Election of 1960Election of 1960• JFK – 1st Roman Catholic to become

President. Youngest President ever elected• He defeated the Republican Richard Nixon

in a very close election.• Deciding factor was a televised debate.

Nixon was not as charismatic as Kennedy.– Kennedy an eloquent speaker– Nixon was viewed as the frontrunner prior to

debate

• Helped to remove Martin Luther King from jail.

• JFK a big supporter of racial integration.

Alabama UniversityAlabama University• Governor of Alabama refused to let two

African American students attend the University of Alabama.– Governor George Wallace: a states rights

advocate

• Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood• Governor Wallace stood in front of the

door and blocked entry.• JFK ordered the Alabama National Guard

to attend scene– Ordered Governor Wallace to step aside

The Civil Rights Movement 1960-1965

• Civil Rights Act of 1964: piece of U.S. legislation that outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment.

• Segregation: separate but equal.– Leads to the stereotype that people who are

different are inferior.

• Southern Manifesto: document written in February-March 1956 by legislators in the United States Congress opposed to racial integration in public places– Counter to the landmark Supreme Court 1954

ruling Brown v. Board of Education

Brown vs. Board of Education

• Landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities.– The lawsuit called for the school district to

reverse its policy of racial segregation .– Passed unanimously– Decision overturned earlier rulings going

back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896----said that segregation was o.k. under the doctrine of "separate but equal"

De Facto vs. De Jure Segregation• De Facto Segregation: Discrimination

that was not segregation by law (de jure). – Blacks riding in the back of the bus – “Separate but equal" facilities

• De Jure Segregation: segregation that is imposed by law.– As a result of Brown vs. Board of Education,

de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution•Equal Protection Clause: "no state shall ...

deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".

Thurgood Marshall• Started as a trial lawyer.• Most famous case was Brown vs. Board of

Education– NAACP: National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People• Appointed Thurgood Marshall to be attorney for Brown.• Argued the case before the Supreme Court

• Would become first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States.

• On Supreme Court June 17, 1967- June 28, 1991• He was appointed by President Lyndon B.

Johnson and would be replaced with Clarence Thomas.

The Civil Rights Movement, 1960-63• Grounded in nonviolent civil disobedience.

• Way of life with great social-spiritual purpose.– A counterculture was emerging, complete

with its own songs, styles, leaders, etc.• Mass media broadcasted images of the

movement• Well dressed, polite, peaceful protesters were

shown being brutalized by disorganized, disheveled white mobs (or worse, by Southern police with fire hoses and attack dogs).

• Many, from all races, were drawn to the cause

An attempt to swim at a whites-only St. Augustine, Florida beach was greeting by police wielding batons.

Civil Rights Essential Civil Rights Essential QuestionsQuestions1.1. Explain the difference between segregation Explain the difference between segregation

and integration. Which policy did JFK and integration. Which policy did JFK support? Southern Democrats?support? Southern Democrats?

2.2. Explain the role of the NAACP in Explain the role of the NAACP in Brown vs. Brown vs. Board of EducationBoard of Education. .

3.3. What was the Southern Manifesto?What was the Southern Manifesto?4.4. What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? How What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? How

can segregation be viewed as a stereotype?can segregation be viewed as a stereotype?5.5. What is De Facto Segregation and De Jure What is De Facto Segregation and De Jure

Segregation? What role did Segregation? What role did Brown vs. Brown vs. Board of EducationBoard of Education play in regards to these play in regards to these key words.key words.

6.6. What is the “Equal Protection Clause?” What is the “Equal Protection Clause?” What did it way about segregation?What did it way about segregation?

The 1960 Greensboro Sit-in

•On February 2, 1960, 4 students from NC A&T College sat at the Greensboro Woolworth lunch counter to eat.

•Violation of a Jim Crow rule that blacks could only get take-out food.

•Sit-ins inspired many, outraged others.

The 1960 Greensboro Sit-in continued…..• Both Chafe and Farber flag the 1960

Greensboro sit-in as a powerful moment in the civil rights movement.– It ignited hundreds of sit-ins at segregated

stores throughout the South.– Sit-ins were a direct and immediate way

to fight racism.– Sit-ins revealed to young blacks that they

could act without waiting for permission from their elders.

– Sit-ins were controlled entirely by blacks. They were not dependent upon the government to take action.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee• SNCC would become a leading voice of youth

between 1960-1966 that would influence both black and white student protests. – Students are easy to organize and make

great protesters.• SNCC students goal was to end Jim Crow and

achieve integration by using organized nonviolent citizen protest.– In 1960, SNCC was idealistic that the

system was capable of reforming itself. – Most members at that time were reform

liberals.• 1960-66, SNCC became more radical.

Why did SNCC eventually become radical?• Realized how deeply

entrenched Southern racism was.– SNCC targeted the Deep

South where racism was most widespread.

• They were younger and frustrated with the slow pace of change.– There were relatively few

federal or state reforms between 1960 and 1963

– As students they were exposed to radical ideologies beyond King’s Christian ideals.

– The ideas of Malcolm X, a radical, would increase in popularity.

This sit-in occurred in Mississippi. Over time, SNCC members began to re-think their strategies and goals.

1961 - Freedom Rides• Basic idea: get a small multiracial group of

activists to ride on public buses into the Deep South to test federal court orders which desegregated interstate bus terminals. – Arranged a media bus to follow the integrated

buses to film what happened as the buses entered Jim Crow territory.

