Economic Analysis of Koycegiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

8/13/2019 Economic Analysis of Koycegiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

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Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-DalyanSpecial Environmental Protection Area

C.EVRE VE EHRCLK

AKANLII

VREVE EH RC L KEmpowered lives.Resilient nations.


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T.C.EVRE VE EHRCLKBAKANLII

T.C.EVREVE EH RC L KBAKANLII Empowered lives.Resilient nations.

Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-DalyanSpecial Environmental Protection Area

Strengthening the System ofMarine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project

2013

Prepared by:Camille Bann & Esra Baak

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4/56ii Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

2013 Ministry of Environment and UrbanizationGeneral Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets (GDPNA)

Mustafa Kemal Mah. Eskiehir Devlet Yolu (Dumlupnar Bulvar) 9. km (Tepe prime Yan) ankaya/ANKARA Tel: +90 312 222 12 34 Fax: +90 312 222 26 61

http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/tabiat

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No. 11 06610 ankaya/Ankara Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463

http://www.tr.undp.org Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations.

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit pur-poses without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source ismade. GDPNA or UNDP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication

as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale of for any other commercial purpose what-soever without permission in writing from GDPNA or UNDP.

For bibliographic purposes this text may be referred as: Camille Bann & Esra Baak (2013). Economic Analysisof Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area.Project PIMS 3697: The Strengthening the System ofMarine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey. Technical Report Series 12: 52 pp.

This publication is prepared within the framework of large scale Strengthening the System of Marine andCoastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project which is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) andexecuted by the General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets of the Turkish Ministry of Environ-ment and Urbanization and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership withthe General Directorate of Fisheries & Aquaculture of the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live-stock and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the TurkishMinistry of Forestry and Water Affairs.

Technical Report Series: 12

Editing & Layout Design Corrections: Glhan Badur zden, Gner Ergn & Harun Glsoy

Cover and Layout Design:Evren alayan

Cover Photos: 1-3. GDPNA Archive

Photos: 1-8. GDPNA Archive

This document should not be considered as an official Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, GEF andUnited Nations document.


5/56iiiStrengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Foreword

T urkey is a country surrounded by the sea onthree sides. Turkeys nature and climatic con-ditions adorn it with a significant biodiversity in itscoastal areas. However, there are also problems that

touch these regions and that become more imminenteveryday. Urbanization, industrialization, tourism,other residential areas and activities alike that leadsto irregular and unplanned development that havesevere impacts on coastal and marine areas.

Developments, especially in the economy also in-crease marine transportation and dependency onthe use of marine and coastal areas for develop-ment, housing, commerce, recreational activitiesand basic needs. Furthermore, the pressure of fasturbanization and settlement activities on coast-

al areas leads to many problems including loss ofdunes, salt beds and marshes; marine and coastalpollution, deterioration and loss of coastal ecosys-tems. Biodiversity and fertility of coastal and ma-rine areas are faced with this increasing pressure,leading to damages that cannot be undone.

These coastal and marine areas are one of the mostprecious assets we have and we must protect them.In order to alleviate these pressures and overcomethese challenges, relevant structures and infrastruc-tures for effective implementation and surveillance

to ensure that these areas are sustainably managed,preserved and protected without being deteriorat-ed and with a balanced approach between use andprotection. In this regard, all related agencies andinstitutions have to go under a capacity buildingprocess to meet the demands of the required struc-tures and infrastructures; cooperation and coor-dination between all parties have to be improvedand an effective and efficiently operating workprogram and a model for financial resources haveto be developed.

In its responsibility area covering a coastline thatextends over some 8,592 km, General Directoratefor Protection of Natural Assets carries out researchactivities for the protection and study of threat-ened and endangered species and habitats that areduly specified in the national legislation as well asin international conventions that Turkey is a party;carries out research activities on the biodiversity ofmarine and coastal environments; determines themarine surface vessel capacity of important bays

and harbors; establishes procedures and principlesfor use of protection and use of such areas; carriesout other integral coastal management activities andstrives to minimize risks that threaten such assets.

Protection of marine and coastal resources being aglobal priority, Marine Protected Areas are fast de-

veloping and expanding as a concept. Turkey is noexception to this rule where considerable aware-ness raising efforts are being carried out.

Through the large scale GEF Project entitledStrengthening Turkeys Marine and Coastal Pro-tected Areas covering the term between 2009-2013and with the UNDP as the implementing partner,the General Directorate has taken a very first stepfor devising a long term solution for the protectionof marine biodiversity in Turkish coastal waters;for the restructuring of marine and coastal protect-

ed areas database and to guarantee effectivenessand sustainability of ecological service functions.

A series of technical reports that are prepared as apart of the project on economic analysis, socio-econ-omy of fisheries in coastal areas, together with otherefforts on the identification of marine sensitive ar-eas, integration of economic principles to planningprocesses, ensuring financial sustainability, mitiga-tion of pollutants from marine vessels and determi-nation of alternative livelihood resources are expect-ed to yield the following project outcomes:

- Responsible institutions have the capacities andinternal structure needed for prioritizing the es-tablishment of new MCPAs and for more effec-tively managing existing MCPAs.

- MCPA financial planning and managementsystems are facilitating effective business plan-ning, adequate levels of revenue generation andcost-effective management.

- Inter-agency coordination mechanisms in placeto regulate and manage economic activities

within multiple use areas of the MCPAs.Documents covering the three main outcomes ofthe Project so far mentioned are submitted to yourperusal.

Osman YMAYAGeneral Director


6/56iv Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1. Objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2. Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3. Layout of report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. Background on site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1. Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2. Socio-economic characteristics of site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3. Qualitative Assessment of Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1. Marine Ecosystem Services Typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2. Provisioning services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.2.1. Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

3.2.2. Raw materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 3.3. Regulating services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.3.1. Regulation of GHGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.3.2. Micro-climate stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.3.3. Disturbance Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.3.4. Waste remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.4. Cultural Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.4.1. Spiritual, religious and cultural heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

3.4.2. Education and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.4.3. Recreation and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.4.4. Landscape and amenity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.4.5. Biodiversity non-use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.4.6. Option value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4. Valuation of Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1. Provisioning Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

4.1.1. Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

4.2. Regulating services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2.1. Carbon sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 4.2.2. Protection against coastal erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

4.2.3. Waste treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.3. Cultural Services - Tourism and recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.3.2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.3.3. Valuation of Key Tourism Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.4. Summary of Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28


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5. Opportunities to increase revenue flows from Kyceiz- Dalyan SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.1. Tourism related revenues and charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.2. Marine Carbon Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.3. Payments for Ecosystem Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.4. Biodiversity offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

6. Conclusions and Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.1. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.2. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Annex 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

List of TablesTable 1. Overview of Pressures in Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 2. Socio-economic profile of Kyceiz and Ortaca Towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 3. Distribution of agricultural products in Kyceiz and Ortaca districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 4. Qualitative assessment of marine ecosystem services and benefits at Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA . 13

Table 5. Fish species inventory in the Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Table 6. Fish production figures in Kyceiz-Dalyan lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 7. Global averages and standard deviations of the carbon sequestration rates andglobal ranges for the carbon pools by habitat type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Table 8. Potential carbon sequestration value of Posidonia meadows at Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA . . . . . 23

Table 9. Bed capacities distribution to the SEPAs accomodations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table 10. Average boat tour prices in Dalyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Table 11. Rental income from Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Table 12. Summary of valuation results for Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Table 13. Typology of potential financing mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

List of Figures

Figure 1. Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 2. Fisheries Production in Kyceiz Lagoons 1972-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Figure 3. Distribution of the different benthic flora species including Posidonia meadowsin Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22


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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Mr. Bekir Erdoan and Ltf Yldz from GDPNA Kyceiz for providing con-tact names and numbers for the field study as well as data on Kyceiz-Dalyan, maps and boat numbers,Mr. Gner Ergn from GDPNA Ankara for providing updated geographic data concerning the site, Dr.Murat Bilecenolu for sharing reports on estuarine fisheries, Mr. Okan rker from Doa Koruma Merkezi

for providing relevant data on the sweetgum forests of the SEPA, all interviewed parties (see Annex 1),the General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets (GDPNA) and the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP) project team for the data and information they have provided.

Exchange rates

1 TL = US$ 0.528

1 TL= 0.4

1 = US$1.30

Acronyms

ESA Ecosystem Service ApproachEU The European Union

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

GEF Global Environment Facility

GDPNA General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets

GDNCNP General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks

GDP Gross Domestic Product

MoFAH Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Husbandry

MoEU Ministry of Environment and UrbanisationMoFWA Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs

MCPA Marine and Coastal Protected Area

REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation

SEPA Special Environmental Protection Area

UNDP United Nations Development Programme


9/56viiStrengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

yrtlmekonomik deerleme almalarna dairbir literatr taramasyrtlmtr.

