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(2) Van Kesteren, J.N., Mayhew and Nieuwbeerta, P., Criminal Victimi-zation in Seventeen Industrial Countries: Key-findings from the 2000ICVS, The Hague: Ministry of Justice, 2001

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(1) Wolfgang, Marvin, Patterns of Criminal Homicide, Philadelphia: Uni-versity of Pennsylavania Press, 1958, P71

(1) Elias, R., Transcending our Social Reality of Victimization: TowardsA New Victimology of Human Rights. Victimology InternationalJournal, Vol. 10, 1985, P143

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(1)Dubber, M., Victims in the War on Crime: the use and abuse of CrimeVictims_ rights. New York; New York University, Press. 2002.

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(1)Unnever, J., and Cornell, D. Bullying Self-Control, Journal ofInterpersonal Violence, 18(2), 2003.

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(1) Hilton, N., Legal Responses to Wife Assault: Current Trends andEvaluation. Newbury Park, CA; Sage, 1993.

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(1)Von-Hentig, 1941, op. cit.(2) Mendelsohn, 1956, op. cit.(3) Ellenberger, H. Psychological Relationship Between the Criminal and

His Victim, Archives of Criminal Psychodynamics, 1955.

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(1) OBrien, R.M. Crime and Victimization. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985,P. 144.

(2)Doerner & Lab, 2004, op. cit., PP. 44-46.

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_No intelligent person would put from $1,000 to $5,000 in good

money in the street and expect to find it there an hour later, yet that is exactly

what a large number of people do when they leave an automobile in the

street without locking it. Even more, not only are they leaving money at

the curb but they are also putting four wheels under it to make it easier for

the thief to take it._August Vollmer,Police chief, Berkeley,

California (1936)

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motorist_s most carelessly neglected possessions. ()

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI director (1966)

(1) Atsumi, Toyo. Lessons on the Law of Criminal Procedure, Tokyo:Chuo University Press, 1984, P. 211.

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(1) Jermy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals andLegislation. London, Payne, 1789

(2) Quoted in Roberts, A. Helping Crime Victims. Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications, 1990

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-Victims- means persons who, individually or collectively, havesuffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering,economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights,through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws, includ-ing those proscribing criminal abuse of power. A person may be consid-ered a victim, under this Declaration, regardless of whether the perpe-trator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted and regardlessof the familial relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. Theterm -victim- also includes, where appropriate, the immediate family ordependents of the direct victim and persons who have suffered harm inintervening to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.

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(1) Martin S. Greenberg and R. Barry Ruback, After the Crime: VictimDecision Making, London: Plenum Press, 1992, PP 410

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(1) Available at: www.nationmaster.com(2) Gordon Barclay & Cynthia Tavares, International Comparison of

Criminal Justice Statistics, London: Home Office Press, 2002

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(1) John Van Kesteren, Pat Mayhew & Paul Nieuwbeerta, Criminal Vic-timization Survey in (17) Industrialized Countries: Key Findings fromthe 2000 (ICVS), Netherlands: Wetenschappelijk, 2001

(1) INTERPOL, International Crime statistics, 2001. Available at:www.intepol.org

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(1) Institute of Criminology, Leiden University and UNICRI, Interna-tional Crime Victim Survey, 2001.

(2) Roy Walmstey, world Prison Population, Findings (234), London:Home office, 2001

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(1) American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manualfor Mental Disorder; Vol.4, Washington D.C, 1994

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(1) Joutsen, Matti, The Role of the Victim of Crime in European Crimi-nal Justice Systems. Helsinki: Institute for Crime Prevention andControl, 1987

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(1) United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, Hand-book on Justice for Victims, Vienna, 1999

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(1) Mun, M., Restorative Justice: An Alternative to vengeance, Ameri-can Journal of Criminal Law,(20) 1993

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(Terrorism is) an ideologically motivated strategy of internation-

ally proscribed violence designed to inspire fear of violence within a

particular segment of a given society in order to achieve a power-out-

come or to propagandize a claim or grievance irrespective of whether its

perpetrators are acting for and on behalf of themselves or on behalf of a

state(1).

