Ele3103 English for Language Teachers2

8/2/2019 Ele3103 English for Language Teachers2

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INTRODUCTION

Malaysians are easily identified due to the

fact that theychange their speaking

styles in accordance with the person being

spoken to. They may adopt a completely

different slang and accent when speakingto someone of a different race, or of a

similar race. This is not, however, a form of

discrimination it is considered casual and

endearing.

Source:http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/
http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/


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DEFINITION OF

MULTICULTURAL

SOCIETY
http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/


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Definition

Oxford 13th

Edition :Multiracial

made up of or relating to people of many races

e.g.: Peranakan, Chindian, Chitty
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Definition

Merriam-WebsterEthnic

of or relating to large groups of people classed according

to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or

cultural origin or background e.g.: Malay, Chinese, Indian, etc.
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Definition

Merriam-WebsterDialect

a regional variety of language distinguished by features of

vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other

regional varieties and constituting together with them asingle language

e.g.: Kelantanese dialect, Penang dialect
http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/


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Multiracial

Multiracial Groups in Malaysia

Malaysia's multi-racial society contains

many ethnic groups.

Malays - majority of just over 50%. Chinese 25%, historically played an

important role in trade and business.

Indian 7%

Non-Malay indigenous groups combine tomake up approximately 11%.
http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/


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Source : Department Of Statistic and Economic Planning Unit

(2010).

2005 2010

Total population 26.75 28.96

Citizens 24.36 26.79

Bumiputera 16.06 17.95

Chinese 6.15 6.52

Indian 1.83 1.97Others 0.32 0.35

Non-citizens 2.39 2.17

Source:http://www.malaxi.com/population_size_age_structure2001_2010.html
http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-rojak-language/http://www.malaxi.com/population_size_age_structure2001_2010.htmlhttp://www.malaxi.com/population_size_age_structure2001_2010.html


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HISTORY AND MASTERY

OF ENGLISH LEVEL IN

MALAYSIA

During British Colonial Era

( 1786 1957 )


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Historical Background of

English in Malaysia

English in the colonial and postcolonial era wasa necessity for Malaysians of various races torise up the socioeconomic ladder. Hence, theobjective of learning it was instrumental innature. However, although this objective was

later complemented by one that was integrativein nature, this role as was only to a select few,viz, as lingua franca among the people ofvarious races who were English schooleducated.

(pg. 63, The Linguistic Scenery in Malaysia,Asmah Haji Omar (1992), Dewan Bahasa danPustaka)


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English in Malaysia

In 19th century, British Empire expanded its

mission of searching for gold, glory and

propagating of gospel to Southeast Asia.

First landed in Penang, headed by Sir

Francis Light.

In the beginning, communicated using sign

language and English.


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English in Malaysia

Expansion of trading, especially in town

areas influenced the level of use of English

among the people.

Although Malay was the lingua franca

during the 16th century, presence of British

power in Malacca changed it to English.


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English in Malaysia

Increase in educational facilities during

British colonization period in Malaysia

helped the spread of English.

By 1950s, many types of schools opened

for local people comprising of Malay,

Chinese and Indian communities.


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English in Malaysia

Divide and rule policy British empire

formed vernacular schools to improve

educational aspect of the people.

British introduced English medium schools

(high schools and convents), with English

as language medium, and reference books

imported from United Kingdom.


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English in Malaysia

Only those who reached a certain level of

education or graduated from the English

medium schools were highly regarded in

the society and were also given the chance

to hold important civil service posts ingovernment.

However, the number of Malays students

enrolling in English schools was very small,

where most of them were children of royalfamilies, businessmen and aristocrats.


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English in Malaysia

The government has, since a long time

ago, declared English as the second most

important language in Malaysia after Malay

language.

Source : English Language and the Language of

Development : A Malaysian Perspective by

Mohd. Faisal B. Hanapiah

(http://www.fppsm.utm.my/download/doc_download/103-english-language-and-the-language-

of-development-a-malaysian-perspective.html)


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HISTORY AND

MASTERY OF ENGLISH

LEVEL IN MALAYSIA

After British Colonial Rule

(1957 Now)


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Malay became Malaysia's sole nationallanguage in 1967 and has beeninstitutionalized with success in manyareas.

The Austronesia language has an

illustrious history as a lingua francathroughout the region, though English isalso widely spoken because it was theadministrative language of the Britishcolonizers.

Rapid industrialization has sustained theimportance of English and solidified it asthe language of business.


