.



24

6.2 Normaltimeactivities

AssesspreparednesslevelandreportthesameasperthereportingformatstoNationalEmergencyOperationCentre(EOC)everysixmonths

ConducttrainingandcapacitybuildingprogramstoprovidenecessaryskillsandknowledgeonhandlingutilitiesandserviceagenciesissuesduringEarthquakeemergency

Obtainmapsofallsupplyroutes,operationalareasofutilitiesandservicesbyrespectiveagenciesandstorethemcarefullysothatitcanbemadeavailabletoauthoritieswithshortnoticeafterEarthquakeemergency.KeepandmaintainEarthquakeContingencyplanswithspatialdatabasessothatincaseofseveredamagetoutilitiesandservicesaquickassessmentcouldbeundertakenbytherespectiveauthoritiestoestablishmostessentialserviceswithintheshortesttimeperiod.

MaintainalistofEarthquakeDisasterproneareasinthecitylevelandconductsimulationstoverifythepreparednessleveltorespondtoearthquakeevents(especiallyinvolvetheEmergencyrepairandmaintenanceteamsinsimulations)

AppointanddesignatetheEmergencyRepairteamsanddevelopdatabaseofsuchofficerswithcontactnumbers.Developacoordinationmechanismbetweenutilitiesandserviceagenciesandresponseagencies.Developandmaintaindatabaseofheavymachinery(specifythenumber,location,etc)belongtotherespectiveInstitutionthatcanbeusedduringemergencies

Conductverificationofstocksofsparepartsandmaterialnecessaryforrestorationofutilitiesandservicesbyrespectiveagencies.

ConductvulnerabilityassessmentofbuildingsandmakearrangementstoensurecriticalfacilitiesandbuildingswillbeundersafeconditionsduringEarthquakeemergencies.

6.3 ActivitiesonreceiptofnoticeofActivationifNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan

AllpersonnelfromUtilities&lifelinesservicesrequiredforEarthquakeEmergencyresponseshouldworkundertheoverallsupervisionandguidanceofResponseCommanderoftherespectivearea.WithintheaffectedareaallavailablepersonnelfromUtilities&lifelinesserviceswillbemadeavailabletotheResponseCommanderoftherespectivearea.Ifmorepersonnelarerequired,thenoutofstationorthoseonleavemayberecalled.

EstablishradiocommunicationsbetweenUtilities&lifelinesservicesandEmergencyoperationscentreandotherrelevantofficialstoprovidenecessaryassistancebyestablishinguninterruptedservicestoaffectedareas.Theswitchingoffofsupplytodesignatedareasshouldbetakencareofinordertoavoidfireoutbreaks.

Allrelevantdepartmentvehiclesshouldbefueledandparkedintheprotectedarrearssothattheycanbeusedforemergencyresponseduties.



25

MaintenanceandrepairmenshouldbeinstructedtoassembleandcheckrepairequipmentandreadytobedispatchedtoaffectedareasforrestorationofUtilities&lifelinesservices.PlansshouldbedevelopedforsendingauxiliarystaffandrepairmenintotheaffectedareastoassistlocalstaffinrestorationofUtilities&lifelinesserviceswhenrequired.Everyworkgangshouldhavetoolswhichwillbeneededinanemergency.

Thespecialservicepersonalwithresponsibilitiesforcutofservices,switchingoffsupplylinesetcshouldbegivenspecialtrainingandtheyshouldliaisewithrelevantofficialsfromFireserviceandcivilDefenceandotheremergencyresponseagenciesincaseoffireoutbreakinordertobringtheeventsundercontrolwithoutspreadingittootherareas.

Contingencyplansshouldbeestablishedforprovidingfoodandemergencyshelterforlocalstaff,andforauxiliarystaffbeingsentintotheaffectedareaforrestorationofsupplylines,repairs,switchingoffthesupplylinesetc.

