eGov and Standards

John Gøtze

Agenda

• eGovernment and standardisation in Denmark from an academic (outsiders) perspective

• Where does Denmark stand today?• The role of non-governmental actors in

standardisation issues? • Denmark and the international arena? • The big challenges and successes – technical,

semantical, organisational

About John

• Copenhagen Business School• IT University of Copenhagen• EA Fellows• Association of Enterprise Architects• Carnegie Mellon University• IBM Center Business of Government• Open ePolicy Group

http

://te

chno

logy

.gua

rdia

n.co

.uk/

onlin

e/in

side

it/st

ory/

0,,1

6946

24,0

0.ht

ml

Global Information Technology Report

1 Denmark 5.782 Sweden 5.723 Switzerland 5.534 US 5.495 Singapore 5.496 Finland 5.477 Netherlands 5.448 Iceland 5.449 Korea 5.4310 Norway 5.38

Global Information Technology Report

Variable Netherlands Denmark

Laws relating to ICT 5.39 6.01Government prioritization of ICT 5.13 6.01 Gov't procurement of tech 4.42 4.56Importance of ICT to government 4.31 5.51 E-government readiness index* 0.86 0.91Government success in ICT promotion 4.58 5.36 Availability of online services 5.15 6.13 ICT use and government efficiency 5.04 5.90 Presence of ICT in government offices 5.53 5.95E-participation index* 0.52 0.93

7

E-government portfolios

Source. Siau, K. and Y. Long (2005). "Synthesizing e-government stage models – a meta-synthesis based on meta-ethnography approach." Industrial Management & Data Systems 105(4): 443-58

Ext

erna

lIn

tern

al

Individual

Government to Citizens (G2C)

Government to Employee (G2E)

Government to Business (G2B)

Government to Government (G2G)

Organization

8

Layne & Lee model

Layne, K. and J. Lee (2001). "Developing Fully Functional E-government: A Four Stage Model." Government Information Quarterly 18: 122-136.

9

Siau-Long model

Source. Siau, K. and Y. Long (2005). "Synthesizing e-government stage models – a meta-synthesis based on meta-ethnography approach." Industrial Management & Data Systems 105(4): 443-58

10

Levels of Organisational Transformation

Seeking Efficienc

y

Enhancing Capacity

Source. Dr. Cletus K. Bertin ‘E-Government & Sectoral Development in Caribbean States: Charting an Agenda for Action’ Commonwealth Network of Information Technology for Development (COMNET-IT) Workshop February 10th -12th, 2004 Castries, Saint Lucia

The PPR Maturity Model

Source. Andersen & Henriksen (2006), Andersen (2004)

Public Sector Process Rebuilding Using Information Systems (PPR)

12

BPR vs PPRPrinciple of

Reorganization the Processes

BPRAnalytical-rationala

PPRPolitical Gamea

Productivity Non-problematic Stable implementation conditions High degree of standardization Large number of transactions with a well defined

target group

Problematic Productivity itself is controversial No stable implementation conditions Flexible procedures

Clean slate More or less possible Program is completed No discussion about goals

Impossible Controversially about goals and means

Strong mgnt Possible Top-down Pyramid

Problematic Bottom-up Arena

Process orientation

Rather easy Stable processes

Very difficult Flexible processes

Enabling IS IS enabling Standardized information and transaction needs

Problematic role of IS Changing information and transaction need

Creativity Possible Obstruction by organizational and legal

procedures

Problematic Controversially stimulates creativity

Kim Viborg Andersen (2008) Lecture slides

Technical and business Trends

Changes Gap analysis

Principles and governance

BusinessTechnologyStrategy

NITA (2004) Handbook on Architecture for eGovernment

WWW: ea.oio.dk

Forretning

Principper & Styring

Foran-dring

Strategi Teknik

Gap

analyse

Forretning

Principper & Styring

Foran-dring

Strategi Teknik

Gap

analyse

Forretning

Principper & Styring

Foran-dring

Strategi Teknik

Gap

analyse

Forretning

Principper & Styring

Foran-dring

Strategi Teknik

Gap

analyse

Tekniske og Forretningsmæssige Trends

Organisation A Organisation n Organisation Z

Tværgående samarbejde

… …

Forretning

Principper & Styring

Foran -dring

Strategi Teknik

Gapanalyse

Forretning

Principper & Styring

Foran -dring

Strategi Teknik

Gapanalyse

Organisation Z

Cross-gov collaboration

InformationsModel

ProcesModel

Standards & Schemas

Informationsmodel Procesmodel

Standards & Schemas

A B C D

Std + schema

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

Std + schema

Std + schema

…

  Organizational Interoperability

Semantic Interoperability

Technical Interoperability

International / national level

Streamlining horizontal layered business processes that are common (maybe even consistent) across all public institutions

General agreement upon data definitions across all of government via a common global information model  

Agreement on technical standards used and sharing of common services and high-level infrastructure components

 Sector level

Coordinate the business processes that span entire sectors (with consideration to national principles)

A sector specific information model including common metadata (with consideration to national principles)

Sector specific technical standards and common services and infrastructure components (with consideration to national principles)

 Institutional level

Internal streamlining of business processes (with consideration to national and sector principles)

Institutional specific information models (with consideration to national and sector principles)

Agreement upon standards for the institution (with consideration to national and sector principles)

Kristian Hjort-Madsen and John Gøtze (2004) Enterprise Architecture in Government - Towards a Multi-Level Framework for Managing IT in Government. Proceedings of European Conference on e-Government, Dublin, Irland.