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In the first half of the 20th century,Malaysian English was exactly similar toBritish English.

However in the post-colonial era the influx

of American TV programmes hasinfluenced the usage of Malaysian English.

There is no official language board, councilor organisation to ensure the correct andstandard usage of Malaysian English,

because afterindependence, Malay replaced English asthe official language.


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The University of Cambridge Local

Examinations Syndicate continues,

however, to set and mark the GCE O-

Level English Language "1119" paper

which is a compulsory subject forthe Malaysian Certificate of Education.

Unofficially, however, NST English (named

after the New Straits Times, the oldest

English language daily in Malaysia) is oftenused as the reference point for Malaysian

English.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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English is widely use in business,along with Manglish.

Manglish is a language form of

English with heavy Malay,Chinese dialect and Tamilinfluences.

Sometimes known as Rojakor

Bahasa Rojak. Tempat makan nibestsangat!- This

food court is really cool!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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Since 1968, Malay language (Bahasa Melayu) has beenthe country's sole official language while English is widely

used, many Malay words have become part of common

usage in informal English or Manglish.

An example is suffixing sentences with lah, as in,It is alright-lah.

The vocabulary of Manglish consists of words originating

from English, Malay, Hokkien, Mandarin, Cantonese,

Tamil, and other European languages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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COMMON MISTAKES IN

MALAYSIAN ENGLISH

MULTICUTURAL SOCIETY

AFFECTS ENGLISH

LANGUAGE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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DIRECT TRANSLATION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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Direct Translation

Based on Gabriela Bosco in her article,

Translation Techniques (on the website

Interpro Translation Solutions), direct

translation techniques are used when

structural and conceptual elements of thesource language can be transposed into

the target language.

Direct translation techniques include:

Borrowing

Literal Translation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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Direct Translation

Borrowing

Borrowing is the taking of words directlyfrom one language into another withouttranslation

According to Husni Abu Bakar (2009), inManglish, there is a growingcompendium of words imported fromvarious sources, namely English,Cantonese, Hokkien, Tamil, Telugu and

a few other languages, which have yetto be included in the official dictionary.

For example, durian, nasi lemak
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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Direct Translation

Literal translation

A word-for-word translation can be used

in some languages and not others

dependent on the sentence structure

For example:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_English


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Direct Translation

Translation to English

Mike.... I WANT TO CUT CONNECTION US. I have think about this very cook-cook. I

know I clap one hand only. Correctly, I have seen you and she walk-walk together

at town with eyes myself. You grab hand she. You always ask for apology back-

back. I don't trust you again! You are really crocodile land. My friend speak you

play wood three. First-first I think my friend lie me. But now I know you correct-

correct play wood three. So, I break connection to pull my body from this love

triangle. I know this result I pick is very correct, because you love she very high

from me. So, I cut this connection to go far from here. I don't want you to play-play

with my liver. I have been crying until no more eye water thinking about you. I

don't want banana to fruit two times. Safe walk..

Source: http://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.html
http://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.html


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Direct Translation

Original Malay Version

Mike..... SAYA NAK PUTUSKAN HUBUNGAN KITA. Saya dah fikir tentang benda ni dengan

masak-masak. Saya tahu saya bertepuk sebelah tangan sahaja. Sebenarnya, saya

ternampak awak dengan dia jalan bersama-sama di bandar dengan mata saya sendiri. Awak

pegang tangan dia. Awak balik-balik asyik minta maaf. Saya tak percayakan awak lagi! Awak

memang buaya darat. Kawan saya cakap kamu main kayu tiga. Mula-mula saya fikir kawan

saya tipu saya. Tapi sekarang saya tahu kamu betul-betul main kayu tiga. Jadi, saya

putuskan hubungan untuk tarik diri daripada cinta tiga segi ini. Saya tahu keputusan yang

saya pilih ini sangat tepat, sebab awak sayangkan dia lebih dari saya. Jadi, saya putuskanhubungan untuk pergi jauh dari sini. Saya tak mahu awak main-main dengan hati saya. Saya

sudah menangis sampai tak ada lagi air mata teringatkan kamu. Saya tak nak pisang

berbuah dua kali. Selamat jalan...

(Self-translation)
http://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.html


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USAGE OF INAPPROPRIATE

PARTICLE/SUFFIXES

Basically inherited from mother tongue.

An example is suffixing sentences with lah,

as in,

"Don't be so worried-lah"

WORD MEANING EXAMPLE
http://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.html


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lah Used to affirm a statement(similar to of course).Frequently used at the end of

sentences and usually ends withan exclamation mark (!).

