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ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

PURPOSE

The Worid Bank/UNDP/Bilateral Aid Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) was launched in 1983to complemnent the Energy Assessment Program which had been established three years earlier. The AssessmentProgram was designed to Identify the most serious energy problems facing some 70 developing countries and topropose remedial action. ESMAP was conceived, In part, as a preinvestnient facility to help implementrecommendations made during the course of assessment. Today ESMAP is carrying out preinvestment andprefeasibility activities in about 60 countries and is providing a wiis range of institutional and policy advice. Theprogram plays a significant role in the overall intemational effort to provide technical assistance to the energy sectorof developing countries. It attempts to strengthen the impact of bilateral and muilateral resources and private sectorinvestment The findings and recommendations emerging from ESMAP country activities provide governments, donors,and potential investors with the information needed to identify economically and environmentally sound energy projectsand to accelerate their preparation and implementation. ESMAP's policy and research work analyzing cross-countrytrends and issues In specific energy subsectors make an imporant contribution in highlighting critical problems andsuggesting solutions.

ESMAP's operational activities are managed by three units within the Energy Strategy Management and AssessmentDivision of the Industry and Energy Department at the World Bank.

- The Enerav Efficienc and S beav Unt engages in energy assessments addressing institutional,financial, and policy issues, design of sector strategies, the strengthening of energy sector enterprisesand sector management, the defining of Investment programs, efficiency improvements in energysupply, and energy use, training and research.

- The Household and Renwable n Un addresses technical, economic, financial, institutionaland policy issues in the areas of energy use by urban and rural households and small industries, andincludes tradMitonal and modem fuel supplies, prefeasibility studies, pilot activities, technologyassessments, seminars and workshops, and polcy and research work.

- The Natural Gas DeveROt Unit addresses gas issues and promotes the development and useof natural gas in developing countriesthrough preinvestmentwork, formulating natural gas developmentand related environmental strategies, and research.

EUNDING

The ESMAP Program is a major international effort supported by the Wordd Bank, the United NationsDevelopment Programme, and Bilateral Aid from a number of countries inciuding Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland,the United Kingdom, and the Unied States.

FURTHER INFORMATION

For further information or copies of the completed ESMAP reports listed at the end of this document, contact:

Energy Strategy Management OR Division for Global and Interregionaland Assessmernt Diision Programmes

Industry &d Energy Department United Nations Development ProgrammeThe World Bank One United Nations Plaza1818 H Street N.W. New York, NY 10017Washington, D.C. USA 20433 USA

KAURITANIA

ELEMENTS OF A IOUSEBOLD SElGC STRATICY

JULY 1990

Household Energy UnitIndustry and Energy DepartmentThe World BankWashington, D.C., U.S.A.

This document has a restricted distribution. Its contents may not bedisclosed without authorization from the Government, the World BSank, orthe UNDP.

FOREWORD

This report summarizes the results and conclusions of theHousehold Energy Strategy Study carried out within the WorldBank/UNDP/Bilateral Aid program in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. I/

Participation of personnel of the Energy Directorate (Ministryof Hydraulics and Energy; and the Protection of Nature Directorate(Ministry of Rural Development) was particularly important during datacollection and analysis as well as energy demand forecast.

1/ Members of the team were: Robert van der Plas (Project Coordinator);G6rard Radon (Survey Specialist); Piet Visser (Stove Specialist);Eric Ferguson (Knergy Specialist); Pedro Pinhero (Petroleum ProductsSpecialist); Michel Matly (Energy Economist); Cheikh Sead-BouhKamara (Sociologist).

ABBREVTONS

BTFA Base Technique Foyers Am6lior6sDE Direction de l'EnergieDPI Direction de la Protection de la NatureESNAP Joint World Bank/UNDP/Bilateral Aid

Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgramRebb Habitate spontan&; bidonvilleMDR Minist6re du Developpement RuralMEPP Societe Mauritanienne d'Entreposage des Produits PetroliersMF Minist4re de FinancesMiE Minist&re de l'Hydraulique et de lI'EnergiePIP Programme d'Investissement PrioritaireP1EV Programme de Redressement Economique et FinancierUNDP United Nations Development programmeUNIFEM United Nations Women's OrganizationUNSO United Nations Sudano-Sahelian OfficeSNCPP Societ6 Mauritanienne de Commercialisation des Produits

P6troliersSON&GAZ Soci6t& Mauritanienne de Gaz,S0O1IR Societe Mauritanienne de l'Industrie de RaffinageSONELEC Societe Nationale d'Eau et d'ElectriciteSTPN Societe des Transports Publiques Nationaux

GJ 1000 MJkgOE kg of Oil Equivalent (il/1000 TOE)xJ I million J; I kWh - 3.6 NJMT Metric tonne; equivalent to 1000 kgTOE Tonne of Oil Equivalent (42 GJ)

CURRENCY RATE

US $1 - UM 74 (August 1988)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I.* INTRODUCTrION ....... 0ee*.... ................... .. .......... ........ 1Mauritania: Economic and Demographic Background........ 1The Household Energy Sector.............................. 4Special Role of Nouakchott............................ 9

The Nature of the Problem: Urban Demand, RuralSupply, and Large Distances........................... 9

Existing Institutions and Policies...................... 10Institutions ....................... ** ...... * * ............ 10Policies, Programs and Results........................ 11

Objectives of the Household Energy Strategy............. 12

II. URBAN HOUSEHOLD FUELS AND ISSUES .......................... 13Introduction ooo,*.,oo***.,**....... Xoo 13Overall Structure of Household Fuel Use................. 14Fuel Mxs.............................. 14Fuel Quantities Used For Cooking...................... 16

Household Expenditures and Cooking Fuels................ 17Evaluation of Household Energy Sources.................. 20Wood ....................................................... 20:-barcoal ..................................................... 24LPG****¢**+*s¢**X**@@*v*e**s..................................................,..... 30Kaoee..................... .... *........ ....................... 33Electricity .... .............................................. .... 35Other Biomass Sources ................................................. 35

III. PROPOSED URBAN HOUSEHOLD ENERGY STRATEGY ....................................... 37The ............ ............ ............ 37Quantification of Objectives .... ................... .. ............... 40Elements of the Strategy ....... ...................... .... ......... 40

LPG.... ............ .......... ............ ..... ... ....... 40Kerosene ...........................,...................... 42Improved Charcoal Stoves .......... ................... .. ............ 42Charcoal and Firewood Cycle Study ..................................... 43Other Components ............................................. 44Expected Results, Costs and Benefits ................................... 45

1.1 Use of Household Cooking Fuels and PopulationPer Region, 1988 .... ..... ................. ............... ............ 6

1.2 1988 Household Fuel Consumption .............................................. 71.3 1988 Primary Energy Balance ........ ...... ................... .............. 72.1 Average Daily Quantities of Fuel Consumed for

Selected Domestic ffid-Uses ................. ............. .. . . . ............ 14

2.2 Mix of Primary and Secondary Fue! Use........................ 152.3 Expenditures for the Different Cooking Options............... 192.4 Economic Cost of Wood Production for Clear-Cutting

One Hectare............................................. ... 232.5 Economic Costs of Charcoal Production........................ 282.6 LPG: Ex-Bottling Plant Costs and Retail Price Structure...... 312.7 Kerosene: Ex-Depot Costs and Retail Price Structure.......... 343.1 1998 Population and Fuel Consumption Projections -

baseline ....................... ..................................... 373.2 1998 Population and Fuel Consumption Projections -

interactive scenaro............................................. 383.3 Relative Woodfuel Savings and Additionnal LPG Consumption.... 383.4 Total Project Costs in Constant '88 US$ ...................... 463.5 Cost and Benefit Streams of the Project...................... 47

2. Energy Consumption Projections Nouakchott.................... 713. Improved ............... .......... ......... 000....... 764 * ..... 8700000000 ............................................... 875. Charcoal and Fuelwood Cycle.................. .... *...... 946. Kerosene as Domestic Fuel0...0.................... 98

DIIAGRAMS1. l188 Household Energy Use in Urban and Rural Areas a.....s.. 62a. 1988 Household Energy Consumption, in MT................... 82b. 1988 Household Energy Consumption, in '000 TOE............. 82.1 Daily per Person Charcoal Consumption.u0*.....ion...*...... 172.2 Breakdown Charcoal Price 282.3 LPG Penetration 323.1 Net Present Value of Project as Function of

Penetration Rate 48

FIGURES1. 1988 Household Energy Use in Urban and Rural Areas* as**.... 62a. 1988 Household Energy Consumption, in MT... 82b. 1988 Household Energy Consumption, in '000 TOE o......e..... 82.1 Daily Per Person Charcoal Consumption..........o......o... 172.2 Breakdown Charcoal Prcc. 282.3 LPG Penetration, Northern/Southern Regionsgions............ 323.1 Net Present Value of Proect............................... 48

MAPIBRD 21489: Mauritania

EX2CUTIV SaUMMARY

The Household Energy Strategy in urban areas, proposed in thisdocument was elaborated on the basis of a household energy survey of thesector which took place from May to August 1988. This survey showed acharcoal consumption of 73,000 MT/p.a. which is high in relation to knownforestry resources. The impact of this consumption on the resourcesremains unknown due to a lack of reliable data; however, it is clear thatwoodfuels cannot be produced on a sustainable basis.

The results of the survey indicate that a household usingcharcoal for cooking consumes more energy (0.33 kg/pers/per day, theequivalent of IOMJ/pers/per day) than a household using LPG (0.064kg/pers/per day, the equivalent of 3MJ/pers/per day). The retail priceof charcoal is still relatively low compared to the economic costs ofcharcoal production. Consequently, there is no adequate price signalwhich would motivate households to economise charcoal or to start usingsubstitution fuels. This is clearly indicated by the fact that, althoughLPG is much more economical, it was little used in 1988. It is stronglyrecommended to carry out the proposed strategy as soon as possible asforestry resources are decreasing rapidly.

This strategy focusses on three main ideas: (a) to maintain theacceleration of the introduction and use of LPC, not only in the mainurban centers such as Nouakchott and Nouadhibou, but also in rural areasas substitution to charcoal (paras. 2.43-2.50; paras. 3.9-3.12). Thefollowing rates are the objectives ior 1998-2000: 50 to 70% depending onthe city - first fuel - in urban areas; 75 to 85% for Nouakchott andNouadhibou; 10 to 30X in rural areas depending on the zones; (b)realizing demand management measures through the use of improved charcoalstoves and a fuel pricing policy which reflects economic costs (2.25 -2.26; 2.35 - 2.42; 3.17 - 3.18); and (c) collecting data on woodresources and the fuelwood and charcoal cycles (2.26; 2.40; 3.19 - 3.21).

People in Uouakchott not only consume more energy per personthan in any other part of the country, in absolute terms they alsoconsume most of the energy: more than 501 of all charcoal, LPC andelectricity are consumed in Nouakchott. The strategy will thereforeinitially focus on Nouakchott.

Total fuel savings as result of the household energy strategycould, in 1998, save 30.5 thousand MT of charcoal per year while LPGconsumption will almost have been tripled and reached a level ofapproximately 13 thousand MT per year.