Bu alma iin, Ekosistem Hizmetleri Yaklam

(Ecosystem Service Approach ESA) ve Milen-yum Ekosistem Deerlendirmesinin temin, dzen-leme, kltrel ve destek hizmetleri snflandrmasna(2005) dayanarak, deniz ve ky ekosistemleri hiz-metlerine ynelik bir tipoloji gelitirilmitir. Eko-sistem Hizmetleri Yaklam, denizel ortamlardakiekosistemlerin ve bunlarn barndrd biyolojikeitliliin bireysel ve sosyal refaha katkda bulun-duunu aka onaylamaktadr. Bu yaklam, yap-lan katknn balk gibi dorudan tketilen rnlerinelde edilmesinin ok daha tesine gittiini, denizelekosistemlerin karbon tutma gibi kritik dzenlemefonksiyonlarolduunu da aklamaktadr. Dolay-syla, Ekosistem Hizmetleri Yaklam karar almasrelerinde ekosistemlerin bir btn olarak ele aln-masn salamve ekosistemin verdii hizmetleredeer biilmesinin nn amtr.

Temel Bulgular

Kyceiz-Dalyan blgesinin biyolojik eitlilii, ge-niapta ekosistem hizmetlerine taban oluturmak-ta ve bunlar da ok sayda faydalanann ekonomik

refahn desteklemekte ve Trkiyenin gayrisafimilli haslasna katkda bulunmaktadr. almadaKyceiz-Dalyan KBsinin bir yllk ekonomikdeeri yaklak 51 milyon ABD dolarolarak hesap-lanmtr. Bu, alann balang aamasndaki deeri-ni yanstmaktadr ve daha detaylalmalarla geli-tirilmelidir.

Alan iin ortaya karlan toplam deer olarak, te-darik hizmetlerini balk; dzenleme hizmetlerinikarbon tutma, erozyon kontrol ve su artm; kl-tr hizmetlerini turizm ve rekreasyon kapsamak-

tadr. Bunlar brt deerlerdir (yani masraflar d-lmemitir) ve karbon tutmayla ilikilendirilmifaydalar gibi baz potansiyel deerler henz eldeedilememitir (yakalanmamaktadr). Buna ra-men, bu deerler olmasgerekenin altnda deerlerolarak dnlebilir. Mesela turizm iin tahminideerler kullanlmtr ve baz potansiyel nemlihizmetler hesaplara dahil edilememitir. Alandapotansiyel olarak varolduu dnlen fakat bi-limsel bilgi ve veri noksanlndan incelenemeyenekosistem hizmetleri bulunmaktadr. Doal ilalar

Ynetici zeti

Kyceiz-Dalyan zel evre Koruma Blgesi 1988ylnda koruma alanilan edilmitir. Blgeye farkl-lk kazandran; byk bir sulak alan sistemi iindebulunan Kyceiz Glnn Dalyan Kanallar ile

Akdenize balanmasdr. Alan tatlsu glleri, dal-yanlar, bataklk araziler, kanallar ve kylarla esizbir ekosisteme sahiptir. Yzlm 461,5 km2olanblgenin 32,8 km2si denizel alandr (SAD, 2010).Kyeridi uzunluu 24,38 km olup deniz derinliien fazla 100 m dir (ibid). Alann karasal ynetimplan2007 ylnda hazrlanmtr, ancak henz b-tnyle uygulamaya konulmamtr (nar M-hendislik, 2007). Bu ynetim planna paralel olarakhazrlanan geliim planlar, Tabiat VarlklarnKo-ruma Genel Mdrl tarafndan onaylanmve

uygulanmaktadr.

almann Amacve Yaklam

Bu almann amacKyceiz-Dalyan KBsininekonomik analizini gerekletirerek:

Alann temin ettii denizel hizmet ve rnleryelpazesi hakknda farkndalk yaratmak,

Kilit ekosistem hizmetlerinin devamn tehditeden basklara ve bunlarn ekonomik sonular-na iaret ederek, alann srdrebilir ynetimine

katkda bulunmak, Denizel hizmetlerin ekonomik deerini ortaya

koyarak ve potansiyel gelir getirici faaliyet vemekanizmalarn altnizerek, alan iin hazrla-nacak olan Planna bilgi tabansalamaktr.

Bu almann da bir parasnoluturduu TVKGM-GEF-UNDP projesi kapsamnda, Kyceiz-DalyanKBsi iin alternatif gelir kaynaklarseenekleri-nin tespit edilmesi ve bir iplannn gelitirilmesi n-grlmtr. Raporda alandaki ekosistem hizmetle-rinin ve deerlerinin tespit edilmesine odaklanlm,

potansiyel finansal mekanizmalar hakknda sadecegenel bir ereve izilmitir.

Kyceiz-Dalyan KBsinin ekonomik analizi;alan hakknda mevcut veri ve literatr taramasnave Mart 2012de kilit paydalarla yaplan grme-lerden elde edilen verilere dayanmaktadr. Ayrcamuhtemel yarar transfer deerlerini temin edebil-mek, alan iin belirlenen deerleri karlatrmakve deerleme yaklamlarna dair farkl anlaylargrebilmek iin, blgedeki deniz ve kyalanlarnda


10/56viii Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

gibi hammaddeler, genetik kaynaklar ve dekoratifrnler, denizel ortamn mikro-iklim dzenleme-sinde, sel, frtnadan korumadaki rol, alann ei-tim, peyzaj ve miras deerleri gibi henz zerindeallmamhizmetleri sayabiliriz.

Alana dair toplam deerin yaklak %95ini turizm

ve rekreasyon tekil etmektedir ki, bu da, bu -KBnin oluturduu deer iin denizel ve kysaldoal kaynan srdrlebilir ynetiminin neminivurgulamaktadr. Bu ekosistem hizmetine dair de-erin tespitinde yarar transferi yntemi kullanldgz nne alndnda, alandaki yllk 48.5 milyonABD dolarturizm deeri dzeltilebilir. Alana zelturizm harcamalarve ziyareti saylarna (hem ge-celeyen hem de gn birlik) ihtiya duyulmaktadr.Denizel ekosistem hizmetleri, istihdam ve yerel ge-im kaynaolarak da nemlidir.

nerileralma sonucuna gre aadaki neriler geliti-rilmitir.

Kyceiz-Dalyan KB ynetim plannn etkinuygulanabilmesi, blgede doal kaynaklarnplanl kullanm asndan nemlidir. Kuru-lular araskoordinasyonun ve finansal imkan-larn artrlmas yararlolacaktr.

KBdeki balk stoklarekonomik, ekolojik vebiyolojik olarak izlenmelidir. Balklk ekono-misini anlamak, srdrlebilir balklk yne-tim planlarnn gelitirilmesi asndan kilitkonumdadr. Ticari ve rekreasyonel balklkiin yaplan deerleme; srdrebilir av orannn(miktar) net faydaya (gelirler eksi masraflar)

arplmasna dayandrlmaldr. Srdrebilirav oranlarnn tespit edilebilmesi iin alandakibalk stoklarnn dzenli bilimsel aratrmalarlaincelenmesi gerekmektedir. DALKO tarafndanyrtlen dalyan balkl faaliyetlerin-in srdrlebilirlii, zellikle senede iki defagerekleen kefal trlerinin g dnemi srasn-da daha skbir ekilde denetlenmelidir.

Turizm, blgenin deniz koruma alanstatsnbtnleyici bir ekilde gelimeli ve ynetil-melidir. Kyceiz-Dalyan KBsinde turizmdeneyimini gelitirmek ve bylece alanda tu-rizm ve rekreasyon kaynaklgelirleri uzun vade-li olarak st seviyeye karmak iin birok frsatbulunmaktadr. Bu konuda neriler u ekildesralanabilir:* Alandaki turizm geliiminin snrlarnn belir-

lenmesi iin alann denizel ve karasal turizmtama kapasitesi, zellikle Dalyan Kanallarve ztuzu plaj iin aratrlmaldr

Tablo . Kyceiz-Dalyan KBsi deerleme sonularzeti

Hizmet Deer/ ylABD$

Deerleme yntemi Not

Balk 1.399.167 Piyasa deerleri Bu deer srdrebilir av oranna gre hesaplanmamtr (alan iin bilinmiyor).Brt deerlerdir, masraflar dlmemitir.

Karbon Tutma 54.226 Piyasa deerleri(kanlan harcamayaklam)

Orman karbon piyasasna benzer ekilde Mavi Karbon Kredi piyasasnngeliecei varsaylmtr. Dolaysyla bu deer henz llmemektedir(yakalanmamaktadr). Karbon piyasa deeri 11.2 $/ t CO2 edeeri olarakalnmtr.

Erozyonkontrol

171.080 Yarar transferi Mangos ve arkadalar(2010). Her kymetresi iin 160,000 avro,KBsindeki 8.75 kmlik Posidonia ayrlarna ve alann % 9.4nn risk altndaolduuna dayanarak.

