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7/28/2019 Economic Crisis in Pakistan
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Macro Economics:
ASSIGNMENT ON
ENERGY CRISIS In
PAKISTAN
Submitted By:B.com (Hons.)Semester 3Section A
Submitted To:Professor Syed Salman Rizvi
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Table of Contents
Energy crisis in Pakistan ................................................................................... 4
Pakistan-A Populous Country ........................................................................... 4
Electricity Consumption In Pakistan: ................................................................ 6
Electricity Usage Problems ............................................................................... 7
Household............................................................................................... 7
Industries: ............................................................................................... 7
The Energy Gap ................................................................................................ 8
Energy Sources In Use ...................................................................................... 9
Combustible Energy Resources ........................................................................ 9
Oil, Natural Gas and Coal (Fossil Fuel) as Energy Resources and Electricity-
Producers: ....................................................................................................... 9
Renewable Energy Resources: Hydro-Electric (Hydel) Power Energy: ............. 10
Pakistan's Heavy Dependence Upon Water Resources: .................................. 11
Surface Water: ...................................................................................... 11
Proposed And Under Developed Hydel Power Projects ............................... 11
Rainfall: ................................................................................................ 12
Ground Water: ...................................................................................... 12
Hydel Power Potential In Pakistan ................................................................. 12
SUMMARY OF THE HYDEL RESOURCES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF PAKISTAN 13
Necessity of Utilizing These Water Resources Efficiently ................................ 15
Water Availability Crisis In Pakistan Creating Energy Crisis Along The Way .... 15Water Stress: .............................................................................................. 15
Hydel Power For Over-Coming Energy Crisis .................................................. 16
Future Hydel Power Projects In Pakistan ........................................................ 17
Necessity Of Building Another Dam On Indus River ........................................ 17
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Rising Water Level On Tarbela And Mangla ........................................... 17
Why Not Other Rivers? ......................................................................... 18
Suitable Sites On River Indus ................................................................. 18
Control Food deficit: ............................................................................. 18
Kalabagh Dam Project: ................................................................................... 19
Kalabagh dam project benefits for Pakistan ................................................... 21
Power: .................................................................................................. 21
Flood alleviation ................................................................................... 21
Consequences of not building Kalabagh dam: ................................................ 22
Controversies regarding Kalabagh dam .......................................................... 22
Apprehensions of Khyberpakhtunkhwa: ............................................... 22
Apprehensions of Sindh: ....................................................................... 22
Diamer-Bhasha Dam: ..................................................................................... 23
Bhasha or Kalabagh: The More Feasible Project: ............................................ 23
Geographical Locations: Comparison: ................................................... 23
Bhasha Dam: ......................................................................................... 24
Time And Capital Required For Construction ......................................... 24
Conclusion: .................................................................................................... 24
Wind power .......................................................................................... 24
Solar Energy .......................................................................................... 25
Nuclear Energy: ..................................................................................... 25
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Energy crisis in Pakistan
Pakistan-A Populous Country
Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and
also the second most populous Muslim country. It has a population of170.6 million people
according to 2010 estimates ofMinistry of Economic Affairs & Statistics Pakistan and
184,404,709
According to July 2010 estimates of the CIA-the world fact-book. Punjab is the
most populated province having the population of 81,330,531 (according to
Punjab-World Gazetteer) followed by Sindh having 55,000,000 people.
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*1ENERGY DEMAND AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN
PAKISTAN
*Sector Wise Power Demand (2005-10)
Year Domestic Commercial Agriculture Industrial Other Total
2005-062006-072007-082008-092009-10
7,1997,5858,1278,7839,531
1,2161,2511,3121,3541,408
1,7631,8201,8931,9792,079
5,8916,4817,2528,1819,267
1,0351,0861,1591,2431,341
15,50016,60017,90019,60021,500
During financial year 2007 to 2008, electricity consumption increased by 6.8%, natural gas by10.4%, LPG by 17.6% and coal by 22.8%. Oil imports increased by 5.6% but costs increased by60.4% as well due to worldwide price hike.
1sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan
2Source: Planning Commission
Supply and demand of electricity in PakistanSupply demand position from 2002 to 20182008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Existinggeneration
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
15,903
Proposal/committedgeneration
530 4235 7226 10115
10556
13307 13520
14607
16134
18448
18448
Total existing/committedgeneration
16484 20138
23129
26018
26459
29210 29210
29423
30510
32037
34351
Expected
availablegeneration
13146 1611
0
1850
3
2081
4
2116
7
23368 2353
8
2440
8
2563
0
2748
1
27481
Demand 16484 17868
19352
20874
22460
24216 25919
28029
30223
35504
34918
Surplus/deficitgeneration
-3338 -1758 -849 -60 -1293
-758 -2381 -3621 -4593 -8023 -7437
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan7/28/2019 Economic Crisis in Pakistan
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Electricity Consumption in Pakistan:
Electricity consumption is 72.2 billion kWh (2007 EST.). It has, however, been recordedas an under-estimation.
Electricity exports: 0
Electricity imports: 0
Electricity is generated, transmitted, distributed and retail supplied by Water and Power
Development Authority (WAPDA) Pakistan and Karachi Electric Supply Co. (KESC)
Pakistan.
Following is the list of Electric supply companies in Pakistan:
Lahore Electric Supply Co. Water and Power Development Authority Karachi Electric Supply Co. Gujranwala Electric Supply Co. Faisalabad Electric Supply Co. Hubb Power Co. Islamabad Electric Supply Co. Peshawar Electric Supply Co. Multan Electric Supply Co. Hyderabad Electric Supply Co. Peshawar Electric Supply Co. Quetta Electric Supply Co. Tribal Electric Supply Co. Kott Addu Power Co.
PEPCO (Paki stan E lectric Power Co.) was dissolved on 1st October , 2010.
Published in The Express Tribune October 2, 2010.
I SLAM ABAD: The government on Fr iday dissolved the bleeding Pakistan
Electric Power Company (Pepco) to foll ow a crucial I MF diktat and at the
same time also hi ked electr icity pr ices by another 2 per cent.
The dissolution of the 18-year-old company clears the way for the
restorati on of the curr entl y suspended $11.3 bil li onIMF bailout
programme.
http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/267/power-crisis-the-road-to-impending-doom-2/7/28/2019 Economic Crisis in Pakistan
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Electricity Usage Problems
Household: Peak demand of electricity saw a 34% increase during 2004-2009,household, being responsible of half of the electricity consumption. This rapid increase indemand resulted from increased usage of electric appliances in household mainly due torising household incomes and burgeoning consumer financing markets. This lead to a4000-5000 MW shor tfall , corresponding to 25-30% of total demand. There is also aproblem that standby power consumption on household items is very high. People leavetheir electric appliances on without reason. its like to pay for a drink you really not got
to drink
Industries: Industrial sector, being energy intensive, gave 19% of total GDP in 2008but was the user of 43% of total energy. This was mostly due to unimprovedinfrastructure and inefficient technology in use.Low energy producti vity is increasing cost ofdoing business and decreasing industri al competi tiveness.
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The Energy Gap
Pakistan's economy has grown at an average rate of7% from financial year 2004 to
2008, resulting in an average 8.4% per year increase in energy demand. However, primary
energy supply only increased by 6% per year during this time.
According to ADB (Asian Development Bank) Technical Assistance Consul tant' sF inal Report 2009 (ADB TA 7060-PAK) in the year 2008, energy supply was 63
mil li on tons of oil equivalent(MTOE) consisting of natur al gas (47.5%), oil
(30.5%), hydropower (10.9%), coal (9.2%), LPG (l iquefied petroleum gas: 0.7%)
and nuclear (1.2%).
Pakistan is a net energy importer and the oil import bil l was $12 bill ion in f inancial year
2008. Based on conservative annual GDP forecasts of 4% (in Pakistan's case GDP growth rate
was 2% from 2009 to 2010), the total annual energy demand is expected to double 122 MTOE
in ten years. The annual energy import bil l woul d exceed $27 bill ion til l 2018. Rising energy
prices are a great burden on both the Government and the customer's pocket.
Ad hoc measures li ke rental power projects are temporary and are not suff icient.
This energy gap can only be bridged through taking two steps:
1. Increasing production and better sector performance that results in increased supply ofenergy
2. Curbing the demand through energy efficiency (clean technology investments and higherenergy output) and DSM (demand side management).
The troubling facts of Pakistan's momentous descent towards the abyss of financial crisis
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due to high energy demand, rising prices of energy import and inability to import energy due todeclining productivity in the country can only be met with by increasing self-sufficiency inenergy production to a maximum possible extent. Power generation cost has increased on the
other hand, as oil-based thermal power plants account for 68% of generating capacity. This gives rise to an increasing necessity of using less costly and environment-friendly
energy resources.
