Effects of Manifest Destiny€¦ · Reforming American Society.notebook 5 October 28, 2013 Religion sparks reform Ch 8 The Union in Peril Ch 10 Religion Sparks Reform an era of overall

Reforming American Society.notebook

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October 28, 2013

Effects of Manifest Destiny some fought hard against the whites and some tried to join the white community

when the white settlers tried to force natives in Illinois and Iowa to move west of the Miss. River, a tribal leader named Black Hawk decided to lead a revolt against the settlers

the natives are defeated and forced to move west

the area that neither settlers or natives lived on was called the middle ground

in the Treaty of Fort Laramie the US government provided Native American nations control of the Central Plains and vowed to leave them alone

Effects of Manifest Destiny the Sante Fe Trail was one of the busiest trade routes that stretched from Missouri to New Mexico between 1821 and 1860

the Oregon Trail was established by two missionaries trying to convert natives to Christianity

went from Missouri to Portland, Oregon

fertile soil and abundant rain would attract people

to this area

the Mormon church was started by Joseph Smith

Brigham Young was a mormon leader that would lead

the Mormons west along the Oregon Trail


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October 28, 2013

Effects of Manifest Destiny the Oregon Territory would be disputed between the US and Britain

Americans would start saying a slogan of "FiftyFour Forty or fight"

stating that line of latitude should establish the

border for the US

eventually it was decided the 49th parallel would

decide the border all the way to the Oregon Territory

Effects of Manifest Destiny Mexico would gain its independence from Spain in 1821

trade flourished between the US and Mexico after their independence

Mexico's northern provinces were far from its capital in Mexico City making it hard to control

to protect the area from thieves and natives, the Mexican government invited American farmers to settle in Texas

Mexico would offer large land grants to agents called empresarios who would offer smaller land grants to settlers

Effects of Manifest Destiny Americans rushed into the area and until the 1830s they were naturalized Mexican citizens

the most successful empersario was Stephen F. Austin

created a colony where "no drunkard, no gambler,

no profane swearer, and no idler" was allowed

Americans were starting to express their interest in buying Texas but Mexico had turned down numerous offers for it

as more Americans came to Texas tensions between the US and Mexico grew

Effects of Manifest Destiny Mexico had tried to restrict Americans coming into Texas but it did not work

Austin was arrested and imprisoned by the Mexican President Santa Anna after he requests a greater selfgovernment for Texas

was said to be inciting revolution

the Mexican President's actions led to the Texas Revolution

to try and force Texas to obey Mexican laws, the Mexican government sends an army to Texas

Texans in turn start to arm themselves


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October 28, 2013

Effects of Manifest Destiny in 1835, the Texans attacked at the Alamo but the small group of Americans were defeated by the Mexican army

all 187 Americans die at the Alamo

later in the year the Americans would strike back led by Sam Houston

were heard shouting "Remember the Alamo" while

fighting the Mexican army

the Americans forced the defeated Mexican President to sign the Treaty of Velasco granting Texas its independence

Houston became president of the Republic of Texas

Effects of Manifest Destiny Dec. 29th, 1845, Texas becomes the 28th state in the Union

two problems:

the issue of slavery

Mexico is furious that Texas becomes part of the

US

hostilities between the US had grown because of the Texas Revolution and the US annexation of Texas

President Polk believed a war with Mexico would give the US Texas and also New Mexico and California

there was a debate about the border for Texas

Effects of Manifest Destiny after Mexico refuses to negotiate a purchase of the land, Polk sends General Zachary Taylor to blockade the Rio Grande River

Mexico sees this as a violation of their rights

Americans were split in their opinions about war with Mexico

Southerners saw it as an opportunity to expand slavery and the north did not want this


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October 28, 2013

The War Begins after claiming that American soldiers had been killed on American soil by Mexican soldiers, Congress declares war on Mexico

