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B.E Electronics and Communication Engineering Affiliated to Anna University 2013 Regulation
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EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY
1. Characteristics of PN Junction Diode
2. Zener diode Characteristics & Regulator using Zener diode
3. Common Emitter input-output Characteristics
4. Common Base input-output Characteristics
5. FET Characteristics
6. SCR Characteristics
7. Clipper and Clamper & FWR
8. Verifications of Thevinin & Norton theorem
9. Verifications of KVL & KCL
10. Verifications of Super Position Theorem
11. verifications of maximum power transfer & reciprocity theorem
12. Determination of Resonance Frequency of Series & Parallel RLC Circuits
13. Transient analysis of RL and RC circuits
Content beyond the syllabus
14. Half wave rectifier
15.Bridge wave rectifier
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FORWARD BIAS:
REVERSE BIAS:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CHARACTERISTICS OF PN DIODE
Date:
AIM:
To study the PN junction diode characteristics under Forward & Reverse bias conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Component Range Quantity Required
1 RPS (0-30)V 1
2 Ammeter
(0–30)mA 1
(0–100)µA 1
3 Voltmeter
(0–10)V 1
(0–1)V 1
4 Resistor 1K , 10K Each 1
5 Diode IN4007 1
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
TABULAR COLUMN:
FORWARD BIAS: REVERSE BIAS:
MODEL GRAPH
S.No. VOLTAGE
(In Volts)
CURRENT
(In mA)
S..No. VOLTAGE
(In Volts)
CURRENT
(In A)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the applied voltage V in steps of 0.1V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings I.
4. Plot a graph between V & I
OBSERVATIONS
1. Find the d.c (static) resistance = V/I.
2. Find the a.c (dynamic) resistance r = V / I (r = V/ I) = 12
12
II
VV.
3. Find the forward voltage drop = [Hint: it is equal to 0.7 for Si and 0.3 for Ge]
REVERSE BIAS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the applied voltage V in steps of 1.0V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings I.
4. Plot a graph between V & I
5. Find the dynamic resistance r = V / I.
Specification for 1N4001: Silicon Diode
Peak Inverse Voltage: 50V
Idc = 1A.
Maximum forward voltage drop at 1 Amp is 1.1 volts
The maximum reverse current @50 volts is 5 A
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Forward and Reverse bias characteristics of the PN junction diode was studied and
Dynamic Resistance = ---------------------
Static Resistance = --------------------------
Cut in Voltage = ----------------------------
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
VIVA QESTIONS:-
1. Define depletion region of a diode?
2. What is meant by transition & space charge capacitance of a diode?
3. Is the V-I relationship of a diode Linear or Exponential?
4. Define cut-in voltage of a diode and specify the values for Si and Ge diodes?
5. What are the applications of a p-n diode?
6. Draw the ideal characteristics of P-N junction diode?
7. What is the diode equation?
8. What is PIV?
9. What is the break down voltage?
10. What is the effect of temperature on PN junction diodes?
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (ZENER DIODE)
FORWARD BIAS:
REVERSE BIAS:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE
Date:
AIM:
To study the Zener diode characteristics under Forward & Reverse bias conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Component Range Quantity Required
1 RPS (0-30)V 1
2 Ammeter (0–30) mA 1
3 Voltmeter (0–30)V 1
4 Zener diode FZ5.1 1
5 Resistor 1K 1
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 0.1V in the
voltmeter till the needle of power supply shows 30V.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Plot the graph :V (vs) I.
5. Find the dynamic resistance r = V / I.
REVERSE BIAS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 0.1V in the
voltmeter till the needle of power supply shows 30V.
3. Note down the corresponding Ammeter readings I.
4. Plot a graph between V & I
5. Find the dynamic resistance r = V / I.
6. Find the reverse voltage Vr at Iz=20 mA.
RESULT:
Forward and Reverse bias characteristics of the Zener diode was studied and
Forward bias dynamic resistance = ---------------------
Zener breakdown voltage= -----------------------------
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
VIVAQUESTIONS:-
1. What type of temperature Coefficient does the zener diode have?
2. If the impurity concentration is increased, how the depletion width effected?
3. Does the dynamic impendence of a zener diode vary?
4. Explain briefly about avalanche and zener breakdowns?
5. Draw the zener equivalent circuit?
6. Differentiate between line regulation & load regulation?
7. In which region zener diode can be used as a regulator?
8. How the breakdown voltage of a particular diode can be controlled?
9. What type of temperature coefficient does the Avalanche breakdown has?
10. By what type of charge carriers the current flows in zener and avalanche breakdown
diodes?