(1) Mahmood Sherif Bassiouni, United Nations Interregional Meetingsof Experts in Vienna, 14 -18 March, 1988

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violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups

or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience

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(1) The definition of terrorism contained in Title 22 of the United StatesCode, Section 2656f(d)

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(1) Arias, E., and Smith, B. -Deaths: Preliminary data for 2001-. Na-tional Vital Statistics Report, (CDC, NVSS, 2003

(2) Kratcoski, P., Edelbacher, M., and Das, D., -Terrorist VictimizationPrevention-. International Review of Victimolog, 2003 (8)

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(1) Judith, M., Sgarzi and Jack Mc Devitt, Victimology: A study of CrimeVictims and their roles, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003

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(1) Victims of Crime Act, Program Guidelines, Wisconsin Departmentof Justice, Office of Crime Victims Services, 2002

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Crime against Peace means: Initiation of invasions on other

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(1) UN resolution No. 260 (A) (D -3),1984(2) Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of Ware

Crimes, Crimes against Peace and against Humanity, December 20,1945, Official Gazette Control Council for Germany, 5055(1946)

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(1) United Nations Office on Drug and Crime. The Protocol to Preventand Punish Trafficking in Persons. Available at: www.unodc.org

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(1) Giannelli, P. -Rape Trauma Syndrome-, Criminal Law Bulletin, (33)1997. P 85

(2) Siegel, L. Criminology, (6th. ed.), CA: West Wadsworth, 1998. PP9198

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(1) Rhode, D. Justice and gender: Sex Discrimination and the Law,Harvard University Press, 1989. P 207

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uBI* wd qFH cOHM b WKOu dU dO

Any criminal activity that involves use of computer technology,

directly or indirectly, as the instrumentality or object of the commission

of a criminal act

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UN UU{ rzd UU{

UU{ UN XO w rzd' UU{Victims of Victimless Crimes

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w?? W?O?{U* W uIF WbI* WOUMB b w dA

.d& w dEM U v b pK uM XCdecriminalizationiF

uI f9 w WOBA Ud( s UUU WOUL UUL*

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t??FL tHM dC hA oK nO iF dE w UU{ UN

o tOK tHM fO WOFL: td tH WO{ tQ nu

(1) Gerald L. Kovacich and William C Boni, High-Technology Crime;Working in the Global Environment. Oxford, Butterworth, 2000. PP7176

b?? q?J?A UN uE WDA w UU{ rzd'

d?U?? q?J?A dOG uI vKVictimless Crimes are activities that are

prohibited, even though they do not infringe on the rights of others

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Victimless Crimes are created when we attempt to ban through crimi-

nal legislation the exchange between willing partners of strongly de-

sired goods or services, without seeing themselves as victims(1).

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d?B?M UU hA bIH c lL: vw WKUH dUM s

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A person who suffers any kind of serious misfortune, whether

through Cruel or oppressive treatment by other persons or from any kind

of Circumstances. He is a person who suffers harm by being swindled

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Now that the senses of the word -Victim- have been clearly laid out

on display, there is no point in further discussion over whether certain

crimes are -Victimless- or not, except insofar as those disagreements

over the facts. All crimes except the killing of living things as sacrificial

offering to deity, are victimless(2).

(1) Feinberg. J. Harm to Others, New York: Oxford University Press,1984. P 142

(2) Feinberg, 1984, ibd. P 117

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(1) Richards, D.A. Sex, Drugs, Death and the Law, Totowa, NJ: Rowman,1982

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U??: c?Guide for Practitioners Regarding the Implementation

of the Declaration U??N? p?u??N?? e??e??F?? r? w? t?M? U?

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(1) UN doc. A/CONF 14420

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