Dont be an idiot lah!

nia/mia Used to affirm a sentence(similar to only). It is similar tomah and lah but used in a

casual context.

i got RM5 nia , he isvery stupid mia

mah Used to affirm a sentence butnot as strongly as lah. Used atthe end of sentences.

Shes like that mah..
http://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.html


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nah Derived from the Malayexpression of Nah!. Used whengiving something to another

person.

Nah, take this!

meh Used when asking questions,especially when a person isskeptical of something.

Really meh?Cannot meh?

liao Means already No more stock liao.
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ah Derived from the Chineseexpression a. Used at the endof sentences, unlikemeh the

question is rhetorical. Also usedwhen asking a genuine question.Besides that, some people use itwhen referring to a subjectbefore making a (usuallynegative) comment.

Why is he like that ah?Isthat true ah?Mybrotherah, always disturb

me!

lor Used when explainingsomething.

Like that lor!

dy Derived from the word already.Often used in online chatroom bythe youth in Malaysia.

I eat dy loh
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leh Used to soften an order, thusmaking it less harsh

Give me that leh.

one Used as an emphasis at the endof a sentence.

Why is he sonaughty one (ah)?

what Unlike British/American English,

the word what is often used asan exclamation mark, not just toask a question.

What! How could you do

that?I didnt take it, what.
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got Used as a literal translation fromthe Malay word ada. Thearrangement of words is often

also literally translated. Thisparticular particle is widelyabused in Manglish, mainlybecause of the difficulty for theManglish speaker ofcomprehending the various

correct uses of the English verbto have. Therefore, got issubstituted for every tense of theverb.

You got anything to do?(Kamu ada apa-apa untukbuat?)I got already/got/will

got my car from thegarage. Got or not?(Really?) Where got? (Todeny something, as inMalay Mana ada? )
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CODE MIXING AND

CODE SWITCHING


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In linguistics, code-switching is the concurrent use of

more than one language, or language variety, in

conversation.

Multilingualspeople who speak more than one language

sometimes use elements of multiple languages in

conversing with each other.

Code-switching is distinct from other language

contact phenomena, such as borrowing and literal

translation.

On the other hand, speakers practice code-switching

when they are each fluent in both languages.
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Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage

of the terms code-switchingand code-mixingvaries.

Some scholars use either term to denote the same

practice, while others apply code-mixingto denote the

formal linguistic properties of said language-contact

phenomena, and code-switchingto denote the actual,

spoken usages by multilingual persons.
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CODE SWITCHING

In interactive social situations, code switchingwill be the use of more than one language.For example, the interaction during varioussocial events involving interlocutors who know

more than one language.

SOURCE:Communicative functions and reasons for code switching :

A Malaysian perspective.

PARAMASIVAM MUTHUSAMY PhD

Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 UPM Serdang, MALAYSIA.

[email protected]
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CODE SWITCHING

Code-switching is the phenomenon which

reflects the change from one code to another

code in the speech of a particular speaker in

a particular situation. Code here may mean

language, dialect or style.

Uriel Weinrich, Language in Contact: Findings and

Problems, Mouton & Co., 1964, p.48.
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CODE SWITCHING

Example 1:

Err all of you would have problems put yourproblems down because later, we want to solve it foryou. Dont forget because when hes talking, youre

having ideas, and, and, and, its good. Write it down,and after, in the correct forum, you bring the problemout, OK? Please hold it, so our Encik K ( Mr K) wontbe delayed.

Example 2:

Her question is under baki. For perubahan, there arecertain syarat for perubahan.
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CODE MIXING
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CODE MIXING

Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same

utterance or in the same oral/written text. It is a common phenomenon in

societies in which two or more languages are used.

One of the example of code-mixing in Malaysia is Manglish which means

Malaysian-English. (Also refers to as a second language by Linguists)
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Process of code-mixing

Based on the article by Pieter

Muysken:The study of code-

mixing,Blilingual Speech: A Topology of

Code Mixing.

There are three process involved in code-mixing

that are:

insertion of material

Alternation between structures from languagesCongruent lexicalization of material from different

lexical inventories into a shared grammatical

structures.
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CODE MIXING

Code-mixing is similar to the use or creation

of pidgins; but while a pidgin is created across

groups that do not share a common language,

code-mixing may occur within

a multilingual setting where speakers sharemore than one language.
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Example: Manglish (Malay-English)

For our understanding, the writer takes example of the use of codemixing in TIPU KIRI TIPU KANAN. Look at the example below:

(1)wellkalau gossip itu betul. its mean company will report me to thecourt dan saya masuk Penjara lalu saya akan jatuh miskin. For youinformation ,saya sudah menandatangani surat Perjanjian no marriageselama masih dalam kontrak

wellif the news is true, its mean company will report me to the court

and I taken into the Cell and I will be poor. For you information, I hassigned the contract letter that nothing Prohibited to marriage for incontract.