Arrangementshavetobemadetoassisttheincreasedvolumeoftrafficfortelecommunicationservices.Ifnecessarydedicatedlinesshouldbeassignedandoperatedfortheusebyemergencyresponsepersonalfromfirstresponderagencies.Mobilephoneoperatorshaverestrictionstoreducetheinflowofcallsandtoservetheemergencyservicepersonal.

Arapidassessmentofthenumberandlocationoflandslides,damagepowerconnections,waterlines,telephoneconnections,gassupplylines,areasaffectedbyliquefaction,subsidenceandplacescoveredwithdebrisshouldbecarriedout,toensureatleastaminimumlevelofutilitiesandservicesduringanemergencysituation.Publicannouncementsshouldbeprovidedthroughmediaatregularintervalstoinformthepublicaboutthedisruptionofservices.Personalinvolvedinoperationofundergroundwatersupplyschemes,powersupplyschemesetcshouldbegivenstrictadvisesforavoidingfloodingofequipment.

Emergencyinstructionsforservicesandutilitiesshouldbedeveloped.Allstaffshouldbewelltrainedtoimplementtheemergencysupplysystemsofutilitiesandlifelineservices.

Withintheemergencyoperatingframework,emergencyproceduresshouldbedevelopedtoprovidetheutilitiesandlifelineserviceswithauthority,todispatchorHoltservicesandtakeotheremergencydecisionsinadisasterthreateningsituationtoprovidetemporaryservicestohospitals,schoolsandevacuationcenters,police,AFD,FS&CDetc.Ifhaltingorterminationofutilitiesandservicesisintendedforcertainareas,arrangementsforalternatemeansofsupplytocriticalfacilities,VIPsetcmustbeensured.

Polytheneorothermaterialshouldbeacquiredfortheprotectionofveryessentialvaluableequipmentssuchastransformers,controllingstations,pumps,storagetanksetc.Allperishableandbreakableitemsshouldbeloadedintolorries,transported,storedandpadlockedinsaferareas



26

Reservestocksoffuelshouldbechecked.Additionalstandbygenerators,pumpingstationsetcshouldbetransportedandplacedtoensuresupplytocriticalfacilitiessuchashospitals,camsfordisplaced,policeetc.Wherenecessaryattemptsshouldbemadetoprepositionedgenerators,watersupplywells,tanks,transportationvehicles,etc.

Inspectionofallsupplylines,byappropriatespecialistsandengineersshallbecarriedouttoascertainthedamagelevels.Afullcheckonallconcreteandsteelworksshouldbeincluded,andanyrepairsneededshouldbepromptlycarriedout.

Emergencyrepairsofservicelinesandutilitiesifaffected,mustbecarriedout

ReadinessChecklist


27

ReadinessChecklist

7.1 ReadinessChecklistandReportingFormats PreparednessCheckListforTGTDCLPreparednessmeasurestaken Details/RemarksAllstaffofTGTDCLarefamiliarwiththisplanaswellascitylevelcontingencyplan

OrientationandtrainingforimplementationofEarthquakeContingencyplanandproceduresundertakenatdifferentlevel

Specialskillsrequiredduringemergencyoperationsimpartedtothedesignatedofficialsandthestaff

Prepositioningoftheemergencygasatdifferentevacuationspacesiscarriedout

Equipmentandcostrequireforearlyrecoveryofgassystemareplanned

Compressorstationsareassessedindetailandthefacilitiesareretrofittedaccordingly

Reviewedandupdated- Precautionarymeasuresandproceduresfor

coordinationbetweendifferentutilityandlifelineserviceagenciesduringearthquakeemergencies

- Alistofspecialemergencyrestorationteams,thedatabaseonheavyequipment,sparepartsneededforquickrestorationofutilitiesandlifelineservicesunderrelevantagency

- Trainingandcapacitybuildingprograms,Planstoconductroutinesimulations

- theprecautionstobetakentoavoidfireoutbreaks,floodsinsidebuildingsetc

- theprecautionstobetakentoprotectequipmentduringearthquakeemergencies

- procedureforassessmentofdamagestobuildingsandgrantingpermissiontousethemafterinspection

- Thepostdisasterprocedurestobefollowed.

