ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Gold Coast, Queensland Australia14th - 18th July 1997

Australian Composite Structures Society

EditorMurray L. Scott

PROCEEDINGS

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Preface

Volume Contents

SponsorsTechnical Reviewers

ICCM Organisation

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Cover photographs (courtesy of ASTA Components) :

Boeing 777 Rudder Skin Manufacture Airbus A330/340 Main Landing Gear DoorBoeing 747 Krueger Flap Non-Destructive Inspection Royal Australian Air Force F/A-18A Hornet

Published by :

AUSTRALIAN COMPOSITE STRUCTURES SOCIETYRMIT Fishermens Bend, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.

Co-distributed by :

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LTD TECHNOMIC PUBLISHING CO., INC.Abington Hall 851 New Holland Avenue, Box 3535Abington LancasterCambridgeshire CB1 6AH Pennsylvania 17604U.K. U.S.A.

© Copyright 1997 Australian Composite Structures Society - A Technical Society of The Institution of Engineers, Australia

Digitally assembled by :

Armadillo Media, 413 Lygon Street, Brunswick East, Victoria, 3057, Australia.(03) 9388 9088,

Email: rmad@hisavic .aus.net

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of theDirector, Australian Composite Structures Society.

These proceedings have been produced using electronic files and camera ready copy provided by the authors. Theconference organisers and the publishers are not responsible for the contents of the papers nor for any mistakes whichmight occur in the text.

ISBN 1 85573 349 8 Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Composite Materials (CD-ROM)ISBN 1 85573 350 1 Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Composite Materials (Set of six volumes)

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ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONCOMPOSITE MATERIALS

NOTE: Volumes are large PDF files - please be patient as they download.

Volume I: Composites Applications and Design (19.5 MB)PlenariesApplicationsBiocompositesCertification and Technology TransferComputer Aided EngineeringCostingDesign

Volume II: Fatigue, Fracture and Ceramic Matrix Composites (26.9 MB)Damage ToleranceDynamic Response BehaviourFatigueFractureImpactCeramic Matrix CompositesNew and Non-Traditional Materials

Volume III: Metal Matrix Composites and Physical Properties (35.7 MB)Metal Matrix CompositesPhysical Properties

Volume IV: Composites Processing and Microstructure (28.4 MB)ProcessingFibresInterphase and InterfaceWear and Creep

Volume V: Textile Composites and Characterisation (23.4 MB)Textile CompositesEnvironmental EffectsMechanical PropertiesTest Methods

Volume VI: Composite Structures (20.2 MB)JointsNon-Destructive EvaluationRepairSmart MaterialsSmart StructuresStructures

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ChairmanMurray L. Scott

Vice-ChairmenAnthony R. Bunsell - Western Europe

Ori Ishai - Middle EastRobert M. Jones - North AmericaLászló P. Kollár - Eastern Europe

Yiu-Wing Mai - Australasia

Local Organising CommitteeAlan A. Baker - Member

Michael K. Bannister - TreasurerAaron S. Blicblau - Member

Peter D. Chalkley - Technical Tours CoordinatorIsrael Herszberg - Technical Review Committee Chairman

K.H. Leong - Technical Sessions Committee ChairmanAdrian P. Mouritz - Operations Committee Chairman

Rowan Paton - Exhibition CoordinatorRodney S. Thomson - World Wide Web Coordinator