The proposed project, which costs US$8.2 million over a tenyear period of time, shows a net present value (NPV) of US$8.3 millionwhich is equivalent to an internal tate of return (IRR) of 491.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 This study is the result of the work done by the jointUNDP/World Bank/Bilateral Aid "Energy Sector Management AssistanceProgram" (ESMAP) executed under the Improved Stoves Project(UMSO/MAU/XO52) financed by UNSOUVNIFEX. ESMAP and its consultants workedwith two main counterparts, the Energy Directorate (DE, Direction del'Energie) of the Ministere de l'lydraulique et de 1'Energie (MHz) andthe Forestry Directorate (DPN, Direction de la Protection de la Nature)of the Ministeve de Developpement rural (NDR) and other Mauritanianinstitutions to produce this document. Its goal is to develop an energystrategy for meeting the fuel demand of the urban sector while at thesame time protecting the rural woodfuel resources. In order to achievethis goal, the study included the following intermediate outputs:

(a) an energy consumption and substitution attitude survey of 640households in Noaukchott;

(b) a similar survey of 310 households in four other cities;

(c) execution of energy efficiency tests and marketing tests forimproved charcoal, kerosene and LPG stoves;

(d) a preliminary study of the charcoal cycle and the effectivenessof Government measures to control it;

(e) a solar water heating pre-feasibility study

The following introductory section gives background information onMauritania, its residential energy sector, related policies and programs,and the objectives of the urban household energy strategy.

Mauritania: Economic and Demographic Background

1.2 Mauritania is a West African country of 1.805 million squarekilometers (more than twice the size of France) with approximately 2million inhabitants. The country is divided into four economic zones:the capital, Nouakchott; the mining zone (iron ore, fish) which mainlyconsists of: Nouadhibou, F'D6rick, Zouerate; the river valley(agricultural zone)S Rosso, Bo&h6, Ka6di, Kiffa; and other zones: Atar,Aleg, Nema.

1.3 The health and hygiene situation has improved over the lastyears resulting in a high population growth of about 2.7X per year. Thecountry faces a situation in which nomads, who in 1965 were the largestpopulation group, increasingly abandon their traditional way of life andbecome part of the more sedentary (urban) sector of the economy.

1.4 Nouakchott expanded at a fact pace: in 1962 it was just a smalltown of approximately 7,500 inhabitants, after that it grew quickly,sometimes at a rate of more than 20% per year. In 1988 it is a rapidlygrowing urban agglomeration (10% to 13% per year) with about 550,000inhabitants). 1/ Estimated growth r,-te of the other cities is between 4%- 6% per year over the last ten years. The total urban population whichwas estimated at 8.6% in 1970 and at 42.8% in 1985, is now around 48%according to SONELEC. 2/

1.5 Mauritania faces a number of serious economic problemsresulting from a persisting drought and limited natural resources. 3/These problems were exacerbated by the Government's own weak economicmanagement and poorly conceived investment policy throughout much of the1970. and early 1980s. Investment efforts increased in the mid-1970s withheavy inflows of foreign assistance to finance ambitious projects. Acombination of external and internal factors was responsible for thetransition from the period of economic growth in the 1960s, when CDPexpanded at an average annual rate of 8%, to a period of stagnation andfinancial instability in the 1980s. As a result of these trends and thehigh population growth, per capita income of about $410 in 1986 was, inreal terms, no higher than a decade before.

1.6 Since December 1984, a new Government has undertaken, withmarked success, a series of policy adjustments aimed at regainingstability and reducing financial disequilibrium. However, the countryfaces deep-rooted constraints to sustainable growth, and efforts to raiseliving standards among the mass of the Mauritanian population -- severelyaffected by prolonged drought periods -- continue to be restricted by thelimited number of trained managers, progressive desertificationt and thelack of export diversification prospects.

1.7 Because of its geopolitical situation, Mauritania hasbenefitted from an unusually high external assistance of about US$180 per

1/ A wide variety of figures has been observed in the literature: (a)387,800 is the unpublished 1988 census figure, Bureau of Statistics;(b) 375,000 is the 1985 USAID figure (which translate into 500,000for 1988 at a 10% growth rate, or 540,000 at 13%). (c) SchemaNational d'Amenagement du Territoire uses 410,000 inhabitants in1985 (at 10% annual growth 545,000; at 13%: 591,000). A figure of550,000 is used in this document reflecting discussions with anumber of specialists having worked at length in the urban sector.

2/ SONELEC: Ville de Nouakchott: Etude de FactabilitA et du PlanDirecteur d'Assainissement Phase 1: Analyse de la SituationActuelle. August 1987

3/ Source: Report P-4550-MAU: Structural Adjustment Program, May 1987.

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capita p.a over the 1982-84 period. This assistance financed large,inadequately appraised, and poorly-managed public investments. Moreover,it has allowed the country to live above its means and postpone facingthe inevitable structural reform of the economy. The deterioratingperformance of the economy, however, started to alarm even Mauritania'smost lenient donors and creditors. When confronted with its inability toservice its debt and settle its arrears, the country had to face theinescapable need for comprehensive structural reforms. The experience ofthe previous stabilization programs and the aborted 1981-85 DevelopmentPlan clearly showed that, without such reforms, the country could notexpect any lasting improvement in its growth prospects. In this context,the new Government team started preparing and implementing acomprehensive Economic and Financial Recovery Program (PREF: le Programmede Redressement Economique et Financier) for the 1985-88 period which wasfully endorsed by the donors at the first meeting of the ConsultativeGroup (CG) for Mauritania in November 1985.

1.8 The Recovery Program (PREF) focused on implementing thefollowing austerity and restructuring measures: a flexible exchange ratepolicy; a restrictive monetary and credit policy favoring the privatesector; continued austerity in public finances; decontrol of prices sothat they reflect real costs; continued rehabilitation of the parapublicsector; an investment program giving priority to the productive sectors(fisheries and agriculture) and rehabilitation projects (in mining,infrastructure and public services); development of training facilitiestailored to the needs of the economy; and the setting up of an incentiveframework to promote private investment, job creAtion, and communityparticipation in the satisfaction of basic needs.

1.9 Real growth in 1985 was negligible mainly because of thedrought and problems in the mining sector. The production of cerealsreached only 7X of the needs which necessitated considerable volumes offoreign food-aid. A reduct on in imports, together with higher yields ofexports caused by the substantial devaluation of the Ouguiya, facilitateda reduction in the external debt service from 200 million in 1984 to 100million in 1985 and 1986. The total external debt in 1985 amounted to2001 of the GDP.

1.10 The economy showed a real growth of 5% in 1986, thanks to ahigh cereal production (95,000 tonnes, or almost five times the 1985production) and a gradually increasing livestock production. Theagricultural sector produced about one-third of the total needs whichpermitted the Government to reduce free food distribution and focus moreand more on a food for work policy.

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The Household Energy Sector

1.11 Mauritania faces three serious energy problems, both closelylinked to the household energy demand of Nouakchott:

(a) the high urban demand for charcoal, which causes environmentalproblems, is supplied from scarce wood resources far away fromthe urban areas;

(b) the energy efficiencies of both charcoal production andcharcoal consumption are low; and

(c) Mauritania's options to deal with fuel substitution areconstrained by its total dependence on petroleum imports tocover the national demand for crude oil.

The first problem, the lack of wood resources, is serious because themajority of the population (85X) uses woodfuel as a primary cookingfuel. As a result, the limited accessible wood resources are being cutat an alarming rate. This, combined with persisting drought, tree cuttingpractices for fodder, and rapid urbanization, makes the woodfuelsituation a very serious problem. Unless significant action is takenimmediatelyt further degradation of scarce forestry resources will occur.

1.12 The second problem can be dealt with in an cost-effectiveway: the use of improved charcoal stoves could save substantial amountsof charcoal at relatively little costs. A program to promote improvedcharcoal stoves is already under way but needs certain changes in thescope of work to be undertaxen. Chapter II will more elaborate more onthis subject. Similarly, charcoal production methods can be improved toraise efficiencies of the conversion process. The issue is that thecharcoal cycle is unknown at the moment; this cycle has to be fullyunderstood before any efficiency improvement programs can be proposed.

1.13 The third problem is dependence on petroleum imports. Demandfor petroleum products has been increasing steadily and totalled 266,100TOE in 1987, or 133 kgOE per capita. Of this total, the residettialsector accounts for only about 3X with kerosene, for lighting and LPG,mainly for cooKing. Although Mauritania has no proven oil resources, ithas a refinery which runs at 60% of its nominal capacity of 1 milliontonnes per year, and two LPG bottling plants. 4/ However, most of itsLPG is imported and does not come from the refinery. The amount of LPGrequired to satisfy all of Mauritania's cooking needs for the near futurecould, in 1988, easily be supplied by the refinery, but currently most of

4/ One plant had been operated by BP in Nouadhibou since 1965 and wastaken over by 8OMAGAZ in 1989; the other plant has been operated bySOMAGAZ in Nouakchott since the end of 1987.

the produced LPG is exported and domestically consumed LPG is imported;the refinery could produce annually about 24,000 MT. LPG use isincreasing rapidly and totalled 5,700 tonnes in 1987. Most of thisgrowth is in the Nouakchott area where a total of about 27% of thepopulation responded that they use it as their primary cooking fuel.Becrause of its rapid growth and the users' preference, responded use ofLPC is earmarked as one of the most important and promising solutions tothe wood resources problem.

1.14 Will increased LPG importation be an unsurmountable burden forthe economy? Not even if everybody in the whole country starts using LPGeffective today, total LPG imports will be about 40 thousand MT. Thisseven-fold increase over today's consumption will increase the totalpetroleum products import by only 13%. The total commercial energyimports as a percentage of merchandise exports is about 23% in 1985, 5/therefore such an increase in commercial energy imports will not greatlyinfluence the balance of payments.

1.15 Table 1 shows a breakdown of primary household fuel use 6/ in anumber of areas. The classification chosen -- Nouakchott, Nouadhibou,other urban areas, and rural areas -- is quite representative for adescription of the problems in the household energy sector. Nouakchottis the most rapidly growing city with a relatively good infrastructure.Nouadhibou and the mining zone can be considered as 'an island' as thereis no direct road link with Nouakchott and this region had access to LPCfor the last 20 years. Other urban centers, mainly in the Senegal Rivervalley, are growing less rapidly than Nouakchott, and the infrastructureis less developed. The characteristics of each of these four regionswill be discussed in the following paragraphs.

1.16 Table 1.1 shows that 85% of the total population use woodfuelas a primary cooking fuel; it also shows that there are clear differencesin fuel use patterns between Nouakchott, other urban areas, and ruralareas: charcoal and LPG usage decreases while wood usage increases whengoing further away from urban centers (see diagram 1). Nouadhibou is anexception in this pattern: the percentage of LPG users is as high as 73%and wood use is negligible. The reasons for this rather exceptionalbehavior are the existence of an LPG bottling plant since 1964 andavailability problems of charcoal. The highest percentage of charcoalusers is in Nouakchott: 69% of its population uses charcoal as itsprimary cooking fuel. Wood as a primary fuel is mainly used in the ruralareas.

5/ World Development Report 1987, The World Bank.

6/ Source: UNSO/ESMAP household energy survey (Enqu8tes Consommateuret Substitution).

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Table 1.1: USE OF HOUSEHOLD COOKING FUELS AND POPULATIONPER REGION, 1988 a/

Region Charcoal Wood LPG Population

Nouakchott 69% 3% 27% 550,000NouadhIbou/Zouerat 24% 0% 73% 110,000other urban 43% 43% 13% 181,800

rural 15% 81% 4% 998,200

total 33% 52% 15% 1,820,000

a/ TotaIs do not add up to 100% due to usage of othersources of energy: electricity, kerosene.

Source: SONELEC; Mission estimates.

Diagram 1:1988 Household Energy use in urban and rural areas

HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USEper reglon

we ofIn

Nh_tt 0111 t.r wn ,wga

tbn ~ W"

regIon

Om" -- Wood LPG

1.17 Total fuel consumption (in MT) is given in Table 1.2. In termof quantities, Nouakchott is the single largest consumer of most domesticfuels: it consumes 581 of all charcoal consumed in Mauritania, as well as531 of all LPC, 271 of all kerosene, and 68Z of all domestic electricityuse. Any program aiming to reduce woodfuel consumption shouldnecessarily address the Nouakchott consumption: the wood required tosatisfy all of Nouakchott's charcoal needs amounts to a total of 301 ofthe whole country's wood consumption.