ReportedBy: Designation:Signature: Date

AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments


28

AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,Resource

MobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments

8.1 Assessment of Existing Capacity (Man power, equipment andmaterial)

TitasGasT&DCo.Ltd. (TGTDCL)was formed inNovember1964asa jointStockCompany(UndertheCompanysAct1913)ofthecentralGovernmentofPakistanonthe one hand and Pakistan Shell Oil Company on the other, with a view totransmitting and distributing natural gas to the Dhaka city the then provincialcapitalofPakistanfromthediscoveredgasfieldcalledTitaslocatedonthebankofthe River Titas, within the close vicinity of the present Brahmanbaria district ofBangladesh.TheauthorizedcapitalwasTaka17.8milliononly,dividedinto17800sharesofTaka10.00each.

ThebasicobjectiveoftheCompanywastoconstruct,ownandoperatenaturalgastransmission & distribution facilities in the mideastern region of Bangladesh i.e.Comilla,MymensinghandDhakadistrictwiththerightofpurchasing,transmission,distribution, sales and disposal of natural gas within the jurisdiction of greaterdistrictsbeforecreationofnewdistricts.

TGTDCLhas,byitsownrightandmerit,earnedthereputationaswellthecapacitytoundertakeanymajorprojectinGasEngineering,PipelineConstruction,OperationandMaintenancethereofandalsointhemarketingofgasinthecountry.

8.2 GapAnalysis(Manpower,equipmentandmaterial)

Followingsarethekeyelementsidentifiedtoenhancetheemergencypreparednessforasustainableresponse.

Typeofgap Description Remarks

General

Difficulties for compliance to theStandard Operation Procedure (SOP)ofTGTDCLsinceEarthquakeaspect isnotcoveredadequately.

There is no job description for alllevels of Disaster ManagementPersonnelinsidetheTGTDCL.

NeedsspecificjobdescriptionsareneededtoincorporateintotheSOP.

Needtoprepareearthquake&tsunamiresponseplanseparately.

Training&CapacityBuilding

Limited training programs areconductedbytheTGTDCL

TrainingInstituteneedstobeestablishedwTGTDCL.

Coordinationamongstakeholders

There haveminimum coordination allstakeholders(DMB,CDMP,LGRD/CivilAdmin./Fire Service & Civil Defence/Army/NGOs/CBOs and other relevantministries)

No regular coordination at all level

An effective internal &external CoordinationMechanism needs to bedeveloped.

AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments


29

with GO, NGO Donors for DisasterManagement

Publicawareness

There are very few training activitiesoncapacitybuildingandregularMockdrill for preparedness for anyimpendingdisasters andpostdisasterWaterSupply&Sewagemanagement.

Needs to conducttrainings & Mock drillsregularly for emergencydisasterpreparedness.

Equipments There are scarcity of medicalequipments such as transports,medicine,mobilehospitals,emergencymedicines,trainedmanpoweretc.

Needs assessment has tobeconductedbasedonthepossible worstcasescenarios and thenrequired resources has tobemobilized.

8.3 Processforaddressingthegaps

EnhancedcapabilityoftheGasTransmissionsectortoeffectivelyaddresstheriskstoemergenciesthrough: Development of an integrated emergency Gas Transmission management

mechanism that covers areas of risk assessment, capacity building, publicawarenessaswellaseffectiveemergencyresponsecapability;

UsingGasTransmissionNetworkMapping"asausefuloperationaltoolfortheriskassessmentofthehazardproneareas;

Development of technical guidelines, and surveillance standards in order topromotebestGasTransmissionpracticeduringhumanitariancrisissituation;

Capacitybuildingforrapidneedsassessmentfollowinganyemergencyinordertoensure that themostvulnerablepopulationbenefit fromthe humanitarianreliefProgramme.

