eCommerce Technology 20-751 Lecture 3: Mobile eBusiness

20-751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY

SUMMER 2000

COPYRIGHT © 2000 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

eCommerce Technology20-751

Lecture 3: Mobile eBusiness


SUMMER 2000


Human Data Interactions

• Personal computer• Internet• PDA• Telephone• Cellphone• Global Position System (GPS)• Beeper• Movies• TV, cable• Radio• FAX• Computer game• Print media


SUMMER 2000


Current Status - Low Connectivity

PERSONALCOMPUTERPDA

TELEPHONE

INTERNET

CELLPHONE

GPS

BEEPER

PRINT MEDIA

FAX

MOVIES

RADIO

TELEVISION

COMPUTERGAMES


SUMMER 2000


PERSONALCOMPUTERPDA

TELEPHONE

INTERNET

CELLPHONE

GPS

BEEPER

PRINT MEDIA

FAX

MOVIES

RADIO

TELEVISION

COMPUTERGAMES

MSDWTradeRunnerSM

After ConvergenceEVERYTHING IN ONE (VIRTUAL) NETWORK


SUMMER 2000


Networked Economy Means New Business Models

Virtual Shopping

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Consumers

Virtual Call CenterEmployees

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

MobileEmployees

PhysicalFacilities

Virtual Workforce

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

Management

Partners, Suppliers

Virtual Corporation

NetworkNetwork

SOURCE:ANIXTER


SUMMER 2000


Networking Demands

• Instantaneity, location-independence, mobility• “Anything-Anytime-Anywhere”

– nomadic computing• Consolidation of data sources

– Phone, PDA, fax, computer, TV, radio, beeper• Multimedia• But:

– Internet is principally land-based (fiber)– Phone, cellular and Internet systems are distinct– Devices do not talk to each other– Bandwidth too low for multimedia


SUMMER 2000


PSTNPSTN

Traditional Voice Networking

(Public Switched Telephone Network)

Quality of Service GuaranteedLevels of Service One

Pricing Model Usage-Sensitive, Distance-SensitiveArchitecture Voiceband, Dedicated Bandwidth

Quality of Service GuaranteedLevels of Service One

Pricing Model Usage-Sensitive, Distance-SensitiveArchitecture Voiceband, Dedicated Bandwidth

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Content of a Conversation

Essential Essential ComponentsComponents

22%22%

Pauses56%

Repetitive22%

Over half of the typical voice call is silence!

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


IPNetwork

Traditional IP Networking

Quality of Service Best EffortLevels of Service One

Pricing Model Usage & Distance Insensitive (Flat Rate)Architecture Broadband, Shared Bandwidth

Quality of Service Best EffortLevels of Service One

Pricing Model Usage & Distance Insensitive (Flat Rate)Architecture Broadband, Shared Bandwidth

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


The World of Convergence

Policy&

DirectoryServices

Policy&

DirectoryServices

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch

RoutingSwitch ( ( ) )

IP Based transport IP Based transport infrastructureinfrastructure

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Voice-Enabled Enterprise IP Network

Computer-basedVoice Apps

PSTNPSTN

IP

Messaging Apps

OtherApps

Call CenterApps

IPPhones

Soft Phones

USB Phones

ConnectionManager

ConnectionManager

GatewayGateway

RoutersRouters

LAN SwitchLAN

Switch

LAN SwitchLAN

Switch

LAN SwitchLAN

Switch

LAN SwitchLAN

Switch

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Internet

Internet FAX

• Store and forward and FAX relay

• Least cost routing

Directory Server

PBX PBX

F

PSTN

POP

F

LEC PSTN

Billing Server

POP

Mail/FAXServer

Directory Server

FAX Printing Software

WAN

RD

F

RedialerSOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Evolution of the PBX - Run Everything On IP

PBX Server

Voice Mail Server

Video Mail Server

E-Mail Server

IP Phones

Internet

Firewall

Policy / Directory Services

IP LANIP LAN

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Quality of Service (QoS)

• Three kinds of packets– Data (delay tolerable)– Voice (delay < 200 ms tolerable)– Video (little delay)

• Must meet packet delivery-time requirements• Must treat different packets differently


SUMMER 2000


A QoS Problem - DELAY

To hit the target:• Eliminate PC delay• Lower network latency• Tighten network jitter

To hit the target:• Eliminate PC delay• Lower network latency• Tighten network jitter

CB Radio

Fax Relay,Fax Broadcast

Toll Quality Satellite

I-PhoneToday

Usabilityfactor

Time (msec)

Usability of Voice Circuit as a Function of End-to-End Delay

SOURCE: CISCO

Voice Quality vs. Cost

Unacceptable Utility Business Toll

PCMCellular Voice

Quality

Co

st

Voice over ATM

Voice over Frame Relay

Voice over IP

(Internet) (Intranet)


SUMMER 2000


Quality of Service on 1 Slide

• Routers cannot not store state information about packets: too slow.– Technique: mark each packet with a simple flag

indicating how to treat it.

