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Contents
Lesson 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar.................................................. 1
Lesson 2 Hiroshima—the “Liveliest” City in Japan..........................
....................................................................Jacques Danvoir 11
Lesson 3 Ships in the Desert..................................................Al Gore 25
Lesson 4 Everyday Use....................................................Alice Walker 49
Lesson 5 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.........................
............................................................Winston S. Churchill 71
Lesson 6 Blackmail......................................................Arthur Hailey 85
Lesson 7 The Age of Miracle Chips.................................................... 105
Lesson 8 An Interactive Life................................................................
...........................Barbara Kantrowitz and Joshua C. Ramo 121
Lesson 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America...................Noel Grove 139
Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World ...................John Scopes 155
Lesson 11 But What’s a Dictionary For?.......................Bergen Evans 173
Lesson 12 The Loons.............................................Margaret Laurence 191
Lesson 13 Britannia Rues the Waves...............................Andrew Neil 215
Lesson 14 Argentia Bay.................................................Herman Wouk 233
Lesson 15 No Signposts in the Sea...........................V. Sackville-West 267
Lesson 16 1776..............................Peter Stone and Sherman Edwards 285
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155
A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my
place in the packed court on that sweltering
July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the
famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading
counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan,
the silver-tongued orator, three-times Democratic
nominee for President of the United States, and leader of
the fundamentalist movement that had brought about
my trial.
2 A few weeks before I had been an unknown
school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains
of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported
the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my
Lesson 10The Trial That Rocked the World
John Scopes
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behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led
by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100
reporters were on hand, and even radio announcers, who for the
first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. “Don’t worry, son,
we’ll show them a few tricks,” Darrow had whispered throwing a
reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court
to open.
3 The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived
in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary
school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between
the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists
adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The
modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by
Charles Darwin—that all animal life, including monkeys and men,
had evolved from a common ancestor.
4 Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state
legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of
“any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible.”
The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin’s theory of evolution.
An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people
against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that
nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had
been teaching biology, I was sent for.
5 “Rappelyea is right,” I told them.
6 “Then you have been violating the law,” one of them said.
7 “So has every other teacher,” I replied. “Evolution is explained
in Hunter’s Civic Biology, and that’s our textbook.”
8 Rappelyea then made a suggestion. “Let’s take this thing to
court,” he said, “and test the legality of it.”
9 When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I,
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most
famous trials in U.S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union
announced that it would take my case to the U.S. Supreme Court
if necessary to “establish that a teacher may tell the truth without
being sent to jail.” Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in
prosecuting me. Immediately the renowned lawyer Clarence Darrow
offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known
Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a
talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with
his views.
10 By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500
people had taken on a circus atmosphere. The buildings along
the main street were festooned with banners. The streets around
the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands
selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set
up tents to exhort the passersby. People from the surrounding hills,
mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the “infidel
outsiders.” Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the
anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his
election had never been out of his native county.
11 The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man
who announced: “I’m jist a reg’lar mountaineer jedge.” Bryan,
ageing and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by his son,
also a lawyer, and Tennessee’s brilliant young attorney-general,
Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel
included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and
Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a
trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic,
Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My father had come from
Kentucky to be with me for the trial.
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12 The judge called for a local minister to open the session with
prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never
read any book except the Bible. One couldn’t read. As my father
growled, “That’s one hell of a jury!”
13 After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got
up to make his opening statement. “My friend the attorney-general
says that John Scopes knows what he is here for,” Darrow drawled.
“I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and
bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination.”
14 Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. “Today it
is the teachers,” he continued, “and tomorrow the magazines, the
books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against
man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the
glorious age of the 16th century when bigots lighted faggots to burn
the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and
culture to the human mind.”
15 “That damned infidel,” a woman whispered loudly as he
finished his address.
16 The following day the prosecution began calling witnesses
against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that
I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been
contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14,
testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses,
dogs and cats.
17 “He didn’t say a cat was the same as a man?” Darrow asked.
18 “No, sir,” the youngster said. “He said man had reasoning
power.”
19 “There is some doubt about that,” Darrow snorted.
20 After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the
jury. The issue was simple, he declared “The Christian believes that
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have
come from below.” The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to
his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced
the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.
