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• Ecology - the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment
-Studies the interconnections between the individual parts of a system (the plants, the nutrients, …) and how they work to form the whole system
• Matter - everything that takes up space and has mass
• Energy - the capacity to do work – kinetic energy - the energy of motion – potential energy - stored energy ready for use
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics – energy is conserved (E = Q - W)
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics – no transformation of energy is completely
efficient
Elements• Substances that cannot be broken down into two or more
simpler substances by ordinary physical or chemical means. (i.e. excluding nuclear reactions / radioactive decay)
• Most abundant elements in the Continental CrustOxygen 45% by wt. Sodium 2.32%Silicon 27% Potassium 1.7%Aluminum 8% Titanium 0.86 %Iron 5.8% Hydrogen 0.14% Calcium 5% Manganese 0.1 %Magnesium 2.8% Phosphorous 0.1 %
All other elements 0.77 % ----> 100%
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Elements and compounds
Atoms
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Periodic table of the elementsFigure 2.2
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Isotopes
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Molecules and compoundsFigure 2.4
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Atom (carbon-12)Figure 2.3
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Organic moleculesFigure 2.6
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The electromagnetic spectrumFigure 2.9
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PhotosynthesisFigure 2.10
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Energy flows in food webFigure 2.13
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Trophic levelsFigure 2.14
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Energy pyramidFigure 2.15
2-13 Source: Data from Howard T. Odum, “Trophic Structure and Productivity of Silver Springs, Florida” in Ecological Monographs, 27:55-112, 1957, Ecological Society of America.
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Energy pyramid/biomass periodFigure 2.16
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Trophic pyramidFigure 2.17
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Carbon cycleFigure 2.19
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Photosynthesis
• 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2
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Nitrogen cycleFigure 2.20
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Phosphorus cycleFigure 2.22
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Sulfur cycleFigure 2.23
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DimethylsulfideFigure 2.24
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Water
• Strongly Polar
• Liquid over a wide range of temperatures
• High Specific Heat
• High Heat of Vaporization
• Becomes less dense as it solidifies
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Energy exchange in ecosystemFigure 2.11
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