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ELEMENTS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF A NATIONAL
SOIL MONITORING NETWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POURPOSES IN
ITALY
Paolo Giandon
APAT
…IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO ENSURE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE COMPLETE:
- information basis- monitoring- indicators
TO:- establish the prevailing soil conditions- evaluate the impact of diverse policies
and practices
COM 179/2002 p. 8.2
on the identified threats in the relevant areasa number of measurements are carried out
in a harmonised and coherent waywhich results are relevant to and accessible
for policy makersmonitoring, before all, those substances that
can be transferred from soil to food or have potential health implications in any other way.
COM 179/2002 p. 8.2
The specifications of a Community information and monitoring system will aim to ensure that:
- Basic information about soils coming from pedological maps
- Information about soil use (CLC)
- Results of inorganic and organic contamination monitoring on the basis of a regular grid
- Results of pressure-impacts relationship monitoring in few specialist sites
KNOWLEDGE LEVELS OF THE NSMN
- Knowledge of soil characteristics and properties
- Short and long period monitoring in different situations of contaminants concentration in soils
- Evaluation of soil characteristics and properties changes as consequence of degradation and contamination processes
- Prevision of future evolution;
- Development and validation of models calibrated on network sites;
- Results diffusion to address choices and policy.
OBJECTIVES OF THE NSMN
- Identification of soil types (STU);
- Acquisition of land cover information;
- Definition of common rules for site selection and positioning, site description, procedures for sampling, samples handling and analysis, quality assurance, data handling and reporting;
- Monitoring of a first set of “sensible” parameters with respect to anthropogenic impacts;
- Setting of permanent sites for the monitoring of specific degradation processes (i.e. erosion, compaction, etc.);
- Functional integration with other monitoring networks.
IMPLEMENTATION STEPS
INTEGRATION LEVELS
between regional networks
between different degradation processes (threats)
with other monitoring networks
between typological and systematic approches
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
It needs a regular grid in order to give representative data for statistical elaboration
It generally requires a large number of sites and the number of parameters to measure has to be limited due to costs
It is more suited for monitoring inorganic and organic pollutant contamination
TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH
It is based on stratification of soils according to land use and soil type
It is more suited for monitoring soil degradation processes (e.g. erosion, organic carbon losses, nitrates and pesticides leaching, etc.) in sensitive areas
It is feasible to be performed only on few representative sites.
SOIL TYPES (STU)PEDOLOGICAL MAPS
SOIL USECORINE LAND COVER
NETWORK BASES
CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT REPRESENTATIVE SOIL PROFILES
I° LEVEL CONTAMINANTSAND BASIC PROPERTIESTypological Approach
REGULAR GRID18x18 o 16X16 KM – NATIONAL
NETWORK6 X 6 o 4 X 4 KM – REGIONAL NETWORK
II° LEVELS CONTAMINANTS AND BASIC PROPERTIES
Systematic Approach
REPRESENTATIVE SOIL SELECTION (SOIL TYPE/SOIL USE COMBINATIONS)
AND SITE INDIVIDUATION FOR SPECIFIC MONITORING
DEGRADATION PROCESSES:PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION, URBAN SOILSCONTAMINATION PROCESSES