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Input characteristics: VCE constant
VCE = VCE = VCE =
VBE
(Volts)
IB
( A)
VBE
(Volts)
IB
( A)
VBE
(Volts)
IB
( A)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CHARACTERISTICS OF CE CONFIGURATION OF BJT
Date:
AIM:
To plot the transistor characteristic of common-emitter configuration and to find the h-
parameters for the same.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Power supply (0-30)V 2
2 Ammeter (0-10)mA,
(0-1)mA
Each 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V,(0-2)V Each 1
PROCEDURE:
i. Input characteristic:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCE = 5V (say), vary VBE insteps of 0.1V till the power supply VBB shows
20V and note down the corresponding IB. Repeat the above procedure for
10V, 15V etc.,
3. Plot the graph: VBE vs IB for a constant VCE.
4. Find the h-parameters: a. hrc : reverse voltage gain
b. hfc: input impedance
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH:
Input Characteristics
TABULATION:
Output characteristics: IB constant
IB = IB = IB =
VCE
(Volts)
IC
(mA)
VCE
(Volts)
IC
(mA)
VCE
(Volts)
IC
(mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
ii. Output characteristic:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set IB = 20 A (say), vary VCE insteps of 1V and note down the corresponding
IC. Repeat the above procedure for 80 A, 200 A, 600 A etc.,
3. Plot the graph: VCE Vs IC for a constant IB.
4. Find the h-parameters: a. hoc : output admittance
b. hfc: forward current gain
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH:
Output Characteristics
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Result:
Thus the input and output characteristics of BJT under CE configuration are obtained.
Parameters Practical readings
hfc
hic
hrc
hoc
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the range of for the transistor?
2. What are the input and output impedances of CE configuration?
3. Identify various regions in the output characteristics?
4. what is the relation between and
5. Define current gain in CE configuration?
6. Why CE configuration is preferred for amplification?
7. What is the phase relation between input and output?
8. Draw diagram of CE configuration for PNP transistor?
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Input characteristics: VCB constant
VCB = VCB = VCB =
VEB
(Volts)
IE
(mA)
VEB
(Volts)
IE
(mA)
VEB
(Volts)
IE
(mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CHARACTERISTICS OF CB CONFIGURATION
Date:
AIM:
To plot the transistor characteristic of common-base configuration and to find the h-
parameters for the same.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Power supply (0-30) V 2
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA, 2
3 Voltmeter (0-20)V 2
PROCEDURE:
i. Input characteristic:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCB = 5V (say), vary VEB in a regular steps 0.1V till the power supply VEE
shows 20V and note down the corresponding IE. Repeat the above procedure
for 10V, 15V etc.,
3. Plot the graph: VEB Vs IE for a constant VCB.
4. Find the h-parameters: a. hrb : reverse voltage gain b. hfb: input impedance
ii. Output characteristic:
5. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
6. Set IE = 1mA (say), vary VCB insteps of 1V and note down the corresponding
IC. Repeat the above procedure for 3mA, 6mA, 10mA etc.,
7. Plot the graph: VCB Vs IC for a constant IE.
8. Find the h-parameters: a. hob : output admittance b. hfb: forward current gain
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH:
Input characteristics
Output characteristics: IE constant
IE = IE = IE =
VCB
(Volts)
IC
(mA)
VCB
(Volts)
IC
(mA)
VCB
(Volts)
IC
(mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
Thus the input and output characteristics of BJT under CB configuration are obtained.
Parameters Practical readings
hfb
hib
hrb
hob
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM:
BOTTOM VIEW OF BFW10:
SPECIFICATION:
Voltage : 30V, IDSS > 8mA.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CHARACTERISTICS OF JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR
Date:
AIM:
To Plot the characteristics of given FET & determine rd, gm, , IDSS,VP.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the component Range Quantity
1 RPS (0-30)V 2
2 Ammeter (0–30)mA 1
3 Voltmeter (0–30)V 2
4 FET BFW10
1
5 Resistor 1k ,68K One Each
6 Bread Board 1
PROCEDURE:
DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the gate voltage VGS = 0V.
3. Vary VDS in steps of 1 V & note down the corresponding ID.
4. Repeat the same procedure for VGS = -1V.
5. Plot the graph VDS Vs ID for constant VGS.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH:
DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
OBSERVATIONS
1. d.c (static) drain resistance, rD = VDS/ID.
