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The Electron Transport Chain
Overview
• Review Glycolysis• Review Krebs Cycle• Where does the ETC occur?
– Inner membrane of the mitochondria
• What goes to the ETC?– Our electron carriers! NADH and FADH2
• Where do the electron carriers come from? – Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
A Lil’ Bit About those electron shuttles (NADH and FADH2)
• FADH2 makes 2 ATPs
• NADH from glycolysis makes 2 ATPs– Occurs cytoplasm
• NADH from Krebs cycle make 3 ATPs– Occurs in matrix
• Why the difference in #s?– The NADH made in glycolysis has to use a
little bit of energy to get into the mitochondria
A Lil’ Bit About the ETC
• What is the inner mitochondrial membrane like?– Phospholipid bilayer
• What makes up the ETC?– A series of protein complexes that pass these high E electrons
along• Why do we need to pass the electrons along?
– To pump those hydrogen ions (that tagged along) across the inner membrane to make a GRADIENT
– Every time an electron is passed down the chain, one H+ ionis pumped across the membrane
– What is a gradient?• When there is a high concentration of something on one side of a
membrane and a low concentration on the other side, THEREFORE diffusion occurs
vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/first.htm
So who are these guys that make up the ETC?
• #1 Big Protein NADH dehydrogenase• #2 Big Protein Cytochrome b-c1• #3 Big Protein Cytochrome Oxidase• #4 Big Protein (most important!) ATP Synthase• We have 2 smaller protein shuttles that are
involved as well:– Ubiquinone (You-bic-win-own)
• Carries two electrons from #1 big protein to #2 big protein
– Cytochrome c• Carries one electron at a time from #2 big protein to #3 big
protein
The Job of the #3 Big Protein: Cytochrome Oxidase (the matchmaker)
• Look at the name…what do you think is involved here? (remember, we are almost to the end of the ETC)– OXYGEN!!
• #3 big protein waits for 4 electrons to enter• When that happens, 8 H+ ions come into with O2
(2 atoms of oxygen)…• Time to mix and mingle!
– 2 e-, 2 H+, and an oxygen join together to make H2O
– This happens again with the other oxygen– These 2 water molecules are released as
products (of cellular respiration)– But who is left by themselves in the #3 Big
Protein?• 4 H+ ion…the party is over, no more e- or
oxygen to pick up, they leave :o( (get pumped across membrane)
Uh Oh…its getting a little crowded…
• By this time, we have way too many H+ ions on one side (there is a gradient=lots of pot. E)
• The ions will diffuse and get pumped back to the less crowded side
• Who allows these ions to cross back?– ATP Synthase
• Every time an H+ goes thru, ATP synthase turns, attaching an ADP to an inorganic phosphate making…
• ATP!!!
vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/first.htm
• Now the Cell has energy to do work! What types?– Mechanical– Molecular– Transport
• If there is no H+ ion concentration gradient, ATP synthase will NOT turn, and if it does not turn, no ATP is made= NO ENERGY!! (very BAD)
Cellular Respiration Totals For 1 Glucose Molecule
• Glycolysis– 2 NADH to the ETC to make 4 ATP (2x2)– 4 ATP – 2 ATPs used= 2ATP – 2 pyruvates coverted to 2 acetyl CoA 2 NADH to go
to the ETC to make 6 ATPs (2x3)• Krebs cycle
– 2 ATPs– 6 NADH x 3 atp per NADH= 18 ATPs– 2 FADH2 x 2 atp per FADH2= 4 ATPs
• Net Total: 36 ATPs
Tid Bits
• 36 ATPs is 38% of the total energy contained in glucose• What about the other 62%?
– It’s is released as heat– Imagine all use cells working hard giving off heat…
that is why you are hot after exercising!• Each molecule of ATP/ADP travels between the
mitochondria and the cytoplasm approximately once a minute
• Each day, 2 x 1016 molecules of ADP are phosphorylated in our bodies: 160kg/day.
• Each ATP Synthase complex can phosphorylate up to 100 molecules of ADP per second.
vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/first.htm
http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/first.htm