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Table 1.2: 1988 HOUSEHOLD FUEL CONSUMPTION (METRIC TK NES (MT)) a/

Charcoal Wood LPG Electricity b/ Kerosene

Nouakchott 42,827 58% 8,285 2% 3,254 54% 32 61% 457 27%Ndb/zouerat 4,338 6% 0 0% 1,499 25% 17 33% 57 3%other urban 9,853 13% 31,235 7% 499 8% 3 6% 189 11%rural 16,553 22% 369,257 91% 810 13% 0 0% 971 58%

total 73,571 c/ 408,777 6,063 53 1,675

a/ Percentages show the aggregate within a type of fuel.- tGWh, 1986 data.c/ Equivalent to 635,000 MT of wood.

1.18 In terms of primary energy use 7/, 95Z of the domestic energybalance is made up of wood fuels: of this, some 55% is consumed in theform of charcoal, and 40% in the form of wood (see: Table 1.3). The twolargest components of woodfuel use in the primary energy balance are:charcoal consumption in Nouakchott and wood use in the rural areas,accounting for 31% and 37% of the total energy balance respectively.

Table 1.3: 1988 PRIMARY ENERGY BALANCE ('000 TOE) a/

Wood for Charcoal b/ Wood LPG Electricity cS Kerosene TOTAL

Nouakchott 136.0 33% 3.2 1% 3.5 0.9% 8.0 2,0% 0.4 0.1% 151 37%Nouadhibou/zouerat 13.8 3% 0.0 0% 1.6 0.4% 4.2 1.0% 0.0 0.0% 20 5%Other urban 31.3 8% 11.9 3% 0.5 0.1% 0.8 0.2% 0.2 0.0% 45 11%Rural 52.5 13% 140.7 34% 0.9 0.2% 0.0 0.0% 0.8 0.2% 195 47%

Total 233.6 155.7 6.6 13.1 1.4 41057% 38% 2% 3% 0% 100%

a/ All percentages relative to total energy consumption in Mauritania.b/ Charcoal production efficiency: 12%.d/ Electricity production/transmission efficiency: 34%.

Source: Survey.

7/ End-use energy is converted into primary energy based on acarbonization efficiency rate of 12% (weight basis) and based on anoverall electricity production and transmission efficiency rate of34%:- 1 kg of charcoal equals 8.3 kg of wood (= 133 MJ 3.2 kgOE);- 1 kWh of electricity equals 2.9 kWh primair (=0.25 kgOE).

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Diagram 2a:1988 Household Energy Consumption, in MT

CONSOMMATION D'ENERGIE DOMESTIQUEquantites (TM)

Gaz Butane charbon de bolscharbon de bois6072 >73571 6130 92

Gaz Butanet -Bois7877 8072 aBoi

408777 408777forme finale forme primaire .

bases reaqu to"(i)

Diagram 2b:1588 Household Energy Consumption, in '000 TOE

CONSOMMATION D'ENERGIE DOMESTIQUEbilan 1988

bbOis 1ae

bois 6540ogaz Butane 276 8az butane e.8

charbon de bole 2080charbon ae bols 234

energie orimaire ('000 GJ) energie finale ('000 TEP)

bars renaue. 1988)

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1.19 Per capita domestic energy use in Mauritania, 221 kgOE peryear, is relatively high compared to other countries: 168 kgOE forSenegal and 100 kgOE for Cape Verde. Possible reasons for thisdifference are the high percentage of charcoal use in Mauritania incombination with the relatively poor methods of charcoal production, theinefficiency due to cooking outdoors, and the higher percentage of LPGuse in the other countries. However, when Mauritanian and Senegalesecities are compared, the difference is not so large: Nouakchott (275kgOE); Nouadhibou (179 kgOE), other urban areas (246 kgOE); the fivemajor cities in Senegal (265 kgOE); average other urban areas (233kgOE). 8/

Special Role of Nouakchott

1.20 As mentioned above, Nouakchott is the single largest consumerof charcoal, LPG and elctricity. LPG and kerosene are transported fromeither Nouadhibou or from a foreign country; charcoal comes from theCorgol Region (more than 500 km from Nouakchott) or from Rosso (200 kmdistance, however, it is likely that most of the charcoal from thisregion is produced in Senegal). There are no statistics which show theorigin of firewood. Possible sources include: trees in the immediatesurroundings of Nouakchott, the port (scrap wood from packing materials),etc.

1.21 In terms of annual per capita energy consumption, Nouakchott isthe largest consumer also: 275 kgOE as compared to 246 kgOE for otherurban areas and 195 kgOE for rural areas. Nouadhibou is an exceptionwith 179 kgOE due to the wide-spread use of LPG. 9/ Nouakchott not onlyuses more energy per capita than any other region, most of it has to betransported over long distances in order to come to Nouakchott -- whichincreases the amount of energy used per capita although this is notreflected in the energy balances presented earlier.

The Nature of the Problem: Urban Demand, Rural Supply,and Large Distances

1.22 Consumption of woodfuels is concentrated in two areas: 44X (ona primary energy basis) is consumed as charcoal in urban areas, 331 isconsumed as firewood in the rural areas. Charcoal has to be transportedover large distances from the production zones in the rural areas to the(urban) consumption centers. Wood as a fuel is consumed in the areas of

8/ Senegal Urban Household Energy Strategy; January 1989; ESMAP.

9/ LPG stoves are much more energy efficient than charcoal or woodstoves; in addition, people who use LPG, also use less useful energydue to a different structure of food consumption.

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origin; it is normally not transported over large distances but consumedlocally.

1.23 The supply of wood to the rural areas is less destructive thanthe supply of charcoal to the urban areas: consumption of firewood isdispersed over a large area and so is the production of wood.Consumption of charcoal is concentrated in a few urban centers, and as of1988, production was officially limited to one production zone only, theforest of N'Gouye (Departement of Maghama), in the Gorgol.

1.24 To summarize, there are three major problems with the householdenergy sector:

(a) the high urban demand for charcoal, which causes environmentalproblems, is supplied from scarce wood resources far away fromthe urban areas;

(b) the energy efficiencies of both charcoal production andcharcoal consumption are low; and

(c) Mauritania's options to deal with fuel substitution areconstrainted by its total dependence on petroleum imports tocover the national demand for crude oil.

Existing Institutions and Policies

Institutions

1.25 The MHE through the DE and the CNEA (Cellulle Nationale desEnergies Alternatives) is responsible for planning, review, andcoordination of electricity, petroleum, (including supervision of stateenergy enterprises) and alternative energy related matters, as well asfor implementing programs in these areas. The MDR through the DPN isresponsible for implementing programs and supervising forest ese. TheMinistry of Finance (MF, Ministere de Finances) administers petroleumfuel taxation but decisions on energy pricing, taxation, etc. are made bythe Council of Ministers, acting on recommendation of the MHE and theenergy enterprises.

1.26 In order to execute its work programme, four departments (eachresponsible for various missions) have been created within the Directionde l'Energie: (a) traditional energy department; (b) study and planningdepartment; (c) institutional departments; (d) renewable energydepartment. The Director of Energy is also responsible for thealternative energy national module within which a technical component ofimproved stoves has been incorporated; its main activities ar.2t researchand development programme on improved stoves (charcoal and othersubstitution fuels such as LPG, kerosene, peat, etc.); testing ofimproved stoves; training of artisans and follow-up; technical monitoring

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of stove dissemination pilot operations. State enterprises monitored bythe DE are: SONELEC (Societe Nationale d'Eau et Electricite), the waterand electricity utility company which is responsible for generation,transmission and distribution of water and electricity in the major urbancenters; SOMIR (Societe Mauritanienne de l'Industrie de Raffinage) whichhas been leased to the algerian NAWTAL for five years and is responsiblefor operating the refinery; SOMAGAZ (Societe Mauritanienne du Gas, 34XSMCPP, 33 NAPTAL, 331 private) which is responsible for bottling anddistribution of LPG; SMCPP (Societ6 Mauritanienne de Commercialisationdes produits Petroliers) which is responsible for distribution ofpetroleum products except LPG; MEPP (Societe Mauritanienne d'Entreposagedes Produits Petroliers) which is in charge of storage of petroleumproducts, except LPG, in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou.

1.27 The Protection of Nature Directorate is composed of twodepartments, reforestation and fauna department and soil and vegetationprotection department, both managed by a director. The head of thereforestation and fauna department is simultaneously Director of improvedstoves dissemination and responsible for the 'Cellule de Coordination desActions Bois de Feu (CCABF). The improved stoves disseminationprogramme, a project mainly financed by UNSO and UNIFEM, is carried outjointly by the Protection of Nature Directorate and the Direction det'Energie. The basic structures (BTFA and CCABF) are already operatingand have undertaken various activities. The project's financing issecured until 1990, after which it will be evaluated and, depending onthe achievements, a follow-up project could be identified.

Policies, Programs and Results

1.28 Since the opening of the LPG bottling plant in Nouakchott in1987 the Government has promoted LPG as a household fuel. Most of thesubsidies on LPG have been removed at present, but the 1988 pricestructure of LPG can be improved further. Petroleum products prices arebased on CIF prices: production and delivery costs inNouakchott/Nouadhibou, plus road transportation costs (for other citiesin the country). Currently, 75X of the LPG is distributed in 12.5 kgbottles which favors the higher income groups. No efforts have beenundertaken to promote LPG in the 3 and 6 kg bottles which are likely tobe used by the medium income groups.

1.29 A number of projects exist in the petroleum sector focussing onthe search for oil, the use of the refinery and the Nouakchott LPGbottling plant. Pricing issues are included. Two projects are beingproposed, an "Energy Technical Assistance" project of the World Bankwhich has three components: petroleum exploration promotion; support tothe DE and SONELEC; and a household energy component; the second projectproposed by the Ponds Europ6en de Developpement (FED) for the promotionof LPG is part of a larger regional project.

1.30 In April 1988, the Government tightened the control on thetransportation of charcoal which resulted in much higher charcoal trade

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and tax compliance figures than in the years before. Charcoal is, inprinciple, taxed on the local level and stumpage fees are also levied.However, these revenues are not used to improve the wood supplysituation, but rather to make up a substantial part of the localGovernment's budget. The price of charcoal is officially controlled bythe Government, but in practice a market price exists which issubstantially higher tt.an the official price. A system to control orenforce the official charcoal price is not currently in place.

1.31 Projects in the forestry sector focus mainly on environmentalprotection and reforestation. Projects like "Lutte contre la D6serti-fication", "Fixation des Dunes", "Poles Vertes", Ceinture Verte" have allinvestigated the possibilities and options of planting trees under thevarious environmental conditions. The UNSO/NIFEM and the Government ofMauritaniL started operating an improved charcoal stove project in 1987and will shortly start disseminating charcoal saving stoves.

Objectives of the Household Energy Strategy

1.32 The objectives of a household energy strategy should be toprovide a policy framework for optimizing the use of scarce resources andalleviating environmental damage through selecting and prioritizing keyprojects and programs, taking into account the country's macro-economicand finacial situation. Short term tasks for preparing such a strategyare:

(a) establishing and analyzing a reliable household energy databasefor policy and project development and evaluation purposes; theproject has organized a large number of surveys which form thefoundation for this database; more surveys will be conducted bythe permananent team of enumerators of the improved stovesproject and the results will be added to the existing database;

(b) identifying effective policy and project options, includingenergy pricing and fuel substitution; this has been done basedupon the results of the surveys, other information fromconsultant's visits and in-house analysis by ESMAP staff; and

(c) preparing a detailed, costed, least-cost plan of action toprotect the rural environment while maintaining the urbanconsumer welfare. This has mostly been done in Washington afteranalysing the options resulting from the field work.

