Electronic System Design Manual

ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL

1. DESIGN OF AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR.AIM:

To construct and plot the AC/DC regulator using SCR.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY1 SCR 2P4M 12 Resistor 540ohm,8.2kohm,15ohm Each 13 Potentiometer 10kohm 14 Diode In4001 15 Step-down transformer (18-0-18)v 16 Trainer kit - 17 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1

THEORY:

Rectification is a process of converting an AC to DC. The fully controlled converter uses thyristors as the rectifying elements and the Dc output as function of amplitude of the Ac supply voltage and the point at which the thyristors are triggered. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage SCR 1, SCR 2, are forward biased and are simultaneously triggered at the firing angle . The supply voltage appears across the load resistance R. The load voltage is 0 from to +, until the SCR 3 and SCR 4 are triggered in negative half cycle. The load current now flows from the supply, SCR 3,Load and SCR 4.thus the direction of current through the load is the same in both half cycles. The output voltage is given by the expression.

DESIGN:Ac supply = 21 V ; RL = 15 ohm ; SCR triggered between gate trigger current = 10 microATriggered voltage = 0.5 VAt 5 C, ei = 21 sin 5 = 1.83 VAt 90 C, ei = 21 sin 90 = 21 VWhen SCR triggered, VT = Vg + V01 + IaR1 = 0.5 + 0.7 + (10 * 10^ (-6) * 15) VT = 1.2 VOnce SCR triggered at ei = 1.83 VR2 must be at the topVR2 + VR3 = VT =1.2vVR1= ei - VT = 1.83 -1.2 = 0.63 VThen R1= VR1 / I1 = 0.63 / (1.2 * 10^(-3)) = 540ohmImin >> IgAt ei = 1.83Let I1(min) =1.2 mAI1 becomes VR1/R1 =0.63/540 =1.17 mA

VVCET/ECE Department


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

SYMBOL:



Ei = 21 V ; I1 = 21 / (R1 + R2 + R3)1.17 * 10^(-3) = (21/ (540 + 10 * 10^(3) + R3))R3 = 17.95 * 10 ^(3) – 10.540 = 7.41R3 = 8.2 k ohm

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.2. Apply AC voltage to step down transformer.3. Vary the potentiometer value at resistance potential output waveforms of SCR is noted.

RESULT:

Thus the operation of fully controlled converter with R load has been studied and the waveforms are observed.



2. Process Control Timer

AIM :

To count the clock signal using UP and DOWN counter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Process Control Timer Kit

8085 Microprocessor Trainer Kit

THEORY :

74F269 IC is synchronous Up/Down 8 - bit counter. We can make 8-bit counter into

16 bit by connecting serially. The port lines (Port A) is connected to the counter Up (or)

down counting. High voltage level is given, the counter is configured up counter. The

voltage level is given, the counter is configured as an down counter. The counter frequency

is approximately equal to 115MH2. CEP pin used to enable to trickle input. TC is a terminal

count output. The Q0 - Q7 is a counter - output, it will be connected to the leds and it will be

connected to the port lines via buffer 74LS244. The detail information of the 74F269

counter IC is given below.

PROCEDURE:

1. Keep switch SW2 in internal mode.

2. Keep switch SW1 in up counter mode.

3. Execute the program.

4. Press the push button to generate the clock signal and load the count value in the

counter.

5. Press NEXT key to enable the count.

6. Press the push button continuously, read the counter value in 7 seven segment

8085 kit and

also see the LED display.

Result : Thus the Process Control timer is used for counting the clock signal using Up

counter and Down Counter.



3.VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING LDR

AIM :

To study the response of Distance versus Voltage in Light Dependent Resistors

(LDR).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

LDR characteristics trainer kit - ITB – 27

Coaxial Bulb Carrier with Scale

Digital multi meter

Power Chord

THEORY :

Electrical conduction in semiconductor materials occurs when free charge carriers,

e.g. electrons, are available in the material when an electric field is applied. In certain

semiconductors, light energy falling on them is of the correct order of magnitude to release

charge carriers which increase flow of current produced by an applied voltage.

The increase of current with increase in light intensity with the applied voltage

remaining constant means that the resistance of semiconductors decreases with increase in

light intensity. Therefore, these semiconductors are called photoconductive cells or Photo

Resistors or sometime Light Dependent Resistors (LDR), since incident light effectively

varies their resistance.



