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Egg: Shape, color, & texture vary by species
All have a depression at the top called
the Micropile. Sperm enters this during
fertilization.
Covered in microscopic pores to allow
air in.
Eggs formed in the body of the female,
laid externally.
Females store sperm, and fertilize when
they are ready.
Females lay eggs singularly or in
batches.
They glue the eggs to leaves, in wet
areas, or underside of leaves.
3 factors for egg laying:
1. Plant species
2. Precise Humidity
3. High up, away from
herbivore grazing.
Larvae (caterpillar): 2 weeks-
Eat egg shell when hatched.
Feed on plants (mostly)-part of plant
may depend on life stage.
Trenching or mining behavior or toxic
plants.
Scolopidia-nerve cells trigger molting
by detecting stretching in the elastic skin
between body segments.
Each molt stage=Instar.
Most have up to 6 instars
New sink forms under the old, shed off
starting at the head.
Inflates body with air and fluids for
molting.
1-2 hours before the body “hardens”
they are vulnerable.
Caterpillars: Some are “naked” and some are
furred.
Hairs provide:
.Harder to swallow by
predators
.Insulation
.Air pockets between hairs
help them float in puddles
.Defense
Some have venomous spikes
General rule=
solitary caterpillars are more
palatable so they have more
camouflage.
Communal feeders are more
toxic and have brighter
colors.
Pupa:
Wandering or dispersion phase.
Spins silk button or girdle
Anchors by their anal claspers or Cremaster.
Hangs two days, prologs shrink, body segments
enlarge, takes on hunchback shape.
Skin splits, becomes legless in a non-eating phase
called pupa, and hardens into chrysalis.
No “soup” but the stem cells develop from
segments into wings and other body parts.
Emerge: Those with silk cocoons secret solvents
from their proboscis to dissolve the cocoon. Others
use body fluid pressure.
Pump fluids into wings and body.
Remove metabolic waste= Meconium.
Females may release pheromones 2-3 days before
emergence.
EYES:
Compound
1,7000 Oomatidia-individual light receptors
360 degree mosaic view
Lenses can’ t focus
Can detect each oomatadium separately
See polarized light and sun even on cloudy day,
as well as UV light
Detect UV light patterns of flowers
Also detect UV light patterns on wings
HEAD:
Magnetic detection for migration and
magnetic fields
Labial Palpi-small projections covered
in olfactory sensors.
PROBOSCIS:
Pair of interlocking channels that for a tube like straw.
Coiled when stored, and unfurled to drink.
Two sections can be uncoupled if it’s clogged or needs to be cleaned.
Olfactory sensors on tip, taste nectar , pollen, dung, minerals, natal
plants, etc.
ANTENNAE: Always clubbed at the tip
Covered in hairs or olfactory pits (~130,000)
Radar for pheromones and nectar
Communicate physically
Used to taste or “dip” for soil chemistry
Also used to detect humidity for egg laying
Johnston’s Organ-at base of antennae, covered in nerve cells called
Scolopidia, which are sensitive to stretching and used to detect
orientation, position, gravity, wind speed, and direction.
LEGS:
3 pairs of legs.
On Nymphalidae (brush foots) front legs
are modified as brush like stumps that are
Chemoreceptors.
On forelegs of some there’s a flexible
spur for cleaning antennae.
Tibia of all legs have Subgenual Organ
to detect and amplify vibrations.
Middle leg especially covered in
olfactory sensors to taste landing
locations.
Females use legs to chemically analyze
plants as laying surfaces for eggs.
Many have spurs on legs to pierce
leaves..
ABDOMEN:
10 Segments
Segments held together by flexible
chitin
Holds digestive system, hearts, sex
organs
Breathe through Sphiracles or tiny holes
in sides of abdomen; through contraction
of body, wings, etc.
Reproductive organs are lock and key
system
Females have internal Ovipositor.
Spinneretts used for attachment of
cocoon and webs.
BODY:
Exoskeleton
Covered in hairs or olfactory
sensors
Olfactory sensors on legs,
antennae, thorax and abdomen.
Open Circulatory System
Hemolymph instead of bloodf
blood.
WINGS:
2 pairs
Membranes, are transparent but covered in scales
Scales vary in shape
3 types of scales:
.Pigmentary: colors from plants eaten (red, black, white, yellow)
.Structural: Diffraction or light bending (iridescent colors)
.Androconia: Male butterflies, on forewings, raised dark structures
with scent sacks of pheromones.
Colors used for mate detection, warn predators, camouflage.
Scales don’t re-grow
Rapid wing beats, up to 200 per second Wings used for body warming through vibration.
Black Swallowtail caterpillar and chrysalis
Zebra Swallowtail
E. Tiger Swallowtail Female Male
Spicebush Swallowtail
osmeterium
A. Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, B. Red Spotted Purple, C. Spicebush Swallowtail, D. Pipevine Swallowtail.
A. Zebra Swallowtail, B. Silver Spotted Skipper, C. Question Mark, D. Banded Hairstreak, E. Viceroy, F. Clouded Sulfur, G. American Lady