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II. URBAN HOUSEHOLD FUELS AND ISSUES

Introduction

2.1 This chapter reviews data on demand and supply of householdenergy fuels: wood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene and electricity. Most of thedata presented in this chapter were generated by the household energysurvey conducted in Nouakchott (641 households), Nouadhibou (80), Atar(69), Ka6di (80) and Kiffa (90) in June-July 1988. 10/ Annex 1 presentsthe survey and its methodology in more detail.

2.2 Urban households often select a set of different fuels tosatisfy their energy needs according to a specific end-use, their habits,income level, occupation, etc. The energy consumption of cooking is byfar the largest of all household energy end-uses, as is shown in table2.1 below. The influence of seasonality is rather small: heating of thehouse and or water heating takes mainly place in the coastal areas andthe mining zone during the short cold season. Energy consumption forlighting is less than 2% of the energy used for cooking with charcoal;energy used for ironing is 4Z of the energy used for cooking. Therefore,a marginal error is made when only cooking fuels are taken into accountwhile other household energy uses are ignored.

2.3 In addition, under Mauritanian circumstances, there is not muchcottage industrial use of wood energy. Beer brewing is not practiced andthere are very few soap factories; restaurants mainly use LPG; for breadbaking, electricity is used in Nouakchott, Nouadhibou, F'D6rick, Rosso,and Zou&rat; wood is used in the bush and the southern part of thecountry.

10/ These five towns represent about 80% of the total urban population.The results of the survey were extrapolated to the country as awhole resulting in a comprehensive urban energy consumption picturefor Mauritania. The rural areas, which were not surveyed, arecharacterized by the survey results of the most remote sections ofthe towns in the interior of the country in combination with anumber of assumptions (see Annex 2); this has proven to be areasonable approach which is backed up by the experience in a numberof other countries.

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Table 2.1: AVERAGE DAILY QUANTITIES OF FUEL CONSUMEDFOR SELECTED DOMESTIC END-USES

End-use Charcoal Electricity Kerosene LPG

Cooking- quantity of fuel 2.7 kg - 1.1 liter 0.6- primary energy

MJ/day 360 1) 39 37Lighting- quantity - 60W lamp (4x) wick lamp butane lamp

(4hrs/day) 1 kWh 0.2 liter 0.12 kg- primary energy

MJ/day - 3.6 7 5.5Ironing- quantity

(30 minutes) 0.11 kg 0.6 kWh- primary energy

NJ/day 15 2.3

a/ ConversIon factor charcoal production: 12%.

Source: Mission estimates, see also table 2.3.

Overall Structure of Household Fuel Use

Fuel Mixes

2.4 Table 2.2 presents an overview of the frequency of cooking fueluse in Mauritania:

(a) about 80X of the rural population use wood as its only cookingfuel, the remainder use a mix of fuels;

(b) roughly 50% of the urban population use one fuel for cooking:- in Nouakchott: 39% of the population exclusively use

charcoal for cooking, and 13% use LPG;- in Nouadhibou: 37% use LPG; 20% charcoal- in other urban areas: 22X use charcoal; 17% wood; 7$ LPG;

(c) the other 50% of the urban population uses a mix of fuels: inthe 'modern' cities of Nouakchott, Nouadhibou and Zouerat, itis a mix of LPG and charcoal, in the other cities it is more amix of charcoal and wood:- in Nouakchott: charcoal and LPC (21%) and LPC and charcoal

(13X)- in Nouadhibou: LPC and charcoal (37Z)- in other urban areas: charcoal and wood (161); wood and

charcoal (251); LPG and wood (51); and- in rural areas: wood and charcoal (62).

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2.5 A number of trends can be distinguished: (a) 271, respectively731 of the population of Nouakchott and Nouadhibou use LPC as primaryfuel. The Ministry of Energy's policy on LPC supply greatly improvedsupply conditions and implicated a growing use of LPG within thehouseholds. The results went beyond any forecast. In spite of highequipment costs (bottles, burner,stove) and psychological constraints(danger associated with the use of gas), a considerable increase inquantities consumed was observed: 800 tons in 1981 compared to 5000 tonsin 1987 (an increae of around 600X); (b) wood consumption in the two"modern cities" is negligible, however, in the other urban areas peopleuse wood but more people use a mix of wood and charcoal than wood alone;(c) approximately 13% of the popi4lation of Nouakchott use LPG as theironly cooking fuel; a greater part (34%) use a mix of LPG and charcoal (orcharcoal and LPG).

Table 2.2: MIX OF PRIMARY AND SECONDMARY FUEL USE(In percentages)

Nouakchott Nouadhlbou Other Urban Rural

Total Fuel Useone fuel 53% 57% 47% 90%mix of fuels 46% 41% 53% 10%

Charcoal as 1st Fuelexclusively 39% 20% 22% 8s+ wood 7% 16% 6%+ LPG 21% 4% 4% 2%+ other 3% 0%

total 69% 24% 42% 15%

Wood as Ist Fuelexclusively 2% 17% 80%+ charcoal 1% 25% 0%+ LPG 0% 2% 0%+ other

total 3% 44% 81%

LPG as 1st Fuelexclusively 13% 37% 7% 2%+wood 0% 1% 0%+ charcoal 13% 37% 5% 1%+ other 1%

total 27% 73% 13% 4%

Totals do not add to 100% due to use of other fuels (electricity, etc) androunding.

Source: Survey Data, 1988.

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Fuel Quantities Used For Cooking

2.6 The survey in Nouakchott revealed a daily charcoal consumptionof 330 gr. per person, with economies of scale for large families (seediagram 2.1). The follow-up survey which was specifically designed toverify daily charcoal consumption, showed figures which are a littlehigher but fall within the statistical margin of error: an average of340 gr. per person. If broken down by family size, the consumptionfigures are: 500 gr. per person for families smaller than or equal to 5persons; 265 gr. for families larger than or equal to 10 persons, and 315gr. for families of intermediate size. These figures are comparable tothe figures observed in the 1987 ESMAP household energy surveys inSenegal.

2.7 Interpretation of these figures has to be done with caution:people were visited during the follow-up survey once a day at the samehour during a whole week; they were asked how many kg they bought thatparticular day, and how many kg they bought the previous day after thesurveyor left the house. Although the surveyors were students with someprevious experience in conducting surveys and had been further trained bythe mission, they were not professionals. The responses to the questionsof the main-survey were, firstly, answers given by the housewivesconcerning how many kg of charcoal they purchased between two visits ofthe surveyor 11/ and secondly, measurements to verify the weight ofcharcoal available in the household before and after the survey. A levelof inaccuracy of 1OZ to 25% for such an exercise is not uncommon.

2.8 The daily charcoal consumption figure assumed for theprojections is on the low side: 300 gr. per person. The reasons therefor are: (a) 58% of all charcoal is consumed in Nouakchott. The familysize in Nouakchott is rather large and per capita consumption decreaseswith the family size; and (b) the inaccuracies related to data collectiondescribed earlier. As a result, the total charcoal consumption inMauritania will not be smaller than the figure presented; it representsthe lower limit.

2.9 LPG and wood consumption figures assumed for the projectionscould only be based on the survey since a specific follow-up survey hasnot been conducted. Consequently, the figures are less reliable than thecharcoal figures. However, the figures are comparable to those found inthe household energy surveys conducted in Senegal: estimates used in theprojections are a per capita LPG consumption of 22 kg per year (0.064kg/day) and a per capita wood consumption of roughly 1 kg per day.

11/ The current habit in Mauritania is that people buy their charcoalper kg. once or twice a day; charcoal is weighed at the time of thepurchase.

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Diagram 2.1sDaily per person charcoal consumption

CHARCOAL CONSUMPTIONby family size

oOf<SumptO~(k/poreofiday)

0.6~

0.2 =

0.11

0 6 10 1S 20 25 a0 35

famnily size

- Sutvey Control survey

641 bouseholdfs Noualchott50 households - control survey

Household Expenditures and Cooking Puels

2.10 The portion of household expenditures in Nouakchott spent oncharcoal ranges -- under normal price conditions -- from 26% in thepoorest sections of town to 14% in the richer sections. Households usingLPG spend relatively less on fuels than households using charcoal.

2.11 The survey showed an average household spending pattern ofabout UM300 in the Kebes (bidonvilles) and the relocated sections of town(newly built housing schemes which were constructed after destruction ofcertain sections of town containing bidonvilles); UM400 to UM600 in themedian sections (centre ville (middle of town); loti recent (privateconstruction of middle class villas); and UM700 to UM800 in the richersections of town (Medina (traditionally, the old residential sector); newresidential section).

2.12 Charcoal is a fuel that is practically always availableeverywhere and, because it is bought in small quantities (94% of theresponses), its real accrued cost is not perceived by its consumers.Some 38% of the households buy their charcoal twice a day, and 511 once aday. In 431 of the households the wife buys charcoal (in 352, thechildren), most of the time in a small shop close to home (83% of theresponses). It appears not to be the husband's task since he buys it in

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only 3% of the cases. Buying charcoal by the bag is considereddisadvantageous because the bag usually contains both charcoal andstones, as well as sand and charcoal dust. The average daily charcoalpurchase is 3 kg 12/ in the Kebe's and the relocated sections of town,3.3 kg in the median sections, and 4.5 kg in the richer sections oftown. In Nouadhibou, charcoal is priced at UM40/kg (normal season) andhouseholds spend relatively more for their energy needs than inNouakchott.

2.13 LPG is available in bottles of 38, 12.5, 6 and 3 kg. Theaverage use of a 12.5 kg LPG bottle, which is the type of bottle mostfrequently used, is 20 to 25 days; the LPG re-charge is priced at UM650,which is equivalent to about UM30/day per household. The expendituresfor LPG are lower than for charcoal, even when taking into accountadditional costs for use of the bottle, expensive stoves, etc. Of thehouseholds that do not u':e LPG. 73X say that it is too expensive forthem. General perceptions of the positive and negative aspects of LPGare: cooking with LPG is quick, clean and simple; and the risk ofexplosion is the single most negative aspect. Despite the fact thatthrow-away LPG cartridges are much more expensive than re-usable bottles,these are widely used as a secondary fuel, e.g. to make tea.

2.14 Using the results obtained from the survey, the costs and theamount of energy consumed for cooking have been calculated and are shownin Table 2.3. It is assumed that people use the same amount of usefulenergy (heat going into their pans) to cook their meals, irrespective ofthe type of stove used. This a reasonable assumption for a comparisonbetween the available different cooking options on the family level.Table 2.3 shows clearly that i) kerosene at the official price and woodare the cheapest cooking options; LPG and kerosene at the market priceare the next less expensive options; and ii) charcoal is the mostexpensive option. However, the costs for using improved charcoal stovesare 30% less than those for traditional stoves, and are comparable tothose for LPG stoves. A strategy for improving domestic energy useshould therefore include both options, a switch towards petroleum fuelsand dissemination of improved charcoal stoves.

2.15 One question that comes to mind is: why does a large part ofthe population continue to use charcoal when it is clearly the mostexpensive option. As shown in table 2.1, 692 of Nouakchott's populationuses charcoal as primary fuel, and an additional 14X use charcoal as asecondary fuel. In Nouadhibou where the charcoal (retail) price isalmost double when compared to Nouakchott and where the LPG price is the

12/ The average charcoal price during the period of May to July 1988 wasUN20/kg. At the beginning of the "rainy season" in August, priceswent up to UN25/kg. According to DPN, the charcoal price at the endof the rain- season can be as high as UMIOO/kg. An average price ofcharcoal, weighted over a whole year would be around UM24/kg.

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same, a much higher percentage of the population uses LPG as primaryfuel: as much as 73Z. Nevertheless, 20X of Nouadhibou's populationcontinues to use charcoal as primary fuel.

