Electromagnetic Field Testing - MRC GIGACOMP...Electromagnetic Field Testing RF safety Meeting the Requirements of the EU Directive 2103/35/EU 1 EMF Exposure in the EU 2 Directive

Electromagnetic FieldTesting

RF safety

Meeting the Requirements of

the EU Directive 2103/35/EU

1 EMF Exposure in the EU

2 Directive 2013/35/EU

3 EMF Standards

4 Sectors / Applications

5What is needed from an

EMF meter

Contents

Council Recommendation

1999/519/ECof 12 July 1999

General public

Occupational safety and health

Council Directive

89/391/EEC

(Framework Directive)

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU

...

EMF exposure in the EU

Directive 2013/35/EU

Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage

improvements in the safety and health of workers at work (also known as the Framework Directive)

Directive 2004/40/EC

Directive 2008/46/EC

April 2012 October 2013 July 2016

DIRECTIVE 2013/35/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June

2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the

risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the

meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004/40/EC

Worker's exposure to EMF in the EU



3 EMF Standards



EMF meter

• 20th individual Directive (within 89/391/EEC), lays down minimum requirements for the protection of workers from risks to their health and safety arising, or likely to arise, from exposure to electromagnetic fields during their work.

• This Directive covers all known direct biophysical effects and indirect effects caused by electromagnetic fields.

• The exposure limit values (ELVs) cover only scientifically well-established links between short-term direct biophysical effects and exposure to electromagnetic fields.

• This Directive does not cover suggested long-term effects.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU - scope

• Exposure Limit Values (ELVs): values established on the basis of biophysical and biological

considerations, in particular on the basis of scientifically well-established short-term and

acute direct effects.

● Health effects ELVs: those ELVs above which workers might be subject to adverse

health effects.

● Sensory effects ELVs: those ELVs above which workers might be subject to transient

disturbed sensory perceptions and minor changes in brain functions.

• Action Levels (ALs): operational levels established for the purpose of simplifying the

process of demonstrating the compliance with relevant ELVs or, where appropriate, to take

relevant protection or prevention measures specified in this Directive;

● for electric fields, ‘low ALs’ and ‘high ALs’ means levels which relate to the specific

protection or prevention measures specified in this Directive.

● for magnetic fields, ‘low ALs’ means levels which relate to the sensory effects ELVs and

‘high ALs’ to the health effects ELVs.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU - definitions

• ELVs and ALs are based on the recommendations of the ICNIRP.

• Where it is demonstrated that the relevant ALs are not exceeded, the

employer shall be deemed to be in compliance with the health effects ELVs

and sensory effects ELVs.

• Low ALs and sensory effects ELVs may be exceeded when justified and

under certain provisions, basically:

● health effects ELVs are not exceeded;

● the excessive spark discharges and contact currents are prevented;

● information on the situations has been given to workers;

● the sensory effects ELVs are exceeded only temporarily.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – ELVs and ALs

Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric fields from 1 Hz to 10MHz

Frequency range Electric field

strength Low ALs

(E)[Vm -1 ] (RMS)

Electric field strength

High ALs

(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)

ICNIRP

(V/m)

1 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,0 × 104 2,0 × 10 4 2,0 × 10 4

25 ≤ f < 50 Hz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 4 5,0 × 10 5 /f

50 Hz ≤ f < 1,64 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 6 /f 5,0 × 10 5 /f

1,64 ≤ f < 3 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 6,1 × 10 2 5,0 × 10 5 /f

3 kHz ≤ f ≤10 MHz 1,7 × 10 2 6,1 × 10 2 1,7 × 10 2

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0,1

1

10

100

Frequency (Hz)

E (k

V/m

)

E field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)

Low ALs

High ALs

ICNIRP Reference levels

Note B1-1 : f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).

Note B1-2 : The low ALs (E) and high ALs (E) are the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values of the electric field strength which are equal to the peak values divided by √2 for sinusoidal fields. In the case of non-sinusoidal fields, the exposure evaluation carried out in accordance with Article 4 shall be based on the weighted peak method (filtering in time domain), explained in the practical guides referred to in Article 14, but other scientifically proven and validated exposure evaluation procedures can be applied, provided that they lead to approximately equivalent and comparable results..

Note B1-3 : ALs represent maximum calculated or measured values at the workers' body position. This results in a conservative exposure assessment and automatic compliance with ELVs in all non-uniform exposure conditions. In order to simplify the assessment of compliance with ELVs, carried out in accordance with Article 4, in specific non-uniform conditions, criteria for the spatial averaging of measured fields based on established dosimetry will be laid down in the practical guides referred to in Article 14. In the case of a very localised source within a distance of a few centimetres from the body, the induced electric field shall be determined dosimetrically, case by case.