• Strategy: – Expose brutality of Southern racism to the mass

media. – Force JFK to be more aggressive against

racism.• Result: riders were brutalized by angry white

mobs, and it successfully increased world attention to the cause of American racism. – JFK was forced to take a more visible position

against racism, driving the federal gov’t toward a more active role.

Civil Rights Essential Civil Rights Essential Questions #2Questions #21.1. Explain the concept of Freedom Rides. Explain the concept of Freedom Rides.

What was often the end result of these What was often the end result of these Freedom Rides?Freedom Rides?

2.2. What does SNCC stand for? What were What does SNCC stand for? What were some of their goals? some of their goals?

3.3. Explain the events of the Greensboro Sit-Explain the events of the Greensboro Sit-in. Why is this event so significant?in. Why is this event so significant?

4.4. Explain specific reasons why the younger Explain specific reasons why the younger generation became frustrated with the generation became frustrated with the Civil Rights Movement.Civil Rights Movement.

5.5. Describe the role of young African Describe the role of young African Americans during the Civil Rights Americans during the Civil Rights Movement.Movement.

Civil Rights AssignmentCivil Rights Assignment1.1. Complete the following from Ch. 24Complete the following from Ch. 24

• Reviewing Key FactsReviewing Key Facts: pg.. 768 # 12, 13, 15: pg.. 768 # 12, 13, 15• Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking: pg. 769 # 18, 19: pg. 769 # 18, 19• Geography and HistoryGeography and History: pg. 769 # 21: pg. 769 # 21• Identify the FollowingIdentify the Following: racism, black power, : racism, black power,

Richard Daley, Stokely Carmichael, Malcolm X, Richard Daley, Stokely Carmichael, Malcolm X, Black Panthers, cultural assimilation, Freedom Black Panthers, cultural assimilation, Freedom Riders, filibuster, Jesse Jackson, EEOC, James Riders, filibuster, Jesse Jackson, EEOC, James Meredith, SNCC, CEEO, separate-but-equal, de Meredith, SNCC, CEEO, separate-but-equal, de facto segregation, sit-in, NAACP, Thurgood facto segregation, sit-in, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King Jr., SCLCMarshall, Martin Luther King Jr., SCLC

2.2. Create a Graphic Organizer that shows Create a Graphic Organizer that shows similarities and differences between similarities and differences between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Next, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Next, discuss which Civil Rights leader you most discuss which Civil Rights leader you most agree with (King or Malcolm X).agree with (King or Malcolm X).

1962 - James Meredith• Meredith, a black air force

veteran, tried to enroll at the all-white Univ. of Mississippi.

• The governor, Ross Barnett - segregationist, personally refused Meredith’s registration. (Recall Little Rock, 1957)

• JFK ordered 500 U.S. Marshals to accompany Meredith into the school, whereupon a huge white mob attacked the Marshals. – Two people died and 160

Marshals were injured.• JFK sent the army to restore

order.• Meredith was finally allowed to

register.

Meredith began a March Against Fear from Memphis to Jackson. He was shot by a sniper.

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr.• Most famous civil rights leader.• Was a Baptist Minister turned civil rights

activists• Helped found the Southern Christian

Leadership Conference in 1957– Prominent civil rights activist group– First President was MLK

• Led March on Washington in 1963 and delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.– Large political rally that focused on jobs and freedom

for African Americans.– March is widely credited as helping to pass the Civil

Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965)

Civil Rights Act of 1964• Outlawed all racial segregation• Focused on schools and public buildings• Women and other minorities were also

included• First civil rights bill that excluded whites.

• Discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread denial of voting rights for African Americans in the United States.

• Stated that the federal government had the right to investigate voting practices to ensure African Americans were given right to vote.

National Voting Rights Act National Voting Rights Act (1965)(1965)

1963 – Project C• King and the SCLC decided on Project C for the

Spring of ’63. (The “C” stands for confrontation).– Goal: make Birmingham, Alabama, the main

focus of the civil rights movement by defying Bull Connor and the Jim Crow laws on a large scale.

– As most black adults were arrested and in jail, King decided to allow school kids to participate in the protests, which was a controversial decision.

– Bull Connor unleashed attack dogs and fire hoses on the school kids, exposing the brutality of racism to the world once again.

• The spectacle made world news and helped galvanize the movement toward its peak, the March on Washington.

1964 – Freedom Summer in Mississippi• After 2 years of trying, SNCC had only registered 4000

new voters in Mississippi. They sought new tactics by 1963.– 1963, 80,000 Mississippi blacks participated in straw

vote. – Symbolic campaign’s success led to the ’64 Freedom

Summer program to register voters and form a true Freedom Party.

– 1964, SNCC brought 1000 Northern white students to help register voters---Multiracial group aimed to register new voters.

– 3 workers (Cheney, Goodman, and Schwerner) were missing and later found murdered, attracting great media attention.

• Successful voter drive led to the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), an integrated alternative to the racist (Dixiecrat) Democratic Party of Mississippi.

1964 – Civil Rights Act• LBJ successfully pushed through the 1964 CR Act,

the most significant civil rights law of the era. The Act was watered down to appeal to Republicans, but was still strong.– Outlawed discrimination in public places on the

basis of race, sex, religion, or nationality. – Gave Justice Department ability to enforce the

act.– Strengthened the push to desegregate schools.

• In effect, the 1964 Civil Rights Act finally ended Jim Crow.– 97% of Northern Democrats supported the Act.– 80% of Republicans supported the Act.– 11% of Southern Democrats supported the Act.

•Passage turned the Dixiecrats away from the Democratic Party.