Table 2.3: EXPENDITURES FOR THE DIFFERENT COOKIN6 OPTIONS- for a family of 9 persons *

---------- LPG…- -- kerosene --- charcoal ---- wood3kg 6kg 12,5kg a/ b/ malgache metal

Sakkanal stove

Equipment cost stove (UM) c/ 1050 1200 3000 1500 1500 350 550 250Deposit of bottle (UM) 1000 1000 2050Stove efficlency 45% 45% 45% 40% 40% 20% 28% 12%Stove life time (y) 4 4 5 3 3 1,0 1.5 1.0

Price fuel (UM/kg) 59 52 52 24 24 3,, (UN/I) 20 35

Energy value (MJ/kg) 45.5 45.5 45.5 29 29 16,, (MJ/I) 34.8 34.8

Fuel utilized S/ am/day) 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.1 2.7 1.9 8.2,, (/fam/y) 279 279 279 411 411 986 704 2977

(/pers/day) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.30 0.21 0.91

Useful energy (MJ/y) 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716 5716

Annuity stove 368 420 895 657 657 403 436 288,, bottle 150 150 308

Fusel costs 16454 14502 14502 8218 14381 24638 17598 8931Total d/ 16972 15072 15705 8875 15038 25040 18034 9219

Cost /day 46 41 43 24 41 69 49 25Savings

- with ref. to Naigache e/ 8068 9968 9335 16165 10002 7006 15821- ,, kerosene (avg) -5016 -3116 -3748 -13083 -6078 -2738

a/ Official retail price.b/ Actual price In town,cf A majority of households use only one stove.i/ Costs for maintenance of kerosene stoves are not taken Into account; these may Increase the annual

costs by 5% - 10%; similarly, costs for lighting a charcoal fire with kerosene have been omittedalso.

e/ See Annex Ill for descriptlon of stoves.* -The survey found an average of 8.8 persons In Nouakchott.

2.16 The question "why" is even more relevant if the assumption istaken away that everyone uses equal amounts of useful energy. The surveysuggests that the per capita LPC consumption (for those who identifiedthemselves as users of LPG as their primary fuel) is roughly 22 kg peryear, or 301 less than shown in Table 2.3. A number of potential reasonsexist to explain this difference: cooking with charcoal often takes placein the open air, with much wind blowing, whereas people who use LPG cook

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indoors; and people who currently use LPG, have a different dietrequiring less cooking heat.

2.17 Possible answers to the question asked above include (a)charcoal is pictured as a fuel without problems: one can always obtain iteverywhere and it is quite adapted to current spending patterns. It isalso traditionally a fuel of modernization, as shown in diagram 1.1; (b)LPG is perceived as a dangerous fuel. Also, it is perceived asexpensive, beyond the means of most people. One has to change spendingpatterns when switching to LPG, and finance a relatively large sum ofmoney before being able to switch; (c) there have been LPG supplyshortages; etc. Prom these answers it is clear that the strategy shouldcontain a large component of supplying information: demonstrating thatLPG is not more dangerous than charcoal if one only knows how to use anLPG stove properly; and showing that LPG is cheaper to use in both theshort and the long run.

Evaluation of Household Energy Sources

Wood

2.18 Wood is mainly used in the rural areas where it is collectedfree of cost charges. Around many urban areas wood collection is commer-cialized and is likely to be as destructive of nature as the productionof charcoal. Small merchants cut wood in the surroundings of these urbanareas and transport it per headload, donkey, camel, or small cart to thecity. According to the DPN, no reliable estimate for the forestryresources exists and an inventory based upon remote sensing is called forwith the highest priority and, as a matter of fact, is included in thePREP. Some figures and quotations frequently observed in various projectdocuments are the following:

(a) the consumption of wood fuels is eight to ten times higher thanthe annual estimated sustained production;

(b) 3.5% of the country's total surface consists of forests ofwhich 17% is accessible with a growth rate of 0.16 m3 perhectare per year; this results in 595,000 ha with a totalannual sustainable growth of 95,000 m3 (62,000 MT) and a totalstanding stock between 2.4 and 4.8 million m3 (1.6 to 3.1million MT);

(c) some 6% of the total forested surface is located in the rivervalley and could produce wood fuels or. a continuing (sustained)basis in case the resources are managed correctly;

(d) a large amount of dead wood is available in the river valleytand charcoal production is allowed from this source only; and

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(e) the total reforestation amounted to 1000 ha per year during thePREP period; the total deforestation is estimated to be 40times higher.

2.19 From these quotations it is clear that a potentially veryserious problem exists. Observations in the field also show that theforest resources in certain areas will be depleted in the near future,but reliable data to prove this are lacking. The immediate collectionof such data is an absolute requirement and has therefore been includedin the next priority investment plan (PIP) for 1989 - 90. This isemphasixed when these production data are compared to the estimatedconsumption data (Table 2): even a high estimate of the standing stockof approximately 4.8 million m3 is very low compared to the annualconsumption of about 1.5 million m3. Even in case that 50Z of thecharcoal is imported, the annual Mauritanian woodfuel supply of about1 million m3 is far larger than the annual growth.

2.20 The project 'Fixation et Stabilisation des Dunes' (PFSD)experienced an encouraging success in terms of reforestation. A total ofroughly 1000 ha were planted in order to protect the road Nouakchott -Nema from being covered by moving sand dunes. Environmental protectionwas the primary objective of this project, the resulting biomass resourcewas of secondary importance. The average biomass yield of Prosopisjuliflora planted on the dunes is around 20 m3 per hectare, after 25months of age and without applying any irrigation. The quality of woodis such that it gives excellent firewood or charcoal, but it cannot beused as pole wood or for other high valued uses. The results of PFSDseem quite high compared to results of reforestation projects in otherSahelian countries, and it is not known to what extent this is anexception rather than the rule.

2.21 This option of reforestation has been included in the PIPthrough the projected establishment of 60,000 ha of industrialplantations to provide fuel wood to a number of villages starting in1989, to be expanded to 190,000 ha of such plantations by the year2000. These plantations will not be planted to protect the roads orvillages from moving dunes, but to yield wood. Average rainfall in theareas where these trees are projected ranges from 150 to 300 mm annuallywhich is too low to support agricultural activities. Even if the resultsof the PFSD can be reproduced on such a large scale, then it would onlymake economic sense that the actual costs ef wood be charged to the userso that a self-sustaining production system can be established. Thetotal amount of wood obtained from 60,000 ha will be on the order of 60Zof one-year's total fuelwood demand. So far there is no evidence thatthe plantations can be managed in a sustainable way (clearcutting without

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regeneration 13/, which means that the option should be evaluated in moredepth before a decision on its feasibility can be made.

2.22 Economic costs for the production of wood are estimated intable 2.4 below. There are many uncertainties in these calculations:longer term prospects of wood plantations are unknown; the currentharvesting methods are not fully known. Two types of wood areconsidered: plantation wood, and 'natural' wood. Plantation wood usesthe results obtained in practice by the project 'Fixation etStabilisation des Dunes. Wood from the natural forests is divided intothree groups:

(a) trees in the Senegal river valley not too far away from theriver (riverine);

(b) trees within a region having a reasonable prevailing rainfallpattern of 300 to 500 mm per year; and

(c) trees similar to (ii) but harvested in a sustained manner:wuadianda are managed and an amount equal to the annual growthis cut.

Two types of plantations are distinguished: one with one rotation only(of about two to three years) and one with two rotations. The outcomegives indicative figures for the economic costs for the production ofwood of approximately: UM840 ($11) per MT for wood from the naturalforests and UM3350 ($45) per MT for plantation wood. In case ofplantations with two rotations, the cost of wood comes down to about:UM2250 ($30) per MT. In the case of natural forest management, economiccosts of wood amount to approximately UM4250 (Us$57) per MT.

2.23 Currently, the costs of wood production reflect mainly thecosts of labour used in the process of wood cutting. The economic costsof wood production include the costs of replanting trees, and these costsare about four times higher than the costs of cutting. The average costsof wood from the natural forest, including replenishing the resourcesutilized, are UM3040 O($40.5) per MT. Average costs of natural wood undera forestry management scheme would amount to UM4245 ($56.6) per MT whileplantation wood would costs approximately UN3338 ($44.5) per MT for onerotation, or UM2258 ($30.1) per MT for two rotations.

2.24 One of the lessons learnt from this table is that, contrary tothe experience in other Sahelian countries and due to the specialcircumstances of wood plantations in Mauritania, management of naturalwood resources is an option which need more investigation before its

13/ This is the current practice; no information is available at thistime on the rate of success (or failure) of regeneration of thesetrees, however, research is ongoing.

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Table 2.4: ECONOMIC COST OF WOOD PRODUCTIONFOR CLEAR-CUTTING ONE HECTARE *

Classification Natural Plantationof forest 1/ 2/ 2a/ 3a/ 3b/ 4a/ 4b/

forest cover (m3/ha) 30 10 10 '0 40 20 40(MT/ha), 1st cut 19.5 6,5 - 13 13 13 13

,, 2nd cut - - - - 13 - 13

annual sustainabl1egrowth (m /ha/yr) - - 0.45 - - - -

of Os (MT/ha/yr) - - 0.315 - - - -

degree of utilization 5/ 75% 60% 80% 80% 80% 80%effective output (MT/ha) 14.6 3.9 0.325 10.4 20.8 10.4 20.8

cost of production- S/ha 428 114 14.4 500 500 200 200 A- S/NT 29.3 29.3 45.7 48.1 24.0 19.2 9.6

cutting costs (S) 6/ 154 41 3.3 109 269 109 269 8transportation 7/to roadside CS) 5.1 4.1 0.1 3.6 6.9 3.6 6.9 c

total costs (S/ha)

A + i + C 587 159 49.1 613 776 313 476,, (S/MT) 40.2 40.8 56.6 56.6 37.3 30.1 22.9Pt (Ui/MT) 3015 3060 4245 4418 2798 2258 1718

1/ Riverine, age of tree at time of cutting: more than 15 years,1/ Non-riverine, age of tree at time of cutting: more than 15 y ears.2a/ Natural forest land well managed; sustainable growth 0.45 m per year. Wood costs for

a similar operation in Niger show a wood cost of FCFA 16/kg a USS45.7/hT (discountedover a lIfe of 22 years. This Includes all costs for management, protection, etc.(FCFA 154,000) and revenues foregone (4,000) due to the non-allowed use of the forestby herders and their livestock durlng the first four years while small treesregenerate. A similar project In the Sudan shows higher production cost figures thanIn Niger.

3a/ and 3b/ligh cost of establishing the plantation, age of tree at time of cutting: 2 - 3years; 3a/ one rotation; 3b/ two rotations. Production figures are results from MagdaLahJar plantation as provided by the forestry advisor.

4a/ and 4b/Low cost ,, ,, , age of tree at time of cutting: 2 - 3 years; 4a/one rotation; 4b) two rotations.

5/ The more organized and dense the fore3t, the higher the utilization rate.6/ Cost per m3 standing wood per ha; 1 m per laborer per day, at a rate of UM 300 a 547/ Plantation and riverine forest, where trees are quite close to each other, transport

to roadside Is: $0.21/MT; In the non-riverine forest, where trees are quite distantfrom each other, transport Is SO.61J4T.

* Clearcutting Is the current practice In the natural forests; coppicing has not beenpracticed with the current Prosopis Juliflora plantations and It is too early to saywhether this can be done or not. However, under normal conditlons this tree speciescoppices quite well. In the current analysis, one, and two rotations areconsidered. All costs are discounted at 12% per year; It Is assumed that In year zerothe plantations are established.

** Columns 1/ and 2/ Illustrate the situation In practice. However, the cost of woodproduction should be taken Into account to reflect the renewable nature of of theproduction costs shown In columns 2a/ till 4b/ Is taken: UM2200 (USS29.3) per iMT.