2. a.c (dynamic) drain resistance, rd = VDS/ ID.
3. Open source impedance, YOS = 1/ rd.
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the drain voltage VDS = 5 V.
3. Vary the gate voltage VGS in steps of 1V & note down the corresponding ID.
4. Repeat the same procedure for VDS = 10V.
5. Plot the graph VGS Vs ID for constant VDS.
FET PARAMETER CALCULATION:
Drain Resistancd rd = GS
D
DS VI
V
Transconductance gm = DS
GS
D VV
I
Amplification factor μ=rd . gm
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
TABULAR COLUMN:
DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
VGS = 0V VGS = -1V
VDS (V) ID(mA) VDS (V) ID(mA)
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
VDS =5volts VDS = 10volts
VGS (V) ID(mA) VGS (V) ID(mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the Drain & Transfer characteristics of given FET is Plotted.
Rd =
gm =
=
IDSS =
Pinch off voltage VP =
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of FET?
2. Different between FET and BJT?
3. Explain different regions of V-I characteristics of FET?
4. What are the applications of FET?
5. What are the types of FET?
6. Draw the symbol of FET.
7. What are the disadvantages of FET?
8. What are the parameters of FET?
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
SCR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN:
VAK (volts) IA (mA)
IA
(mA)
Negative resistance region
VBO VAK (VOLTS)
IH
IL
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
Date:
AIM:
To find the latching and holding current for a given SCR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power supply
SCR
Resistor
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Bread Board
(0-30)V
1KΩ
(0-30)mA
(0-30)V
-
2
1
1
2
1
1
PROCEDURE FOR SCR:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set gate current IG equal to firing current, vary anode to cathode voltage VAK in steps
of 0.5V and note down the corresponding anode current IA.
3. VBO is the point where the SCR voltage (VAK) suddenly drops and sudden increase
anode current IA.
4. Note down the current at that point called latching current.
5. Increase the VAK insteps of 1V till its maximum.
6. Open the gate terminal and decrease the anode voltage VAK.
7. Holding current is the current below, which the deflection in both voltmeter (VAK)
and an ammeter (IA) suddenly reduces to zero.
8. Holding current is the minimum current that a SCR can maintain its condition.
Holding current always less than latching current.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of SCR verified and graph were drawn.
Parameters Practical readings
Peak voltage
Valley voltage
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Clipper Circuit Diagram
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
CLIPPER AND CLAMPER
Date:
AIM:
To design and construct the clipper, clamper, integrator, differentiator circuits and draw
the waveforms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Procedure:
1.Ring up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set input signal voltage (say 5V, 1 k Hz) using signal generator.
3. Observe the output waveform using CRO (DC – mode).
4. Sketch the observed waveform on the graph sheet.
S.No APPARATUS REQUIRED RANGE QUANTITY
1 Resistors 1KΩ 1
2 Diode 1N4007 1
3 Power supply 0-30V 1
4 Capacitors 0.1 µF 1
5 CRO (0 -30)MHz 1
6 Bread board - 1
7 CRO Probes - 3
8. Signal generator (0-2)MHz 1
9. Bread Board –
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Clamper circuit diagram
Tabulation:
Amplitude (volts)
Time(sec)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus Clipper and Clamper circuits were constructed and their output was obtained.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Circuit diagram:
Without Filter:-
With Filter:-
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
Date:
Aim:
To construct a full wave rectifier and to measure DC voltage under load and to calculate
the ripple factor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No. Name of the Component / Apparatus Specification / Range Quantity
1 Transformer (9 – 0 – 9 ) V 2
2 Diode 1N4007 2
3 Resistor 1kΩ 2
4 Capacitor 47µF 1
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting wires -
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Model Graph:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Procedure:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram without filter.
Note the amplitude and time period of the input signal at the secondary winding of the
transformer and rectified output.
Repeat the same steps with the filter and measure Vdc.
Calculate the ripple factor.
Draw the graph for voltage versus time.
as no such means is provided.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Tabulation:
S.No Condition
Input Signal Output Signal
Amplitude Time Amplitude Time
1 Without Filter
2 With Filter
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the full wave rectifier was constructed and its input and output waveforms are
drawn.
Theoretical Practical
DC Voltage
Ripple Factor
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. Define regulation of the full wave rectifier?