PROCEDURE:

1. Position the pointer at 0 on the scale, when the bulb is at maximum distance away from

the sensors.

2. Switch ON the supply to the unit.

3. To set 8V across T1, T2 terminals by adjusting the (0-12)VDC potentiometer.

4. To measure the voltage output across T5, T6 terminals at that time the switch is in V

position.

5. Gradually move the bulb towards the sensor in steps of 5cm distance and note the

corresponding voltage.

6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 for 10V and 12V adjustments.

7. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph between distance and voltage.

TABULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: Thus the response of Distance versus Voltage in Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)

was studied.



4. RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING LDR

AIM :

To study the response of Distance versus Resistance in Light Dependent Resistors

(LDR).

Apparatus Required

LDR characteristics trainer kit - ITB – 27


Digital multi meter

Power Chord

Theory :

Electrical conduction in semiconductor materials occurs when free charge carriers,

e.g. electrons, are available in the material when an electric field is applied. In certain

semiconductors, light energy falling on them is of the correct order of magnitude to release

charge carriers which increase flow of current produced by an applied voltage. The

increase of current with increase in light intensity with the applied voltage remaining

constant means that the resistance of semiconductors decreases with increase in light

intensity. Therefore, these semiconductors are called photoconductive cells or Photo

Resistors or sometime Light Dependent Resistors (LDR), since incident light effectively

varies their resistance.

PROCEDURE:


the sensors.



4. To Measure the resistance output across T3, T4 terminals at that time the switch in R

position.


corresponding resistance.


7. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph between distance and resistance.



TABULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

Thus the response of Distance versus Resistance in Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)

was studied.



5. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT USING PHOTO DIODE

AIM :

To study the response of Distance versus Voltage in Photodiode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Photo Diode trainer kit - ITB – 27


Digital multi meter

Power Chord

THEORY :

Photodiodes are semiconductor light sensors that generate a current or voltage

when the P-N junction in the semiconductor is illuminated by light. The term photodiode

can be broadly defined to include even solar batteries, but it usually refers to sensors used

to detect the intensity of light.

PROCEDURE:


the sensors.



4. To measure the voltage output across T7, T8 terminals.


corresponding voltage.


7. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph between distance and voltage.



TABULATION:

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

Thus the response of Distance versus Voltage in Photodiode was studied.



6.TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMOCOUPLE.

Aim:

To study the characteristics of thermocouple.

Apparatus required:

i. ITB-05CE

ii. Thermocouple

iii. Water bath

iv. Thermometer

v. Digital multi meter

vi. Power chord

Theory:

The thermocouple is one of the simplest and most commonly used methods of

measuring process temperatures. The operation of a thermocouple is based upon seebeck

effect which states that when heat is applied to junction (hot junction) of two dissimilar

metals, an emf is generated which can be measured at the other junction(cold junction).

Procedure:

1. Patch the two terminals of the thermocouple across T1&T2.

2. Insert the thermocouple and Thermometer into the water bath.

3. Switch on the water bath and note the temperature in Thermometer and time

4. Tabulate the readings temperature Vs time and plot the graph.



Model graph

Tabulation

S.No Time in Sec Temprature in(C)

Result :

Thus the characteristics of thermocouple was studied and graph is plotted.



7. DESIGN OF RESISTOR TEMPERATURE DETECTOR (RTD) TRANSMITTER.

AIM:To design a Temperature transmitter circuit using RTD, for transmitting a

temperature range in to an [4-20]m A output range.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Quantity1. RTD Trainer Kit 1

2.Resistors for setting gain RG

1

3. RTD Pt 100 1

4.Mini Furnace/ Water bath

1

5. Patch Chord 16. Power Chord 17. Thermometer 18 Multimeter 1

THEORY:

Design of RTD Transmitter consist of the the major parts are Bridge Network, Instrumentation amplifier and V/I Converters as shown in the block diagram. The Pt100 type of RTD is used to measure temperature in terms of resistance. Platinum sensor is preferred , because of it highly stable, resist corrosion and oxidation, it is malleable and has high melting point and also has high degree of sensitivity compared to otherRTD sensors.

BRIDGE NETWORK:

In design of RTD Transmitter the Bridge Network construction is similar to wheat stone bridge. The bridge network consist of four arm of variable resister in order to balance the bridge. Out of 4 arm, 3 are variable resistor and one is RTD, according to design constitution, we will get the output at 0 of 0V and 100 of maximum millivolt. The difference in output millivoltage can able to see by connecting multimeter across the V in1

and Vin2 terminals.