Table B2. ALs for exposure to magnetic fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz

Frequency range Magnetic flux density

Low ALs(B)[µT] (RMS)

Magnetic flux density

High ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)

ICNIRP

[µT]

1 ≤ f < 8 Hz 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2

8 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,5 × 10 4 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,5 × 10 4 /f

25 ≤ f < 300 Hz 1,0 × 10 3 3,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 3

300 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f

3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2

Same notes as previous slide.

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

Frequency (Hz)

B (

uT)

H field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)

Low ALs

High ALs



Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.

Frequency range Electric field strength

ALs(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)

Magnetic flux density

ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)

Power density

ALs(S) [Wm -2 ]

ICNIRP

(V/m)

100 kHz ≤ f < 1 MHz 6,1 × 10 2 2,0 × 10 6 /f - 6,1 × 10 2

1 ≤ f < 10 MHz 6,1 × 10 8 /f 2,0 × 10 6 /f - 6,1 × 10 8 /f

10 ≤ f < 400 MHz 61 0,2 - 61

400 MHz ≤ f < 2 GHz 3 × 10 -3 f ½ 1,0 × 10 -5 f 1/2 - 3 × 10 -3 f ½

2 ≤ f < 6 GHz 1,4 × 10 2 4,5 × 10 -1 - 137

6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz 1,4 × 10 2 4,5 × 10 -1 50 137

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

10

100

1000

Frequency (MHz)

E (V

/m)

E field 100 kHz to 300 GHz (ICNIRP = ALs)

ALs (E)



✔ The employer shall assess all risks for workers arising from electromagnetic fields at

the workplace and, if necessary, measure or calculate the levels of electromagnetic

fields to which workers are exposed.

✔ The employer shall identify and assess electromagnetic fields at the workplace.

✔ If compliance with the ELVs cannot be reliably determined on the basis of readily

accessible information, the assessment of the exposure shall be carried out on the basis

of measurements or calculations.

✔ The assessment, measurement and calculations shall be planned and carried out by competent services or persons at suitable intervals.

✔ the employer shall give particular attention to the following (amongst others):

• the frequency, the level, duration and type of exposure, including the distribution over the worker's body and over the volume of the workplace.

• multiple sources of exposure;

• simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – The employer

• Once the relevant ALs are exceeded and unless the assessment demonstrates that the relevant

ELVs are not exceeded and that safety risks can be excluded, the employer shall devise and

implement an action plan that shall include technical and/or organisational measures, taking into

account in particular:

➔ other working methods that entail less exposure to electromagnetic fields;

➔ the choice of equipment emitting less intense electromagnetic fields, taking account of the work to be

done;

➔ technical measures to reduce the emission of electromagnetic fields, including, where necessary, the use

of interlocks, shielding or similar health protection mechanisms;

➔ appropriate delimitation and access measures, such as signals, labels, floor markings, barriers, in

order to limit or control access;

➔ in case of exposure to electric fields, measures and procedures to manage spark discharges and contact

currents through technical means and through the training of workers;

➔ appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment, workplaces and workstation systems;

➔ the design and layout of workplaces and workstations;

➔ limitations of the duration and intensity of the exposure; and

➔ the availability of adequate personal protection equipment.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – The employer

• The employer shall ensure that workers who are likely to be exposed to risks from electromagnetic fields at work and/or their representatives receive any necessary information and training, in particular (amongst others):

➔ the values and concepts of the ELVs and ALs, the associated possible risks and the preventive measures taken;

➔ the possible indirect effects of exposure;

➔ the results of the assessment, measurement or calculations of the levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields how to detect adverse health effects of exposure and how to report them;

➔ the possibility of transient symptoms and sensations related to effects in the central or peripheral nervous system;

➔ safe working practices to minimise risks resulting from exposure;

• With the objective of the prevention and the early diagnosis of any adverse health effects, appropriate health surveillance shall be carried out. Health records and their availability shall be provided for in accordance with national law and/or practice.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – The workers

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Exposure may exceed the ELVs if the exposure is related to the installation, testing, use,

development, maintenance of or research related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

equipment for patients in the health sector, provided some conditions are met

• Military Activities

Member States may allow for an equivalent or more specific protection system to be

implemented for personnel working in operational military installations or involved in

military activities, including in joint international military exercises, provided that adverse

health effects and safety risks are prevented;

• Specific sectors or activities

Member States may allow, in duly justified circumstances and only for as long as they remain

duly justified, for the ELVs to be temporarily exceeded in specific sectors or for specific

activities.