New Mexico would fall to the US without a shot fired

American soldiers were able to easily take an already declared independent Republic of California

American soldiers are able to sweep through Mexico relatively easily

America would lose 2,000 soldiers from injuries and 11,000 from diseases

The War Begins the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war

the Rio Grande was set as the US/Mexico border

Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the US

the US bought California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah,

most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming

for 15 million

1853 the US buys more land in the Gadsden Purchase establishing the current borders of the US

California Gold Rush in 1848 gold was found in California

people would start to come to try and find gold in California

the people would be called fortyniners because they came in 1849

the gold rush will bring a diverse population to California


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October 28, 2013

Religion sparks reform

Ch 8

The Union in Peril

Ch 10

Religion Sparks Reform

an era of overall reform occurred in the US during the 1830s

much of the reform ideas came from the religious movement called the Second Great Awakening

during the SGA different denominations in the Christian church would emerge because of differing opinions on the message of God

also during this time, writers were starting to write about American ideas of optimism, freedom, and selfreliance

Religion Sparks Reform

Thoreau was a writer that believed in the importance of individual conscience

he urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust

he said people should peacefully refuse to obey laws in a form of protest called civil disobedience

Prison reform

during the early 19th century it was noticed how poorly people were being treated in the prisons in America

Dorothea Dix was a leader in social reform when it dealt with the prisons in the US

she sent a letter to the Mass. legislature that led to laws being passed that were to help improve the prisons

she would also persuade many states to set up public hospitals for the mentally ill

she promoted the idea of rehabilitation for the mentally ill


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October 28, 2013

Slavery and abolition by the 1820s more than 100 antislavery societies were advocating for resettlement of blacks in Africa

most free blacks considered America their home

African Americans were being joined by whites in public criticism of slavery

abolition the call to outlaw slavery was a major discussion during this time of reform in the US

William Lloyd Garrison was the most radical white abolitionist

started a paper called The Liberator to deliver the

message of emanicpation the freeing of slaves with

no payment to slaveholders

Slavery and abolition

Garrison would start the New England AntiSlavery Society and the American AntiSlavery society

David Walker, a free AfricanAmerican, advised other AfricanAmericans to fight for freedom instead of waiting for slave owners to end slavery

Frederick Douglas was born into slavery but he had been taught to read and write by the wife of one of his owners

Douglas realized an education would be his way out

of slavery

Slavery and abolition Douglas decided to escape from his owner after he was not allowed to keep wages he had earned at his job

he would become a free man in New York and would become a frequent speaker for the American AntiSlavery Society

he would start his own paper called The North Star

Nat Turner was born into slavery in Virginia in 1800

he believed he had been chosen to lead his people

out of slavery

leading a band of followers he attacked 4 plantations

killing 60 white inhabitants

he was eventually captured, tried, and hanged

over 200 African Americans were killed in retaliation

led to Southern whites controlling slaves more tightly


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October 28, 2013

Slave owners defend slavery

Virginia was one of the first slaves states to debate abolishing slavery

a motion to abolish slavery was defeated in 1832 by a vote of 73 to 58

the loss closed the slavery debate in the antebellum South

antebellum means preCivil War

many white slave owners pushed for laws to further tighten controls of African Americans to prevent future revolts

these laws became known as slave codes


examples of slave codes

Alabama did not allow free AfricanAmericans to

preach the gospel without slaveholders present

NC became the last southern state to not allow free

African Americans to vote

free African Americans would lose the right to own

guns, purchase alcohol, assemble in public, and

testify in court in many southern states


some people used the bible to defend slavery

some claimed that slavery benefited African Americans by making them part of a prosperous and Christian civilization

even many white preachers were in support of slavery by the 1830s

slave owners would try to portray their slaves as happier than the wage earners of the north that had to work long hard days for little pay