Energy Sources in Use
At present, the total power production inthe country is about 19500 MW, out of whichonly 6703 MW is hydel and balance of 13000MW is thermal and a negligible proportion is ofnuclear energy. I n short, Pakistan is using themost expensive and rapidly dimini shing energy
resour ce the most. This extremely unwisestrategy is leading the country deeper intoeconomic and environmental crisis and increasingthe momentum of nation's economic decline.
Combustible Energy Resources
Oil, Natural Gas and Coal (Fossil Fuel) as Energy Resources
and Electricity-Producers:
Oil: Pakistan imports about 80% of its oil. It spent about$5.46 billion on six million tons of petroleum products and
3.7 million tons of crude oil in financial year 2010-11. (Dawn
news: January 20, 2011.) It clearly rules out oil as a resourcefor electricity production.
Natural Gas: During the financial year 2008-09, SUI NorthernGas Company stated a shortfall in 700 MMCFD (millions ofcubic feet per day) of gas due to increased use of heaters andgeysers. It signifies that already, the demand has exceeded the
supply of gas. The proposed solution as yet available is thatPakistan should import natural gas from Iran through apipeline. But it also renders Natural Gas to be uneconomicalelectricity resource.
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Coal: Pakistan is a country abundant in coal. Coal where it is quite a cheap source ofenergy is also a hazardous one on the other hand. The fame of coal as an electricityproducing resource is due to the fact that it is cheap and can be easily burned. But the useof coal on this massive scale can create serious environmental hazards like:
Acid Rain Sulphur Oxide emissions (93% ofelectri city util ity industry in U.S.) Carbon di-oxi de emissions (Causing
global warming.)
Poorer land & toxi c wastes releasedin water as well .
Heavy nitr ogen-oxi de emissions(about 80% of dail y electr icity uti li ty
industry in U.S.)
Emissions of Mercur y (Highly toxic)Enormous amount of waste heat requires large
amount of water for cooling. The collection of thiswater from various water bodies threatens aquatic life,especially by the screens designed to keep fish fromentering into the power plants.
Hence, fossil fuel, being perishable, limited and rapidly diminishing is an unwise way ofproducing electricity for household and industrial usage on national level. On the other hand, awiser use of the natural resources like water, which come to us in abundance around the globeand covers more than 70% of earth, and wind wherever it is strong enough to drive wind-mills isso efficient at those places; and sunlight, a source of energy which promises not to extinguish tillthe end of the world promises us cheap, lasting and reliable electricity supply for generations.
Renewable Energy Resources: Hydro-Electric
(Hydel) Power Energy:
Hydel power is the most popular and widely usedenergy source among the all the renewable energy resourcesby virtue of its reliability, feasibility, consistency, side-benefits (including irrigational and civil water supply) andmost of all, its electricity generation capacity with respect tothe input required.
Hydel energy is environment friendly i.e., clean ofcombustible by-product materials like that in fossil fuelwhich is hazardous for the environment.
Moreover, hydel energy electricity generation is almost an instantaneous process. Thestarting and stopping of turbines and electricity generation thus take only a few minutes (in somecases, seconds). It is also quite cheap and most of all, the water used can be used further inirrigation and water supply to the civilians as well as the reservoir water being a spot of
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recreation for people attracting tourists or recreational souls.
Pakistan's Heavy Dependence upon
Water Resources:
Surface Water:Pakistan's sustenance is heavily dependent
upon the Indus River System (IRS) containingIndus, Jhelum and Chenab; and the glaciers fallinginto river Indus.
The river Indus enters Pakistan fromGilgit-Baltistan and bends its course to southbetween Peshawar and Rawalpindi and in itscourse, is dammed on Tarbela. It ends on a delta
east of Thatta. Hence, we can say that it is thelongest running river in Pakistan as it passesthrough three provinces and is a "bread basket" forthe agricultural lands of Punjab and Sindh whichare heavily dependent upon Sindh's water.
The heavy floods of year 2010 are partly a resul t of
poor management of the mighty River I ndus.
Proposed And Under Developed Hydel
Power Projects
Two larger dams are proposed to be built onRiver Indus, DIAMER BHASHA (Gilgit-Baltistan_ approved but not yet funded) andKALABAGH DAM (Kalabagh_ yetcontroversial).