Bridge Network output is amplified using Instrumentation Amplifier to a standard range (0V to 5V). Proper protection is provided to prevent over voltages. The output instrumentation amplifiers are terminated to V/I converter board.

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:Most of the transducers output is very small range in nature. For controlling the

process, the small signal should be amplified and signal conditioned for the industrial



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

standard. For normal amplification will cause noise due to small signal. Moreover in order to avoid impedance miss matching between sensor and signal conditioner unit. In instrumentation rejects the noise and amplifies the signal to the desired range. It is nothing but a differential amplifier specially designed to amplify the outputs of sensors and


R1

1k

U1

OPAMP

+

-

OUT

U2

OPAMP

+

-

OUT

U3

OPAMP

+

-

OUT

U4

OPAMP

+

-

OUT

U5

OPAMP

+

-

OUT

V15Vdc

R1 R2

R3 RTD

R1

R2

RG

R3

1k

R4

R6

1k

R81k

R7

R5

1k

- Vcc

+Vcc

Vout

Vin2

Vin1

Q1

BC107A

I1

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIERV/I CONVERTER

BRIDGE NETWORK


transducers. The main function of the instrumentation amplifier is to amplify very small signals that are hiding under large common mode signals. It has high Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR).

A typical instrumentation amplifier consists of 3 operational amplifiers. Two op-amp is used as buffer amplifiers and third op-amp being used as differential amplifier of user definable gain. It is a differential voltage gain device that amplifies the difference between the voltage existing at its two input terminals. It has following features are High input impedance, High CMRR, Low output offset and Low output impedance. They are commonly used in environments with high common mode noise such as in data acquisition systems and where sensing of input variables is required.

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the input and output ranges of temperature and current.2. Proceed calculation in reference with model calculation which explained in

calculation section.3. Set POT1, POT2 to maximum value and POT 3 to ‘calculated’ value by making switch

position in ‘measure’ mode.4. Now note down the RTD resistance by making RTD section’s switch position in

measure mode.5. Connect power supply terminal into Bridge network terminal T1 and T2.6. Ensure that the bridge output is balanced, at minimum temperature [using designed

values of resistors set on the specified pot]7. Keep all the switches in ‘loop’ mode and Calibrate the output of Instrumentation

amplifier to 0V using ‘offset’ adjustment at bridge balance condition.8. Now switch on the heater and note down the corresponding increase in

temperature and output current and tabulate the reading.9. Plot the graph and clarify that the current is in the specified span.

RESULT:

Thus the design of Temperature transmitter circuit using RTD, for transmitting a

temperature to an [4-20]m A output range was performed.





8. DATA ACQUSITION AND STORAGE OF SIGNALS THROUGH PARALLEL PORT TO PC

(a) A/D conversionAIM:

To study the working of A/D converter by using internal analog inputs to be given to channel.

APPARATUS REQIURED:

(i) Trainer Kit(ii) Pactch cards(iii) (4-20) ma Input (iv) Software and PC

PROCEDURE:

(i) Give the connections as in the figure.(ii) Enable the software (iii) Select f1 in the software and go on with the procedure given for the data

acquisition system.(iv) Switch on the power supply for unit and observe the output in system.

RESULT: Thus the A/D conversion is performed and the output hasbeen sent to the PC

through parallel port.





8.(b) D/A conversion

AIM:To study the working of D/A converter when digital signal is been given from the software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(i) Trainer Kit(ii) Software and PC

(iii) A CRO or a Multimeter

PROCEDURE:

(i) Enable the software and select F2 for giving the input.(ii) Connect the CRO or the multimeter at DAC output in “AD/DA converter block.(iii) View the output.

RESULT:Thus the D/A conversion is performed and the output hasbeen sent to the PC

through parallel port.



9. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING MICROPROCESSOR

AIM:To run a stepper motor in different speeds in two directions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:S.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1. Trainer kit 8085-EB2 12. Power supply I/P:230,50Hz, O/P:5V DC 13. Stepper motor interfacing card - 14. Stepper Motor - 1

INTERFACING OF STEPPER MOTOR: MEMORYADDRESS

MACHINE CODE LABEL MACHINE CODECOMMENTS

OPCODE OPERAND OPCODE OPERAND

4100

4103

4105

4106

4108

410B

410C

410D

410E

410F

4112

4113

4114

4117

411A

21

06

7E

D3

11

00

1B

7B

B2

C2

23

05

C2

C3

09,05

1A,41

04

C0

03,03

0B,41

05,41

00,41

06,0A

START

REPT

DELAY

LOOK UP

LXI H,

MVI B,

MOV A,M

OUT

LXI D,

NOP

DCX D

MOV A,E

ORA D

JNZ

INX H

DCR B

JNZ

JMP

DB

LOOK UP

04 H

CO

0303

DELAY

REPT

START

09,05,06,0A

Load HL pointer

Move no of countsLoad acc with 1st dataOutput to stepper motor

Introduce delay

No operation

Point to next data

Repeat 4 times

Initialize pointer and start again

RESULT:Thus the programs to run a stepper motor in different speeds in two directions are

performed successfully.



10. DTMF GENERATION AND DETECTION USING MATLAB

AIM: To write a mat lab program for the simulation of DTMF generation and detection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Personal Computer2. MATLAB 6.0 Software

PROCEDURE:1. Select MATLAB 6.0 from Programs menu.2. Select File-New-MFile.3. Type the program in the new file.4. Save the file using .m extension.5. Select debug-run.6. Any errors if present can be viewed by selecting windows-0 command window.7. If no error, the signal appears in the screen.8. The output signal thus viewed.

PROGRAM: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % DTMF Generator % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

function varargout = dtmfgen(varargin)% Begin initialization codegui_Singleton = 1;gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...'gui_OpeningFcn', @dtmfgen_OpeningFcn, ...'gui_OutputFcn', @dtmfgen_OutputFcn, ...'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...'gui_Callback', []);if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});endif nargout[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});elsegui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});end% End initialization code% --- Executes just before dtmfgen is made visible.function dtmfgen_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)handles.output = hObject;



DTMF GENERATOR OUTPUT WAVEFORM

_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=697; fhigh=1336; % Standard frequencies for key 2textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'2');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays 2 in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m

title ('Digit "2" (697,1336)'); % Title value



guidata(hObject, handles);

function varargout = dtmfgen_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) varargout{1} = handles.output;

% Function for Key 1function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=697; fhigh=1209; % Standard frequencies for key 1textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'1');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays 1 in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m


% Function for Key 2function pushbutton2% Function for Key 3function pushbutton3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=697; fhigh=1477; % Standard frequencies for key 3textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'3');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays 3 in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m
















% Function for Key *function pushbutton_star_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=941; fhigh=1209; % Standard frequencies for key *textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');



textstring= strcat(textstring,'*');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays * in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m

title ('Digit "*" (941,1209)'); % Title value



% Function for Key #function pushbutton_hash_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=941; fhigh=1477; % Standard frequencies for key #textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'#');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays # in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m

title ('Digit "#" (941,1477)'); % Title value

function amp_input_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)function amp_input_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');end

function phase_input_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

function phase_input_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');end

% Silder Movementfunction slider1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)sliderValue = get(handles.slider1,'Value'); %obtains the slider value from the slider component



set(handles.noise_power,'String', num2str(sliderValue)); %puts the slider value into the edit text componentguidata(hObject, handles); % Update handles structure

function slider1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% Hint: slider controls usually have a light gray background.if isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',[.9 .9 .9]);end

function slider_editText_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)


% --- Executes on button press in clear.function clear_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)set(handles.detbox,'String','') ; % Clears the data in the Detection Boxset(handles.no_samples,'String','1024') ; % Sets the no of sample value to 1024(default)set(handles.amp_input,'String','1') ; % Sets amplitude value to 1(default)set(handles.phase_input,'String','0') ; % Sets phase value to 0(default)set(handles.snr,'String','Inf') % Sets snr value to default. It is only effective if the noise power is used within the signalset(handles.noise_power,'String','0') % Sets noise power value to '0'(default)cla(handles.dtmf,'reset') % Clears the plot

% --- Executes on button press in about.function about_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)msgbox('Department of ECEModule: DTMF Decoding using FFT & Goertzel Algorithm 'About', 'none') % Displays the information entered, Use to define author or equivalent