Atksu artm 900.000 Yarar transferi Mangos ve arkadalarna (2010) dayanarak, Trkiye kylariin hesaplanan229 milyon avroluk artm hizmeti Kyceiz-Dalyan kyeridi uzunluunagre taksim edilmitir (24.38 km)

Turizm /Rekreasyon

48.691.598 Piyasa deerleri Blgeye gelen ziyareti saylarna dair tahmini ylda 300,000 geceleyenziyareti ve ortalama turizm harcamalarna (Bann ve Baak 2011a ve 2011byegre dier KBlerde yrtlen almalar) dayanarak, gnbirlik ziyaretilerve marina gelirleri dahil edilmemitir. Gnbirlik tekne turlar(2,851,200

ABD $), dalmerkezlerinden biri (97,500 ABD $) ve gnbirlik kira gelirleri(397,688 ABD $) dahil edilmitir.

TOTAL 51.216.071


11/56ixStrengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

* Alann tama kapasitesini dikkate alan bir tu-rizm master plan/stratejisi oluturulmaldr.Ekoturizm sektrnn geliimi iin turistlerinilgisini eken faaliyetlerin stratejik planlan-masve pazarlanmasyararlolacaktr.

* Planlama almalarn desteklemek iin zi-yaretiler hakknda daha kapsaml veri top-lanmaldr (ziyareti saylar, profili, ziyaretnedenleri, vb). Mevcut durumda ziyareti sa-ylarna dair gvenilir veriler bulunmamakta-dr. Blgedeki tm KBler iin bu bilgilerintoplanabilmesi amacyla, havayolu irketlerive otellerden faydalanlabilir.

* Alann ekolojik ve arkeolojik nemi, korumastats hakknda ziyaretiler ve ikmet eden-lere ynelik daha iyi bilgilendirme ve iaret-lendirme yaplmaldr. Alana gelen yerli ve ya-banctm turistler , blgenin bir koruma alan

olduunun fark

na varmal

bilgi edinmelidir.Blgenin grnr yerlerinde bilgilendirmepanolarayrca trke seyir haritalarve GPS,alann koruma statsn, gstermeli; alannzellikleri, alan kullanm kurallaraktarlma-l, en az iki dilde(Trke ve ngilizce) gereklibilgilendirme ve iaretlendirme yaplmaldr.

* Blgedeki turist harcamalarn tespit etmekamacyla alanda zel bir anket yaplmasyararlolacaktr. Alan iin turizmin nemi gz nndebulundurulduunda, detaylbir ekonomik etkianalizi yaplmas da ngrlebilir. Dalyandabutik oteller ve srdrlebilir turizm tevikedilmeli ve dzenlemeler buna gre yaplarak

pazarlama destei salanmaldr.* Ekonomik deerleme ve zellikle dzenleme

hizmetleri bilimsel temele dayanmaldr. Buhizmetleri daha iyi anlamak ve deerlemeyek tutmak asndan, alana zel dzenlemehizmetlerine odaklbilimsel almalarn (kar-bon tutma, erozyon kontrol, sel ve frtnadankorunma, atksu artm, vb.) yaplmas des-teklenmelidir.

* Ekosistem kaynaklfaydalarn deerindeki de-iimi ve bunlar arasndaki dengeleri gzlem-

lemek amac

yla Kyceiz-Dalyan KBsin-de deerleme almalar dzenli aralklarlayrtlmelidir. Gelecekteki deerleme al-malar, senaryo analizleri iermeli ve bylecefarklynetim seeneklerine ve alann srd-rlebilirliine k tutmaldr.


12/56x Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

transfer values, benchmarks against which to as-sess values derived for the site and insights on val-uation approaches.

A typology of marine and coastal ecosystem servic-es has been developed for this study following theecosystem service approach (ESA), which is basedon the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)classification of ecosystem services into provision-ing, regulating, cultural and supporting services.The ESA explicitly recognizes that ecosystems suchas marine environments and the biological diversi-ty contained within them contribute to individualand social wellbeing. Importantly it recognizes that

this contribution extends beyond the provision ofgoods such as fish to the natural regulating func-tions of marine ecosystems such as carbon seques-tration. The ESA therefore provides a frameworkfor considering whole ecosystems in decision mak-ing and for valuing the services they provide.

Key Findings

Kyceiz-Dalyans biodiversity supports a range ofecosystems services that contribute to the econom-ic welfare of a range of beneficiaries and supportlocal communities and Turkeys GDP. The total an-nual value of Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA is estimatedto be around US$51 million per year. This is con-sidered a conservative estimate and represents aninitial attempt to value some of the key ecosystemservices provided by the site and needs to be re-fined through further study.

This value incorporates provisioning services - fish,regulating services carbon sequestration, erosioncontrol, and waste treatment, and cultural servic-es tourism and recreation. The values are grossestimates (that is cost have not be deducted) andsome values are not yet captured, such as the ben-efits associated with carbon sequestration, and aretherefore potential values. However, the estimatemay be considered an underestimate in that con-servative estimates have been used for example fortourism and a number of potentially important ser-vices are excluded. Ecosystems services thought tobe present (or potentially present) at the site whichcannot be estimated due to a lack of scientific in-formation and/or data are raw materials such

Executive summary

Objectives of study & approach

Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protec-

tion Area (SEPA), one of the biggest coastal wet-lands in Turkey, gained its protection status in1988. It is located in the transition zone between theAegean and the Mediterranean Seas and consists ofdiverse geographic features such freshwater lakes,lagoons, marshlands, canals and coastlines (-nar Mhendislik, 2007). It covers about 461.5 km2

of which 32.8 km2 is marine surface (SAD, 2010).The coastal length in the SEPA is 24.38 km and seadepth remains less than 100m (ibid). The terrestri-al management plan for the site was prepared in

2007 but is yet to be fully implemented. Parallel tothis terrestrial management plan, town develop-ment plans for the SEPA have been approved bythe General Directorate for Protection of NaturalAssets (GDPNA) and are being implemented.

The objective of this study was to undertake aneconomic analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA in or-der to:

Raise awareness of the range of marine goodsand services provided by the site;

Contribute to the sustainable management of the

site by highlighting pressures threatening theviability of key ecosystem services and the eco-nomic implications of this;

Inform the business plan to be developed for thesite by demonstrating the economic value of ma-rine services and highlighting potential revenuegenerating activities and mechanisms.

It should be noted that other components of the GD-PNA-GEF-UNDP project under which this studysits are focused on the identification of feasible in-come generating options, and the development of a

business plan for Kyceiz-Dalyan. Therefore thisreport is focused on the identification and valua-tion of ecosystem services and only provides a highlevel discussion of potential financing mechanisms

The economic assessment of Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA is based on a review of the available data andliterature on the site, interviews with key stake-holders and data gathered through a site visit inMarch 2012. A literature review of economic valu-ation studies of marine and coastal areas from theregion was also undertaken to provide potential


13/56xiStrengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

as natural medicines, genetic resources and orna-mental resources, which have yet to be studied atthe site; the role the marine environment plays inmicro-climate regulation, the role of the marine en-vironment in flood and storm protection, the sitesheritage value and educational value and the siteslandscape and amenity value.

Around 95% of the total value of the SEPA is at-tributed to tourism and recreation, highlighting theimportance of sustainably managing the SEPAsmarine and coastal natural resource base, uponwhich this value is dependent. Given that expend-iture estimates and the value-transfer method hasbeen used for determining the tourism value at thesite, the estimate for tourism of US$48.5 million peryear clearly could be refined. Site specific evidenceof tourist expenditures and willingness to pay is

required, along with a better understanding of thenumber of visitors (both overnight and day visi-tors). The marine environment is also important interms of employment and local livelihoods.

The site faces a range of pressures including ma-rine pollution, infrastructure and housing devel-opment and illegal fishing activities, which if leftunchecked could undermine the SEPAs importantecological assets.

Recommendations

The key recommendations of this study are provid-ed below.

The management plan for Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA needs to overcome bureaucratic and finan-cial impediments to be effectively implemented.

Fisheries in the SEPA need to be monitored eco-nomically, ecologically and biologically. Under-standing the economics of fishing is key to the de-velopment of sustainable fisheries managementplans. The valuation of fisheries should be basedon a sustainable harvest rate (quantity) multi-plied by revenues minus costs. Scientific studiesof fish stocks are therefore required to determinesustainable harvesting rates. Sustainability ofDALKOs fishing practices should be monitoredmore tightly, especially during the twice yearlymigration of the targeted Mugil species.

Tourism needs to be developed and managed ina way that complements that areas status as amarine protected area. A number of opportuni-ties exist for developing the tourism experiencein Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA, and hence contribut-ing to the maximization of the long term reve-nues from tourism and recreation at the site. Rec-ommendations include:

Table . Summary of valuation results for Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA

Service Value/ yearUS$

Valuationapproach

Comment

Fish 1,399,167 Market prices Value relates to traditional estuarine fishing in Kyceiz. This is not based on asustainable harvest rate, which is unknown. This is a gross value costs have not beendeducted. Marine fisheries and recreational fishing not included.

Carbonsequestration

54,226 Market prices(avoided costapproach)

Assumes development of market in blue carbon credits analogous to the forest carbonmarket. This value is therefore not currently captured. Based on market price of carbonof US$11.2 / tCO2eq and 89 ha of Posidonia meadows.

