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eGovernment research & implementation
sketches of the breadth and depth of a growing multidisciplinary field
Network of Informatics Research in Governmental Business
Maria A. WimmerUniversity of Koblenz-Landau
Institute for IS Research, Research Group eGovernment
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 2
Overview
• eGovernment – a broad field of research and application
• Holistic approach to eGovernment developments
• Challenges of enriching simple standard eGovernment solutions– Ontologies for eGovernment– Interoperability
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 3
Policy making
Three main functions of the public sector
Policy implementationSupportive collection of
information and statistical data
a variety of activities and application fields for ICT
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 4
eGovernment: many fields of research and application• eGovernment in a narrow
sense (eAdministration)– Public services in the
sense of policy implementation
– Public sector internal ICT-diffusion and usage
– eAssistance• eDemocracy
– Democracy services in the sense of policy making
– eParticipation – eCouncil / virtual townhall– Five application areas
• eConsultations, ePetitions, eVoting, Web castings, Information
• eGovernance / ePolicy– Management of State
and Administration• eLaws
– Legislative process• eJustice
– Implementing/applying the laws
– Jurisdiction• eHealth
– Medical care• eEducation
– Schools– Distance learning
• …
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 5
Multidisciplinary eGovernment research - Concepts and methods
- Basic infrastructure
From sectoral investigations to the overall discipline …
eDemocracy / eParticipation
eAdministration eHealth
eConsultation
eVoting
eServices
eAssistance
eHealth-insurance
el. medical care
eCouncil
eProcurem
ent
eProcedures
eJustice
eJurisdiction
eLaw
s
eY..
eX…
Sectoral approaches & solutions
Different domains of eGov research & implementation
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 6
Overview
• eGovernment – a broad field of research and application
• Holistic approach to eGovernment developments
• Challenges of enriching simple standard eGovernment solutions– Ontologies for eGovernment– Interoperability
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 7
Overall aim: supporting a smooth transformation from traditional to innovative, smart governments
Tec
hn
olo
gia
l ch
ang
e"Organisation
follows technology"
Organisational change
"Technology follows
Organisation"
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 8
Factors impacting and forming eGovernment …
Society / democracy /public value
expectations / environment & cultureICT
innovations, new emerging technologies
Public sector responsibilities and duties /
policy making & policy implementation
Economics, efficiency and effectiveness /
good governance
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 9
Multidisciplinarity and integration role of eGovernment as a research discipline
Computer
sciences
Social and
human sciences
Organisational and
economic sciences
Information and knowledge research
sciences
Political and legal sciences
eGovernment as a research
discipline
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 10
Holistic reference framework – an attempt to structure eGovernment for eService delivery…
Org
anis
atio
n
Dat
a,in
fo,k
now
ledg
eIC
TU
sers
Sec
urity
, tru
stL
egal
gro
unds
Soc
iety
, mar
ket
Pro
cess
es
Views
Contact, n
egotia
tions
and co
ntract
Service
perform
ance,
paymen
t, deli
very
Afterca
re
Informati
on and
inten
tion build
ing
Progress of process
Information technology
Interaction
Processes, workflow
Strategic decisions
Abstraction layers
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 11
Overview
• eGovernment – a broad field of research and application
• Holistic approach to eGovernment developments
• Challenges of enriching simple standard eGovernment solutions– Ontologies for eGovernment– Interoperability
… what we urgently need:
a common understanding of the field and how its aspects and projects relate to each other.
Ontologies as the underlying concept of structuring parts of a knowledge map
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 13
Ontologies … examples from eGovernment service provision (1/3)• Building ontologies for the life-event concept /
business situations structure
Moving home
Change of address....
....Update citizen registry database
Marriage
Marriage atRegistry hall....
....Certificateof marriage
Lif
e-ev
ent
onto
logy
Life event
Publicservice
Product
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 14
Ontologies … examples from eGovernment service provision (2/3)• Linking single ontologies via relations of any
kind (e.g. temporal, causal, conditional, hierarchical, etc.)
Moving home
Change of address....
....Update citizen registry database
Marriage
Marriage atRegistry hall....
....Certificateof marriage
Lif
e-ev
ent
onto
logy
Life event
Publicservice
Product
Conditional relations
In the case of moving home when marrying, automatic and proactive service provision can be offered
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 15
Ontologies … examples from eGovernment service provision (3/3)• Distinct sub-ontologies linking to the same
objects
Top
ics
onto
logy
Topic
Public service
Produkt
Sub-Topic
Documents
Valid passport
Passport
Update passport data....
....
....
Conditional relations In the case of changing the name when
marrying and person is in possession of official documents/certificates
Marriage
Marriage atRegistry hall....
....Certificateof marriage
Lif
e-ev
ent
onto
logy
Life event
Publicservice
Product
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 16
What ontology concepts can serve for: integrating scientific concepts and implementation projects …
Str
uct
uri
ng
co
nce
pt
Pra
ctic
al
imp
lem
en
tati
on
• eGovernment ontology and knowledge map– Common understanding and shared definition of
knowledge objects of the domain– Shared understanding of concepts and methods
• Processes, services, projects, public sector information and knowledge – Intelligent service provision across organisations– Interoperability among systems and services– eGovernment projects linked up with one another
… yet the ontology development is just a starting point and a basis for enhanced knowledge maps :
Intelligent services can be offered with the help of semantically enriched knowledge nets and with machine computable inference rules ...