% --- Executes on button press in exit.function exit_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)close; % Closes the window and return back to MATLAB command window

function snr_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

function snr_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))



set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');end

function detbox_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

function detbox_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)


function no_samples_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

function no_samples_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)


function noise_power_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

%get the string for the editText componentsliderValue = get(handles.noise_power,'String'); %convert from string to number if possible, otherwise returns emptysliderValue = str2num(sliderValue); %if user inputs something is not a number, or if the input is less than 0%or greater than 100, then the slider value defaults to 0if (isempty(sliderValue) || sliderValue < 0 || sliderValue > 10) set(handles.slider1,'Value',0); set(handles.noise_power,'String','0');else set(handles.slider1,'Value',sliderValue);end

function noise_power_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % DTMF Detection

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%function varargout = dtrmfdec(varargin)% Begin initialization codegui_Singleton = 1;gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ... 'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ... 'gui_OpeningFcn', @dtrmfdec_OpeningFcn, ... 'gui_OutputFcn', @dtrmfdec_OutputFcn, ... 'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ... 'gui_Callback', []);if nargin && ischar(varargin{1}) gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});endif nargout [varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});else gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});end% End initialization code function dtrmfdec_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)

% Update handles structureguidata(hObject, handles);

function varargout = dtrmfdec_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) varargout{1} = handles.output;

% Function for Key 1





function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=697; fhigh=1209; % Standard frequencies for key 1textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'1');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays 1 in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m





% Function for Key 6function pushbutton6_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=770; fhigh=1477; % Standard frequencies for key 6textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'6');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays 6 in the Detection Box



update % Reads the file update.m




% Function for Key *function pushbutton10_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=941; fhigh=1209; % Standard frequencies for key *textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');textstring= strcat(textstring,'*');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays * in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m


% Function for Key #function pushbutton12_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)flow=941; fhigh=1477; % Standard frequencies for key #textstring= get(handles.detbox,'string');



textstring= strcat(textstring,'#');set(handles.detbox,'string',textstring) % Displays # in the Detection Boxupdate % Reads the file update.m

function detbox_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

function detbox_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');end

% --- Executes on button press in about.function about_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)msgbox('Department of ECEModule: DTMF Decoding using FFT & Goertzel Algorithm ,'About', 'none') % Displays the information entered, Use to define author or equivalent

% --- Executes on button press in exit.function exit_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)close; % Closes the window and return back to MATLAB command window

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.function axes2_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

function noise_power_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)%get the string for the editText componentsliderValue = get(handles.noise_power,'String'); %convert from string to number if possible, otherwise returns emptysliderValue = str2num(sliderValue); %if user inputs something is not a number, or if the input is less than 0%or greater than 100, then the slider value defaults to 0if (isempty(sliderValue) || sliderValue < 0 || sliderValue > 10) set(handles.slider1,'Value',0); set(handles.noise_power,'String','0');else set(handles.slider1,'Value',sliderValue);end

function noise_power_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');end



% --- Executes on slider movement.function slider1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)sliderValue = get(handles.slider1,'Value'); %obtains the slider value from the slider component set(handles.noise_power,'String', num2str(sliderValue)); %puts the slider value into the edit text componentguidata(hObject, handles); % Update handles structure

function slider1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

if isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor')) set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',[.9 .9 .9]);end

% Function for Resetfunction reset_data_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)set(handles.detbox,'String','') ; % Clears the data in the Detection Boxset(handles.noise_power,'String','0') % Sets noise power value to '0'(default)cla(handles.y1,'reset') % Clears the Time Domain plotcla(handles.y2,'reset') % Clears the Frequency Domain plotcla(handles.goertzel,'reset') % Clears the Goertzel plot

RESULT: Thus the mat lab program for the simulation of DTMF generation and detection was done and the output signal was viewed.



11. MULTIRATE PROCESSINGAIM: To write a matlab program for the simulation of multirate processing.



PROGRAM:

UP SAMPLING:

clear allN=10; %sequence lengthn=0:1:N-1;x=sin(2*pi*n/10)+sin(2*pi*n/5) %Input SequenceL=3 %Upsampling factorx1=[zeros(1,L*N)];n1=1:1:L*N j=1:L:L*N;x1(j)=x;subplot(2,1,1),stem(n,x)xlabel('n'),ylabel('x')title('input sequence')subplot(2,1,2),stem(n1,x1)xlabel('n'),ylabel('x1')title('Upsampled Sequence')

DOWN SAMPLING:clear allN=50; % Sequence LENGTHn=0:1:N-1;x=sin(2*pi*n/20)+sin(2*pi*n/15) %Input sequenceM=2 % Down sampling factorx1=x(1:M:N);



Up sampling Output Waveform

Down sampling Output Waveform



n1=1:1:N/M;subplot(2,1,1),stem(n,x)xlabel('n'),ylabel('x1')title('input sequence')subplot(2,1,2),stem(n1-1,x1)xlabel('n'),ylabel('x1')title('Down sampled sequence')

RESULT: Thus the mat lab program for the simulation of multirate processing was done and the output signal was viewed.