Erosionprotection

171,080 Value transfer Mangos et al. (2010). Based on 160,000 Euro per meter of coastline, 8.75km ofPosidonia beds and 9.4% of the area at risk.

Waste treatment 900,000 Value transfer Based on Mangos et al. (2010) estimate for Turkey of 229 million Euros apportioned tothe study site based on length of its coastline (24.38 km).

Tourism /Recreation

48,691,598 Market prices Based on an estimate of 746,792 overnight visits per year and average tourismexpenditure per person per night on food and accomodation (based on other TurkishMCPAs in Bann & Baak 2011a & 2011b). Day visitors and marina revenues notincluded. Includes daily boat tours (US$2,851,200), one of the dive centers (US$97,500)and rental fees (US$397,688).

TOTAL 51,216,071


14/56xii Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

* A study of the sites marine and terrestrialtourism carrying capacity to understand the li-mits to tourism development in the area. Thisis particularly required for Dalyan straight,the lagoons and ztuzu beach.

* Development of a tourism master plan / stra-tegy for the SEPA taking the carrying capacityof the area into account. Development of theecotourism sector will require a strategy andmarketing of the SEPAs range of attractionsand activities.

* Better data collection on visitors is needed toassist planning efforts (visitor numbers, pro-file, motivation for visit). It is difficult to plansuccessfully without reliable estimates of visi-tor numbers, and these currently do not exist.Airlines and hotels could perhaps be utilizedto collect this information for all the SEPAs in

the Province.* Better signage and information for visitorsand residents on the ecological and archeo-logical importance of the area and its protec-tion status. Everyone visiting the site shouldbe aware that it is a protected area. This wouldhelp strengthen the areas image / brand andimprove the quality of the tourism offering.Signage and information about the site shouldbe available in two languages Turkish andEnglish.

* A site specific survey is needed to generate in-formation on tourist expenditure in the area.Given the importance of tourism to the site, adetailed economic impact study could also beconsidered.

* Mass tourism threatens the sustainablity ofthe natural resource base. Therefore boutiquehotels / high quality tourism should be pro-moted in Dalyan; this will require better facili-ties and marketing.

Economic valuation is underpinned by good sci-entific evidence. This is often particularly impor-tant for regulating services. Site specific scientif-ic studies of the provision of regulating services(i.e. carbon sequestration, erosion control, floodand storm protection and waste assimilation) arerequired to better understand these services andinform the valuation.

Valuation studies should be carried out in Ky-ceiz-Dalyans SEPA at regular intervals in or-der to observe changes in the value of benefitsderived from the range of ecosystem servicesand the trade-offs that occur between these. Ide-ally valuation studies should look at differentscenarios and thereby help choose between dif-ferent management options for the area and castlight on the sites sustainability.


15/561Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

T his study is an activity under the General Dire-ctorate for Protection of Natural Assets (GDP-NA)-Global Environment Facility - United NationsDevelopment Programme (GEF-UNDP) projectStrengthening the Protected Area Network of Tur-key: Catalyzing Sustainability of Marine and Coas-tal Protected Areas.

The proposed long-term solution for marine bio-diversity conservation in Turkeys territorial sea isa reconfigured Marine and Coastal Protected Area(MCPA) network designed to protect biodiversitywhile optimizing its ecological service functions.The success of this long-term solution is seen to reston three main pillars: (i) the existence of key agen-cies capable of identifying and managing sensitiveand biologically significant MCPAs; (ii) the appli-cation of economic analysis to inform the planningand management of MCPAs and the integration

of sustainable financing mechanisms; and (iii) in-ter-sectoral co-operation that builds on the rele-vant strengths of various management agenciesand branches of Government and civil society tosolve marine biodiversity conservation challenges.This study relates to the development of the secondpillar.

1.1. Objective

The objective of this study was to undertake an

economic analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special En-vironmental Protection Area (SEPA) in order to:

Raise awareness of the range of marine goodsand services provided by the site;

Contribute to the sustainable management of thesite by highlighting pressures threatening theviability of key ecosystem services and the eco-nomic implications of this;

Inform the business plan to be developed for thesite by demonstrating the economic value of ma-rine services and highlighting potential revenue

generating activities and mechanisms.It should be noted that other components of the GD-PNA-GEF-UNDP project under which this studysits are focused on the identification of feasible in-come generating options and the development ofa business plan for Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA. There-fore this report is focused on the identification andevaluation of ecosystem services and only providesa high level discussion of potential financing mech-anisms.

2

Introduction


16/562 Economic Analysis of Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area

1.2. Approach

The economic assessment of Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA is based on a review of the available dataand literature on the site, interviews with keystakeholders and data gathered through a site visit16-21 March 2012. A list of people consulted is pro-

vided in Annex 1. A literature review of economicvaluation studies of marine and coastal areas fromthe region was also undertaken to provide poten-tial transfer values, benchmarks against which toassess values derived for the site and insights onvaluation approaches. The study should be viewedas a high level initial economic analysis of the area,which identifies key ecosystem services providedby the site and prioritizes areas for future researchand refinement of the economic estimates present-ed.

The available literature includes extensive researchon the sites marine and coastal biodiversity, con-ducted by SAD1between September-October 2010on behalf of General Directorate for Protection ofNatural Assets (GDPNA). This SAD study focus-es on bio-ecological research at depths of 0-50m,physical assessments of the marine environmentand surveys with the local fishermen. Anotherimportant study of Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA is theterrestrial biodiversity assessment conducted bynar Mhendislik (2007) between 2005 and 2007.

This study developed a terrestrial managementplan for the site (completed in 2007). It focused onthe terrestrial conservation and management prior-ities of the site including key ecosystems, flora andfauna, the socio-economic aspects of local commu-nities interacting with the natural systems and thehistorical/cultural heritage of the MCPA.

1 SAD is a Turkish NGO, which specialises in the research and protec-tion of marine and coastal habitats.

Other research initiatives led by GDPNA have con-centrated on specific species such as sea turtles,sweet gum trees, otters, salamanders and on wa-ter monitoring and have been taken into accountin the analysis. However, the economic analysis re-lies to a greater extent on the relatively recent datagenerated in the marine and coastal biodiversityassessment for the site (SAD, 2010) as well as thebackground research related to the terrestrial man-agement plan (nar Mhendislik, 2007).

An Ecosystem Service Valuation Framework wasdeveloped for the economic assessment, whichprovides a comprehensive list of marine and coast-al services provided at the site (see Section 3). Thisframework provides the basis for understandingthe range of benefits provided by the marine eco-system and the pressures that they face.

1.3. Layout of report

The rest of this report is set out as follows: Section 2provides an overview of the site and the pressuresthat it faces plus available information on the so-cio-economic characteristics of the area; Section 3presents the marine ecosystem services typologyand a qualitative assessment of the services provid-ed by the site; Section 4 presents the valuation ofindividual ecosystem services where the requiredbio-physical and monetary data is available; Sec-tion 5 discusses potential financing mechanisms:and, section 6 concludes. Annex 1 lists the peopleinterviewed during field visits in March 2012.



Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA, one of the biggest co-astal wetlands in Turkey (nar Mhendislik,2007), gained its protection status in 1988 by theDecree of Cabinet of Ministers number 88/13019(ibid). A terrestrial management plan for the sitewas prepared in 2007, however appropriate finan-ces need to be secured before it can be implemen-

ted. Parallel to this terrestrial management plan,town development plans for the SEPA have beenapproved by the GDPNA and are being implemen-ted.

The SEPA covers about 461.5 km2 of which 32.8 km2

is marine surface (SAD, 2010). Kyceiz Lake ex-pands to some 55.8 km2. The length of the SEPAscoastline is 24.38 km and sea depth remains lessthan 100m (SAD, 2010). The majority of the coast(74.4%) is rocky, the rest is sandy. In total the SEPAhas 7 km of sandy beaches (most notably Iztuzu

Beach) (ibid).Kyceiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protec-tion Area (SEPA) is located in the transition zonebetween the Aegean and the Mediterranean Seasand consists of a wide mixture of geographic fea-tures such as freshwater lakes, lagoons, marsh-lands, canals and coastlines (nar Mhendislik,2007). The SEPA is situated within Kyceiz andOrtaca districts boundaries in the Mula Province,about 75 km away from Mula town center andconsists of Kyceiz town, 4 sub-districts and 13

villages annexed to it (Keskin et al., 2011).Figure 1 illustrates the boundaries of Ky-ceiz-Dalyan SEPA and the settlements that arewithin the MCPA.