2. Define peak inverse voltage (PIV)? And write its value for Full-wave rectifier?
3. If one of the diode is changed in its polarities what wave form would you get?
4. Does the process of rectification alter the frequency of the waveform?
5. What is ripple factor of the Full-wave rectifier?
6. What is the necessity of the transformer in the rectifier circuit?
7. What are the applications of a rectifier?
8. What is ment by ripple and define Ripple factor?
9. Explain how capacitor helps to improve the ripple factor?
10. Can a rectifier made in INDIA (V=230v, f=50Hz) be used in USA (V=110v, f=60Hz)?
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Circuit diagram:
Thevenin’s Voltage Experiment set up:
Thevenin’s Resistance Experiment set up:
Thevenin’s circuit:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No: VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN AND NORTON THEOREMS
Date:
AIM:
To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorem for the given circuit diagram
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-10)V 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)V 1
3 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1
4 Resister 1KΩ 4
500Ω,50Ω Each 1
PROCEDURE:
THEVENIN THEOREM
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Measure the voltage across the load using voltmeter.
To find Thevenin’s voltage:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuited voltage across the output
terminal using voltmeter (Vth).
To find thevenin’s resistance:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Replace the supply by its internal resistance and open circuit the load.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode measure the resistance across the output
terminal (Rth).
TABULAR COLUMN: THEVENIN THEOREM
Voltage (volts) Open circuit
voltage (volts)
Thevenin’s
resistance ( )
Voltage (fig 2d)
(volts)
Circuit Diagram:
Norton’s Voltage Experiment Set up:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Thevenin’s circuit:
1. Connect the power supply (Vth) & resistance (Rth) in series.
2. Connect the load resistance (1K ).
3. Switch on the power supply & measure the voltage drop across load resistance using
voltmeter.
4. Voltage measured should be equal to the voltage measured.
NORTON THEOREM
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Measure the voltage across the load using voltmeter.
To find Norton’s voltage:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Short-circuit the load resistance and measure the short-circuited current using
ammeter (INO).
To find Norton’s resistance:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Replace the supply by its internal resistance and open circuit the load.
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode measure the resistance across the output
terminal (Rth).
To find Norton’s circuit:
1. Connect the current source (INOR) and Rth in parallel.
2. Connect the load resistance (1K ).
3. Switch on the current source & measure the voltage drop across load resistance using
voltmeter.
4. Voltage measured should be equal to the voltage measured.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Norton’s Resistance Experiment Set up:
Norton’s Circuit:
TABULAR COLUMN:
I1(mA) I2(mA) I1 + I2 (mA) I (mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin and Notron theorem was verified.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig.1a Circuit diagram for verification of KCL
Fig.1b Circuit diagram for verification of KVL
Circuit diagram for verification of KCL
Circuit diagram for verification of KVL
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No: VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT AND VOLTAGE LAWS
Date:
AIM:
To verify Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
Required
1 Resistor
270Ω, 330Ω, 3560Ω 1 each
2 Ammeter (0-10)mA 3
3 Regulated power supply(RPS) (0-30)V 1
4 Voltmeter (0-30)V 3
5 Bread board - 1
PROCEDURE (KCL):
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig (1).
2. Switch ON the Regulated Power Supply (RPS) and set the RPS to a particular value of
voltage say 5V.
3. Record the readings of three ammeters namely I1,I2,I3 with proper sign by taking current
entering the node as positive and leaving the node as negative in the observation
Table(1).
4. Add I2 and I3 and verify whether the added value is equal to I1. (As per KCL, I1=I2+I3).
5. Increase the RPS settings in steps of 5V up to a maximum of 25V.
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 by incrementing the RPS settings in terms of 5V.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
TABULAR COLUMN (KCL)
SL.NO RPS VOLTAGE (Volts) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA) I1= I2+I3(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
TABULAR COLUMN (KVL)
SL.NO RPS Voltage (Volts) V1(Volts) V2 (Volts) V3
(Volts)
V=V1+ V2 + V3
(Volts)
1
2
3
4
5
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
PROCEDURE (KVL):
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig (2).
2. Switch ON the Regulated Power Supply (RPS) and set the RPS to a particular value of
voltage (V) say 5V.
3. Record the readings of two voltmeters namely V1, V2 and RPS Voltage in the observation
table (2).
4. Add V1 and V2 and verify whether the added value is equal to V. (as per KVL V =
V1+V2).
5. Increase the RPS settings in steps of 5V up to a maximum of 25V.
Repeat the steps 2 to 5 for each value of RPS setting.