Jhelum enters into Pakistan from the state ofAzad Jammu and Kashmir and meets Neelumnear Kohala. At this junction point, Neelum-Jhelum dam is proposed to be built and isapproved.
The IRS provides great opportunities of improvisingprojects of hydro-electrical significance and water-
storage capacity.
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SUMMARY OF THE HYDEL RESOURCES IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF
PAKISTAN
Name of Province Projects
inOperation
(MW)
Projects underImplementation
Projects with F.S
Completed/Solicited Sites
(MW)
Projects with
Pre-Feasibility
Study /Raw
Sites (MW)
Total
HydelResource
(MW)PublicSector (
MW)
Private Sector
Projects(MW)Above
50
MW
Below
50
MW
Above
50 MW
Below
50
MW
Khyber
pakhtoonkhwa3849
8524 2349 Nil 77 9534 356 24689
Punjab 1699 96 134 3720 32 Nil 330 6011
AJK 1039 1231 3984 Nil 1 854 61 7170
Gilgit-Baltistan 116 12493 40 490 44 8047 493 21723
Sindh Nil Nil Nil Nil 50 80 49 179
Baluchistan Nil Nil Nil Nil 1 Nil Nil 1
TOTAL 6703 22344 6507 4210 205 18515 1289 59773
The above table shows the available hydel power resources in Pakistan to be 59773 MW,the half of which, if utilized properly, will be more than sufficient to curb the energy demand inthe country for generations to come.
Onl y Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa possesses
24689 MW of hydel resources. If put intoaction they can, not only provide electricalenergy to the province itself, but also to otherprovinces as well. Gilgit Baltistan, being aseismic area, still possesses potential of 21723MW of hydel potential, which can be utilizedto a reasonable extent provided that certainprecautions and care is taken. Only a humbleporti on of thi s abundant r esource, i.e., 6703
MW of potential is cur rently being util ized
which alone is not even nearl y suf fi cient
enough to meet the dail y requirements of
household/domestic sector.
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Pakistan has 40,000 MW hydro power PotentialPakistan Times Federal Bureau Report
2http://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htm
I SLAMABAD: Pakistan has a potential of 40,000 MW Hydro Power, out of whichthe economic Hydel Power Potenti al is around 20,000 MW, whereas the existing
Hydel capacity i n operation is 5,010 MW.
According to a report of Pakistan Power I nfrastructure Board (PPIB), this f igure
was identi f ied by the Board after having a detai led sur vey conducted to prepare a
data of power potenti al i n the country.
Pakistan has alr eady planned the construction of var ious small to medium sized
Hydel Power Projects in vari ous parts of the countr y and a number of these are in
progress. Hydel r esources are mostly concentrated in the northern mountainous
regions of the countr y.
Exi sting total installed capacity i n Pakistan is 17,726 MW including total H ydel
5010 MW (Ranges from 1990 MW to 5120 MW due to seasonal var iations), total
Thermal 12254 MW and Nuclear Power 462 MW. The Thermal Porti on also
includes 5813 MW from the pr ivate sector.
Pakistan also has a very rich coal r esource potenti al for E lectri c Power
Generation estimated to be 185 bil li on tons all over the country including 184.6
bil li on tons only in the province of Sindh which could eff ectively be util ized for
power generati on and in other coal-based industri es, said the report .
These reserves include the discovery of huge deposits of coal, estimated around
175.5 bil li on tons, in the Tharparker area in the province of Sindh. Signif icant
coal deposits sui table for Power Generation are available at Sonda and Lakhra
areas in Sindh province, at Salt range Area of Punjab province and at several coal
f ields in the Baluchistan province as per the Geological Survey of Paki stan.
I t may be recalled that Pakistan has already announced Power Policy-2002 having
enormous incenti ves for the pri vate sector to attract investment in power sector2
http://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htmhttp://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htmhttp://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htmhttp://pakistantimes.net/2003/12/19/metro2.htm7/28/2019 Economic Crisis in Pakistan
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Necessity of Utilizing These Water Resources Efficiently
Water resources in Pakistan are distinctive and limited. Due to heavy rainfall in Punjab,Sindh and Baluchistan in 2010, a serious water crisis has risen. The situation calls for efficient
measures in order to properly allocate the water resources available right now. But so far theundertaking of such steps by local or federal authorities is nowhere to be seen. Most of the wateris wasted due to poor management. This God-gifted natural resource ought to be used wisely andjustly in order to make this country a better place to live for ourselves and the future generationsto come.