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October 28, 2013


to try and limit the amount debates being had about slavery, the southern states tried to adopt the gag rule

the gag rule limited or prevented debate on an issue

it was repealed in 1844 8 years after being put in

place

it was becoming clear that slavery was starting to divide the nation

Differences between North and South SC senator John C. Calhoun demanded that slavery be allowed in the territories gained in the war with Mexico

he said if the demands were not met, the South

would secede from the Union

he believed the North had gained an advantage since

the constitution had been written

The North was becoming more and more industrialized and the small cities were growing drastically

the North, mainly immigrants, feared slavery because

they felt it would compete with people working for

wages and it would lower the status of white workers

who could not compete with slaves

Differences between North and South

The South remained a rural society

it consisted of plantations and small farms

few immigrants settled in the south

few railroads were being built in the south, used

rivers instead

slavery had grown so much that in three southern

states African Americans were the majority

southerners felt any change in slavery would lead to

a social and economic revolution that would hurt

whites and slaves

Use pgs 306309 to answer the following questions:

1. What was the Wilmot Proviso? What did it propose?

2. Was California a slave or free state? What did President Taylor think of this? What did the south think?

3. How did Clay try and solve the issue? Briefly describe the terms of his solution.

4. How did Congress first take his solution? How did Douglas change Clay's solution? Was it eventually accepted and did it solve the issue of slavery?


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October 28, 2013

Slavery in the Territories

in 1846, a Pennsylvania Democrat proposed an amendment that would state that slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory the US might acquire as a result of the war with Mexico

it was named the Wilmot Proviso

meant that California, Utah, and New Mexico would

be closed to slavery

it divided congress along regional lines

northerners supported it and southerners opposed it

southerners claimed slaves were property and the

constitution protected property

Slavery in the Territories

the main issue with the Wilmot Proviso was that each side was worried that if the Proviso was passed or not the other side would gain power in Congress

in 1850, California applied to join the Union

it had grown so quickly because of the gold rush that

it skipped the step of becoming a territory

California's new constitution forbade slavery

General Zachary Taylor, who became president after

Polk, supported California's admission as a free state

this decision caused the south to question even

more if they should stay part of the union

The Senate Debates

when Congress met in 1849, California's statehood was the top priority to be discussed

Northerners were also wanting slavery to be abolished in DC and southerners were saying that the north was not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

Southerners were threatening secession

formal withdrawal of a state from the Union

Clay's Compromise of 1850

he hoped it would solve the controversy between

free and slave states

The Senate Debates Compromise of 1850

Clay proposed California be admitted as free state

he proposed a more effective fugitive slave law

proposed popular sovereignty in Utah and New

Mexico

the rights of residents of a territory to vote for or

against slavery

Texas would paid 10 million to surrender its claim to

New Mexico

this pleased both sides


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October 28, 2013

The Senate Debates

the first time the Senate voted on the compromise it was rejected

Clay leaves Washington upset and Stephen A. Douglas picks up the debate for Clay

The Senate Debates to avoid another rejection Douglas came up with a plan

he would try and gain a majority vote for each part of

the compromise instead of presenting the whole

thing at one time

when President Taylor dies, his successor Millard

Fillmore, immediately expresses his support of the

compromise

after Calhoun's death, the south was more willing to

compromise

the compromise was accepted and briefly it solved

the issue of slavery

Fugitive slaves and the underground railroad

as part of the Compromise of 1850, a new Fugitive Slave Act was passed

it was very harsh

alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury,

despite the 6th amendment

fugitives could not testify on their own behalf

a statement by a slave owner was all that was

required to have a slave returned

commissioners received a $10 fee if they returned

a fugitive

anyone that helped a fugitive could be fined $1000


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October 28, 2013


some northerners resisted the new laws

some formed committees to help run away slaves get

to Canada

some resorted to violence to free slaves

Personal Liberty Laws nine northern states passed these laws

forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and

guaranteed that they would have jury trials

southerners were furious about this


runaway slaves and white abolitionists would form a secret network called the underground railroad