(2).

saya Sharif tapi call me Mr. fix

I am Sharif but call me Mr. fix

From the example above, we can see in data (1) and (2) mix threelanguages. There are Indonesian, Malay and English language. Both ofexamples mixed three languages in one sentences.
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WORD AND GRAMMAR
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WORD AND GRAMMAR

NOUN


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NOUN

"terrer" - (pronounced as the English

"terror") Refers to someone or something

being awesomely amazing or good (e.g.,

"Bloody hell, that guy is terrer!").

"mempersiasuikan" - disgraceful, derived

from hokkien "siasui" + malay.(e.g.

"Sungguh mempersiasuikan" or "Very

mempersiasuikan" which means verydisgraceful/humiliating/embarrassing)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish
http://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://lawaksempoi.blogspot.com/2009/02/i-want-to-cut-connection-us.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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ADJECTIVES

"blur" - confused, out-of-it. Roughly

equivalent to "spacey" in American slang.

"Noob" - useless, lousy or incompetent. It is

usable in every situation or noun, even for

non-living object. [E.g. Your car is so noob,

so slow wan.] It contrast with its original

slang term noob, which means novice or

newcomer, or somebody inexperienced inany profession or activity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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VERBS

"gostan" - reverse a vehicle, apparently

from the nautical term "go astern" (mostly

used in Kelantan, Kedah and Penang) or

"go stunt". Sometimes also expressed as

"gostan balik" (lit.,reverse back).

(any Malay word) + "ing" - doing a certain

action ("Tengah makan" or "I'm eating right

now" is shortened to "Makan-ing' and "He'sthe one cheating me!" equates to 'He's d

one dat tipu-ing me leh..' ")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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EXCLAMATION

"Alamak": exclamation of surprise or shock.

(E.g. "Alamak!" (Oh no!)). From the Malay

exclamation 'alamak

"Cehwah/Fuyoh/Fulamak/Aiseh" -

exclamation of amazement/wonder/marvel.

(E.g. Fuyoooh, his hair so jinjang!)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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GRAMMAR

"(Subject + predicate), is it?" - this is often

used as a question. "It" doesn't refer to the

subject, but rather to the entire preceding

clause ("Is it so?") This is comparable to

the French phrase "n'est-ce pas?" (literally"isn't it?") and the German usage of "...,

oder?" (literally "..., or?")

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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STRUCTURES

"There is"/"there are" and "has"/"have" areboth expressed using got, so thatsentences can be translated in either wayback into British / American English. This isequivalent to the Chinese yu (tohave):

Got question? Is there a question? /Do you have a question?

Where got!? lit. Where is there [this]?,

also more loosely, What are you talkingabout? or Where did you get that idea?;generic response to any accusation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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REFERENCES

Asmah Haji Omar . The Linguistic Scenery inMalaysia. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

Asmah Hj. O. (1982). Language and Society inMalaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa danPustaka.

Asmah Hj. O. (1992). The Linguistic Scenery inMalaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa danPustaka.

Mohd. Faisal B. Hanapiah. English Languageand the Language of Development : AMalaysian Perspective, Retrieved 21 January

2012 Stern H. H. (1983). Fundamental Concepts of

Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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REFERENCES

Strange Symphony. Manglish: A Rojak

Language.

http://blog.aizatto.com/2007/03/24/manglish-a-

rojak-language/ Retrieved 21 January 2012

Trudgill P. (1992). Introducing Lamguage andSociety. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.

Wilkins D. A. (1972). Linguistics in Language

Teaching. London: Edward Arnold.

Yule G. (2006). The Study of Language: Third

edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak,Retrieved 21 January 2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish,Retrieved 21 January 2012

http://www.interproinc.com/articles.asp?id=0303, Retrieved 21 January 2012

http://www.malaxi.com/population_size_age_structure2001_2010.html, Retrieved 21January 2012

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_switching, Retrieved 21 January 2012

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish_vocabulary, Retrieved 25 January 2012
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish


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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglish

Documents

Ele3103 English for Language Teachers2