RESULT
Thus the verification of Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law is done.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
TABULAR COLUMN:
I1(m
A)
I2(m
A)
I1 + I2
(mA)
I
(mA
)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Date:
AIM:
To verify the superposition theorem
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-10)mA 1
2 Power supply (0-30)V 2
3 Resister 10KΩ, 50Ω 3,1
4 Bread board 1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram [fig4a]
2. Switch on the DC power supplies (10V & 5V) and note down the corresponding
ammeter readings (say I A).
3. Replace the second power supply by its internal resistance [fig4b].
4. Switch on the power supply (10V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading
(say I1).
5. Connect back the second power supply (5V) and replace the first power supply by its
internal resistance [fig4c].
6. Switch on the power supply (5V) and note down the corresponding ammeter reading
(say I2).
7. Verify the following condition:
I = I1 + I2
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the superposition theorem was verified.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No. Resistance RL (Ω) Current IL (mA) Power P=IL2 RL
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER AND
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Date:
AIM:
To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit diagram
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Signal generator (0-1)MHz 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10)V 3
3 Ammeter (0-100)mA 1
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted for various values of load resistance and the values are
tabulated.
5. The load resistance for the maximum power is obtained from the table
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Maximum Power Transfer Model Graph:
Reciprocity Theorem Circuit Diagram
Voltage & Current Before interchanging After interchanging
Voltage (Volts)
Current (mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem and reciprocity theorem were verified.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Series resonance
Calculation:
R = 600Ω
L = 101.4mH
C = 0.01μF
Tabulation:
S.No. Frequency (KHz) Output voltage (Volts) I = V / R (mA)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No: FREQUENCY RESPONSES OF SERIES AND PARALLEL
Date: RESONANCE CIRCUITS
AIM:
To design a RLC series and parallel resonance circuit and to obtain the frequency
response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Signal generator (0-1)MHz 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10)V 3
3 Ammeter (0-10)mA 3
4 Resistor 1KΩ 2
5 Capacitor 1µF 1
6 Inductor 1mH 1
7 Bread board 1
PROCEDURE (Series Resonance):
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. The input is given in the form of sin wave by function generator.
4. The amplitude of the response across the resistor is noted for various frequency ranges.
5. The current is calculated and tabulated
To measure the resonance frequency:
1. Plot the graph: Current Vs frequencies.
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Model Graph :
Parallel Resonance:
Calculation:
R= 600Ω
L = 101.4mH
C = 0.01μF
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
1. Draw a horizontal line, which intersects the curve at 2
1times the maximum current
reading.
2. Lower intersected point and upper intersected point are respectively called lower cut-
off frequency and upper cut-off frequency on frequency axis.
Bandwidth, BW = f2 – f1
Selectivity = Bandwidth/f0 = (f2 – f1)/ f0
PROCEDURE (Parallel Resonance):
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set input voltage, VI = 5V using signal generator and vary the frequency from (0-1M)
Hz in a regular steps.
3. Note down the corresponding output voltage and current.
4. Plot the graph: Normalized impedance 0Z
Z Vs frequencies
To measure the resonance frequency:
1. Plot the graph: Normalized impedance 0Z
Z Vs frequencies
2. Draw a horizontal line, which intersects the curve at 2
1times the maximum current
reading.
3. Lower intersected point and upper intersected point are respectively called lower cut-
off frequency and upper cut-off frequency on frequency axis.
Quality factor:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Q0 = Reactance
Resistnace=
Lω
R
0
= RL
C
MODEL GRAPH:
Tabulation:
S.No. Frequency (KHz) Output voltage (Volts) I = V / R (mA)
Bandwidth & selectivity:
In parallel resonance circuit, the specified points are the one at which normalized impedance
falls to 2
1of its value at resonance.
Bandwidth, BW = f2 – f1
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Selectivity = Bandwidth/f0 =(f2 – f1)/ f0
RESULT:
Thus the parallel and series RLC circuit was designed and the frequency response curves
were drawn.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC circuit diagram:
RL circuit diagram:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No: TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS
Date:
AIM:
To design a RL and RC circuit and to obtain the Steady state response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the component Range Quantity
1 Power supply (0-10)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10)V 1
3 Ammeter (0-10)mA 1
4 Resistor 12KΩ 1
5 Capacitor 1000µF 1
6 Inductor 1mH 1
7 Bread board 1
PROCEDURE (Series Resonance):
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch over the contact to position 1.