12. ECHO CANCELLATIONAIM: To write a matlab program for the simulation of echo cancellation.



PROGRAM:

clear all;mule = .01; % Larger values for fast convmax_run = 200;for run=1:max_run;taps = 20; %Adaptive Filter Taps #freq = 2000;%Signal Freqw = zeros(1,taps);%state of adaptive filtertime = .2;%lenght of simulation (sec)samplerate = 8000;%samples/secsamples = time*samplerate;max_iterations = samples-taps+1;iterations = 1:max_iterations;%Vector of iterationst=1/samplerate:1/samplerate:time;rand('state',sum(100*clock));%Reset Randome Generatornoise=.02*rand(1,samples);%noise added to signals=.4*sin(2*pi*freq*t);%Pure Signalx=noise+s;%input to adaptive filterecho_amp_per = .4; %Echo percent of signal%rand('state',sum(100*clock));%Reset Randome Generatorecho_time_delay = .064;echo_delay=echo_time_delay*samplerate;echo = echo_amp_per*[zeros(1,echo_delay) x(echo_delay+1:samples)];%LMSfor i=1:max_iterations;y(i)=w*x(i:i+taps-1)';



Echo Cancellation Output Waveform

e(run,i)=echo(i)-y(i);%mule(i) = .5/(x(i:i+taps-1)*x(i:i+taps-1)'+ .01); w = w + 2*mule*e(run,i)*x(i:i+taps-1);endend

%%Mean Square Errormse=sum(e.^2,1)/max_run;b=x+echo;%Ouput of System



out=b(1:length(y))-y;subplot(3,1,1),plot(b);title('Signal and Echo');ylabel('Amp');xlabel('Time sec');subplot(3,1,2),plot(out);title('Output of System');ylabel('Amp');xlabel('Time sec');subplot(3,1,3),semilogy(mse);gridtitle('LEARNING CURVE mu=.01 echo delay=64ms runs=200');ylabel('Estimated MSE, dB');xlabel('Number of Iterations');%subplot(3,1,2),semilogy(iterations,e(1,:).^2);%grid%subplot(3,1,3),semilogy(iterations,e(2,:).^2);%grid

RESULT: Thus the matlab program for the simulation of echo cancellation was done and the output signal was viewed.

10. PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD.



AIM:

To design a PCB layout for the given circuit diagram and check its connections.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

1. Orcad2. Desktop computer

PROCEDURE:

Simulation:1. Open orcad release and open new project.2. Create a new folder at a particular path and select analog and mixed circuit wizard

option.3. Select components from PSPICE library.4. Place components in appropriate locations on schematic page, then make routing

between the components.5. Save the content and create net list.6. Open new simulation option in the PSICE tool and give run time details. 7. Place the markers and run the PSPICE model.8. End of the process.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1. Select the *.dsn file in the left panel

2. Select the create net list menu in the tools menu bar

3. Select layout tag (PCB Foot print)


uA741

U1

+3

-2

V+7

V-4

OUT6

uA741

U1

+3

-2

V+7

V-4

OUT6

V

uA741

U1

+3

-2

V+7

V-4

OUT6

V14mVdc

V26mVdc

R11k

2

1

R2

1k

21

R3

500k

21

R41k

2

1

R5

1k

21

R6

500k

21

R7

1k

21

0

0

R81k

2

1

0

0

V315Vdc

V415Vdc

V515Vdc

V615Vdc

0

0

0

0


4. Browse the location to save the *.mnl file then click OK5. Open the layout application 6. Click new menu in file menu bar7. Load the template file (default.tch) in the working directory(C:\Program files\

orcad\layout\data\default.tch) then click open8. Load the text list source file where you have stored *.mnl file then click open9. Save the board file *.max10. Rearrange the components as you like11. Select the obstacle tool from the tool bar12. Draw space to cover all the footprints.13. Go to auto menu-choose place board then click auto route board 14. Save the file.

LAYOUT:

RESULT:

Thus the PCB layout for the given circuit diagram drawn and checked its connections.


Documents

Electronic System Design Manual