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Effects of biochar on remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil or marginal agricultural land
Jasmin Karer
Outline
NAWARO-SAN project – introduction
Study sites - overview Heavy metal immobilisation
Plant yields Conclusions
NAWARO-SAN project financed project, running from September 2012 to December 2014
Project partners:
Renewable primary products: yield potentials through soil remediation of
industrial wasteland or marginal agricultural land
Which soil additives are able to effectively immobilise heavy metals?
Mario Wagner Miscanthus GmbH
NAWARO-SAN project Project structure, sub projects:
• Screening experiment 1: greenhouse study, soil: humus-depleted or contaminated, crop: ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), duration: 3 months
• Screening experiment 2: greenhouse study, soil: humus-depleted or
contaminated, crop: maize and Miscanthus, resp. willow (Salix), duration: 18 months
• Screening project 3: field study, soil: humus-depleted or
contaminated, crop: maize and Miscanthus, resp. willow, duration: 18 months
4
Screening project 1:
Historically contaminated soil:
industrial heritage site with mining and smelting activities since about 600 years.
Lead and zinc ores were processed for centuries
Photograph: Klaus Platzer
Arnoldstein
Soil characteristics Arnoldstein: heavy metal contamination pH
(CaCl2) EC
(µS cm-1) P-CAL
(mg kg-1) K-CAL
(mg kg-1) 5.97 68.8 4.5 49.0
Corg (%) CEC (mmolc kg-1) clay (%) silt (%) sand (%)
4.0 151 18 25 57 Total heavy metal contents (mg kg-1) in the top soil (0 – 20 cm):
Cd Pb Zn Cu Ni
36 2805 4496 221 56 0.5 100 150 60 60
1 trigger values for contaminant contents in the top soil (0 – 20 cm) for agricultural and horticultural use, according to ÖNORM S 2088-2
Total heavy metal content:
Trigger values1 :
BC pH (CaCl2) EC
(mS cm-1) P-CAL
(mg kg-1) S-BC 8.05 31.7 1222 P-BC 7.91 28.8 816 M-BC 7.78 56.8 853
Biochar characteristics
8
Abbreviations of Treatments
L Lime (0.5 %) S-BC Standard BC (fiber sludge + husk, 1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment P-BC Poplar BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment M-BC Miscanthus BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichtment GSFe Gravel sludge with siderite bearing material (3%)
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Cd
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
a
b
c c
d
e
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Pb
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0,0
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
2,4
a
b
ccd
d
e
Results
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Cd, Pb and Zn in the soil
9
trigger values for soils (derived for feed quality according to Prüeß, 1994) and Deutsches Bundesbodenschutzgesetz
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Zn
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFem
g kg
-10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
a
bb
c
dd
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
aa
b b
c
d
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Cu
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
pH (C
aCl 2
)
0
2
4
6
8
a bc cd d
pH
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
a
bbc
c
dd
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Ni
Results
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Cu and Ni in the soil
10
L Lime (0.5 %) S-BC Standard BC (fiber sludge + husk, 1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment P-BC Poplar BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment M-BC Miscanthus BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichtment GSFe Gravel sludge with siderite bearing material (3%)
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Zn
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
a
bb
c
dd
Concentration of NH4NO3-extractable Zn
control P-BC GSFe P-BC + GSFe0
10
20
100
200
300
400
0 - 10 cm 10 - 20 cm
b
a
a
a
a
aa
a
mg
kg-1
Zn immobilisation in greenhouse and field experiment
11
Greenhouse Field experiment
L Lime (0.5 %) S-BC Standard BC (fiber sludge + husk, 1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment P-BC Poplar BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment M-BC Miscanthus BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N GSFe Gravel sludge with siderite bearing material (3%)
P-BC Poplar BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment GSFe Gravel sludge with siderite bearing material (3%) P-BC + GSFe Poplar BC (1.5 %) with gravel sludge (0.75 %) and siderite bearing material (0.75 %) with N enrichment
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
a
b
b
bb b
Cd concentration in Lolium multiflorum
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
a
bbcbc
bcc
Pb concentration in Lolium multiflorum
Results screening project 1
Cd, Pb and Zn in Lolium multiflorum
12
Critical values (Cd, Pb) (according to EU Directive 2002/32/EG) Toxicity value (Zn) (Sauerbeck, 1982)
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
a a a
bbb
Zn concentration in Lolium multiflorum
Ni concentration in Lolium multiflorum
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe0
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
ababc
bcc
c
mg
kg-1
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
mg
kg-1
0
10
20
30
40
a
a
bbcc c
Cu concentration in Lolium multiflorum
Results screening project 1
Cu and Ni in Lolium multiflorum
13
Dry mass of Lolium multiflorum
control L S-BC P-BC M-BC GSFe
g pe
r pot
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
aab
c
abc
bc
ab
Results: Lolium multiflorum yield
Dry mass
14
• Heavy metal immobilisation and/or growth stimulation – need of different biochars
L Lime (0.5 %) S-BC Standard BC (fiber sludge + husk, 1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment P-BC Poplar BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment M-BC Miscanthus BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichtment GSFe Gravel sludge with siderite bearing material (3%)
Results: Screening project 2 and 3
15
Miscanthus yield – greenhouse study Total maize yield –
field experiment
Mineral fertiliser 1 % P-
BC + N +
compost
3 % P-BC + N
+ compost
1.5 % GS 1.5. % Fe
1.5 % P-BC + N +
compost + 0.75 % GS +
0.75 % Fe
Control + mineral fertiliser
1 % S-BC
0.5 % S-BC + N
1 % S-BC + N
Ct and Nt in Miscanthus
control P-BC GSFe P-BC + GSFe0
1
240
45
% Nt % Ct
a
a
a a a
aa a
%
Ct and Nt in different soil depths
control P-BC GSFe P-BC + GSFe
0,2
0,4
3,0
4,0
6,0
7,0
0,0
5,0
% Nt 0 - 10 cm % Ct 0 - 10 cm % Nt 10 - 20 cm % Ct 10 - 20 cm
ab
b
a ab
a
b
aa
a a a a
a a a a
%
Results: Screening project 3, field experiment Arnoldstein
16
P-BC Poplar BC (1.5 %) with compost 50/50 with N enrichment GSFe Gravel sludge with siderite bearing material (3%) P-BC + GSFe Poplar BC (1.5 %) with gravel sludge (0.75 %) and siderite bearing material (0.75 %) with N enrichment
Conclusions Biochar supports immobilisation of certain heavy metals in contaminated
soils Variability of heavy metal immobilisation after biochar treatment depending
on the element
Wood-based biochar infers more positive effects
One biochar doesn‘t fit all - different soil contamination problems require different additives
Long term studies will help to distinguish between pH- and sorption effects
of biochar
17
Thank you!
Jasmin Karer [email protected]
NAWARO-SAN project: Franz Zehetner, Gerald Dunst, Mario Wagner, Markus Puschenreiter, Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl, and Gerhard Soja
KLI.EN-funds and FFG (New Energies 2020,
project nr. 825438)