The area is composed of various geographic struc-tures around Kyceiz Lake, namely Dalyan wet-lands and delta, Slngr, Ala, and ztuzu Lakes aswell as the sandy ztuzu Beach (nar Mhendislik,2007). Kyceiz Lake, geologically a bay tied to thesea, was disconnected from the sea with the sedi-

mentation of Dalaman river and is fed by severalfreshwater sources (ibid). It covers around 5,400haand is surrounded with plains in the northeast andsoutheast and hilly areas in other parts. The deltawaters expand to about 150ha and are semi-salinewith an alternating current between the delta to thesea twice a day. In the south of Kyceiz Lake thereis a fault line stretching along a northwest - south-east direction, along which various thermal waterspringsare found - Sultaniye, avuand Gel Girme(Keskin et al., 2011).3

Background on site



Ecological Overview

The dominant vegetation in Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA (about 45% of the site) is red pine and sweetgum forests, bushes and brush woods belongingto shrubs and frigana family. The areas aroundthe Kyceiz Lake are covered with grassy plantsgrowing in wet and barren areas. Sand dune veg-etation is dominant on the coast (nar Mhendis-lik, 2007).

Kyceiz Lake is an important wetland both interms of fish and birds and a candidate Ramsar site(nar Mhendislik, 2007). The surroundings ofthe lake, canals and forests provide reproductionand sheltering places for a range of animals. Vari-ous bird species such as Coot, Stark, White-breast-ed Kingfisher, Sparrow, Reed Warbler, Gull-billedtern, Short-toed Eagle, Bee Eater, Sea Gull, GlossyIbis, and Little Egret use the area for wintering andincubation.

The terrestrial biodiversity study of the site as-sessed 1,700 different plant species belonging to110 Famiies, 470 Genus, 924 species and sub-spe-cies (nar Mhendislik, 2007). Of these, 81 endem-ic and 20 rare plants have been identified basedon IUCN criteria (rate of endemism 8.65%). Someof the important endemics in the region are Ori-ental sweetgum tree (Liquidambar orientalis), acyclamen species (Cyclamen trochopteranthum),

Forbes Fritillary (Fritillaria forbesii) and sea daffo-dil (Pancratium maritimum).

In Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA, a 286 hectare zonehas been set aside as a nature reserve and arbo-retum for the preservation of the sweetgum (Liq-uidambar) which is a relict endemic taxon fromthe Tertiary geological period (Wikipedia, 2012).Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA is considered to be the areaproviding the greatest expansion of this rare en-demic species (nar Mhendislik, 2007). Special

Figure 1. Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries (Source: GDPNA)



management measures and conservation initia-tives have been put in place for the Liquidambarforests. GDPNA prepared an action plan for thespecies in 2008 by assessing the ecological situa-tion of the species as well as the land ownershipin the existing forests. In collaboration with MoF-WA, a national NGO - Doa Koruma Merkezi, hasbeen leading a conservation project since 2009 thataims to ensure forest sustainability by replantingcorridors between dispersed segments in order toincrease the total forest area to 1,000 hectares in theregion. The project also aims to promote eco-tour-ism in the region by highlighting the ecological andcultural aspects of the sweetgum forests (Doa Ko-ruma Merkezi, 2012).2

Ornithological research at the site revealed 96 birdspecies belonging to 25 Families. Three species,

namely Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), Roller(Coracias garrulus), and Krpers Nuthatch (Sittakrperi) are under the Near Threatened category(ibid). Other avifauna species of importance re-corded historically at the site are Black Francolin(Francolinus francolinus), Smyrna Kingfisher (Halcy-on smyrnensis), and Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax pygmeus).

The freshwater ecosystems within the SEPA alsohost a very rich variety of biodiversity: 50 fresh-water fish species were identified during the nar

Mhendislik research (2007), afi

gure much high-er than other coastal lagoons in Turkey such asGllk (8 species) and Homa (24 species).

Various coastal ecosystems are juxtaposed in Ky-ceiz-Dalyan SEPA; namely rocky shores, sand-dunes, rocky reefs, cave/cavity formations, andcoastal marshlands that form a wide range of habi-tat types (SAD, 2010).

The coastal sandunes of the SEPA are one of themost important reproduction areas for Loggerheadsea turtles (Caretta caretta) in Turkey. These turtlesare a highly threatened (see Box 1). An extensiveproject has been developed to protect the sea tur-tles and their reproduction area at the mouth ofDalyan and ztuzu beach. The coastal area is usedintensively and the sites management allows useby people during the day time, but not at night (es-pecially during the trutles spawning season).

2 The NGO has been engaged in awareness raising and fundraising activities for realizing community stewardship and replanting of the sweetgumtrees. See for instance: http://www.globalgiving.org/pfil/9461/projdoc.pdf

The SAD study identified a total of 106 marine spe-cies during its biological assessment dives for theMCPA. Of these species, 20 are marine plants; 3of which are Phanerogamae (with flower) and 17Cryptogamae (Algae, no flower). The remaining 86

Box 1. Conservation of Dalyans Loggerheadsea turtles: a Milestone in Turkeys conser-vation history

The Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are hard-shelled marine turtles whose persistent population de-cline globally have rendered them a conservation flagship

species. Loggerheads have been listed as Endangered inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 1996. InTurkey, 450-900 Caretta carettaindividuals are estimatedto exist and Dalyan ztuzu beach is considered to be oneof the most important nesting sites in the country.

The attractiveness of the unspoilt, sandy ztuzu beachwas subject to a state supported mass tourism develop-ment plan at the end of 1970s. Through the mobilisationof individual and institutional activists starting in the mid1980s, this development project received national andinternational opposition especially due to the potenitalnegative impacts on the turtles nesting grounds. As a re-sult, Dalyan became the first nature conservation successin Turkey, leading eventually to the formation of the Envi-ronment Protection Agency for Special Areas under theTurkish Prime Ministry (the current GDPNA). In 1988 theTurkish Government declared Dalyan Beach and its seaturtles protected.

The conservation of the loggerhead sea turtles has sincebeen a well-monitored scientific activity by different NGOsand academic institutions. It has also increased the pop-ularity of the region, leading to a tourism boom in Daly-an in early 1990s. The Sea Turtle Research, Rescue andRehabilitation Centre, located on ztuzu beach is run byPamukkale University. The centre is supported by theMunicipality which provides electricity, water and wastecollection. The June Haimoff Sea Turtle Foundation was

established in 2010 and is focused on the conservation ofthe Loggerhead sea turtles.

While there is no quota on tourist numbers on ztuzubeach, Professor Erdal zhan of Med Coast Foundationbelieves it is one of the best managed turtle beaches inthe Mediterranean. Unfortunately, in recent years feedingthe sea turtles has become a popular tourist attraction of-fered by day boat excursions.

Sources: IUCN 2012, DEKAMER 2012, zhan 1990 & per-sonal communication with June Haimoff & Prof. Dr. Erdalzhan



species belong to 14 Porifera (sponges), 3 Cnidaria,1 Ctenophora, 3 Annelidae, 3 Crustacea (shell fish),15 Mollusca, 7 Echinodermata, 38 Pisces (fish) and1 Reptilia group (SAD, 2010).

Furthermore, a total of 160 macro benthic and nek-tonic animal species and 122 planctonic and mac-

ro benthic plant species have been identified inthe MCPA characterizing a typical Mediterraneancoastal ecosystem which is tied to a lagoon system.

2.1. Pressures

Historically, the terrestrial landuse and city plan-ning works prepared for Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPAby GDPNA resulted in a relatively slow paceddevelopment of tourism and housing in both Ky-ceiz and Dalyan (nar Mhendislik, 2007). How-

ever, private housing developments are on the risein Dalyan town, leading to the conversion of pro-ductive farmlands. A town plan was developed forDalyan in 1986, and was slightly revised when thearea was declared a SEPA. The town is surround-ed by top quality agricultural land. Pomegranatesand citrus fruits are now being promoted. To pro-tect this valuable agricultural land, by law only 5%of an individuals land area can be built up, to amaximum of 250m2. That is 95% of the land is in-tended to remain available for agriculture. How-ever, land is being purchased by foreigners, whobuild big villas in the middle of the site and convertthe rest of the area to lawn / swimming pool (per-sonal communication Professor Erdal zhan ofMed Coast Foundation3). Kyceiz towns expan-sion has somehow been limited by the surroundingLiquidambar forests as well citrus plantations onits West (nar Mhendislik, 2007). On the otherhand, Ortaca settlement, which became a district ofMula in 1987, has seen a relatively high increasein population, housing, light industry and com-merce development.

Some of the most pressing pressures at the site con-cern the water regime of the wetlands, which is alsoconnected to the marine and coastal environment.

3 MEDCOAST (Mediterranean Coastal Network) was founded in the early 1999s by Professor Erdal zhan of the Middle East Technical Univer-sity, Ankara. In 2007 it became a recognised institution in coastal management for the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Agricultural practices in the larger water basin,which are dominated by citrus plantations, are pol-luting the receiving ecosystems. Kyceiz Lake, asan extremely enclosed water body, is very vulner-able to pollution The reduction of the sweetgumforests original coverage (due to overuse, animalhusbandry and conversion of the forests for ag-ricultural purposes), tree felling in the upstreamand interventions to the water courses feeding theKyceiz Lake (i.e. dredging for sand extraction)have led to substantial flood damages in the SEPAespecially in the winter of 2012. Similarly, habitatfragmentation occurs in the reed beds of the SEPA,which are being burnt on purpose or converted toagricultural land (nar Mhendislik, 2007).

