E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Chapter VII

The Simple Sentence

1. Clause Patterns

2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings

3. Concord

4. Negation

5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations

IssuesIssues

Clause TypesClause Types1

Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

Clause typesClause types

Clause types transformed

1/1





S, V, O, C, AThey appointed him head of office last week. S V O C A

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

2/1






Obligatory clause elements are those which are required for the complementation of the verb.

3/1






I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book.He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled. (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).

4/1




7 Clause types7 Clause types


1. SVA Mary is in the house.2. SVC Mary is kind.3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.6. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike.7. SV The lady smiled.

5/1






Passive transformation

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

6/1







Many critics disliked the play (SVOd)

The play was disliked by many critics.(S + Vpass + [A])

7/1







Mom considered him a genius.(SVOC)

He was considered a genius (by Mom).(SVC [A])

7/1






SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

1. SV SVCThe baby is sleeping The baby is asleep

2. SVC SVA He is jobless He is without a job.

8/1


Which clause type does each of the following

sentences belong to?

1. He’s getting angry.

2. He got through the window.

3. He’ll get a surprise.

4. He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. He got himself into trouble.

6. He got her a splendid present.

9/1


1. SVC He’s getting angry.

2. SVA He got through the window.

3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.

4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.

6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.

One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

10/1

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

Empty It

1/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

She opened the door.

2/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

This key can open the door.

3/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The door opens.

4/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

ITShe has a new shirt.

5/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

This room accommodates 20 people.

6/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

Tomorrow is my birthday.

7/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The meeting ended successfully.

8/2



agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

Empty ITIt’s wonderful to meet you.

9/2


We opened the door.

He invented the telephone.

We passed the building.

Semantic Roles of the Object

Od Oi

affected

effected

locative

10/2


Semantic Roles of the Object

Od Oi

affected

recipient

We paid him a visit.

We gave him some money.

11/2


He is tired.

He becomes tired.

Semantic Roles of the complement

Cs Co

Current attribute

Resulting attribute

12/2


Semantic Roles of the Complement

Cs Co

Current attribute

Resulting attribute

We found the room empty.

They left the room empty.

13/2

ConcordsConcords3

1/3

CONCORDS Grammatical concord

Notional Concord

Concord by Proximity

Concord with coordinated subject

ConcordsConcords3

Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

2/3

ConcordsConcords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plurThis dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.

SUBJECT (clause) VERB singWhat they are doing now is my concern.

3/3

ConcordsConcords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

The child was an angel.

The children are angels.

4/3

ConcordsConcords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

He injured himself.

5/3

ConcordsConcords3



Subject - Object

Pronoun

The boy likes his toys

6/3

ConcordsConcords3

Notional Concord Nominal clause

Collective noun

NoneThe verb agrees with the idea of plural rather than the actual singular form of the noun

7/3

ConcordsConcords3


Collective noun

None

What he says isn’t true. (= The thing he says isn’t true)What they like best are tea and coffee. ( The things they like…)

8/3

ConcordsConcords3


Collective noun

NoneThe cabinet are having a rest.(All members of the cabinet…)

The cabinet has reached an agreement.(The cabinet as a whole)

9/3

ConcordsConcords3


Collective noun

None

None of the students like Grammar.None of the cheese is fresh.

10/3

ConcordsConcords3

Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… or

The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or

pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the subject

11/3

ConcordsConcords3



Either… or

One in ten take drugs.

12/3

ConcordsConcords3



Either… orThere are two chairs and a desk there.There is a chair and two desks there.

13/3

ConcordsConcords3



Either… or

Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.Either the teacher or the students need to do this.

14/3

ConcordsConcords3

Concord with coordinatedsubject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the samething/ person

normally takes a plural verb

15/3

ConcordsConcords3




The hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building.

16/3

ConcordsConcords3




His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was withhim at his death.

17/3

NegationNegation4

4/1

The negation of a sentence is accomplished by inserting not between the operator and the predication.E.g.

The attempt has succeeded.The attempt has not succeeded.

We may win the match. We may not win the match.