"conductors" would hide runaways in tunnels

Harriet Tubman was one of the most famous of the

"conductors"

she was a runaway slave herself

made 19 slaves to the south freeing over 300

slaves

some runaway slaves stayed in the north and some

continued to Canada


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October 28, 2013


Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852

it delivered the message that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle

Northerners increased their resistance to slavery in response to the book

Southerners criticized the book as an attack on the South as a whole

1. Why did Stephen Douglas introduce the bill(the KansasNebraska Act)?

2. What aspect did he hope people would support? Why?

3. What traditions did the KansasNebraska Act break?

4. Why did this situation become so violent?

Use pages 312315 in the textbook to answer the following questions

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska

in 1854, Stephen Douglas proposed to the territory west of Iowa and Missouri into two territories, Nebraska and Kansas

Douglas believed increase expansion would help to unify the country

he believed popular sovereignty was the best option for these new states

Nebraska was north of the line established in the Missouri compromise so it was legally close to slavery

Douglas would try to win the support of the south by asking for the Missouri Compromise to be repealed

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska

Douglas would present a bill to Congress to have the Nebraska territory split into two territories, Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south

if passed it would repeal the Missouri Compromise and popular sovereignty would be used

most northerners were against the bill and most southerners supported it

with the support of President Franklin Pierce, a Democrat, the KansasNebraska Act became law


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October 28, 2013

Violence erupts in "Bleeding Kansas"

after gaining enough settlers in 1855, Kansas holds an election for a territorial legislature

thousands of proslavery people from Missouri illegally voted in the election leading to a proslavery government being established in Lecompton

furious over the fraudulent election a group of

abolitionists established a rival government in

Topeka

violence would break out between antislavery groups and proslavery groups in Kansas

Violence erupts in "Bleeding Kansas"

because of events that happened in Lawrence, Kansas, John Brown an abolitionist led a group of his followers to a proslavery settlement and pulled five guys out of their beds, hacked off their hands, and stabbed with with swords

this event would lead to dozens of incidents

throughout Kansas

200 people would be killed

people began calling the territory Bleeding Kansas

New Political Parties Emerge

by 1852 the Whig Party had split over the slavery issue

because of the split in the Whig Party, the Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce won the election in 1852

1854 the KansasNebraska Act ended the Whig party

former Whig members would look for other parties to join or new parties to form

one alternative was the American Party

believed in nativism

the favoring of nativeborn Americans over

immigrants


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October 28, 2013

New Political Parties Emerge

the American Party was a very secretive party that when asked about their activities they were told to say, " I know nothing"