Source ClassifierNetwork

Destination

Unmarkedpackets

Marked packets


SUMMER 2000


Differentiated Forwarding

• Each router sorts packets into queues via differentiated services (DS) flag

• Queues get different treatment (e.g. priority, share of bandwidth, probability of discard)

• Result is coarsely predictable class of service for each DS field value.

• Cost of transmission varies by type of service.


SUMMER 2000


Converged Networks: Value PropositionConverged Networks: Value Proposition

• Value goes up with distance• Value goes up with ubiquity across the Enterprise• Value goes up with integrated functionality• Value goes up with quality

Value


SUMMER 2000


Fundamental Mobility: Cellphones

MACROCELL: $1M

MICROCELL: $250K

SLOW-MOVINGSUBSCRIBERS

FAST-MOVINGSUBSCRIBERS

PICOCELLS

GEOGRAPHICCELL LAYOUT


SUMMER 2000


Cell Handover

Minimum performancecontour

Handover thresholdcontour

A Bx y

z

Idealized circular omnidirectional cells

SOURCE: R. C. LEVINE, SMU

Distance x-y should be sufficient for fastest vehicleto stay in darker band during the slowest handover

Curvilinear triangle zhas choice of 3 cells


SUMMER 2000


Bluetooth

A standard permitting for wireless connection of:• Personal computers• Printers• Mobile phones• Handsfree headsets• LCD projectors• Modems• Wireless LAN devices• Notebooks• Desktop PCs• PDAs


SUMMER 2000


Bluetooth Characteristics

• Operates in the 2.4 GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) (unlicensed)! band. Packet switched. 1 milliwatt. Low cost.

• 10m to 100m range • Uses Frequency Hop (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the frequency band into a number of hop channels. During connection, devices hop from one channel to another 1600 times per second

• Bandwidth 1-2 megabits/second• Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (two or more Bluetooth units sharing a channel).

• Built-in security. • Non line-of-sight transmission through walls and briefcases.

• Easy integration of TCP/IP for networking.


SUMMER 2000


Mobile E-Business Challenges

• Location dynamically changing• Asymmetric cost function• Low power devices• Limited storage on mobile devices• Frequent disconnection / loss of service• Security• Low display and multimedia capability


SUMMER 2000


Satellite Regional Area

Wide Area Local Area

Wireless Mobility

Emerging Connectivity Solutions:Cellular, Satellite, Microwave, and Packet Radio

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Dialup

Hotel

HomeConferences

Meeting Rooms

ISP Accessthrough the

Internet

Cellular or Mobile

Commuting

Mobile IP Provides Seamless Connectivity

LANs andVLANs

Internet

SOURCE: CISCO


SUMMER 2000


Mobile Commerce Growth

SOURCE: DANET

-

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,400,000,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

CellularSubscribers

Internet PC's

WAPHandsets


SUMMER 2000


WAP Applications

Web ContentServer

MobileTerminal

MobileNetwork

Internet

WAP Gateway

Non Mobile Internet User

DatabaseServer

SOURCE: DANET


SUMMER 2000


WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)

• Communication between a mobile phone and a server connected to the phone network

• Uses WML (Wireless Markup Language)• WAP specification (pdf file)• WAP simulator

http://www1.wapforum.org/tech/terms.asp?doc=PROP-WAESpec-19991104.pdf

http://www.gelon.net/links/


SUMMER 2000


Ubiquitous Computing

• Average U.S. house has 15 microprocessors (1999)• Average new U.S. car has 7 microprocessors (1999)• Sensors

– temperature, humidity, fluid level– microphones, cams– body-embedded (personal status monitor)

• Wearable computers• Active badge (AT&T Cambridge) IR detection


SUMMER 2000


Ubiquitous Computing

SOURCE: INTERSHOP


SUMMER 2000


GPS Satellite Constellation

• Global Positioning System• Operated by USAF• 25 satellites• 6 orbital planes at a height of 20,200 km• Positioned so a minimum of 5 satellites are visible at all times• Reciever measures distance to satellite

SOURCE: NAVSTAR


SUMMER 2000


TrilaterationOne measurement narrows down our position to the surface of a sphere

We're somewhereon the surface ofthis sphere.

11,000 miles

SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION


SUMMER 2000


Trilateration

Second measurement narrows it down to intersection of two spheres

Intersection of twoSpheres is a circle



SUMMER 2000


TrilaterationThird measurement narrows to just two points



SUMMER 2000


Trilateration

Fourth measurement will decide between two points


DGPSReference

Station

Positioning by Differential GPSCivilian accuracy < 30 feetMilitary accuracy < 1 foot

SOURCE: NAVSTAR


SUMMER 2000


Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)


Benefits of AVL• Fast dispatch• Customer service• Safety, security• Digital messaging• Dynamic route optimization• Driver complicance

Sample AVL Users• Chicago 911• Inkombank, Moscow• Taxi companies


SUMMER 2000


GPS Applications

• Cellphone/GPS child locator (NTT)• Monitor shipments• Truck/rolling stock/airplane tracking• Precision farming• Locating stolen cars• Tour buses• Fishing fleets• Roadside service• Construction projects (Chunnel)


SUMMER 2000


QA&

Documents

eCommerce Technology 20-751 Lecture 3: Mobile eBusiness