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Derogations

• Practical guide

The Commission shall make available non-binding practical guides at the latest six months before 1 July 2016

• Transposition

Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 July 2016

EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Final provisions



3 EMF Standards



EMF meter

Applications Standard Frequency range Probe

Dielectric heating EN 50519 High frequency broadband

Induction heating EN 50519 Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /

broadband

Welding EN 50444

EN 50445

EN 50505

Low frequency Spectrum analysis

Detection of articles and

people

EN 50364

EN 62369-1

EN 50357

Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /

broadband

Electricity production and

distribution

EN 62110 Low frequency Spectrum analysis

Transport and traction

systems

EN 50500 Low frequency Spectrum analysis

Transmitters and Telecom

Base Stations

IEC 62232

EN 50400

EN 50401

EN 50492

High frequency broadband

Radio / TV base stations EN 50496

EN 50554

Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /

broadband

Medical applications IEC 60601 Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /

broadband

Household appliances IEC 62233 Low frequency Spectrum analysis

EMF Standards



3 EMF Standards



EMF meter

Electro Medical

Research /

Labs

Power production

and distribution

Aeronautical

Transport and

traction systems

Workplace safety

Telecom

Industry

Where?

Everywhere!

EN 50499 Procedure for the assessment of the exposure of workers to

electromagnetic fields

EN 50413 Basic standard on measurement and calculation procedures for

human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields

(0 Hz - 300 GHz)

IEC 61786-1 Measurement of DC magnetic, AC magnetic and AC electric fields

from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with regard to exposure of human beings

- Part 1: Requirements for measuring instruments

Basic Standards for worker’s safety

EN 50400 Basic standard for fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz)

EN 50401 Product standard for fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40

GHz)

EN 50492 Basic standard for the in-situ measurement of EMF related to human exposure in

the vicinity of base stations

IEC 62232 Determination of RF field strength and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication

base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure

EN 50496 Workers' exposure to EMF and assessment of risk at a broadcast site

EN 50554 In-situ assessment of a broadcast site related to general public exposure to EMF

Telecommunications

EN 62110 Magnetic field levels generated by AC power systems –

Measurement procedures with regard to public exposure

Power production

and distribution

EN 50500 Measurement procedures of magnetic field levels generated by

electronic and electrical apparatus in the railway environment with

respect to human exposure

Transport and

traction systems

Industry

Standard Scope

EN 50519 Assessment of workers' exposure to electric and magnetic fields of industrial induction heating equipment

EN 50505 Basic Standard - resistance welding and allied processes

EN 50444 Basic Standard - arc welding and allied processes

EN 50445 Product family standard - resistance welding, arc welding and allied processes

Industry

Industry

Industry Frequency range

Smelting 50 Hz; 2 kHz, 10 kHz

Induction heating 50 Hz – 8 MHz

Dielectric heating 10-110MHz

Electrochemical process 50 Hz; 300 Hz; 600 Hz and 900 Hz

Welding Arc welding: 50 Hz

Resistance welding: 100-500kHz

Plastic welding: 27.12 MHz

Microwave drying 27 MHz and 2450 MHz

Semiconductor production 300 kHz-10 MHz; 40-68 MHz; 2.45GHz

Electro MedicalMedical application Frequency range

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 0.024 -65 kHz; 10-400 MHz

Diathermy 27 MHz ; 2.45 GHz

Hyperthermia 434 MHz ; 70 MHz

Electrosurgery 300-600 kHz ; 13.5 MHz ; 27 MHz

IEC 60601 Medical electrical equipment

Research / Labs



3 EMF Standards



EMF meter

What is needed from an EMF meter?

LinearityFrequencyresponse

Isotropy

RMS values (required by standards)

Sensitivity (according to what is measured)

Temperature information

Battery lifetime

Multiple frequency measurement

• Frequency domain

• Time domain

What is needed from an EMF meter?

Multiple frequency summation rule:

Frequency domain assessment

Problem:

Overestimates the exposure, specially for broadband fields of higher frequency harmonic components or noise, it is very conservative because there is no phase information.

At low frequencies below 100 kHz the electric and particularly magnetic fields are in most cases distorted by harmonic components distributed over a large frequency band.

Result:

Weighted result as a % of the standard, taking into account all frequency components without undesired overestimations.

Transfer function A matches the frequency response of the standard (function V)

Weighted Peak Method (WPM): digital filtering of the waveform in the time domain

Time domain assessment

Last but not least…

ISO 17025 accredited Calibration

Thank you very much!

Ernest CidGeneral Manager

[email protected]

www.wavecontrol.com

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Electromagnetic Field Testing - MRC GIGACOMP...Electromagnetic Field Testing RF safety Meeting the Requirements of the EU Directive 2103/35/EU 1 EMF Exposure in the EU 2 Directive