NegationNegation4

4/2

1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives

2. Negative intensification

3. Alternative Negative elements

4. Scope of negation

5. Focus of negation

6. Relationship between scope and focus of negation

7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

4

4/3

Assertives Non-assertives

Some

Someone

Somewhere

Somehow

To some extent

Already

A great deal

Too

A long way

Too

A long time

Any

Anyone

Anywhere

In any way

At all

Yet

Much

Either

Far

Very

Long

Non-assertive forms = itemsthat do not naturallyoccur outside negative,interrogative, andconditional sentences.

E.g.I saw him somewhere.I didn’t see him anywhere.

(Quirk 7.35 p.184)

NegationNegation

NegationNegation4

4/4

Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative.

I found nothing at all the matter with him.

I have no excuse whatever.

I'll never, never go there again.

I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.

She has never spoken to me even a single word.

NegationNegation4

4/5

Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated)

An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie.

I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.

NegationNegation4

4/6

Scope of NegationNormally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause.

E.g.I definitely didn’t speak to him.

(It’s definite that I did not.)I didn’t definitely speak to him.

(It’s not definite that I did.)

= The stretch of language over which the negative

meaning operates

NegationNegation4

4/7

Focus of Negation 1.'JOHN doesn’t love Mary.

Somebody loves Mary but it’s not

John.

2. John doesn’t 'LOVE Mary.

John likes Mary but it’s not love.

3. John doesn’t love 'MARY.

John loves somebody else but

it’s not Mary.

The contrastive nuclear stress falling

on a particular part of a clause

indicates that the contrast of

meaning implicit in the negation is

located at that spot and the rest of

the clause can be understood in a

positive sense.

NegationNegation4

4/8

Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.

(I listened none of the time.)

I didn’t listen ALL the time.

(I listened some of the time.)

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of

the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope

NegationNegation4

4/10

Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

NegationNegation4

4/11


Auxiliary Negation Main Verb NegationThe scope of negation includes the meaningof the auxiliary itself

NegationNegation4

4/12


Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. can’t (in all sense)You can’t be serious.

(It is not possible that…)You can’t go swimming.(You are not allowed…)She can’t ride a bicycle.(She is not able to…)

NegationNegation4

4/13


Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation2. Needn’tYou needn’t pay that fine.(You are not obliged to…)

It needn’t be my fault.(it is not necessary that…)

NegationNegation4

4/14


Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation3. May not ( = permission)You may not go swimming.(You are not allowed to…)

NegationNegation4

4/15


Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. May not (=possibility)They may not come if it’s wet.

(It is possible that they won’t come.)

NegationNegation4

4/16


Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

NegationNegation4

4/17



Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)

He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)

They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.)

NegationNegation4

4/18



Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.)

NegationNegation4

4/19



Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)

NegationNegation4

4/20



Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


You mustn’t make noise. (It is obligatory that you don’t make noise)

NegationNegation4

4/21



Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t


You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)

He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/1

Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations


5/2


Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb.


5/3


Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions


5/4

Questions



5/5

Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsGeneral Yes – No questionsHas the boat left?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:Has the boat left already?

Yes-no questions with negative orientation:Has the boat left yet?


5/6

Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsTag questions• Rising tone = neutral assumption• Falling tone: Positive assumption + positive expectation Negative assumption + negative expectation


5/7

Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsDeclarative Questions

You’ve bought a new car?

He didn’t finish it?


5/9

Questions


Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)• Who did you lend the book to? (Wh-word = Oi)


5/10

Questions


Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv• When will you come back? (A time)• Where should I put these? (A place)• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)• How did they mend it? (A manner)•…


5/11

Questions


Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?

Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?


5/12


Questions

Commands

ExclamationsSentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main verb,

or sometimes of questions with the initial modal - particularly with invitations or requests.


5/13

Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’


5/14


With subject

With ‘let’

Positive: Be reasonableNegative: Don’t make noise


5/15


With subject

With ‘let’‘You’ as subject Indefinite pronoun S


5/16


With subject

With ‘let’‘You’ as subject-You there be quiet!-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.- Will you come in and sit down?


5/17


With subject

With ‘let’Indefinite Pronoun SPositive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!


5/18


With subject

With ‘let’

Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.Negative: Let’s not open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.


5/19


Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation


5/20


Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation

What an enormous crowd came!How delightful her manners are!


5/21


Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamationWhat a book!

How wonderful!

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E_English Grammar Course Chapter VII The Simple Sentence