Pakistan has been blessed with the largest irrigation system in the world irrigatingover 36 million hectares of land. The water comes from the heights of Kurrakuram andHimalayas and largest glaciers on planet earth to form the Indus River System. It contains alarge number of barrages, canals and water courses. The system contains three main reservoirsi.e., Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma. The water flows from barrages and headworks into canalsand subsequently into branch canals, distributaries and minors. The water used for irrigationpurpose cannot be re-utilized. About 50% of water is wasted due to poor management everyyear. Pakistan is a highly populous country and is expected to become the 5th most
populated country in the world around 2030.
According to some experts,Pakistan's water resources are expected to decline by37% over the next twenty years from 1100 cubic feet to 700 cubic feet per person every
year. Pakistan's Planning Commission's estimates are from canal head to outlets 25% and fromoutlets to farm-gate 15% every year. According to a UN report seven billion people in 60countries will be facing water scarcity along with population growth and development problems.There are chances of a world war on water.
Water Availability Crisis in Pakistan Creating Energy Crisis along the Way
Water Stress:
Hydrologists believe that when available water per
person per year falls below 1700 cubic feet, the country is
facing water stress. Hydrologists also believe that number
ofpeople facing water stress will increase to 3 billion
around 2025. Water scarcity may lead to competitionbetween rural and urban areas. It takes 1000 tons of
water to produce 1 ton of grain. So, a country would
prefer to divert the water to urban areas and import its
grain rather than use such large amount of water for
producing grain. This will work fine only if the economy
of the country remains stable, the odds of which are never so certainly in favor of the country as
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the world market situation is thoroughly a variable factor.
Recent Studies Of Wetlands Indicate Rapid Water Level Decline:
A project for the study of 32 wetlands of Pakistan was conducted by Global
Environment Facility, WWF and Government of Pakistan headed by Richard Garner, aWWF expert. He warned that at the current rates of consumption, in next 25 years, 1 out
of 3 people in Pakistan may be facing critical water shortage threatening their very
survival. Garstang said that the current level of water in Quetta was dropping by a
"yearly average of 3.5 meters". He said in a press conference in 2001, "Within 15 years
Quetta, basically, will run dry of water given the current consumption rate." He also said
that there are serious things in ecological system which are going wrong. How fast is it
going wrong is difficult to predict. He concluded that there is an "absolute lack of
awareness" regarding the magnitude and seriousness of the problem.
Hydel Power For Over-Coming Energy Crisis
The argument, whether hydel power is or isn't the solution to the ongoing energy crisis
that Pakistan is facing right now, can be settled by looking at the bigger picture. Starting new
hydel power projects is definitely going to help Pakistan considerably in long term. It will help
allocate water resources and hinder the effects of floods in heavy rainfall.
Once the dams are built, provide cheaper and cleaner energy. The building of dams and
initiation of the working of dams may take many years and thus, in short term, we dare say that
there is no apparent advantage. Nevertheless, it is the long-term strategies which are important
for a country. The strategies and plans which promise to benefit and protect several generationsto come are also as important as survival in the short-term. Pakistan's most abundant, cheap and
readily available resource is water.
Moreover, hydel power generates more energy than solar or wind energy. The ever-
growing demand of energy can be met with a higher energy source. It is needless to say that
Pakistan has the technology and knowledge of hydel power, also that hydel power doesn't
produce residual toxic or nuclear wastes which require a lot of care and caution to be gotten rid
of and mostly which escape into the atmosphere in case of combustible materials.
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Future Hydel Power Projects In Pakistan
Future Hydel Power Generation Projects with Installed Capacities and commissioning date
Name of Project Installed Capacity (MW) Commissioning DateNeelum Jhelum, AJK 960 June 2010
Doyian, NA 425 June 2015
Kalabagh 2400Postponed until consensus is reached between all provinces.