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economic viability can be established. Based on the current data, it isimpossible to define detailed recommandations for the forestry sector;additional baseline data collection is absolutely required before suchrecommandations can be made. It is therefore recommended to look intothese issues in more detail during the execution of the project.Questions that should be answered are the following:

(a) how much natural wood resources are there, what are averageannual growth figures;

(b) what is a reliable number of rotations that could be obtainedwith Prosopis plantations; and

(c) what are actual cost figures for (re)planting of trees, both inplantations and in the natural forest.

2.25 Wood stoves used are three-stone open fires, a fixed model"improved stove" made of banco (a mixture of clay and cement) and metalstoves. Metal stoves are for sale on the market and a small variety ofmodels exist. These stoves are produced by artisans from scrap metal.Banco stoves have been promoted by the DPN and by a number of NGO's forabout three years and generally are known by households. The surveydemonstrates that the majority of people who specified having heard aboutor seen improved stoves, were in fact referring to not only these bancostoves but to improved metallic stoves.

Charcoal

2.26 Charcoal is produced mainly in the Senegal river valley;starting in the '60s in the region of Trarza (Rosso) in the south-west,the production zones subsequently moved further east and are currentlylocated in the Gorgol at more than 200 km from Rosso and 500 to 600 kmfrom Nouakchott. Charcoal is not perceived as a special problem by theGovernment: the official statistics of the DPN for 1982 to 1987 show thatthe total consumption is small, on the order of 12 to 16 thousand MT peryear; moreover, most of the charcoal produced in the country is said tobe made from dead wood which causes no harm to the environment.

2.27 By Government decree, charcoal is currently (first half of '88)produced only from wood in one particular classified forest: N'Gouye(1825 ha with mainly Acacia nilotica) in Maghama, Corgol region; in allremaining forests it is prohibited to produce charcoal. It is clear thatthe N'Gouye forest cannot supply all the charcoal required: it isestimated that this forest can provide between 4000 and 8000 MT ofcharcoal which is approximately 41 to 81 of the total annual demand forcharcoal or less than 201 of the annual Nouakchott consumption.Moreover, controlling of the other forests is very difficult mainly dueto the enormous size of the country and the limited number of forestryofficials. In other areas than N'Couye, trees are cut and charcoal isproduced. The traditional way of tree cutting is still practiced: about75 cm from the ground thereby leaving the best part of the tree (for

- 25 -

charcoal making) standing in the ground. The tree will be unable tocoppice and dies later on. Particularly in the river valley an enormousamount of dead tree stumps/trunks can he found.

2.28 The amount of charcoal originating in neighboring countries isunknown. It is claimed however, that in the late '70s and early '80sMauritania was a net exporter of charcoal to Senegal. Nowadays, it isbelieved that Senegal exports it to Mauritania although no reliableestimates exist. The potential for large-scale importation of charcoalis there, as observed in Rosso: during three weeks a total of 750 MTaccumulated in one spot near the river, on the embankment of Rosso. Ifone assumes that there are three more of these spots in the three otherprinciple towns along the river and if the accumulation is similar asobserved in Rosso during four months per year, Senegal could easilyprovide 25Z of the charcoal consumed in Mauritania. It must be mentionedhowever, that these imports do not appear in the balance of trade,basically because the exports are illegal and there is no officialdocumentation.

2.29 The current charcoal production process is characterized byearthen kilns or mounds of varying size; output ranges anywhere from lessthan a bag to 300 bags of charcoal per kiln. Two major types ofcharcoaler can be distinguished: professional charcoalers (often peoplefrom Guinea - Bissau), and occasional charcoalers (frequentlyMauritanians in need of some cash income). Since the production ofcharcoal often is an illegal action, more emphasis is given on speed ofthe process rather than on obtaining the highest output possible.According to the DPN, occasional charcoalers frequently use the open fireto produce charcoal; they just burn the wood to obtain some charcoal inreturn. Professional charcoalers tend to produce charcoal moreefficiently, but the climatic and soil situation are not optimal forcharcoal production: due to the absence of fresh leaves, small twigs, andthick moist soils, it is difficutt to construct, if at all, an air-tightlayer as is common for earthen kilns; and wood has sometimes an extremelylow moisture content. To overcome these problems, a very meticuloussupervision and maintenance is required to produce charcoalefficiently. As a result, the efficiency of charcoal production inMauritania is estimated to be somewhat lower than in neighboringcountries; in this report it is taken at 12% on a weight basis. It wouldbe desirable to conduct a number of actual field tests to confirm thisfigure, or to establish a field practice derived figure.

2.30 The government recently tightened the control of transport ofcharcoal which led to the belief that more charcoal was transported thanbefore. During the whole of 1987, some 5100 MT were registered as comingfrom the Gorgol region. After commissioning the control in March '88,during the six following weeks, 4000 MT of charcoal were transported, oralmost 80% of the quantity that was registered during the previousyear. An accurate explanation is lacking, but a number of suggestionscan be made: production has increased; control became more effective andless illegal charcoal got through; because production and transportation

- 26 -

were prohibited for a two-month period, charcoal stored in the forestswas transported after the ban was lifted; supply for the coming rainyseason, etc.

2.31 Currently, three types of governmental charges are levied oncharcoal: a cutting charge, a regional tax, and a transportationcharge. The cutting permit is UM160 per quintal 14/ of charcoal (- 3bags of charcoal), or UM53 per bag and is valid for one operator withassistance of up to ten laborers for a limited period of time. Theregional tax is UM60 per quintal (UM20/bag). The retail price of a bagof charcoal in the closest town (50 - 100 km) in the production region isUM200 which means that total taxes (except for transport; this will bediscussed in the following paragraph) amount to about 36% of the retailvalue in the production area. Unfortunately, these taxes are not used tostrengthen the DPN or to alleviate deforestation/desertificationproblems, but are used to cover a substantial part of the localgovernment's budget. 15/ Despite the level of taxes, which is higherthan e.g. in Senegal, it has no visible effect on reforestation or onalleviating deforestation. The implication is that any level of taxationwill have a limited effect on reforestation, therefore, forestry policiesshould be revised so that taxation will have a positive effect onplanting of trees.

2.32 Transportation of charcoal takes place with 20 - 30 MT truckswhich transport goods from Nouakchott into the country and return loadedwith charcoal. Once a transporter obtained his transport permit inNouakchott, he has to complete his travel within a two-week period oftime. At that time, he has to be able to show two permits at all of thefrequent control/check points along the road: a cutting permit showingthe origin of the wood, and a transport permit showing the itinerary ofthe transporter. When the transport tax of about 7 UN/bag is added, thetotal value of taxes (UM 80) amount to about 12% of the retail value inNouakchott. All profit margins combined form the single largestcomponent of the charcoal price structure and are estimated at 39%, mostof which is believed to stay with the owner of the truck. Diagram 2.2shows the charcoal price structure for a bag of 33 kg in Nouakchott, andin Ka6di.

2.33 The economic cost of charcoal production is estimated inTable 2.5 and is based on figures for the cost of wood cutting (Table2.4). Not much data is known about the charcoal trade. The following

14/ 1 quintal = 100 kg.

15/ Some 73,000 MT of charcoal are consumed annually; if all of this istaxed, a total of US$2.3 million will be collected every year. Forreasons of comparison, from '83 to '86, an average of $2.27 millionwas spend annually on Forestry and "Lutte contre 1'Ensablement".

- 27 -

analysis estimated the cost of producing charcoal which can be used as arough estimate.

2.34 The cost of charcoal produced from wood from the naturalforests is approximately UM15 per kg, or 25% below its actual marketprice. This does not include the replacement cost of wood; when that isincluded, the cost will go up substantially as is seen in the case ofplantation wood. The economic cost of charcoal produced from reforestedwood is about UM35 per kg, or 100% more than the actual market price ofUM 24/kg.

2.35 The DPN officially determines and adjusts once every while theretail price of charcoal: currently it is UM12/kg for Nouakchott, but itis impossible to find charcoal priced at that rate. Charcoal is mostlysold by the kg, and its weight is measured at the time of purchasing.Few people buy charcoal by the bag because of the presence of stones,dust, and pieces of wood not fully carbonized.

i

2.36 At the current price level -- the official or the market price-- charcoal is priced too low. If ecological and environmental damageare to be avoided, replenishing of the resources should be taken intoaccountt and charcoal should go up in price by 100% or more as calculatedin Table 2.5.

2.37 A study done in Senegal 16/ showed that the average importprice of charcoal from Brazil, Spain, or CMte d'Ivoir, delivered in thecity of Dakar (taxes and retail margin are not included), isapproximately FCPA 120 (US$350) per MT. This is of the same order ofmagnitude as charcoal protuced from plantations in Mauritania. There areadvantages and disadvantages with both imports of charcoal andestablishing wood plantations to make charcoal: foreign currencyimplications, environmental benefits, etc. Since the analysis is basedupon the results of the economic costs of wood production and because theexisting information about charcoaling is limited, the subject has to beinvestigated into more detail. It is evident however, charcoal whenpriced at its economic value, is a very expensive fuel: LPG and keroseneare economically much more attractive.

2.38 To summarize, the charcoal sector is an important sector in theMauritanian economy: as calculated before, some 12% of the Nouakchottcharcoal retail price is made up by taxes and governmental charges; thetotal charcoal trade figure of Nouakchott of US$13 million per year isquite high. But the charcoal trade is highly destructive to the

16/ Note sur l' importation de Charbon de Bois ou de Briquettes de Boisau S6n6gal; G. Madon/N. Matly; 1987.

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Table 2.5: ECONOMIC COSTS OF CHARCOAL PROOUCTION

Type of Wood Natural Forest Plantation c/Mining a/ Replanting b/

Cost of wood (UK4MT) 842 3,042 2,799

Value of wood needed toproducel MT of charcoal(w8.3 MT wood) (at weightefficiency cpnversion rateof 12%) 7,013 25,348 23,327 ACarbonization/labor 5,000 5,000 5,000 BTransportation 5,500 5,500 5,500 C550 km 10 UNAIT*kmhandling 100 100 100 DTotal * A + B + C + D 17,613 35,948 32,927

, UN/g 17.6 35.9 32.9,, S/kg 0.23 0.48 0.44

taxes (UM/g) 2.4 2.4 2.4profits (UMNg) 4.0market price (retail 24 - -

q/ Average costs as calculated In Table 2.7: without costs ofreplanting

b/ Average costs as calculated In Table 2.7: with costs of replantingcl Average costs as calculated In Table 2.7: average of plantations

with one and two rotationsd/ Officlal transport prices (which reasonably reflect the economic

costs of transport):on dirt road In poor shape: 9.61 - 10.20 UN/fT*kmon dirt road In good shape: 8.29 - 8.69 UM/MT*kmon paved road : 5.79 - 5.90 UM/NT*km

Source: DPN, mission estimates.

Diagram 2.2S

BREAKDOWN CHARCOAL PRICE(Ougiya per bag of 33 kg)area of production: Gorgol

300- so700-.

* 600 -Goo -. -

j 500-j i j; 400-

300- 200

200-

KaWdi Nouakchott

iabour t:ax C mator al mrttwa"Gott G7maugs

Gotgol - Kaidk 60 -100 kmKaedi - douakchott: 550 kim

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environment; at the same time, although charcoal tax revenues form asubstantial part of the district Government's budget, none of theserevenues are used to invest in the sector, or to replant wood used forthe production of charcoal, or to regulate the trade. During theexecution of the household energy study, one should first study thecharcoal cycle and define all the actors and the interactions that takeplace. Based upon that, an effective control system should be realizedto ensure that no overcutting takes place and that the origin of the woodis known for most of the produced charcoal. Charcoal should be priced atits true economic costs: this will give incentives for fuelsubstitution, saving on the use of charcoal, and planting of wood. Sucha system could, without major problems, be self-sustaining if therevenues from these taxes and charges were used for its control: even atcurrent prices and the current taxation level of 12% and only taking intoaccount the flow of charcoal for Nouakchott, the result would be US$1.4million of revenue per year. This is an amount with which one couldeffectively supervise a major part of the charcoal trade.