21 “The Bible,” he thundered in his sonorous organ tones,
“is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come
hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with
its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and
put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan.”
22 As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience
burst into applause and shouts of “Amen”. Yet something was
lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had
swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to
feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot
breath of his oratory as he should have.
23 Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. “Mr. Bryan is not
the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible,” he observed.
“There are other people in this country who have given up their
whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit
and enthusiasm, has given most of his life to politics.” Bryan sipped
from a jug of water as Malone’s voice grew in volume. He appealed
for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to
the death between science and religion.
24 “There is never a duel with the truth,” he roared. “The truth
always wins—and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need
Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human
agency to support it!”
25 When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then
the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for
Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with
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Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for
the defence.
26 When the court adjourned, we found Dayton’s streets
swarming with strangers. Hawkers cried their wares on every corner.
One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT—INSIDE. (This was
J.R. Darwin’s Everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented
a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and
ponder whether they might be related.
27 “The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his
eyes,” a reporter noted, “afraid it might be true.”
28 H.L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his
pants with a fan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him
out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels. Twenty-two
telegraphists were sending out 165,000 words a day on the trial.
29 Because of the heat and a fear that the old court’s floor might
collapse under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed
outside under the maples. More than 2,000 spectators sat on
wooden benches or squatted on the grass, perched on the tops of
parked cars or gawked from windows.
30 Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording
of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the
position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow
sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence.
The judge looked startled. “We are calling him as an expert on the
Bible,” Darrow said. “His reputation as an authority on Scripture is
recognized throughout the world.”
31 Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not
refuse the challenge. For years he had lectured and written on the
Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even
before passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.
32 Under Darrow’s quiet questioning he acknowledged believing
the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with
fervent “Amens”.
33 Darrow read from Genesis: “And the evening and the
morning were the first day.” Then he asked Bryan if he believed that
the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did.
34 “How could there have been a morning and evening without
any sun?” Darrow enquired.
35 Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers
from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his
spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed
literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative.
36 “And you believe that God punished the serpent by
condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?”
37 “I believe that.”
38 “Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that
time?”
39 The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose
and the fan in his hand shook in anger.
40 “Your honour,” he said. “I will answer all Mr. Darrow’s
questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does
not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him...”
41 “I object to that statement,” Darrow shouted. “I am
examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on
earth believes.”
42 The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbub and adjourned
court until next day.
43 Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old
warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand.
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44 The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the
following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and
whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined
100 dollars and costs.
45 Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious
defeat.” A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed
it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in
Dayton two days after the trial.
46 I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some
of the professors who had come to testify on my behalf arranged
a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could
pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil
company.
47 Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since
my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me.
But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top
overlooking the valley.
48 There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in
Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on
the books. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley
Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh
wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States,
bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic
freedom that has grown with the passing years.
(from Reader’s Digest, July 1962)
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AIDS TO COMPREHENSION
I. Notes
1) John Scopes (1900-1970): The last surviving principal of the famous
Tennessee “Monkey Trial” of 1925. His name became synonymous
with the teaching of evolution in American schools. The famous
“Monkey Trial” inspired the film Inherit the Wind.
2) fundamentalism: religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation
of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian
faith and morals
3) Old Testament: The Christian Bible is divided into two sections:
the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament,
composed of 39 books, is the name given by Christians to the Holy
Scripture of Judaism. The New Testament contains the life and
teachings of Jesus Christ and his follower.
4) Darwin: Charles Darwin (1809-1882), English naturalist and biologist;
originator of the theory of man’s evolution by natural selection; his best-
known works indude Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871).
5) American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): An organization founded
by Roger Baldwin and others in New York City in 1920 to champion
“the rights of man set forth in the Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution” of the United States. To attain its goals the ACLU
issues public statements, organizes protests, initiates test cases in the
law courts, and in various ways becomes actively involved in a broad
variety of issues related to civil liberties.
6) U.S. Supreme Court: the highest Federal court, consisting of nine
judges; the highest and final judicial authority in the country; at times
overriding Congress in pronouncing upon the constitutionality of laws
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7) I’m jist a reg’lar mountaineer jedge: a variety of nonstandard
American pronunciation for “I’m just a regular mountaineer judge”
8) (state) attorney-general: the chief law officer and representative in
legal matters of a state government; (U.S.) Attorney-General is the
head of the United States Department of Justice and member of the
President’s Cabinet.