Technical Review CommitteeIsrael Herszberg - Chairman

Michael K. BannisterAaron S. Blicblau

K.H. LeongAdrian P. Mouritz

Technical Sessions CommitteeK.H. Leong - Chairman

Adrian P. MouritzRodney S. Thomson

Operations CommitteeAdrian P. Mouritz - Chairman

Michael K. BannisterAaron S. BlicblauPeter D. ChalkleyIsrael Herszberg

K.H. LeongRowan Paton

Rodney S. Thomson

Administration OfficeMichelle M. Infanti - Conference Administrator

Rachael A. Infanti

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PREFACE

The International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM) is the pre-eminent worldconference in the field. The series was founded in 1975 by an international committee, whichhas progressively expanded to include representatives from most of the world’s developedcountries. The general theme of this conference, the eleventh in the series, is “AdvancedComposites in the New World”. The rapidly expanding economies of the Asia-Pacific offerenormous potential for the wide spread development and usage of advanced materialstechnology. Many countries in the region have impressive industrial activity which isunderpinned by a range of sophisticated manufacturing technologies. Although there is stillreliance on traditional sources for new materials and processes, local research and developmentcapability is now providing significant output. In fact, growth in composites technology is nowrecognised as a key factor for economic development in a number of countries. Manyengineers and scientists who have not previously attended an ICCM, have contributed papersfor the first time, thus bringing new ideas, perspectives and business opportunities to theinternational composites community. Representatives of over forty countries are involved withICCM-11 either as authors or in some other way. It is with this background that theconference theme was developed.

In keeping with the successful traditions established at previous ICCM’s, the scope forconference papers was kept broad, with the one restriction that only work of the highestquality would be accepted. In order to achieve this objective, a Technical Review Committeewas established which worked with technical reviewers from all over the world. Each of the830 abstracts submitted was reviewed by two reviewers to determine its appropriateness forpresentation in plenary, specialist or poster sessions. Selection criteria included relevance tothe conference, accuracy and originality of ideas, significance of results and quality ofpresentation. Following this initial selection process, papers were invited which were thensubmitted to two or more reviewers for comment and grading. Many papers were then sentback to authors for modification. At the conclusion of this process, a total of 536 papers wasaccepted for presentation and inclusion in the ICCM-11 Proceedings. Except for the first 10papers which are the plenaries, no distinction is made between the 422 specialist and 104poster papers which are ordered in 29 topic areas.

Several new ideas have been introduced for ICCM-11. Perhaps the most important is that forthe first time, the proceedings are available in both CD-ROM and book formats. The CD-ROM is fully searchable and includes colour figures and photographs. The proceedings arecomplemented by a book of extended abstracts. Although the primary purpose of the extendedabstracts is to provide conference attendees with a two-page overview of each paper forreference during sessions, they will also serve as an enduring reference for both professionalsand students. It is anticipated that the book of extended abstracts will be particularly useful forthose who choose to rely only on the CD-ROM version of the proceedings.

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As ICCM-11 Chairman and Editor of the proceedings, I wish to acknowledge the outstandingcontributions of the many people involved with the preparations for this conference. The 1280paper authors, 317 technical reviewers and the members of the ICCM-11 Technical Reviewand Technical Sessions Committees have all worked extremely hard to present an excellentcollection of papers, which represent the current status of advanced composites science andtechnology. The ICCM President, Executive Secretary, ICCM-11 Vice-Chairmen andmembers of the Local Organising Committee have provided much valuable advice andassistance in planning all aspects of the conference. The support of the Co-SponsoringSocieties, together with the ICCM-11 Sponsors and Exhibitors, is also gratefullyacknowledged. Finally, I wish to record my appreciation of the efforts of both the full- andpart-time Conference Office staff who were most ably led by our Conference Administrator.= Click image below to see video

Murray L. Scott

MelbourneJuly 1997

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ICCM-11 Principal SponsorsCooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures Limited

Defence Science and Technology OrganisationRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology

ICCM-11 SponsorASTA Components

ICCM-11 ExhibitorsAdvanced Composites Pty Limited

ASTA ComponentsChapman and Hall / Nelson ITPComposites Institute of Australia

Compumod Pty LimitedCooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures Limited

Defence Science and Technology OrganisationElsevier Science

Greater Glasgow & Clyde Valley Tourist BoardHelitech Pty LimitedInstron Pty Limited

Kluwer Academic PublishersMTS Systems

Pacific Marcom Pty LimitedRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology

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International Committee on Composite Materials Executive CouncilPaul A. Lagace - President