the party would become known as the KnowNothing

Party

they were worried about immigrant Catholics forming

a conspiracy to overthrow the democracy

they would eventually split over the slavery issue

Antislavery Parties Form

one abolitionists party was the Liberty Party

purpose was to pursue the cause of abolition by

passing new laws

did not have enough power to win a presidential

election but did help James K. Polk(Democrat) defeat

Henry Clay from the Whig party

in 1848, the FreeSoil Party opposed slavery in the new territories

most were not abolitionist but opposed the

expansion of slavery


FreeSoilers

many of the freesoilers opposed the right to vote for

AfricanAmericans

were against slavery because it kept white workers

from earning wages

in 1854, some discontented northern Whigs met to form a new political party

this new political party was named the Republican Party

Antislavery Parties Form Republican Party

opposed the KansasNebraska Act

wanted to keep slavery out of the territories

the party gained strength because of its diverse

groups

some wanted to bring back the Missouri

Compromise and some were strong abolitionist

the KnowNothing party was their biggest threat

because of Bleeding Kansas the Republicans gained

their arguments needed to fight against the

Democrats in 1856


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October 28, 2013


James Buchanan, a Democrat, won the election of 1856

Buchanan showed that the Democrats could

win the presidency with a national candidate who

could compete in the north while not upsetting the

south

this election did show that the Republicans were a

strong force in the north

Slavery dominates politics

in 1856 a case concerning Dred Scott was brought to the supreme court

Scott's owner had taken him north of the Missouri

Compromise line in 1834

they lived there for four years

when they returned to Missouri, Scott's owner dies

Scott begins a lawsuit to gain his freedom

he claimed that he had become a free person by

living in free territory

Slavery dominates politics Dred Scott

1857 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hands down his

decision on the case

ruled that slaves did not have the rights of citizens

said Scott had no claim to freedom, because he had

been living in Missouri, a slave state, when he began

his suit

ruled that the Missouri Compromise was

unconstitutional because Congress could not

forbade slavery in any part of the territories

Congress could not interfere with slaveholders' right to

own property as stated in the 5th amendment


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October 28, 2013

Slavery dominates politics

the court had opened the door to the expansion of slavery

opponents of slavery now relied on the Republicans to keep slavery from expanding

1857 the Lecompton, Kansas proslavery government applies for admission into the Union

the constitution is turned down repeatedly because

of the slavery issue

LincolnDouglas Debates

in 1858 a two candidates fought for a seat in the US senate representing Illinois

the two candidates were Stephen Douglas and

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was basically an unknown

Lincoln would challenge Douglas to 7 open air

debates

Douglas was an energetic speaker while Lincoln was

a more reserved speaker


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October 28, 2013


Douglas believed in popular sovereignty

thought slavery was not a suitable labor system for

the territories

believed popular sovereignty would allow slavery to

pass away on its own

accused by Lincoln of being a supporter of the Dred

Scott decision


Lincoln

believed slavery was immoral

doubted that slavery would cease to spread without

legislation outlawing it in the territories

stated that he did believe slavery was wrong but was

not looking for equality between the black and white

races


when asked if slavery could be outlawed in the territories(which it couldnt according to the Dred Scott case) Douglas answered with the Freeport Doctrine

if a territory wants slavery they vote for proslavery

leaders and vice versa

this gets around the Dred Scott ruling

Douglas won the senate seat

Lincoln was being looked at by the Republicans as a possible presidential candidate in 1860

Passions Ignite in 1859, John Brown was planning an uprising in Harpers Ferry, Virginia

with the support of Northern abolitionist he was

going to seize a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry

and give the guns to slave in the area causing a slave

uprising

while holding 60 slaveholders hostage he hoped the

slaves would join his uprising

no slaves joined

Colonel Robert E. Lee leads a group of US marines

to stop his uprising


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October 28, 2013

Passions Ignite

Brown was hanged for his actions

northerners were calling him a martyr

in the south mobs assaulted whites who were suspected of holding antislavery views

southerners were worried that the north was

planning other uprisings in the south

Lincoln is elected President

in 1860 Lincoln wins the Republican parties nomination

the south saw Lincoln's possible election as the greatest evil that had ever befallen on America

Lincoln won even though he did not receive any electoral votes from the south

he won every free state but was not even included on the ballots for the slave states

this did not look good for the union


fearing they had lost their voice in the national government the south started to look at other options

Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the union

Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas would follow South Carolina

on Feb. 4, 1861, delegates from the secessionist states met and formed the confederacy

their constitution closely resembled the US

constitution

only difference was slavery was recognized in the

new territories


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the Confederacy's constitution also stated each state was independent which would prevent the south from unifying

Jefferson Davis was elected as the president of the Confederacy

the nation was confused on what was going on as Lincoln was preparing for his inauguration

7 slave states had seceded while 8 remained

President Buchanan had said secession was illegal but doing something about it would be illegal as well

the question for Lincoln was if the north would allow the south to leave without a fight

Documents

Effects of Manifest Destiny€¦ · Reforming American Society.notebook 5 October 28, 2013 Religion sparks reform Ch 8 The Union in Peril Ch 10 Religion Sparks Reform an era of overall