Interoperability at many levels

Interoperability

InteroperabilityFramework

EAEuropeanInteroperability

Framework

Established as The Reference Profilein December 2003

OIO Catalogue since2005

EIF 2.0

• Political Context• Legal Interoperability• Organisational Interoperability• Semantic Interoperability• Technical Interoperability

• Interoperability Chain

(2005)

Roadmap for Open ICT Ecosystems (2005)

• Defines “the what”, “the why” and “the how” of moving to open standards

• What is an open standard?• Why does it make sense to adopt open standards?• How does a country go about making the move?

– http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/epolicy/

Openization!

Open Standards

Open StandardsDevelopment

Open Standards-Based Procurement

Open Standards Policies

InteroperabilityFramework

What is an Open Standard?

Approved through due process by rough consensus among participants

Available royalty free or at minimal cost, with other restrictions (such as field of use and defensive suspension) offered on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms

Openly published (including availability of specifications and supporting material)

Platform independent, vendor neutral and usable for multiple implementations

Evolved and managed in a transparent process open to all interested parties

Not controlled by any single person or entity with any vested interests

Open

Standards

Are:

June 2, 2006: Comply or Explain

Parliament imposes on the government a duty to ensure that the public sector’s use of IT, including use of software, is based on open standards.

The Government should adopt and maintain a set of open standards by 1 January 2008, or as soon as technically possible, which can serve as an inspiration for the rest of the public sector. Open standards should be part of public IT and software procurement with the object of promoting competition.

The Government should ensure that all digital information and data that the public sector exchanges with citizens, companies and institutions, are available in open standards based formats.

Parliamentary Resolution on Open Standards (B103)

Document standards

Although Denmark is known for leading the way in true, large-scale openization, a full-blown effort towards these ends is highly unlikely. The likely development will be a pragmatic government policy which is more or less aligned with Microsoft’s own on-going attempts at openizing themselves. On the other hand, there is a good and solid business case in ODF and the Ministry of Finance is out looking for good business cases, so anything can happen.

John Gøtze (2006) A Brief History of Open Standards in Denmark. Upgrade Vol. VII, issue no. 6. CEPIS and Novática.

Mandatory open standards, September 2007

• Standards for data exchange between public authorities (OIOXML)

• Standards for electronic case and document management (FESD)

• Standards for electronic purchasing in the public sector (OIOUBL)

• Standards for digital signatures (OCES)• Standards for public websites/homepages and

accessibility• Standards for IT security (DS484 – State only)• Standards for document exchange (ODF/OOXML)

Impact of B103

• A lot of communication– Parliament– Government– Vendors– Society, grass-roots, interest groups– Media– Academia

• Little real consequences– 'Open standards' watered down– No-one to explain to (comply or explain)

Cat flap or barn door?

Impact of architectural initiatives

• Many SOA initiatives– Some successful

• World-class next generation eGov work– Service Oriented Infrastructure– eCommerce

• Some failed projects– Several OIO-related– Implementation issues– Standards (im)maturity

Standards for SOA?

WS-

Business Process ExecutionSecurityReliable MessagingTrustFederationAddressingDiscoveryMetadata ExchangeDistributed ManagementEventing...

WS - *

Inspired by David Heinemeier Hansson

Standard WarsOpenDocumentJavaRESTAtomWS-ReliabilitySAMLUDDIWS-BPELWS-Notification

Office Open XML.NetSOAPRSSWS-ReliableMessagingWS-FederationWS-DiscoveryBPEL4WSWS-Eventing

DK Gov: Active adaption

• OIO UBL• DK-SAML 2.0• OIO Web SSO Profile• OIO SOAP• OIO UDDI• OIO WSDL• OIO NDR• OIO RASP• OIO ...

REST a la OIO: OIOREST.dk

Københavns kommune: http://oiorest.dk/danmark/kommuner/101

The Queen's Palace: http://oiorest.dk/danmark/adresser/Amalienborg Slotsplads,2,1257

Region Hovedstaden: http://oiorest.dk/danmark/regioner/1085

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<adresse xmlns="http://itst.dk/schemas/danmarkservice">

<id>30564</id>

<vej ref="http://oiorest.dk/danmark/kommuner/101/veje/132">

<nr>132</nr>

<navn>Amalienborg Slotsplads</navn>

</vej>

<husnr>2</husnr>

<postdistrikt ref="http://oiorest.dk/danmark/postdistrikter/1257">... </postdistrikt>

<sogn ref="http://oiorest.dk/danmark/sogne/7037">... </sogn>

<kommune ref="http://oiorest.dk/danmark/kommuner/101"> ... </kommune>

...

<etrs89koor>

<east>725868.932</east>

<north>6176694.058</north>

</etrs89koor>

<wgs84koor>

<latitude>55.6833786825083</latitude>

<longitude>12.5931073557449</longitude>

</wgs84koor>

</adresse>

Principles for Open Government

1. Complete2. Primary3. Timely4. Accessible5. Machine processable6. Non-discriminatory7. Non-proprietary8. License-free

» http://www.opengovdata.org/

”Standardization”

• What is an Open Standard today?– After the Doc Format War: Healing?

• Use of standards, or standardization of use?– Mandatory applications, infrastructures– Mandatory call-off contracts

Missing Standards in DK Gov

• IT Governance – ISO 38500• Enterprise Architecture

Conclusions

• Where does Denmark stand today?– Facing serious challenges– Doc format war was a game changer

• The role of non-governmental actors in standardisation issues? – Commercial/vendor lobbyism a fact– ”Angry masses”

• Denmark and the international arena?– Strategic participation with active adaption and sharing– Ignorance otherwise

• The big challenges – Some technical, more semantic, many organisational

Contact

John Gøtzejohn@gotzespace.dk

+45 5124 5878

www.eafellows.comgotze.eu

coherencymanagement.orgenterprisearchitecture.dk

aeaassociation.org