8.4 ActionPlanforEnhancementofCapacity Establishment of core group at periphery level including all stakeholders

(DMB, CDMP, LGRD/Civil Admin./Fire Service & CivilDefence/Army/NGOs/CBOsandotherrelevantministries)

Enhanced the national capacity of disaster mitigation in respect of planningand responding to disasters, like Earthquakes and Tsunamis by preparingEarthquake/TsunamiResponsePlan

Conductandassessfieldbasedsurveytofindoutvulnerabilityoftheareafortheircapacitybuildingbytabletalk&simulationexercise.

Provide more training capacity building and regular Mock drill forpreparednessforanyimpendingdisastersandpostdisasterGasTransmissionmanagement.

Strengthening epidemiological surveillance as well as increase laboratorycapacity.

Ensuringadequatesupplyof logistics like lifejacket,raincoat,umbrella,gumboot,andothersessentialmaterialsduringresponseactivities.

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30

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Choudhury,JamilurReza(2005),OptionsforUrbanDisasterRiskManagement :TheBangladesh Experience, Paper presented at the National Workshop onOptions forUrbanDisasterRiskManagement inBangladeshorganizedbytheComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme,MoFDM,on28thMay,2005atHotelLakeShore,Dhaka.

DMB (2006), Disaster Risk Management Profile, Ministry of Food and DisasterManagement,Dhaka,Bangladesh

GoB (1999), Standing Orders on Disaster, Ministry of Disaster Management andReliefandDisasterManagementBureau,Bangladesh

GoB(2008),DraftDisasterManagementAct,2008,DisasterManagementBureauGoB (2005), Disaster Management Strategic Plan 2005, Disaster Management

Bureau,MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement,BangladeshGoB(2008),NationalPlanforDisasterManagement20072015,MinistryofFoodand

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GoI(2007),NationalDisasterManagementGuidelines:ManagementofEarthquakes,NationalDisasterManagementAuthorityGovernmentofIndia

GuptaH.K.,Rajendran,K.andSingh,H.N.,(1986),Seismicityof thenortheast IndiaregionpartI:thedatabase,JournalofGeologicalSocietyofIndia,Vol.28,pp.345365.

ESCAP(1995),TheStateoftheEnvironmentinAsiaandthePacific,ESCAP,BangkokFEMA (2005), ICS200: ICS for Single Resources and Initial Action Incidents.

September,2005FEMA(2002),GettingStartedBuildingSupportforMitigationPlanning.Ferdausi, M.(2005), Bangladesh Country Perspective on Emergency Preparedness,

MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement,BangladeshIASC (2007), Inter Agency Contingency Planning Guidelines For Humanitarian

Assistance,InterAgencyStandingCommitteeIFRCS, (2007), Disaster response and contingency planning guide, International

FederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties,Geneva,SwitzerlandIslam,Nazrul(1996),DHAKA:FromCitytoMegacity:PerspectivesonPeople,Places,

PlanningandDevelopmentIssues,BangladeshMohitetal (2002).DelineationofFloodDamagedZonesofDhakaCityBasedonthe

1998 Flood by Using GIS, Engineering Concerns of Flood. BangladeshUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology(BUET),Bangladesh

NSET(1999),TheKatmanduValleyEarthquakeRiskManagementActionPlan,NepalPacificDisasterCenter(2006),DisasterRiskManagementProfile,DhakaBangladesh

(http://emi.pdc.org/cities/CP_DhakaJuly2006.pdf)Richard C. (2007), Contingency planning and humanitarian action, A Review of

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UnpublishedThesis,BUET,DhakaUNHCR(2000),ContingencyPlanning,Geneva,SwitzerlandUNHCR and NDCC (2003), Contingency Planning for Emergencies, Geneva,

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ReducingDisaster,AsianDevelopmentBank,Japan

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GlossaryofTermsBuildingCodes Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insurehuman safety andwelfare. Building codes include both technicalandfunctionalstandards.