An important pressure facing the protected area isthe amount of boat traffic that the lagoon systems

are subject to especially during the high season.According to the GDPNA Kyceiz headquartersdata, there are 491 boats that are registered bothin Dalyan and Kyceiz and an additional 40 to 50illegal boats are estimated to operate in these twosettlements (TVKGM 2012b). Since the lagoon sys-tem is very inter-connected, the ever-increasingnumber of boats can cause a lot of damage to boththe estuarine and lake ecosystems.

Table 1 provides an overview of the pressures fac-ing the site.

2.2. Socio-economic characteristics of site

This section is based on the socio-economic informa-tion of Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA provided in Keskinet al. (2011) and nar Mhendislik (2007). Based onthe 2009 census of the relevant districts and villagesthat fall within the Kyceiz-Dalyan, the SEPA hasa total population of 31,465 people which is equallydistributed between women and men (TUK, 2010).The unemployment rate is 4.3% in the region andthe literacy rate is 98% for the town and villages. So-cio-economic indicators are provided in Table 2 forKyceiz and Ortaca Towns.


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22/56



Kyceiz is a farming town producing citrus fruits,olives, honey and cotton. Unlike other areas, thisregion is also famous for its sweetgum (Liquid-ambar) trees which have economic value through

the extraction of storax oil used in cosmetics. Oth-er economic activities include greenhouse farmingand cattle-grazing. The region around Dalyan isa highly fertile and productive agricultural zone.Cotton is grown intensively along with many va-rieties of fruits and vegetables. In recent years, cot-ton is being replaced by pomegranates (especiallyin Dalyan) due to the fact that it is less labor inten-sive and has a higher economic value than otherproducts. Table 3 summarises the distribution ofthe agricultural products in the area.

In terms of land use, 64% of land in Mula con-sists of forest and brush, 19% is agricultural land,the rest is non-farm area, pastures and meadows(Keskin et al. 2011). Most of the villages in Mularegion are located within forests and the villagersgather forest products either for trading or house-hold use. The most important non timber forestproducts collected to augment cash incomes arehoney and herbal products such as oregano andlaurel leaves. There is one cooperative that collectsoregano and laurel in Toparlar Village, Kyceiz.

However, due to mismanagement, the cooperativewent bankrupt and is now trying to recover. Thereare 4 Agricultural Development Cooperatives, 2 Ir-rigation Cooperatives and 1 Fisheries Cooperativein Kyceiz. There are 4 olive oil production facil-

ities; 3 in Ekincik, 1 Zeytinalan. Corn is to mostprominent production crop in the region. Sesameis also produced.

The agricultural production areas are in Beyobasvillage and in Toparlar and Zeytinalan (narMhendislik, 2007). Acccording to data obtainedfrom the briefing reports of the District Directoratesof Agriculture of 2006, 58% of land in Kyceiz isdedicated to the production of oranges. Kyceiz isthe largest producer of citrus fruits in the Aegeanregion (reportedly accounting for 70% of regional

Table 2. Socio-economic profile of Kyceiz and Orta-ca Towns (source: nar Mhendislik, 2007)

KYCEZ ORTACA

Population 29,196 35,670

Urbanization rate (%) 25.77 47.44

Population Growth Rate (%o) 12.22 19.71Population Density 18 121

Population Density Ratio (%) 52.82 43.15

Average Household Size 3.81 3.51

Agriculture Sector Employees Ratio (%) 71.80 54.21

Industry Sector Employees Ratio (%) 3.16 5.04

Services Sector Employees Ratio (%) 25.04 40.75

Unemployment rate (%) 3.05 7.37

Ratio of literates (%) 89.65 92.01

Infant Mortality Rate (%) 39.58 36.12

Per Capita Income (TL) 92,997 109,628

Share of Tax Revenues(%) 0.01414 0.02410

Share of Agricultural Production (%) 0.11266 0.15998

Table 3. Distribution of agricultural products in Kyceizand Ortaca districts (source: nar Mhendislik, 2007)

Product Ortaca District(da)

KyceizDistrict (da)

TOTAL (da)

Cotton 28,763.2 940.2 29,703.4

Lemon 20,890.5 220.3 21,110.8

Orange 10,920 15,102.3 26,022.3

Wheat 5,490.2 2,370.3 7,860.5

Corn (silage) 5,328.8 1,027.5 6,356.3

Olive 3,915.9 1,989 5,904.9

Corn (Grain) 1,992.9 1,017.2 3,010.1

Pomegranate 2,609.4 0 2,609.4

Tomato 1,532.3 55 1,587.3

Watermelon 735.3 0 735.3

Sesame 608.9 1,420 2,028.9Melon 370.8 0 370.8

Barley 316.6 151.4 468

Grapefruit 275.7 0 275.7

Lupine 183.3 0 183.3

Millet 155.7 0 155.7

Vetch 129 109.7 238.7

Eggplant 73.9 0 73.9

Clover 62.7 0 62.7

Beans 0 74.9 74.9

Mandarin 0 1,307.1 1307.1

TOTAL 84,355.1 25,784.9 110,140



municipalities and selected villages. A total of 365socio-economic surveys were conducted in theSEPA (nar Mhendislik, 2007). This research de-termined that the average household consists of 3.7people with an average income level of 1,200 TL(in 2007 figures); higher than the median house-hold income in Turkey of 800 TL/month (OECD,2011). More than 35% of the interviewees are em-ployed in the agricultural sector, 11% in temporary

jobs, 10% in commerce, 5% in fixed jobs, 5% live offrental income, and 1% are involved in fisheries. It isnoted that households have more than one incomesource in Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA (ibid) with peo-ple changing their main occupation in accordancewith the season.

About 40% of the interviewees had attained a pri-mary education, 30% highschool/technical school

and 18% were university graduates. Overall 87% ofthe interviewees were literate, which is lower thanthe regional rate. The majority of the intervieweeswere in the 35-59 age group followed by the 25-34ages cluster, with the least populated age categorybeing the 25-59 age group.

The findings of the socio-economic study suggeststhat Kyceiz-Dalyan region receives migrationfrom bigger cities such as Ankara, stanbul andzmir, smaller provinces such as Amasya, Afyon,Muas well as other nearby towns such as Marma-

ris, Dalaman and Dalyan. Foreigners also come tosettle to the region. Often new-comers are retiredand attracted to the natural features of the region.The main groups benefiting from the sites SEPAstatus are people engaged in tourism, fishing andboat operators (who are typically from Kyceizdistrict center and the other municipalities, ratherthan rural villages) (ibid).

production), which are mainly exported (person-al communication with Salih Erbay). Lemons, or-anges, grapefruit and tangerines are the main ag-ricultural exports, followed by pomegranate andtomato. Most exports are made to Russia, France,Germany and Romania. The regions Mediterrane-an climate is suitable for tomato production, and41,630 tons of tomatoes are produced per year.

Historically sweetgum trees have been importanteconomically in the region through the productionof storax (sweetgum oil). Sweetgum forests current-ly cover 209 ha of private and 383 ha of state landin the SEPA (19 ha in Ortaca, 200 ha in Kyceiz,16.5 ha in Sultaniye and 167.5 ha in Beyobas). Anestimated 19 tons of oil was produced in the 1980s;falling to between 1-2 tons in the 1990s, 4,198 kg in1999 and 3,286 kg in 2000 and 5,284 kg in 2001. This

decrease in production can be explained both bythe replacement of storax with a synthetic equiv-alent since early 2000s and the ban on the treesfelling as well as oil extraction put in place4 dueto the fragmentation of the Liquidambar forests onacccount of pressures from agricultural land con-version and the related drainage of their root sys-tems (rker & Yaln, 2011). In 2002 and 2003 theannual production in the region was around 2,000kg (ibid).

In addition to farm and resource-based production

activities, several households are also involved inother income generating activities such as tradingwithin the village, hiring out services (skilled la-bour) and work in the tourism sector.

During the preparation of the terrestrial manage-ment plan, household interviews were conductedin the following settlements of the SEPA: Kyceizdistrict center, Dalyan, Beyobas and Toparlar

4 In 2008, MoFWA launched the Liquidambar Action Plan with thecollaboration of GDPNA and relevant NGOs.



3.1. Marine Ecosystem Services Typology

A typology of marine and coastal ecosystem servic-es has been developed for this study following theecosystem service approach (ESA), which is basedon the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)classification of ecosystem services into the follow-

ing four categories: Provisioning services relate to the tangible prod-

ucts, such as fish and pharmaceuticals, providedby marine ecosystems;

Regulating services refer to the marine environ-ments natural processes such as waste assimila-tion and carbon sequestration that contribute tosocial wellbeing;

Cultural services may be associated with bothuse and non-use values and relate to the non-ma-terial benefits obtained from ecosystems, for ex-

ample, through tourism and educational use ofthe marine environments; and, Supporting services are necessary for the pro-

duction of all other ecosystem services (e.g. soilformation or nutrient cycling). They differ fromthe other services in that their impacts on peopleare either indirect (via provisioning, regulatingor cultural services) or occur over a very longtime.