9) for His purpose: “he” with a capitalized “H” refers to God. According
to the teachings of Christianity it was God that created the world
and everything else according to His plan (divine plan) and for His
purpose.
10) Scripture: the Christian Bible
11) Genesis: the first book of the Bible, giving an account of the creation
of the universe
12) the story of Eve: According to the Bible, Adam and Eve were the
first man and woman. Eve was Adam’s wife. She was beguiled by the
serpent to eat the forbidden fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good
and evil and she then tempted Adam to do the same. As a result they
were banished by God from the Garden of Eden.
13) Your honour: This is how people in Britain and the United States
address judges.
14) Clarence Darrow (1857-1938): American lawyer. He acted
professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of
labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial
(1932). He was also the president of the American League to abolish
Capital Punishment.
15) William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925): American leader, editor, and
popular lecturer; three-times a nominee for the presidency of the
U.S., Secretary of State (1901-1913). Just before his death (1925)
Bryan figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state’s witness
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the famed Scopes trial
held at Dayton, Tennessee.
16) Dudley Field Malone (1882-1954): American lawyer. He was city
attorney at New York (1909) and became third Assistant Secretary
of State in 1913. Malone, known widely as an exponent of liberal
ideas, was a member of the defense legal staff at the Scopes trial in
Tennessee.
17) Arthur Garfield Hays (1881-1954): American lawyer, notable as
counsel in civil liberties cases. He was involved in the Sweet case
(1925) at Detroit, the case of Senator Wheeler (1925) at Washington,
the Sacco-Vansetti case (1927), and the Reichstage fire case (1933) in
Germany.
18) Henry Louis Mencken (1880-1956): American editor and satirist.
Mencken’s caustic comments on the American scene made him
famous. He is the author of Ventures into Verse (1903), The American
Language (1918), etc.
II. Look up the italicized words in the dictionary and explain:
1) More than 100 reporters were on hand...
2) I arrived in Dayton as science master...
3) The modernists accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin...
4) the new law was aimed squarely at Darwin’s theory of evolution
5) The streets sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs...
6) the trial got under way
7) it is the setting of man against man
8) Bryan warmed to his work...
9) Malone’s voice grew in volume...
10) Resolutely he strode to the stand...
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EXERCISES
I. Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words
as much as possible:
1) How much do you know about the author from this article?
2) What do you think of the struggles between fundamentalists and
modernists? What did that show?
3) Why was so much attention paid to this trial in an out-of-the-way
small town in the U.S.?
4) Try to elaborate the views of Darrow and Malone and that of Bryan’s.
5) What have you learned about the law and legal procedures in the U.S.?
Do you think them sensible?
6) Did John Scopes lose or win the case?
7) What have you learned about the Bible?
8) What do you think is the message of this article?
II. Paraphrase:
1) we’ll show them a few tricks (Para. 2)
2) The case had erupted round my head... (Para. 3)
3) The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old
Testament. (Para. 3)
4) that all animal life...had evolved from a common ancestor (Para. 3)
5) “Let’s take this thing to court and test the legality of it.” (Para. 8)
6) People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to
cheer Bryan against the “infidel outsiders.” (Para. 10)
7) As my father growled, “That’s one hell of a jury!” (Para. 12)
8) He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant. (Para. 13)
9) Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be
related. (Para. 26)
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
10) and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent “Amens”
(Para. 32)
III. Translate the following into Chinese:
1) Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. “Today it is the
teachers,” he continued, “and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the
newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and
creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious
age of the 16th century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the man
who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to
the human mind.”
2) “The Bible”, he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, “is not going
to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles
to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the
jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His
purpose as part of a divine plan.”
3) The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone
blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through
the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its
wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has
grown with the passing years.
IV. Group together all the legal and religious terms that appear in the text.
V. Explain the implied or satirical meaning of the following:
1) “Today it is the teachers,” he continued, “and tomorrow the
magazines, the books, the newspapers.”
2) “There is some doubt about that,” Darrow snorted.
3) “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist
believes that he must have come from below.”
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4) One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT—INSIDE.
5) “The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes,” a
reporter noted, “afraid it might be true.”
6) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat.”
7) “I’m jist a reg’lar mountaineer jedge.”
8) Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One
couldn’t read.
9) The truth does not need Mr. Bryan.
10) But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top
overlooking the valley.
VI. The following sentences contain metaphors or similes. Explain their
meanings in plain, non-figurative language.
1) no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into
one of the most famous trials in U.S. history
2) By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had
taken on a circus atmosphere.
3) The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with
rickety stands selling hot dogs...
4) After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make
his opening statement.
5) he thundered in his sonorous organ tones
6) when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire
7) The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the
infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.
8) He...accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science
and religion.
9) Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for
Bryan.
10) But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan...
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
11) Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for
the defence.
12) The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone
blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through
the schools and legislative offices of the United States...
VII. Besides similes and metaphors, other figures of speech are also used
in this piece. Point out the figures used in the following sentences:
1) The Trial That Rocked the World ( )
2) Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder
( )
3) The case had erupted round my head... ( )
4) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted... ( )
5) and it is a mighty strong combination ( )
6) until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th
century ( )
7) There is some doubt about that. ( )
8) “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist
believes that he must have come from below.” ( )
9) “His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout
the world.” ( )
10) Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to
repel his enemies. ( )
11) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. ( )
12) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat.”
( )
VIII. Translate the following into Chinese:
1) A lower court ruled in the parents’ favor, but the decision later was
reversed.
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2) The legislative branch enacts laws; the executive branch enforces
them, and the judicial branch interprets them.
3) Three witnesses appeared in court to testify to his innocence.
4) They called for a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.
5) In U.S. courts, when witnesses swear to tell the truth, they are asked
to place one hand on the Bible.
6) “God helps them that help themselves.”
7) Judges are supposed to treat every person as equal before the law,
whatever his race, nationality or religion.
8) Barristers are lawyers who present and plead cases in law courts.
9) As “counsel for the prosecution” a barrister will try to prove the
accused person’s guilt. As “counsel for the defense” he will defend the
accused.
IX. Translate the following into English (using the following words or
expressions: against the law, verdict, rampant, to anticipate, to
involve, to reconcile, on hand, at hand, under way, one’s heart goes
out to):
1） 当时形而上学十分猖獗。
2） 我没有预料到会卷入这场争端。
3） 如果你想学到一些东西，就应该自己参加到这项工作中去。
4） 陪审团裁决他有罪，法官判了他三年徒刑。
5） 虽然种族隔离是违法的，但种族歧视在美国仍然以不同形式存
在着。
6） 他认为这两个观点是可以一致起来的。
7） 他好像也就接受这个主意了。
8） 观众对被告充满了同情。
9） 当时伦敦的报纸认为纳粹德国即将垮台。
10） 他估计手头的侦察员只有三至五人。
11） 合同签订后不久，工程就开始进行了。
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Lesson 10 The Trial That Rocked the World
X. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank:
prison prepared defense
guilt legal criminal
defendant trial afford
verdict witnesses cross-examine
attend accused right
innocence jury court
evidence compelled at
offence twelve tried
counsel majority appeal
unanimous prosecution two
Since law in Britain presumes the innocence of the accused
until his has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any
advantage over the defence. A has the right to employ a
adviser for his and if he cannot to pay he may be granted
legal aid wholly or partly the public expense; if remanded in
custody he may be visited in by his legal adviser to ensure that his
defence is properly .
During the the defendant has the right to hear and
subsequently to (normally through his counsel) all the witnesses
for the ; to call his own who, if they will not the
trial of their own free will, may be legally to attend; and to address
the either in person or through his —the defence having
the to the last speech at the trial.
In criminal trials by the judge determines questions of law,
sums up the for the benefit of the jury, and acquits the
or passes sentence according to the of the jury; but the jury alone
decides the issue of guilt or . Verdicts need not necessarily be
; in certain circumstances the jury may bring in a verdict
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provided that, in the normal jury of people, there are not more
than dissentients.
If the jury returns a verdict of “not guilty”, the prosecution has no
right of and the defendant cannot be again for the same
.
XI. Topics for oral work:
1) What is the author satirizing in this piece? What methods does he use
to achieve this?
2) What have you learned about the U.S. judicial system from this
lesson?
XII. Describe the climax of the trial within 250 words.
高级英语.indd 172 2010.12.6 12:41:12 PM