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 18
Semantic modelling as a basis to create comprehensive knowledge nets• Knowledge maps
– Serve to visualise knowledge in a way human beings think and in this way support human thinking
– Serve to structure and store knowledge– Serve to demonstrate interrelations among
knowledge objects– Base on semantic modelling concepts and
allow simple and affordable navigation
• Advanced knowledge nets allow automatic machine computation
… another challenge:
Solutions for interoperability among systems, services, (human) agents and organisations.
the semantic web as a means to reach semantic, technical and organisational interoperation …
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 20
Interoperability in eGovernment currently of highest interest
EU defines interoperability as „the means by which the inter-linking of
systems, information and ways of working, whether within or between administrations, nationally or across Europe, or with the enterprise sector, occurs”[http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/egovernment_research/doc/interoperability.pdf]
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 21
Many initiatives on interoperability …
• EU/international standardisation initiatives– EIF & IDABC, MODINIS framework, ISO standards on Records
Mgmt, UN/CEFACT, OECD, LegalXML, etc.
• National standardisation initiatives– E.g. SAGA & DOMEA & XÖV & XArchiv (DE), ELAK & EDIAKT
(AT), OIO (DK), FAST & ADELE (FR), MoReq & e-GIF (UK), etc.
• EU-projects on interoperability– Athena, Terregov, Guide, Qualeg, eMayor, BRITE, R4EGov,
etc.
Interoperability can, however, only be reached, if the activities are being coordinated among each other ….
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 22
Integration vs. Interoperation
• Integration: forming of a (temporary or
permanent) larger unit of government entities for
the purpose of merging processes and/or sharing
information
• Interoperation: information systems controlled
by different jurisdictions/administrations or by
external partners smoothly and effectively work
together in a predefined and agreed upon
fashion[R. Klischewski & J. Scholl, HICSS 2006]
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 23
Interoperability & Standards
• Interoperability: basic principle of any eGovernment service or system to interact among each other without developing a single integrated solution
• Standards: prerequisite and key methodology to realise interoperability
– Based on international standards (XML, Web Services, SOAP, XPDL, DAML+OIL, OWL, etc.)
– Independent of platforms
– Coordinated development of organisational and technical specs
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 24
S1
= I
ntak
e st
ruct
ure
| S2
=
reco
rds
stru
ctur
e | S
3 de
liver
y st
ruct
ure
| S4
notif
icat
ion
of d
eliv
ery
| S5
paym
ent
stru
ctur
e
Scenario of interoperable eAdministration – applications & interfaces
Authority back-office
Forms
ServerS1
Application from other systems or
portalsDocument and Workflow Mgmt System
Legacy syst.
Online Intake/ authority‘s portal / Intermediary of a
local authority
S1
Foreign workflow system
S1
S1
Online delivery
S3
S3
S2
Arc
hivi
ng s
yste
m
S2
S2
ePayment
S5
S5S4
S4
S4
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 25Seamless eGovernment
Methodological concept for interoperability
Organisation
Process
Content
Data
Components
Protocols
eIn
form
atio
n
eId
en
tific
atio
n
eF
orm
s
eS
ign
atu
re
eP
aym
ent
eIn
voka
tion
eW
orkf
low
Do
ma
in a
pp.
Da
tab
ase
s
eN
otic
e
eD
eliv
ery
eA
rch
ivin
g
LocalNational
International
In
tero
pera
bili
ty
Tec
hn./S
eman
t./O
rgan
is.
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 26
Seamless eGovernment
Organisation
Process
Content
Data
Components
Protocols
eIn
form
atio
n
eId
ent
ifica
tion
eF
orm
s
eS
ign
atu
re
eP
aym
ent
eIn
voka
tion
eW
orkf
low
Do
mai
n a
pp
.
Da
taba
ses
eN
otic
e
eD
eliv
ery
eA
rch
ivin
g
Inte
rope
rabi
lity
Tec
hn./S
eman
t./O
rgan
is.
LocalNational
International
Can the semantic web be a means to realize fully interoperable seamless eGovernment solutions ???
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 27
eGovernment research and implementation- Concepts and methods
- Basic infrastructure
eDemocracy / eParticipation
eAdministration eHealth
eConsultation
eVoting
eServices
eAssistance
Health
insurance
Medicalcare
eCouncil
eProcurem
ent
eProcedures
eJustice
eJurisdiction
eLaw
s
eY..
eX…
Sectoral approaches & solutions
Different domains of eGov research & implementation
Can the semantic web be a means to link eGovernment research and sectoral implementations ???
SWEG 2006, (c) Maria A. Wimmer 28
What is further needed …
• Exchange of knowledge and lessons on semantic web used in eGovernment contexts– Efforts to develop semantically enriched
knowledge resources are very high– eGovernment solutions are still built with
traditional technology, even if their limits are known ...
• Learning cycles and widespread research for “creating an eGovernment semantic web”
Let‘s exchange and widen the scientific dialogue on SWEG concepts and solutions ...
[email protected]://www.uni-koblenz.de/FB4/Institutes/IWVI/
http://www.egov-network.org/
Network of Informatics Research in Governmental Business
Thank you for your attention !