Kohala Jhelum, AJK 740 June 2010
Munda Dam, NWFP 600 Dec 2015
Suki Kinari 652 Dec 2015
Karrang, NWFP 454 Dec 2020
Tarbela 15 16, NWFP 960 Dec 2008
Spath Gah, NWFP 851 Dec 2015
Basha, Gilgit-Baltistan4500 Tentatively September, 2011
Dasu (Indus) 2712 Dec 2015
Pathan (Indus) 1172 Dec 2015
Thakot (Indus) 1043 Dec 2015Bungi (Indus) 1500 Dec 2015
Chor Nallah 1500 Dec 2020
Total 19569
Source: 2002 Power Generation Policy)
Necessity Of Building Another Dam On Indus River
Rising Water Level On Tarbela And ManglaWater level in Tarbela and Mangla has reportedly been rising to and above dead level for
the past 12 months. During the year 2010 many news channels and newspapers broadcasted
and published an alarming rise in the water levels.
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"Water level in Tarbela and Mangla dam is continuing to rise. Water level in Terbela
Dam has been recorded at 1395.63 feet and in Mangla Dam at 1159.20 feet.
According to Meteorological Department, inflow of water at Tarbela Dam is 189,000
cusecs and outflow is 149, 800 cusecs and inflow of water in Mangla Dam is 59, 915
cusecs and outflow is 40,000 cusecs. While the amount of useable water in Tarbela Dam
is235,000 feet and useable water in Mangla Dam is 245,000 feet."
The Nation- June 23, 2010.
ISLAMABAD: Low levels of water in the country's two main dams prevail.
"The water level is 111.4 feet in Tarbela Dam and 110.6 feet in Mangla Dam from dead
level, private news channel reported.
According to the Meteorological Department, the drinkable water reservoir is 359,100
acre feet in Tarbela Dam and 215,000 acre feet in Mangla."
The I nternational News- F riday, December 10, 2010.
The situation indicates that Tarbela and Mangla aren't sufficient enough to either provide
energy or store the huge amount of water as required.
Why Not Other Rivers?Out of three main rivers of IRS in Pakistan, Mangla Dam is already built on
Jhelum and the only other possibly feasible dam Neelum-Jhelum has a storage capacity
of 740 MW which is rather low. Chenab doesn't have any suitable site for building of a
dam. Indus River that extends to length of Pakistan and flows from mountainous heights to
the low-lands provides several suitable sites for small and large dams.
Suitable Sites On River IndusThere were a few sites identified in Upper Indus Valley upstream Tarbela but due
to very narrow width of the valleys between Karakorum and Himalayas, good storage sites
are very few up north. Apart from a few smaller projects, two big projects were proposed on
Indus River: Kalabagh and Diamer-Bhasha Dams.
Control Food deficit:Agriculture is the back bone of Pakistan. It has one of the fastest growing population
rates in the world. By seeing recent trend, it is feared that Pakistan might also become a victim of
food deficit in the near future.
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Kalabagh Dam Project:
Kalabagh dam is a proposed hydro electric dam proposed to be built on River Indus by
the Government of Pakistan. The dam was controversial since its beginning former president
general Pervez Musharraf 1st announced that he would build Kalabagh dam for the benefit of the
country.
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Features Of Kalabagh Dam
Official name Kalabagh dam
Located Indus river
Proposed site At Kalabagh near mianwali district of the Punjab
province bordering kyberpakhtunkhwa
Owner Government of Pakistan
Type of dam Earthfill dam
Height of dam 259 ft
Length of dam 10,991 ft
Spill way capacity 98000 ft/s
Reservoir capacity 9.7 km (7,900,000 acre feet)
Retention level Max 915 m above mean sea levelMin 825 feet above mean sea level
Power generation capacity 3600 MW
Average annual energy 11,400 GWH
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Kalabagh dam project benefits for Pakistan
Kalabagh dam would have proved very beneficial for Pakistan if it was made earlier but
its better late then never some benefits of Kalabagh dam are as under
Power:Kalabagh dam with its installed capacity of 2400
MW (ultimate 3600 MW) would add to a system a bulk
of cheap hydro power in an average year 11413 million
kilowatts hours of electricity would be generated at
Kalabagh dam.
Further as a result of a conjunctive operation an
additional 336 million kHz and upto 600 mw peak
power would be generated at tambala.