Capacity Acombinationofallthestrengthsandresourcesavailablewithinacommunity, society or organization that can reduce the level ofrisk,ortheeffectsofadisaster.

Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economicmeans as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such asleadership and management. Capacity may also be described ascapability.

CapacityBuilding Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructureswithinacommunityororganizationneededtoreducethelevelofrisk.

In extended understanding, capacity building also includesdevelopmentofinstitutional,financial,politicalandotherresources,suchastechnologyatdifferentlevelsandsectorsofthesociety.

Cluster Aclusterisessentiallyasectoralgroupandthereshouldbenodifferentiation between the two in terms of their objectives andactivities; the aim of filling gaps and ensuring adequatepreparedness and response should be the same. (IASC GuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)

ClusterApproach TheCluster Approach aims to strengthen humanitarian responsecapacity and effectiveness in five keyways: i) ensuring sufficientglobalcapacityisbuiltupandmaintainedinkeygapsectors/areasof response; ii) identifying predictable leadership in the gapsectors/areas of response; iii) facilitating partnerships andimprovedinteragencycomplementaritybymaximizingresources;iv)strengtheningaccountability;and5) improvingstrategic fieldlevel coordination and prioritization in specific sectors/areas ofresponsebyplacingresponsibilityforleadershipandcoordinationof these issues with the competent operational agency. (IASCGuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)

ClusterLeads Aclusterleadisanagency/organizationthatformallycommitstotake on a leadership role within the international humanitariancommunity in a particular sector/area of activity, to ensureadequate response and high standards of predictability,accountability & partnership. (IASC Guidance Note on Using theClusterApproachNov2006)

Disaster Aseriousdisruptionofthefunctioningofacommunityorasocietycausingwidespreadhuman,material, economicorenvironmentallosses which exceed the ability of the affected community orsocietytocopeusingitsownresources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from thecombinationofhazards,conditionsofvulnerabilityand insufficient

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capacityormeasurestoreducethepotentialnegativeconsequencesofrisk.

DisasterRiskManagement

The systematic process of using administrative decisions,organization, operational skills and capacities to implementpolicies, strategies and coping capacities of the society andcommunitiesto lessenthe impactsofnaturalhazardsandrelatedenvironmental and technological disasters. This comprises allforms of activities, including structural and nonstructuralmeasures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation andpreparedness)adverseeffectsofhazards.

DisasterRiskReduction(disasterreduction)

The conceptual framework of elements considered with thepossibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risksthroughoutasociety,toavoid(prevention)orto limit(mitigationand preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within thebroadcontextofsustainabledevelopment.

Thedisasterriskreduction framework iscomposedofthe followingfieldsofaction,asdescribedinISDR'spublication2002"LivingwithRisk:aglobalreviewofdisasterreductioninitiatives",page23:

Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysisandvulnerability/capacityanalysis;

Knowledge development including education, training,researchandinformation;

Publiccommitmentand institutional frameworks, includingorganisational,policy,legislationandcommunityaction;

Application of measures including environmentalmanagement, landuse and urban planning, protection ofcritical facilities, application of science and technology,partnershipandnetworking,andfinancialinstruments;

Earlywarning systems including forecasting,disseminationofwarnings,preparednessmeasuresandreactioncapacities.

Earthquake An earthquake is a series of vibrations on the earths surfacecausedbythegenerationofelastic(seismic)wavesduetosuddenrupture within the earth during release of accumulated strainenergy.

EmergencyManagement

The organization and management of resources andresponsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, inparticularlypreparedness,responseandrehabilitation.

Emergency management involves plans, structures andarrangements established to engage the normal endeavours ofgovernment,voluntaryandprivateagenciesinacomprehensiveandcoordinatedway to respond to thewhole spectrum of emergencyneeds.Thisisalsoknownasdisastermanagement.