3. Switch on the power supply and stopwatch simultaneously.
4. Take the ammeter and voltmeter reading in a regular time interval.
5. Switch over the contact to position 2 and simultaneously reverse the polarity of ammeter.
6. Note down the reading from the ammeter and voltmeter at regular time intervals.
7. Plot the graph: voltage vs time (charging and discharging)
Current vs time (charging and discharging)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
MODEL GRAPH:
Charging graph:
Tabulation: Charging
Voltage(volts) Time( sec)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Discharging graph:
Tabulation: Discharging
Voltage(volts) Time( sec)
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
RESULT:
Thus the RL & RC circuit was designed and the Steady state response curves were
drawn.
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FILTER:
WITH FILTER:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Date:
Aim:
To construct a half wave rectifier and to measure DC voltage under load and to calculate
the ripple factor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No. Name of the Component / Apparatus Specification / Range Quantity
1 Transformer (9 – 0 – 9 ) V 2
2 Diode 1N4007 1
3 Resistor 1kΩ 2
4 Capacitor 100µF 1
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting wires -
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Model Graph:
Tabulation:
S.No Condition
Input Signal Output Signal
Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency
1 Without Filter
2 With Filter
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Procedure:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram without filter.
Note the amplitude and time period of the input signal at the secondary winding of the
transformer and rectified output.
Repeat the same steps with the filter and measure Vdc.
Calculate the ripple factor.
Draw the graph for voltage versus time.
as no such means is provided.
RESULT:
Thus the half wave rectifier was constructed and its input and output waveforms are
drawn.
Theoretical Practical
DC Voltage
Ripple Factor
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Viva Questions and answers:
1. In a half-wave rectifier, the load current flows for only the
…………………………………….. of the input signal.
2. A half-wave rectifier is equivalent to a ……………………… circuit.
3. The output of a half-wave rectifier is suitable for running …........... motors.
4. The DC output polarity from a half-wave rectifier can be reversed by reversing the
………………….…
5. In a half wave rectifier if a resistance equal to load resistance is connected in parallel with
the diode then the circuit will ………………………………………….
6. The efficiency and ripple factor of a half-wave rectifier is ………………… and
………………..
7. The main job of a voltage regulator is to provide a nearly …….…………… output voltage.
8. In a Zener diode voltage regulator, the diode regulates so long as it is kept in
………………….. bias condition.
9. In Zener diode regulator, the maximum load current which can be supplied to load resistor is
limited in between ………………….. and ……………………….
10. The percentage voltage regulation of voltage supply providing 100 V unloaded and 95 V at
full load is …………………………………
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FILTER:
WITH FILTER:
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Ex.No:
BRIDGE WAVE RECTIFIER
Date:
Aim:
To construct a bridge wave rectifier and to measure DC voltage under load and to
calculate the ripple factor.
Apparatus Required:
S.No. Name of the Component / Apparatus Specification / Range Quantity
1 Transformer (9 – 0 – 9 ) V 2
2 Diode 1N4007 4
3 Resistor 1kΩ 2
4 Capacitor 100µF 1
5 CRO (0-30)MHz 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting wires -
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Model Graph:
Tabulation:
S.No Condition
Input Signal Output Signal
Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency
1 Without Filter
2 With Filter
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
Procedure:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram without filter.
Note the amplitude and time period of the input signal at the secondary winding of the
transformer and rectified output.
Repeat the same steps with the filter and measure Vdc.
Calculate the ripple factor.
Draw the graph for voltage versus time.
as no such means is provided.
RESULT:
Thus the bridge wave rectifier was constructed and its input and output waveforms are
drawn.
Theoretical Practical
DC Voltage
Ripple Factor
Performance 2
Observation 2
Viva 2
Total 6
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
EC 6211 CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LABORATORY MANUAL 2015
Ms B.KALAIMATHI AP/ECE
VIVAQUESTIONS:-
1. What is the PIV of Bridge rectifier?
2. What is the efficiency of Bridge rectifier?
3. What are the advantages of Bridge rectifier?
4. What is the difference between the Bridge rectifier and fullwaverectifier?
5. What is the o/p frequency of Bridge Rectifier?
6. What is the disadvantage of Bridge Rectifier?
7. What is the maximum secondary voltage of a transformer?
8. What are the different types of the filters?
9. What is the difference between the Bridge rectifier and half wave Rectifier?
10. What is the maximum DC power delivered to the load?