2.39 Charcoal stoves made of metal are produced by artisans and arefor sale on the market. The basic model is the "Malgache," square orround, and is available in a wide range of sizes. Prices range fromUM150 for the smallest models to UM600 for the largest. The "Sakkanal",the improved stove marketed in Senegal, is available upon request fromthe artisans. The BTFA produced a number of stove models based upon theSakkanal# of which the Multimarmite V3 is the most promising; this modelis similar to the Sakkanal but is designed to take pots of 1 to 4 kg.effectively. The BTFA started recently a training program for artisansto produce these stoves. The effit.ency of the Multimarmite V3 as testedby the ESMAP mission in conjunction with the BTPA is su-h that some 20Xto 251 of the charcoal can be saved as compared to the Malgache stove.

2.40 Diffusion of charcoal stoves in Nouakchott should startimmediately and there is no need to do further tests. In the future, itis recommended to identify long-term quality control measures and executefurther technical research on other, more economic charcoal saving stoves(and LPC and kerosene stoves as well), but for the moment all attentionshould be given to dissemination of stoves. There are two majorindications that the stoves could well be accepted by the population:

(a) the marketing test operation 17/, during which housewives wereexposed to the different cookstoves, showed that the households

17/ A cooking demonstration and survey where a team of housewives from asection of town cooked a meal on different stoves: the traditionalcharcoal stove, the Sakkanal M4ultimarmite V3; the Nopal6 and BlipBanekh LPG stoves; and the PET, Thomas Cup 20, and Zeppelin kerosenestoves. This meal was then tasted by the women who participated inthe survey. Three demonstrations were hold in Nouakchott (90participants surveyed) and 2 demonstrations in Ka6di (40).

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like the improved charcoal stove so much, that they rated it'spo.rceived performance better than the 3 kg LPG stove: on theqii.astion which stove they would buy, they responded: 471ptefered the Nopale (6 kg LPG stove); 351 the SakkanalMultimarmite V3; 101 the Blip B&aekh (3 kg LPG stove), and theremaining 9X prefered the kerosene stoves; the average pricethey were willing to pay for the Sakkanal Multimarmite V3 wasUH475, which is not far below the projected retail price ofUM500 to UM550.

(b) the laboratory tests by the BTFA in conjunction with the ESMAPmission have shown that the improved charcoal stove could savea substantial amount of charcoal. It is now required to starttesting the performance under field conditions so that actualsavings can be measured.

LPG

2.41 LPG was introduced by BP some 15 years ago in the miningregion (Nouadhibou, Zouerat, F'Drick) and currently, according to thesurvey, an estimated 70Z of the population uses LPG as primary cookingfuel (see diagram 2.3). The principal complaints about LPG pertained tooccurring supply shortages and safety concerns. In addition, a seriousscarcity of bottles existed in this part of the country. Many peoplepreserve their charcoal stove which they use in case of shortages (in1987 2 - 3 months; in 1988 (until August) approximately 1.5 month).SOMIR is willing to provide LPG to the BP bottling plant, but only at theprice ex-refinery (CIF) according to the official price structure (seeAnnex 4). Currently, BP buys LPG from its own refinery in Dakar (FOB)instead which is more profitable for them than buying it from SOMIR, bothin Dakar and in Nouadhibou. Discussions are continuing but an agreementhas not been reached to date. The refinery constructed a facility fortrucks to transport LPG, but BP never constructed a similar facility toreceive these trucks. SOMAGAZ took over the BP bottling plant and becamethe sole producer and distributor in the whole country. The BP bottlingplant lacks maintenance 18/ since its inauguration and is more a museumpiece than a functioning plant; the construction of a new factory is inthe process. LPG in the northern region grows at some 8.51 per year andis estimated to amount to approximately 1700 MT in 1988.

2.42 SOMAGAZ started operating the bottling plant in Nouakchott in1987 and a steady increase in LPG consumption was the result. The surveyindicated that some 27X of the households in Nouakchott already use LPG

18/ The bare minimum of maintenance required is done only; the plant isconsidered fully depreciated, and as long as the profits are high,BP wiil continue to operate it. BP does not appear to beconsidering new investments to upgrade the plant, possibly also inrelation to the expected takeover.

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as primary cooking fuel which is relatively high compared to neighboringcountries. The production capacity of the bottling plant could reach alevel in excess of 9000 MT per annum without major difficulties. Theproduction level in 1988 was estimated at 5000 MT with 75 supplied in12.5 kg bottles, and 7500 MT in 1989. The main problems with LPG for thesouthern region are the lack of an adequate and efficient marketing anddistribution system, and the lack of enforcement of a number of safetyregulations, both in the bottling plant and in the distribution system.Consumption in 1989 increased considerably and there have been greatimprovements in the distribution; the construction of a petroleum port, astockage sphere and a pipeline is foreseen in the future. Storage of LPGexists in Nouakchott sufficient for about 2 to 3 months.

2.43 LPG is purchased FOB on the world market and transported byboat from Nouakchott. LPG is transported from Nouakchott to the otherurb-an areas by truck, entirely as a private sector activity; SOMAGAZ hasno intentions to start distributing LPG further than the door of thebottling plant, although officially, it's their responsibility. The ex-depot costs of LPG per kg and the official retail prices in a selectednumber of cities is shown in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6: LPG: EX-BOiTTLING PLANT COSTS ANDRETAIL PRICE STRUCTURE

city 38 kg 12.5 kg 6 kg 3 kg

Ex-depot prices

Nouakchott (UN/kg) 59.1 59.1 59.2 65.5' (UN/bottle) 2246 739 355 180

Nouadh Ibou (UM/kg) 56.9 56.9 56.8 56.7*' (UN/bottle) 2162 711 341 156

Retail pricesIn selectod cities

(UN/bottle)

Noouakchott 2333 650 312 164Nouadhibou 2253 650 312 164Atar 2703 771 370 195Ka6dI 2631 747 359 185Nema 3070 891 428 217

Source: DE (May '87).

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2.44 The retail price of LPG is based on the Nouakchott ex-depotprice plus transportation costs plus retail margin, an approach whichseems certainly reasonable 19/. Before the botting plant startedoperating, the LPG bottling plant price structure was based upon importof LPG bottles from Senegal. This continued for some time until afterthe bottling plant was inaugurated. Nowadays, a new bottling plant pricestructure has been proposed (see Annex 4), but it is not known whether itis effective. It is believed that a large part of the price structure in1988 is reserved for depreciation of the bottling plant. Provisionsexists for maintenance of the bottles and the bottling plant, and fordistribution, but in practice there is hardly any maintenance, andSOMAGAZ does not distribute beyond the bottling plant. In 1989, therewere considerable improvements in maintenance; however, it is difficultto know to what extent. Ideas exist about a mobile filling station todistribute LPG in the interior of the country, but this is for the momentnot viable: the market is very small in the interior; the losses and thedanger of such a system are great; and it is difficult to providemaintenance to the bottles.

2.45 Therefore, it is recommended that during the execution of thehousehold energy strategy, an appropriate LPG price structure should beestablished, as well as a system to revise this structure regularly. Inaddition, the options for a cost-effective and safe distribution systemof LPG should be investigated.

Diagram 2.3

LPG PENETRATIONNorthern/Southern Regions

% of households usIng LPG

800%

60%-

40%-

20%

78 79 60 81 82 8N 84 85 86 87 88 b9yeaw

- North @ South

19/ The transport cost factor used is, roughly, 16 - 17 UN/MT*ks.

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2.46 Basic problems with supply of LPG in bulk to Nouakchott are (a)purchase abroad vs. at the Nouadhibou refinery; (b) transport toNouakchott by boat; and (c) storage in Nouakchott. The purchase abroad,even when offset by the sales of LPG from the refinery, does not seem tomake much sense: much foreign exchange is lost in this way. One of thereasons could be the lack of a suitable vessel to transport LPG toNouakchott. During some two or three months every year LPG carrierscannot safely approach the wharf due to rough seas and the storage systemis just sufficient to bridge this gap in supply. With an increaseddemand for LPG this will certainly become a problem in the not so distantfuture; a petroleum port is foreseen in order to solve this problem. Anew port which was recently inaugurated can work year-round, butpetroleum products are not handled at this port. If this could takep1'ace, most of the problems with distribution and storage could besolved. Therefore, during the execution of the household energystrategy, the most economic way to ensure the continuity of supply shouldbe defined and be realized.

2.47 Inexpensive, energy-efficient LPG stoves/pan supports exist onthe market in sufficient quantities. The private sector copied stovemodels from the ones currently beiug marketed in Senegal. In addition,Camping Gaz has its whole range of stove and lamp auxiliaries availablein quite a number of shops in Nouakchott (including low-cost screw topburners (UM 750)); artisans produce pan supports that fit directly ontothe 3 kg or the 6 kg bottles (without a rubber tube connecting theburner/stove and the bottle) and form a complete stove in combinationwith the bottle and a burner (these stoves are successfully marketed inSenegal under the names Blip Banekh; Nopale; Carena (UM 350 - UM3000)). These stoves were tested by the ESMAP mission in conjunctionwith the BTPA and stove efficiencies were in excess of 40X. Thusartisans should be invited to increase their production in order to matchthe projected demand for LPG and LPG stoves.

2.48 People who use charcoal for cooking buy their fuel once ortwice a day. When they start using LPG, they will have to change theircurrent habits: they can no longer buy their fuel once a day. In orderto minimize their financial problems, it is recommended that they use the3kg or the 6kg bottle. The survey showed a preference for the 6kgbottle over the 3kg bottle, but this has to be evaluated in more detailin practice.

Kerosene

2.49 Kerosene consumption increased by some 35X per year over thelast four years and current consumption level is around 2100 MT. Beforethis period, kerosene consumption was 4 times higher, mainly due to theconsumption for the construction of the Nouakchott - Mema road.Currently, kerosene is foremostly used for lighting and for starting afire in charcoal stoves. In the past, kerosene was also used in ruralareas for refrigerators and today, this is being replaced more and moreby LPC, Kerosene is produced in the Nouadhibou refinery as by-product

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for jet fuel and is available in sufficient quantities, even if thedemand increases two or threefold.

2.50 Kerosene is not subsidized and the retail price is fixed byGovernment decree (for sale in gas stations), and equals the ex-depotprice plus transportation costs and margins. Normally, wholesalers buykerosene from the gas stations and transport it to other sections of townfor retailing. The retail price in the small shops where people buykerosene by the "walat" (0.25 liter) or the "glass" (0.5 walat) is muchhigher than the officail price: UM35 per liter is no exception. Whilesuch retail prices seem somewhat high, the experience in other countriesshows that this is normal practice. In the interior of the country thesituation is worse where the price of kerosene charged at an officialSMCPP station had not much to do with the official price (in Kaedi, aprice of UM700 was asked for filling up a container of 10 liters). Thisindicates that the price structure does not grant a sufficient provisionfor transportation and retail in areas away from the capital. A systemshould be set up under the household energy strategy to provide a betterkerosene price structure as well as establish a better distributionsystem which makes available kerosene at a lower price throughout thecountry.

Table 2.7: KEROSENE: EX-DEPOT COSTS AND RETAILPRICE STRUCTURE

City Price (UM/liter)

Ex-depot pricesNouakchott 19.4

Nouadhibou 20.6

Retail prIcesIn selected cities

Nouakchott 20.5Nouadhibou 21.7Atar 25.6KaMdM 24.8Nema 30.7

Source: DE (September '87).