consolidating basic soil properties knowledge through pedological maps (see JRC Manual for Soil Database for Europe at 1:250.000 scale)
measurement of pollutants concentration in profiles most representative of STU (at least 1/250km2)
regular grid sampling, starting from 16x16 (or 18x18) km and coming through more detailed grid (8x8 and 4x4) for analysis of pollutants and basic properties
degradation processes monitoring in specific sites located on the basis of representativeness criteria (1/1000 km2)
OPERATIVE STEPS AND SITES DENSITY
Management of NSMN will be done by regional EPA (ARPA) under supervision of national EPA (APAT)
Operative Management Unit: Region (500-5000 km2)
Each region could start soil monitoring through progressive steps, starting from basic soil properties knowledge (see JRC Manual for Soil Database for Europe at 1:250.000 scale) through regular grid and benchmark sites
NSMN MANAGEMENT
Basic parameters: to be monitored at all sites as necessary to soil characterisation;Specific parameters: to be monitored for specific degradation processes
Insensible parameters (static properties)to be monitored at the starting point as they do not change rapidly Sensible parameters (dynamic properties)to be monitored at fixed times as they could change rapidly under degradation pressures
MONITORING PARAMETERS
•non-point source
pollution
•physical degradation
•biological degradation
•urban soils
NETWORK THEMES
criteria for site selection parameters to be measured at
each site sampling procedures analysis procedures data interpretation and reporting
ELEMENTS TO BE DEFINEDFOR EACH THEME
1) Reduction of monitoring sites number
2) Exhaustive characterisation of a priori representative situations
3) Lower costs
4) Monitoring of local situations more significant for environmental impacts
ADVANTAGES
Sites choice throughSites choice throughrepresentativeness criteriarepresentativeness criteria
1) Heterogeneous and not exhaustive geographical covering
2) Scarce attitude to automatic representation
3) Subjectivity in sites designation
4) Risk for loss of sites representativeness
DISADVANTAGES
Sites choice throughSites choice throughrepresentativeness criteriarepresentativeness criteria
Monitoring sites representativenessMonitoring sites representativenessis evaluated on the basis of:is evaluated on the basis of:
Soil types in relation to landscapes and climate
Land Cover (Corine)
Soil type-land cover combinations
Soil degradation processes and risk for contamination
For the definition of soil types:
Soils functional behaviour in relation to main degradation processes
Taxonomic classification (FAO-USDA)
Soil-Landscape andSoil-Climate relationships
APPLICATION OF CRITERIA TO VENETO
1) Soil typeSimplified ecopedological map (1:250.000 scale) for principal classes (pedoscapes,
pedoclimate)2) Land cover
Corine Land Cover classes grouped by predominant type of use (pressures)
3) Soil type-cover combinations
Sites representativeness
and soil typeSimplification in terms of:
Spatial distribution
Spatial variability
Landscapes description capacity
Susceptibility to changes
VENETO
PEDOLOGICAL MAP1:250.000 scale
01.0601.0701.0801.0901.1001.1101.1201.1301.1401.1501.1601.1701.1801.1901.20a01.20b01.20c01.2101.2201.2401.24a01.24b01.2501.26a01.26b01.26c01.26d02.2802.3002.3202.3302.3602.3702.3902.4202.4403.0503.1403.1503.1603.2903.32a03.32b03.32c03.3803.4403.45a03.45b03.46a03.46b03.5503.57a03.57b03.6003.61a03.61b03.63a03.63b03.6403.6503.66a03.66b03.6703.6903.7003.7103.7203.73998
Dolomiti - vetteDolomiti - versantiDolomiti - valliPrealpiAlti Lessini - AsiagoValbellunaColline ProseccoColli Berici e Bassa LessiniaLessini a vulcanitiColli EuganeiMorenicoAlta Pianura PleistocenicaAlta Pianura OlocenicaBassa Pianura del PiaveBassa Pianura del BrentaBassa Pianura Adige PleistocenicaBassa Pianura Adige OlocenicaPianura Costiera e LagunareAcque