The ESA explicitly recognizes that ecosystems suchas marine environments and the biological diver-

sity contained within them contribute to individu-al and social wellbeing. Importantly it recognizesthat this contribution extends beyond the provisionof goods such as fish to the natural regulating func-tions of marine ecosystems such as carbon seques-tration. The ESA therefore provides a frameworkfor considering whole ecosystems in decision mak-ing and for valuing the services they provide.

It is important to note that economic valuation isfocussed on the final benefits or outcomes real-ised by society from the services marine ecosys-

tems provide, not the services and functions thatcontribute to those outcomes. This is to avoid dou-ble counting. The benefits generated by supportingservices, while fundamental to the provision of fi-nal benefits, are not valued independently as theyare intermediate benefits which contribute to theprovision of a range of final benefits. Their value iscaptured in the valuation of the final outcomes as-sociated with the services they support. Supporting

4

Qualitative

Assessment ofEcosystem Services



services include soil formation and retention, pri-mary production and habitat provision5.

Health is also not explicitly listed as an ecosystemservice as health benefits are considered to be pro-vided by a range of services such as fish, flood pro-tection benefits and a clean environment for recrea-

tion. The health cost associated with a deteriorationin these services may be used to measure the ben-efits provided by the marine ecosystem. Biodiver-sity is also considered to be cross cutting, the finalbenefits of which could be associated with a rangeof services. An exception is biodiversity non-usewhich is listed as a separate service.

Table 4 provides a typology of marine ecosystemservices and a qualitative assessment of the marineecosystem services provided at Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA. Each ecosystem services has been rated as

follows: ** means that the service is important, *means that the service is provided, - means theservice is not relevant at the site, and ? means thatthere isnt enough information to determine wheth-er the services is present or not, so its provision isuncertain. Table 4 also identifies the sectors thatare supported by (or benefits from) the provisionof each ecosystem service and the sectors that caninfluence the quality and quantity of that service.

The typology presented in Table 4 does not includemarine sub-habitat types, which can include hard

beds, rocks, muds, sands, gravels, seagrass mead-ows and caves. The extent of services providedwill depend on the specific sub-habitat type. Theavailable data at Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA did notwarrant this level of detail, with the exception ofthe Posidonia meadows (seagrasses) which forman important input into the economic valuation. Insupport of this approach Austen et al., 2010 statesthat in the case of the marine environment the spa-tial data are less essential, as most marine environ-ments deliver most marine ecosystem services, al-

beit to differing amounts.

5 Many marine organisms provide living habitat through their normalgrowth, for example, reef forming invertebrates and meadow formingsea grass beds. These natural marine habitats can provide an essentialbreeding and nursery space for plants and animals, which can be par-ticularly important for the continued recruitment of commercial and/or subsistence species. Such habitat can provide a refuge for plants andanimals including surfaces for feeding and hiding places from preda-tors. Living habitat plays a critical role in species interactions and regu-lation of population dynamics, and is a pre-requisite for the provisionof many goods and services (Beaumont et al., 2007).

3.2. Provisioning services

3.2.1. Food

The main food product provided by Ky-ceiz-Dalyan SEPA is fish. Due to the dynamic geo-graphic composition of the Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA

lagoons, both marine and freshwater fish speciesare harvested in the region.

3.2.2. Raw materials

These products relate to the extraction of marineorganisms for all purposes other than human con-sumption. Marine raw materials include seaweedfor industry and fertilizer, fishmeal for aquacul-ture and farming, pharmaceuticals and ornamentalgoods such as shells. The provision of genetic re-sources, natural medicines and ornamental prod-

ucts at the site is unknown.

3.3. Regulating services

3.3.1. Regulation of GHGs

A key service provided by marine ecosystems istheir capacity to sequester carbon dioxide. Theocean is estimated to hold about one third of all an-thropogenic CO

2 emissions and has two intercon-

nected CO2absorption circuits: the biological pump

and its physico-chemical counterpart. At the globallevel, the latter has been responsible for most of thecapture of CO

2of human origin, while the biological

pump is consider still be working as it did beforethe dawn of the industrial age (Nellemann et al.,2009). The sequestration of CO

2emitted by human

activities by the physico-chemical pump (througha process of solubility), shows little dependence onecosystem quality. However, it leads to the gradualacidification of the oceans, which will have a con-siderable effect on marine ecosystems and the livingresources produced, particularly in the Mediter-

ranean (CIESM, 2008; Gambaiani et al., 2009). Thisissue, about which little is yet known, is the subjectof many initiatives currently underway (Orr, 2009)and a European research programme including thesocio-economic consequences is set to be launchedin the near future.

At the local level, the flow of carbon from the surfacetowards the sediment depends on biological pro-cesses, which in turn depend on ecosystem quality(and does not lead to the acidification of the envi-ronment).



Table 4. Qualitative assessment of marine ecosystem services and benefits at Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA

ES Type Service Benefit / outcome Significance Sectors supported byecosystem service

Sectors impacting / influencingthe provision of ecosystemservice

ProvisioningServices

Food Commercial and subsistencefish and wildlife

** Households, Fishery,Tourism

Households, Fishery,Agriculture, Industry

Fibre/materials Fibre and constructionproducts, e.g., reeds, andaggregates

* Households, Industry(constructionmaterials)

Households, Industry

Water Public water supply, waterfor industrial and agriculturalusage

** Agriculture, Industry,Tourism

Agriculture, Industry, Tourism

Natural medicines Natural medicines (sweetgumoil)

* Household Households, Fishery,Agriculture, Industry

Biochemicals Biochemicals and genetics ? Agriculture

Ornamentalresources

Ornamental resources ? Industry

Source of energy

(fuel etc)

Energy provision e.g.,

hydropower

- Energy

Transport Commercial use of waterways * Industry

RegulatingServices

Regulation of GHGs Carbon sequestration * Potentially all Potentially all

Micro-climatestabilization

Air quality * Potentially all

Water regulation(storage andretention)

Flood and storm protection ** Tourism, Industry,Households/Urban Settlement,agriculture

Waste processing Detoxification of water andsediment / waste

**

Nutrient retention Improved water quality * Fisheries, Agriculture

CulturalServices

Spiritual, religious,cultural heritage

Archaeological ruins (historicalnot recreational value). Useof marine environment inbooks, film, painting, folklore,national symbols, architecture,advertising

** Tourism, Households

Educational A natural field laboratory forunderstanding marine andcoastal processes

** Households Potentially all

Recreation andecotourism

Recreational fishing,birdwatching, hiking,canoeing, Holiday destination

(aesthetic views, hot springs),archaeological ruins (historicalnot recreational value)

** Tourism Potentially all

Landscape andamenity

Property price premiums dueto views

** Tourism Potentially all

Biodiversity non-use

Enhanced wellbeingassociated for example withbequest or altruistic motivations

* Potentially all Potentially all

Code: ** service important, * service provided, - service not relevant, ? uncertain of provision



the protected area. The total area where Posidoniacommunities expand is about 1.23 km2 however,0.34 km2 of this is patchy seagrass communitieswhile thicker meadows that form mats is reportedto cover 0.89 km2 (6.4% of the total).

Posidonia can provide a range of regulating ser-

vices, in addition to carbon sequestration, as dis-cussed in Box 2.

Box 2. Seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica)

Posidonia oceanica are a type of land-based flowingplant, which returned to the marine environment some120 to 100 million years ago. They form vast underwatermeadows (also known as beds) at a depth of between 0and 50 metres in the open seas and in the brackish andsaltwater coastal lagoons. Posidonia oceanica is endem-ic to the Mediterranean and a highly productive system

supporting high levels of biomass (Lo Iacono et al., 2008).Despite being endemic its distribution is restricted due toanthropogenic disturbances; their total surface area wit-nhin the Meditterranean is about 38,000 km2 (Mangos etal., 2010).

Posidonia seagrass communities provide a wide range ofEcosystem Services:

The Posidonia meadows are the leading Mediterraneanecosystem in terms of biodiversity provision, support-ing a quarter of its recorded marine species over anarea estimated to cover almost 1.5% of the seabed.

They serve as spawning grounds and nurseries formany commercial species and the source of major pri-mary production, thereby supporting the fishing indus-try.

They protect beaches against erosion (by reducing hy-drodynamism and by trapping sediment in the matte).The dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica found onshores act as a natural barrier reducing the energy ofthe waves and minimizing erosion. They also play animportant role in beach and dune systems.

They encourage water transparency, thereby support-ing tourism and providing an effective tool for monitor-ing the quality of coastal waters.

They trap and absorb man-made CO2. According to

a recent report seagrasses are the most effective spe-cies in terms of long-term carbon storage (Laffoley andGrimsditch, 2009).