To put these figures in perspective if Kalabagh dam
was in position today there would be no load shedding
Also the energy generated in Kalabagh would be equal to 20 million barrels of oil per
year
Flood alleviationKalabagh dam would reduce the frequency and
severity of flooding along Indus particularly between dam
site and 300 miles down stream. It would store the water
and utilize it properly
Concluding the overall benefits of Kalabagh dam is
above 25 billion per annum thus the investment would be
repaid in a period of 9-10 years approximately
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Consequences of not building Kalabagh dam:
1. National food security would be jeopardized. thus importing food items would be another burdenfor Pakistan
2. Loss of the storage capacity of the online reservoir due to sedimentation thus result in shortage ofcommitted irrigation supplies .Causing serious drop of existing agriculture production
3. If Kalabagh dam is not made there is a possibility of dispute arises between Sindh and Punjab dueto water shortage
4. Imports of thermal energy would be decreased5. The cost of production has increased due expensive power6. Creating employment for 30,000 persons during construction.
Controversies regarding Kalabagh dam
Apprehensions of Kyberpakhtunkhwa:1. It is feared that flooding of Peshawar valley near Noshara town would be
aggravated
2. Drainages of surrounding area of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi plains would beadversely affected by the reservoir thus causing water logging and salinity
3. Fertile cultivable land would be submerged4. Large number of people would be displaced
Apprehensions of Sindh:1. The anxiety that the project would convert Sindh into a desert2. Cultivation of sailaba would be adversely affected3. Mangrove forest would be in danger4. Fish production and drinking water supply below Kotri would be adversely affected
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Diamer-Bhasha Dam:It has also proposed by former president of Pakistan general Pervez Musharraf.
Features of Bhasha dam
Official name Diamer bhasha dam
Located Indus river
Proposed site 315 upstream of Tarbela dam,165 downstream ofnorthern areas Gilgit , 40 km downstream of chillas
owner Government of Pakistan
Type of dam Roller compacted Concrete
Height of dam 272 m
Construction would be started Tentatively September 2011
Power capacity 4500 mwAverage power generation 16500 gwh/yr
Reservoir level 1160 m
Bhasha or Kalabagh: The More Feasible Project:
Geographical Locations: Comparison:
KALABAGH DAM:Kalabagh dam is proposed to be built in Kalabagh, in district Mianwali of Punjab. The
site proposed for the alleged dam is the only site that can store monsoon water. Agriculture is the
backbone of our countrys economy and Kalabagh dam will be able to distribute sufficient
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amount of water in the agricultural lands of Punjab and Sindh, boosting the agricultural sector
considerably as well as providing electricity to the country.
Bhasha Dam:This dam is supposed to be built high up in the mountainous region of Himalayas. The
dam is also to be built with concrete, the material that is not available in that area. The transport
facility in that area is, due to the height and also the dangerous terrains of that region is nearly
impossible to obtain if such a tremendous amount of concrete is supposed to be transported all
the way from Punjab to the heights of Gilgit-Baltistan. It would both be expensive and a long
arduous task. The area is also a highly seismic one i.e. being on top of the Central Asian Fault
Line. If the dam breaks due to the seismic activities of that region, all the area down to Sukkar
district would be completely submerged i.e. destroyed by the water. The loss of lives would be
unimaginable.
Time And Capital Required For Construction Bhasha Dam:
Bhasha dam will take about 12-15 years at the least and would cost $14 billion.
Moreover, for the construction material to be transported to the site, Karakorum will have to be
widened. That task would also take 5-6 years.
Kalabagh Dam:The construction of this dam would take 5-6 years and the capital required would be
around $5 billion, which is comparatively much lesser.
Conclusion:Kalabagh Dam is more feasible because of its low cost, quicker return, lesser geographical
hazards. The implementation of this project can be very fruitful for Pakistan, especially in the persisting
energy crisis which requires quicker actions to be taken. Apart from the hydel power, other renewable
sources can also be utilized to aid in the fight against the ongoing energy shortage crisis. For instance,
wind power, solar and nuclear energy are the sectors of power generation which can be explored to fulfill
long-term energy requirements along with hydel power.
Wind power: In the coast-lines ofGawadar, the ample wind can provide alot of potential for energy production to
fulfill the requirements of a less populated
northern part of Baluchistan and adjoining
areas of Sindh as well.
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Solar Energy: Aside from the fact thatsufficient funding for exploring the benefits
of solar energy are not yet available, but it is
also a very useful source of energy that
promises never to diminish or extinguish. If
it is delved into, it would provide a lot of
energy for the nation. Pakistan is a country
having an ideal sunny climate for solar
energy projects.
Nuclear Energy:A lot of research isrequired in this field and Pakistan, due tothe international political restrains, cannot
carry out much research on this
technology as yet.