VENETOPEDOLOGICAL MAPSIMPLIFIED LEVEL 3
Seminativi non irriguiRisaieVignetiFrutteti e olivetiPratiColture annuali e colture permanentiSistemi colturali complessiTerreni agrari e vegetazione naturaleTerritori agroforestaliForeste (latifoglie, conifere, miste)Pascoli naturalivegetazione in evoluzioniUrbano discontinuoNon suolo
VENETO
CORINE LAND COVERSimplified Level 3
Main Soil Uses
Mountain
Hill
Plan
Grassland and pasturesForestsCultivated valley floors
Mixed systems (breeding-vineyard-forest)
Vineyards
Orchards-vineyardsArable landGrasslandUrban Areas
VENETO
SEMPLIFIED LAND COVER
foreste e pascolipratiseminativi
seminativi e prati
vigneti e boschi
seminativi e frutteti
seminativi e vigneti
Forests and pasturesGrasslandArable landArable land with orchardsArable land with grasslandArable land with vineyardsVineyards with forests
AcqueAlta Pianura Olocenica (seminativo e vigneto)Alta Pianura Olocenica (seminativo)Alta Pianura Pleistocenica (seminativo e frutteto)Alta Pianura Pleistocenica (seminativo irriguo)Alti Lessini - Asiago (foreste e pascoli)Bassa Pianura Pleistocenica dell'Adige (seminativo)Bassa Pianura del Brenta (seminativo)Bassa Pianura del Piave (seminativo e vigneto)Bassa Pianura Olocenica dell'Adige (seminativo)Colli Berici e Bassa Lessinia (vigneto e foreste)Colli Euganei (vigneto e foreste)Colline Prosecco (vigneto e foreste)Dolomiti - valli (pascoli)Dolomiti - versanti (foreste e pascoli)Dolomiti - vette (rocce)Lessini a vulcaniti (vigneto e foreste)Morenico (seminativo e frutteto)Pianura Costiera e Lagunare (seminativo)Prealpi (foreste e pascoli)Valbelluna (seminativi e prati)
VENETOSOIL TYPE-COVER COMBINATIONS
Approximate number of key and benchmark sites for each Italian region
Total
Veneto
Valle d’Aosta
Umbria
Trentino-Alto A.
Toscana
Sicilia
Sardegna
Puglia
Piemonte
REGION
55
3
1
2
3
4
4
4
3
4
Key sites
429
26
4
12
19
33
37
35
28
37
Benchmark sites
484
29
5
14
22
37
41
39
31
41
TOTAL
761Molise
16142Marche
38344Lombardia
981Liguria
28253Lazio
13112Friuli-Venezia G.
35314Emilia-Romagna
22193Campania
24213Calabria
16142Basilicata
17152Abruzzo
TOTALBenchmark sites
Key sites
REGION
#
#
##
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
##
#
#
#
##
#
Nome
Villiago
Diana
Po di Tramontana
Sasse Rami
Montecchio Precalcino
Ca' Tron
Legnaro - Univ. PD
Ist. Sper. Tabacco - Bovolone
Lessinia
Cordon
Auronzo
Croce d'Aune
Pradon
Valle Vecchia
IPSA di Castelfranco
Istituto Sper. Viticoltura - Spresiano
Istituto Sper. Viticoltura - Susegana
ITAS - Buttapietra
Valpolicella
IPSA - Piavon
Centro Metereologico - ARPAV
Istituto di Genetica - Lonigo
IPSA - Trecenta
ITAS – Buttapietra19
Valle Vecchia13 Ca’ Tron14
Lessinia12
2726252423222120
18171615
11109876
5432
1
Pradon Po di Tramontana IPSA – Trecenta Sasse Rami Legnaro – Univ. Padova Centro meteorologico – ARPAV Ist. Di Genetica – Lonigo Ist. Sper. Tabacco – Bovolone
Berici Valpolicella Soave Diana
Montecchio Precalcino IPSA di Castelfranco V.to IPSA – Piavon Ist. Sper. Viticoltura – Susegana Ist. Sper. Viticoltura – Spresiano Grappa
Asiago Croce d’Aune Villiago Cordon
Auronzo
VENETOBENCHMARK SITES (25-30) ON THE BASIS OF TYPE-COVER COMBINATIONS
#
#
#
#
#
Nome
Sasse Rami
Legnaro - Univ. PD
Lessinia
Cordon
IPSA di Castelfranco
VENETO
KEY SITES (5) ON THE BASIS OF TYPE-USE COMBINATIONS
Cordon5
Lessinia4
IPSA Castelfranco V.to3
Legnaro2
Sasse Rami1
1
2
34
5
LAND COVER
LANDSCAPE UNITS MAP
TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
CONCLUSIONS
Criteria for sites choice must be adjusted to each regional situation
It is necessary to define more precisely:
- which degradation process have to be monitored
- which methodologies have to be used for each degradation process
- how monitoring data have to be used