They produce oxygen and are known as the lungs ofthe sea with +/- 14 lt O2/m/day capacity on average

The cycle nutrients through their plant growth.

They operate as coastal water filters. Subsurface rhi-zomes and roots stabilize the plant while erect rhizomesand leaves reduce silt accumulation.

Source: Based on Mangos et al. 2010

About 35-50% of the carbon production of thecoastal ocean is estimated to be a result of the pho-tosynthesis by marine macrophytes including sea-grasses (Duarte &Cebrian, 1996). These marineplants have a global average biomass of about 180g C m-2 and an average net production of about400 g C m-2 yr-1, ranking amongst the most pro-ductive ecosystems in the biosphere (The Encyclo-paedia of Earth, 2011).

In the Mediterranean the matte (sheaths and rhi-zomes) produced by the Posidonia meadows storea carbon flow, which has been estimated at 1.2 mil-lion tonnes of carbon per year (Pergent, 1997). Thusthe preservation or restoration of these coastal eco-systems contributes to the sustainability of thisecosystem service. The Mediterranean Posidoniaaccumulates in its subsurface large quantities of or-

ganic material derived from its roots, rhizomes andleaf sheaths embedded in often sandy sediments(Lo Iacono et al., 2008). These organic depositscan reach up to several meters as they accumulateover thousands of years forming what is known asmatte, whose high content in organic carbon playsa crucial role in the global carbon cycle (ibid). Posi-donia oceanica is considered to be one of the mostextensive coastal reservoirs of CO2because of thepreservation of this matte along the Mediterraneancoasts over time (Duarte et al., 2005). This in-situaccumulation of large quantities of biogenic ma-terials over millennia is an important ecologicalphenomenon and occurs only in few ecosystemssuch as peats, coral reefs and mangroves besidesseagrass meadows (Mateo et al., 1997).

Despite their global importance, there is growingevidence that seagrasses are experiencing an un-precedented level of damage and deterioration(Orth et al., 2006). It is estimated that seagrassmeadows are being lost due to anthropogenic eco-system impacts at a rate of up to two football fieldsper hour, roughly similar to tropical rainforest con-version (Unsworth & Unsworth, 2010).

Seagrass communities (Posidonia oceanica) at theKyceiz-Dalyan SEPA are concentrated at EkincikBays relatively less inclined sea bottom, especial-ly on the inner bay and on its northeastern coast(SAD, 2010). During the SAD study, 14km2 of theMCPAs sea bottom was assessed through divesbetween the 0-50 m range in order to determine thebentic flora. Accordingly, nine different sea bottomstructures were identified in the marine section of



3.3.2. Micro-climate stabilization

Oceans play a role in regulating the atmosphereand modulating weather. While it is thought thatthis ecosystem service is provided by both the ma-rine and wetland ecosystems of Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA, there are no scientific studies defining this

service.

3.3.3. Disturbance Regulation

Flood and storm protection. Marine flora and fau-na can help defend coastal regions by dampeningand preventing the impact of tidal surges, stormsand floods. This disturbance alleviation serviceis provided by a diverse range of species, suchas salt marshes, mangrove forests and sea grassbeds, which bind and stabilize sediments and cre-ate natural sea defences (Huxley, 1992; Davison

& Hughes, 1998 as reported in Beaumont et al.,2007). These natural sea defence systems protectinfrastructure and investments in vulnerable coast-al areas, and would need to be replaced by man-made alternatives if damaged or lost. This serviceis important in Turkey given the concentration ofsocio-economic activities on Turkeys coasts; 27 ofTurkeys provinces border the sea and 30 millionpeople live by the coast (UNDP, 2010). It is alsoconsidered important in Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA,given the communities that live along the coastline

and the importance of tourism infrastructure.Coastal erosion is a natural phenomenon wide-ly observed in the Mediterranean, particularly incoastal zones with soft substrate. According to theEuropean Environment Agency (EEA, 2006) 20%of European coasts are threatened by erosion (i.e.around 20,000 km).

The Mediterraneans Posidonia meadows provideprotection against erosion through three mainfunctions. Firstly, its foliage, which limits hydro-dynamics by 10 to 75% under the leaf cover (Ga-

cia et al.,1999). Secondly, the banquettes formed byits dead leaves and rhizomes on beaches - that canreach a height of between 1 and 2 metres - builds astructure that protects the coastline against erosion(Guala et al., 2006; Boudouresque et al., 2006). Third-ly, the Posidonia matte traps sediment (Dauby etal., 1995; Gacia & Duarte, 2001), thus contributingto their stability. Jeudy de Grissac (1984) estimatedthat the degradation of a one meters thickness ofPosidonia duff could lead to the coastline retreat-ing by twenty meters.

According to Prof. zhan coastal erosion is not anissue in Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA.

3.3.4 Waste remediation

A significant amount of human waste, both or-ganic and inorganic, is deposited in the marine

environment. This waste would require addition-al treatment if it were to be taken up by terrestri-al systems, and therefore would entail increasetreatment costs. Marine living organisms store,bury and transform many waste materials throughassimilation and chemical de and re-composition(Beaumont et al., 2007). The capacity of marine eco-systems to absorb, detoxify, process and sequesterwaste shows a wide variation. Some toxic pollut-ants, such as heavy metals, cannot be convertedinto harmless substances, whereas some organicwaste can even encourage ecosystem developmentthrough its biomass and benefit ecosystems. Ma-rine ecosystems provide an ecosystem service forthe quantity of waste below the threshold at whichit becomes harmful to them (Mangos et al., 2010).

While this service is thought to be provided byKyceiz-Dalyan SEPA, there are no site specificstudies defining or quantifying this service for thearea.

3.4. Cultural Services

3.4.1. Spiritual, religious and cultural heritage

The marine environment may be linked to the cul-tural identity of a community, or associated withreligion, folklore, painting, cultural and spiritualtraditions. Communities that live by and are de-pendent on the sea for their livelihood often attachspecial importance to marine ecosystems that playa significant role in the economic or cultural defi-nition of the community (Beaumont et al., 2007).Communities living in Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA are

intricately linked to the dynamically related coastalwetlands and the marine environment as well as tothe natural forests that surround the SEPA.

In ancient Egyptian civilisation, it is reported thatsweetgum oil was used as a love elixir and per-fume by Cleopatra and it has been used as a med-icine since Hippocrates. Today the balsam-freebark of the tree is used as incense known as buhurregionally (rker &Yaln, 2011). Also, the naturalsulphur springs of the SEPA are known to have



Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA is also a pilot site for theMediterranean and Black Seas under the IntegratedCoastal Zone Management Project, PEGASO (per-sonal communication with Prof. Dr. Erdal zhan).

3.4.3. Recreation and Tourism

Marine ecosystems provide the basis for a widerange of tourism and recreational activities, result-ing in significant employment opportunities forcoastal communities and contributions to GDP.Tourism is an important activity within Ky-ceiz-Dalyan SEPA and closely linked to the ma-rine and coastal environment. A range of marinebased recreational activities are currently offeredincluding boat tours both in the bays and in thedelta, swimming, and mud baths.

3.4.4 Landscape and amenity

Landscape and amenity services provided by ma-rine ecosystems attract tourists and generally makethe area an attractive place to visit and live. Thisbenefit can be captured through property pricepremiums in the area and the returns to coast-al businesses (restaurants and hotels) relative tonon-coastal businesses.

3.4.5. Biodiversity non-use

Biodiversity non-use relates to the benefits people

derive from marine organisms unrelated to theiruse. Such benefits can be motivated by bequest val-ues (the value placed on ensuring the availability ofmarine ecosystems for future generations), and ex-istence value (a benefit derived from simply know-ing that the marine ecosystem biodiversity exists).

3.4.6. Option value

Option value relates to currently unknown poten-tial future uses of marine biodiversity and reflectsthe importance of more uses being discovered in

the future. The biodiversity may never actually beexploited, but there is benefit associated with re-taining the option of exploitation.

therapeutic properties both internally (one sourceis used for stomach and intestinal problems) andexternally (i.e. skin problems).

The cultural heritage of the SEPA is also significant.The SEPA hosts the antique city of Kaunos, histor-ically a strategic port between the Eastern Mediter-

ranean and the Aegean, which is now accessible byboats from Dalyan. The rock tombs of the ancientcity characterize the Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA.

3.4.2. Education and research

Marine living organisms provide stimulus for ed-ucation and research. Beaumont et al. (2007) citesa number of uses of marine information including:the study of microbes in marine sediments to de-velop economical electricity in remote places; theinhibition of cancerous tumour cells; the use of

Aprodite sp. spines in the field of photonic engi-neering, with potential implications for communi-cation technologies and medical applications; thedevelopment of tougher, wear resistant ceramicsfor biomedical and structural engineering appli-cations by studying the bivalve shell. In addition,marine biodiversity can provide a long term envi-ronmental record of environmental resilience andstress.

Kyceiz-Dalyan ecosystems and related biota hasbeen the subject of at least fifteen academic thesis.

According to the Turkish Council of Higher Edu-cation database, these studies are main