Anoush Poursartip - Executive SecretaryMichael G. Bader

Peter W.R. BeaumontAshok DhingraKlaus FriedrichSuong V. HoaAnthony Kelly

Akira KobayashiThierry MassardAntonio Miravete

Kurt OlofssonMurray L. Scott

George S. SpringerIppei SusukiJohn J. Tracy

Stephen W. TsaiGeorges VercheryIgnaas VerpoestToan Vu-KhanhBrian A. Wilson

Ren-Jie WuG. Zhenlong

Co-Sponsoring SocietiesAmerican Society for Composites

American Society for Testing and MaterialsAssociation pour les Matériaux Composites France

Australian Composite Structures SocietyCanadian Association for Composite Structures and Materials

Chinese Society for Composite MaterialsComposites Manufacturing Association of the SME

Deutsche Gesellschaft für MaterialkundeEuropean Association for Composite Materials

Institut Des Matériaux Composites, FranceInstitute of Materials, UK

Japan Society for Composite MaterialsKorean Society for Composite Materials

Materials Engineering Section of MetSoc/CIMRussian Composites Society

Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, Australian ChapterSociety of Interfacial Materials Science

Society of Manufacturing EngineersSociety of RP/C, R.O.C.

Spanish Association for Composite MaterialsThe Minerals, Metals and Materials Society

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TECHNICAL REVIEWERS

Abu-Farsakh, G.Adali, S.Adams, D.F.Adams, R.D.Alesi, H.Andrews, P.Antoniou, R.Aoki, R.M.Arnold, J.C.Arnold, W.S.Aubury, M.B.Bader, M.G.Baillie, C.A.Baker, A.Balbin, I.Bandyopadhyay, S.Banks, W.M.Bannister, M.Bathias, C.Beaumont, P.W.R.Bert, C.W.Bettles, C.J.Bhattacharyya, D.Bil, C.Blanchonette, I.Blanlot, R.Blicblau, A.Bogdanovich, A.Boukhili, R.Brown, J.R.Bunsell, A.Burchill, P.J.Calixto, J.M.Callinan, R.J.Callus, P.J.Carvalho, M.H.Chalkley, P.Chamis, C.C.Chandra, T.Chang, F.-K.Chen, X.-H.Chester, R.J.Chiu, W.-K.Chokshi, A.H.Chou, T.-W.Christensen, R.Christoforou, A.P.Chung, D.L.

Cimpoeru, S.Clark, G.Clayton, G.Clyne, T.W.Cohen, L.J.Collyer, D.Connell, H.J.Cook, W.Corden, T.J.Couper, M.J.Crawford, B.Crivelli-Visconti, I.Crosky, A.Crouch, I.Curiskis, J.I.Curtis, P.D'Cruz, J.Davies, C.Davies, P.Davis, M.Deam, R.Degischer, H.P.Dhingra, A.K.Di Vita, G.Diao, X.-X.Donald, I.B.Dorey, G.Drechsler, K.Drennan, J.Drzal, L.T.Dunn, S.Dutta, P.K.Dutton, S.E.Dzenis, Y.A.Edward, G.Falzon, P.J.Finch, G.Finlayson, T.R.Fitz-Gerald, G.Flavell, T.Fleck, N.A.Foster, C.G.Freischmidt, G.Friedrich, K.Friend, C.M.Froyen, L.Fukuda, H.Fukunaga, H.

Galea, S.C.Garg, A.Geiro, A.Gellert, E.George, G.A.Gibson, L.Gillespie, J.W.Goddard, N.Gommers, B.Goodwin, A.A.Grabovac, I.Griffiths, J.R.Grundy, P.Gupta, M.Hahn, H.T.Hamada, H.Hampshire, S.Hancox, N.L.Hannink, R.Harris, B.Hashin, Z.Hawthorne, G.Heller, M.Hepburn, C.Herszberg, I.Heslehurst, R.B.Hiley, M.J.Hill, A.Hirai, T.Hirano, K.Hoa, S.V.Hodgkin, J.H.Hodgson, P.Hogg, P.J.Hou, M.Hughes, R.K.Huysmans, G.Hyer, M.Irving, P.Ishai, O.Ishikawa, T.Ivens, J.Iyengar, G.N.K.Jain, L.K.Jar, P.-Y.B.Jeal, R.H.Johnson, M.Jokinen, A.