Emergency Consistsofallactivitiestakeninanticipationofacrisistoexpediteeffectiveemergencyresponse.Thisincludescontingencyplanning,

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Preparedness butisnot limitedto it: italsocoversstockpiling,thecreationandmanagementofstandbycapacitiesandtrainingstaffandpartnersin emergency response. (Source: ODIHPN Contingency PlanningReviewPaper2007)

FirstResponder The term 'first responder' refers to those agencies/ individualswho in the early stages of an incident are responsible for theprotection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and theenvironment, including emergency responseproviders aswell asemergencymanagement,publichealth,clinicalcare,publicworks,and other skilled support personnel (such as equipmentoperators) that provide immediate support services duringprevention,response,andrecoveryoperations.

Source:HomelandSecurityActof2002(6U.S.C.101,Washington,U.S.A.)

Geographicinformationsystems(GIS)

Analysis that combine relational databases with spatialinterpretationandoutputsofteninformofmaps.Amoreelaboratedefinition is that of computerprogrammes for capturing, storing,checking, integrating, analysing and displaying data about theearththatisspatiallyreferenced.

Geographicalinformationsystemsareincreasinglybeingutilisedforhazard and vulnerabilitymapping and analysis, aswell as for theapplicationofdisasterriskmanagementmeasures.

Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or humanactivitythatmaycausethelossoflifeorinjury,propertydamage,socialandeconomicdisruptionorenvironmentaldegradation.

Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent futurethreats and can have different origins: natural (geological,hydrometeorologicalandbiological)orinducedbyhumanprocesses(environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazardscanbesingle,sequentialorcombinedintheiroriginandeffects.Eachhazard is characterised by its location, intensity, frequency andprobability.

HazardAnalysis Identification,studiesandmonitoringofanyhazardtodetermineitspotential,origin,characteristicsandbehaviour.

LandusePlanning Branch of physical and socioeconomic planning that determinesthemeansandassessesthevaluesorlimitationsofvariousoptionsinwhich land is tobeutilized,with the corresponding effects ondifferent segments of thepopulationor interests of a communitytakenintoaccountinresultingdecisions.

Landuse planning involves studies and mapping, analysis ofenvironmentalandhazarddata,formulationofalternativelandusedecisionsanddesignofalongrangeplanfordifferentgeographicalandadministrativescales.

Landuseplanningcanhelptomitigatedisastersandreducerisksbydiscouraging highdensity settlements and construction of key

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installations in hazardprone areas, control of population densityand expansion, and in the siting of service routes for transport,power,water,sewageandothercriticalfacilities.

Mitigation Structural and nonstructural measures undertaken to limit theadverseimpactofnaturalhazards,environmentaldegradationandtechnologicalhazards.

NaturalHazards Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere thatmayconstituteadamagingevent.

Natural hazards can be classified by origin namely: geological,hydrometeorological or biological. Hazardous events can vary inmagnitudeorintensity,frequency,duration,areaofextent,speedofonset,spatialdispersionandtemporalspacing.

PlanningAssumptions

Thekeyelementsofascenariothatformthebasisfordevelopingacontingencyplan(forexample,projectedcaseloads)(Source:IASCContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)

Preparedness Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effectiveresponsetotheimpactofhazards,includingtheissuanceoftimelyand effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation ofpeopleandpropertyfromthreatenedlocations.

Prevention Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact ofhazards and means to minimize related environmental,technologicalandbiologicaldisasters.

Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/benefitconsiderations,investinginpreventivemeasuresisjustifiedinareasfrequentlyaffectedbydisasters. In the contextofpublicawarenessandeducation,relatedtodisasterriskreductionchangingattitudesandbehaviourcontributetopromotinga"cultureofprevention".

Recovery Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view torestoring or improving the predisaster living conditions of thestricken community,while encouraging and facilitatingnecessaryadjustmentstoreducedisasterrisk.

Recovery(rehabilitationandreconstruction)affordsanopportunitytodevelopandapplydisasterriskreductionmeasures.

Relief/Response Theprovisionofassistanceorinterventionduringorimmediatelyafteradisastertomeetthelifepreservationandbasicsubsistenceneeds of those people affected. It can be of an immediate, shortterm,orprotractedduration.

Resilience/Resilient The capacity of a system, community or society potentiallyexposed tohazards toadapt,by resistingor changing inorder toreach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning andstructure. This is determined by the degree to which the socialsystem is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity forlearning from past disasters for better future protection and toimproveriskreductionmeasures.

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Retrofitting(orupgrading)

Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant andresilienttotheforcesofnaturalhazards.

Retrofitting involvesconsiderationofchanges inthemass,stiffness,damping, load path and ductility ofmaterials, as well as radicalchangessuchasthe introductionofenergyabsorbingdampersandbase isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes theconsiderationofwind loadingtostrengthenandminimizethewindforce,orinearthquakeproneareas,thestrengtheningofstructures.

Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses(deaths,injuries,property,livelihoods,economicactivitydisruptedor environment damaged) resulting from interactions betweennaturalorhumaninducedhazardsandvulnerableconditions.

Conventionally risk is expressed by the notationRisk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also include theconceptof exposure to referparticularly to thephysicalaspectsofvulnerability.

Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial torecognize that risksare inherentor canbe createdor existwithinsocialsystems.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesocialcontextsinwhichrisks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share thesameperceptionsofriskandtheirunderlyingcauses.(Source:ISDR)

RiskAssessment/Analysis

A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk byanalysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions ofvulnerabilitythatcouldposeapotentialthreatorharmtopeople,property,livelihoodsandtheenvironmentonwhichtheydepend.

Theprocessofconductingariskassessmentisbasedonareviewofboth the technical features of hazards such as their location,intensity, frequency and probability; and also the analysis of thephysical, social, economic and environmental dimensions ofvulnerability and exposure,while taking particular account of thecopingcapabilitiespertinenttotheriskscenarios.

Scenario An account or synopsis of a possible course of events that couldoccur, which forms the basis for planning assumptions (forexample,ariverfloods,coveringanearbytownandwipingoutthelocal populations crop) (Source: IASC Contingency PlanningGuidelines2001)

Scenariobuilding Theprocessofdevelopinghypotheticalscenariosinthecontextofa contingency planning exercise. (Source: IASC ContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)

SeismicHazard Seismichazard in the context of engineeringdesign is defined asthe predicted level of ground acceleration which would beexceededwith10%probabilityatthesiteunderconstructionduetooccurrenceofearthquakeanywhereintheregion,inthenext50years.

Sustainable Development that meets the needs of the present without

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development compromisingtheabilityof futuregenerations tomeet theirownneeds. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of"needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, towhich overriding priority should be given; and the idea oflimitations imposed by the state of technology and socialorganizationontheenvironment'sabilitytomeetpresentandthefutureneeds.(BrundtlandCommission,1987).

Sustainable development is based on sociocultural development,political stability and decorum, economic growth and ecosystemprotection,whichallrelatetodisasterriskreduction.

Vulnerability The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, andenvironmental factors or processes, which increase thesusceptibilityofacommunitytotheimpactofhazards.

Forpositivefactors,whichincreasetheabilityofpeopletocopewithhazards,seedefinitionofcapacity.

A 1 Cover PageA 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSA 4 Executive SummaryB 1 CHAPTER 1B 2 CHAPTER 2B 3 CHAPTER 3B 4 CHAPTER 4B 5 CHAPTER 5B 6 CHAPTER 6B 7 CHAPTER 7B 8 CHAPTER 8C 1 BibliographyC 2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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Documents

Earthquake Contingency Plan for Titas Gas Transmission & Distribution Company Limited (TGTDCL)