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Jones, F.R.Jones, R.Jones, R.M.Kadoya, M.Kagawa, Y.Kageyama, K.Kalamkarov, A.L.Kam, T.-Y.Karbhari, V.Kedward, K.T.Kelly, A.Kendall, E.Kim, R.Kimpara, I.Knowles, D.M.Kollár, L.P.Kondo, K.Kruckenberg, T.Kumar, S.Kummerow, I.Lam, Y.C.Lange, J.Lawrence, G.Lee, B.Lee, W.-I.Lekakou, C.Leong, K.H.Lessard, L.Li, L.Li, N.Librescu, L.Lifshitz, J.M.Lin, R.Y.Lingard, J.Liu, Y.-L.Long, A.C.Loos, A.Lossie, M.Lowe, A.Lu, L.Lundstrom, T.S.Madhukar, M.S.Mai, Y.-W.Maier, M.Maine, F.W.Manory, R.Mantell, S.C.Marom, G.Marques, A.T.Marshall, I.H.Martin, C.

Matthews, F.L.Maxwell, P.McCartney, L.N.McGrath, G.McIlhagger, R.McQueen, H.J.Mileshkin, N.Milner, H.R.Mitchell, L.Mohomat, MMoll, K.-U.Moodie, A.Mordike, B.L.Morris, C.Morton, A.Morton, T.Mottipali, J.Mouritz, A.P.Muddle, B.C.Munroe, P.R.Murray, N.Nanni, A.Naslain, R.Neitzel, M.Nicolais, L.Nie, J.-F.Nishiwaki, T.Norwood, C.Nwosu, S.N.Olofsson, K.S.Parker, B.A.Parnas, R.S.Partridge, I.K.Paton, R.Paul, D.B.Pavier, M.J.Pearce, P.Peck, R.Persiani, F.Phillips, C.Plotnikova, L.Polmear, I.J.Poulsen, H.F.Prawer, S.Prewo, K.M.Qi, B.Radford, D.Raju, J.Ramakrishna, S.Rammerstorfer, F.G.Rath, B.B.

Risebourough, P.Rose, F.Rudd, C.D.Ryall, T.Sain, M.M.Saunders, D.Sawada, Y.Scala, C.M.Schulte, K.Scott, M.L.Shabaye, A.A.Shah Khan, Z.Shankar, K.Shaw, M.Sierakowski, R.Simon, G.Siores, E.Smith, P.A.Soldatos, K.P.Sood, D.Sorrell, C.C.Soutis, C.Spearing, M.St. John, N.A.Stachurski, Z.Steiner, J.M.Steven, G.Stronge, W.Summerscales, J.Sun, C.T.Surappa, M.K.Swain, M.V.Swift, S.Taheri, F.Talreja, R.Tarnopol'skii, Y.M.Thomson, R.S.Thuis, B.G.S.J.To, C.W.S.Tobias, B.C.Tong, L.Tsai, S.W.Valentinis, F.Van Der Biest, O.Vandeurzen, P.H.Verijenko, V.E.Verpoest, I.Vinson, J.R.Vodicka, R.Walker, P.Wang, A.S.

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Wang, C.-H.Wang, J.T.-S.Wang, J.Weller, T.Whitney, J.Wiggenraad, J.F.M.Williams, M.D.

Wisnom, M.R.Withers, P.J.Wong, A.Wong, S.-C.J.Wood, L.Woodward, R. L.Ye, L.

Yeomans, S.Yin, W.L.Yu, N.Yuan, F.-G.Zhang, L.C.Zhang, X.