2.51 Kerosene stoves were introduced some ten years ago intoMauritania. Today, one or two types of kerosene stoves can be found inthe shops. The model that was most readily available was a cheap Chinesemodel, of which a few exploded during operation. Most of the older

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people who were interviewed remembered this and told the enumerators thatkerosene was dangerous. Nowadays, one or two models of kerosene stovesare available in shops. Kerosene stoves tested so far by the ESMAPmission and the BTFA did not prove to be good enough to be considered forwide-scale dissemination: there were problems with the construction ofthe stoves, problems related to the dusty environment, the power outputwas not high enough, etc. The housewives who were exposed to the stoves,however, were quite interested in the stove models shown. Of the 13households who were asked to use a kerosene stove for one week (and didnot need to worry with maintenance that has to take place every month orso), only one was not satisfied with the performance of the stove. Itseems that a stove model suitable for conditions in Mauritania does notyet exist As it is now, kerosene seems to be an attractive optioneconomically, however, a satisfactory stove model is lacking and aresearch and development program is required before pursuing it as anoption.

2.52 A comparison between LPG and kerosene shows that kerosene iseconomically more attractive than LPG from the supply, transport, andretail points of view (for LPG one requires special (and expensive)transport and storage equipment while for kerosene the regular petrol andgasoil equipment can be used). From the user's point of view it is notclear which one is the best option: one must know how to operate akerosene stove to avoid problems with smoke, taste, etc. A kerosenestove is less expensive in its use than an LPG stove, giving it a strongargument why housewives might like it a lot: this was suggested by theoutcome of both the surveys and the cooking tests.

Electricity

2.53 Electricity is supplied in only a few cities: Noaukchott, Atar,Akjoujt, Rosso, Bogh6, Ka6di, Kiffa and the mining zone. Electricity forhousehold use is mainly for lighting, radio and TV, airconditioning andrefrigeration, and some kitchen appliances. The total electricityconsumption for 1988 is estimated at 122.6 thousand GWh (totalproduction: 145.2 thousand GWh). It is divided into 39% in Nouakchottand 56Z in Nouadhibou. The household sector consumes approximately 43%of the total and this is broken down into 611 for Nouakchott, 32% forNouadhibou, and 6.4% for the rest.

2.54 Despite the relative low electricity consumption, possibiiitiesexist to economize on its use: enhanced use of fluorescent lights, energyefficient airconditioners, and waterheaters could reduce the electricityconsumption while keeping the user's benefits the same.

Other Biomass Sources

2.55 A biogas unit was set up in Kaedi in 1986 for experimental usein ENFVEA animal wastes. There are not many residues except in the rivervalley during the harvesting season. In t!a energy balance therefore,residues are disregarded.

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2.56 Although peat resources have been observed in the coastal areason the right bank of the river Senegal, the existence of a peat layer,with similar geological aspects to Niayes', Senegal, has been proven; itis very probable that, for geological reasons, this could be the case forall the paleo lacs in the south and possibly in the north. In spite ofthe existence of these resources, no comprehensive study has ever beenconducted to identify its quantity and quality. Unless the results ofsuch a study are known, it is ditficult to justify any development ofthese potential energy resources. In Senegal, where the quantity andquality of the resources are known, and where a certain technicalexperience exists in producing and marketing peat or carbonized peat as afuel, results are not very encouraging. Peat could become a fueleconomically viable if other fuels are priced at their economic costs,which is not the case at the moment, and even then it is not clearwhether households are willing to accept it as a fuel because of itsburning properties. Therefore, it is recommended to give a low priorityto developing peat resources unless a large-scale, commercial user couldbe identified willing to execute the required pre-feasibility study.

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III. PMOPOSED URBAN HOUSEHOLD ENERCY STRATEGY

The Approach

3.1 The household energy strategy presented in this chapter isprincipally an urban strategy. The strategy will initially focus onNouakchott while other cities will be taken into account at a laterstage. This choice is justified while reviewing and relating theprojected energy consumption figures for the different areas: savingswill have most impact on Nouakchott's situation. Fuel consumptionprojections are presented under two scenarios: a trend based, status quoscenario, and an interactive, policy based scenario. Total population andfuel consumption projection figures for 1988 and 1998 under the trendbased scenario are presonted in table 3.1 and for the interactivescenario in table 3.2. If no action is taken (status quo structure,extrapolation of '83 - '88 trends based scenario), charcoal consumptionwill have grown in ten years by more than 26% to 93 thousand MT per year,LPG consumption will have more than doubled to 13.3 thousand XT peryear. Wood consumption will be reduced somewhat to 386 thousand MT peryear, reflecting the fast rate of urbanization and the relatedmodernization.

Table 3.1: 1998 POPUiLATION ('000) AND FUEL CONSUMPTION ('000 MT) PROJECTIONS- Trend based Scenario

Scenario 1 - Population - - Charcoal - ---- LfG --- ---- Wood --1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998

Nouakchott 550 976 42.8 62.7 3.3 9.5 8.3 8.3Nouedbibou 110 155 4.3 5.5 1.5 2.2 0.0 0.0Other urban 182 256 9.9 11.4 0.5 0.8 31.2 44.1Rural 998 991 16.6 13.5 0.8 0.8 369.3 333.9

Total 1,840 2,378 73.6 93.1 6.1 13.3 408.8 386.3

Source: SONELEC, mission estimates:

Annual growth rate for Nouakchott - Nouadhibou - other urban centers - rural centers:Population: 6%; 3.5%; 3.5% - 1%; total population growth rate: 2.6%Charcoal consumption: -2%; -1%; -2%; -1%JPG consumption: 5%; 0.5%; 1%; -1%

Wood consumption: 0%; 0%; 0%; -1%

- 38 -

3.2 The aim, among others, of the household energy strategyoutlined in this chapter is to reduce charcoal consumption. Table 3.2shows projected cosumption figures for 1998, taking into account thefollowing assumptions: by 1998, charcoal improved stoves will be used by80% of the charcoal consumers in Nouakchott, 75% in Nouadhibou and 45% inother cities; the level of LPG consumption in Nouakchott in 1998 will beequal to present day consumption level in Nouadhibou: 75% of the totalpopulation use LPG as primary cooking fuel.

3.3 The total fuel savings resulting from the household energystrategy are shown in Table 3.3. Charcoal savings would rise to 30,500MT per year in 1998 of which 92% in Nouakchott; wood savings from thebaseline will be negligible. LPG consumption will rise more rapidly andtriple the present day consumption level.

Table 3.2: 1998 POFPLATION ('000) AND FUEL CONSUiPTION('000 NT) PROJECTIONS

- Interactive Scenario

Sc6nario 2 Population Charbon de Bois Gaz butane Bois1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998 1988 1998

Nouakchott 550 976 42.8 34.5 3.3 14.0 8.3 8.3Nouadhibou :10 155 4.3 4.6 1.5 2.2 0.0 0.0Other urban 182 256 9.9 10.4 0.5 0.9 31.2 44.1Rural centers 998 991 16.6 13.0 0.8 0.9 369.3 333.9

Total 1840 2378 73.6 62.6 6.1 17.9 408.8 386.3

Source: Mission estimates.

Table 3.3: REiLATIVE WOODFUEL SAVINGS AND ADDITIONALLPG CONSUMPTION

('000 MT per year In 1998)

Difference --- Charcoal --- -- LPP -- -- Wood

Nouakchotl -28.2 92% +4.5 97% 0.0 OsNouadhibou -0.9 3% 40.0 0% 0.0 0%

Other urban -0.9 3% .0.1 2% 0.0 0%Rural -0.5 2% 40.1 2% 0.0 0%

Total -30.5 100% +4.7 100% 0.0 OS

Source: Mission estimates.

- 39 -

3.4 Four strategic options evolve from the preceding chapters torelieve pressure on precarious forestry resources while meeting theenergy needs of the urban consumers, focussing primarily on Nouakchott:

(a) accelerated inter-fuel substitution;

(b) demand management;

(c) improving biomass supply system, including an inventory;production, distribution and management; stumpage and taxationpolicy collection and remittance to forestry department; and

(d) economic household fuel pricing.

The supposed status of biomass resources is such that short term actionsare strongly recommended over longer term actions. On the demand side,one of the highest priorities is to accelerate the introduction and useof LPG in the urban areas, mainly in Nouakchott, to replace charcoal as acooking fuel. Demand management measures as improved charcoal stoves willbe a complementary action to reduce charcoal fuel consumption evenfurther. Both actions together will eventually reduce the charcoalconsumption and stabilize it at below the 1988 level. On the resourceside, it is imperative to know the status of both the existing resources,heirr rate of clearing, and a precise determination of all the actorsinvolved before any recommendations can be made. It is clear though,that a larger degree of control and management of resources is requiredfor its optimal utilization. Pricing policy should be geared moretowards economic fuel prices which will not only enhance the use ofsubstitute fuels and improved stoves, it can also generate a source ofincome to develop forest activities to protect the environment.

3.5 The strategy outlined in this chapter thus concentrates onshort term action and to a lesser extent on longer term activities:energy problems are acute at this time, requiring immediate attention:people will have to continue to cook their meals. Government involvementshould only be incurred through a least-cost solution, i.e. a minimumincrease in the number of civil servants, stimulating competitiveness ofthe household fuel production and distribution system by the privatesector, requiring stove and energy prices to be aa close as possible attheir economic costs. People should be allowed to use the stove and fuelof their choice as long as these are priced at their true economic costs.

3.6 Which household fuel should be imported if imports are to takeplace The difference in primary energy consumption for hovseholds usingLPG or charcoal is significant. As shown earlier, the average per capitaenergy consumption in Nouakchott (where the majority use charcoal) is 50%higher than in Nouadhibou (where the majority of the households useLPG). In other words, if large-scale charcoal imports take place, 50%more energy is imported (and paid for) compared to when LPG isimported.

- 40 -

3.7 The economic costs of useful energy for LPG are much lower thanfor charcoal: approximately UM2.6/MJef; for LPG versus UM4.9 toUM69/MIJeff for charcoal (for use with the improted and the traditionalcharcoal stove respectively). Thus, when fuels have to be imported,imports of LPG are economically more attractive than imports of charcoal:a smaller quantity of LPC has to be imported than charcoal to satisfy theenergy needs and in addition, the CIF costs for LPG are lower than t'osefor charcoal.

Quantification of Objectives

3.8 The strategy recommended is based on the following targetswhich have been developed by the ESMAP mission in conjunction withgovernment counterparts:

(a) by 1998, the population of Nouakchott which uses LPG as primaryhousehold fuel increases from 27X to 75Z of all households,which is equivalent to the current rate in Nouadhibou;

(b) the number of households in Nouakchott using improved charcoalstoves increases from 01 in 1988 to a saturation rate of 831 ofthe charcoal consuming households in 1998; similarly, it willrise from 01 in 1990 to 75X in 1998 in Nouadhibou; and from 01to 452 in the other urban areas;

(c) the number of households using LPC in the other urban areaswill double from about 14X in 1990 to 301 in 1998;

(d) wood use will not increase substantially in either of the urbanareas;

(e) a more effective charcoal production, transport and marketingcontrol system will be in place before the year 1991;

(f) economic costs will be charged for all household fuels before1991; and

(g) security of supply, and a well developed distribution system ofLPG, in particularly of the 3 kg and the 6 kg bottles, will beguaranteed.

Elements of the Strategy

LPG

3.9 The household strategy described here relies for a large extentof the increased use of LPG as a partial solution in the short term as

- 41 -

well as the long term future. LPG is already used by a relatively largenumber of households as primary cooking fuel in Nouadhibou andNouakchott. In addition, a large number of people use LPG as secondaryfuel, e.g. for preparing tea, etc, using expensive non-reusable LPGcartridges. LPG is perceived as a clean, modern cooking fuel that itrapid, flexible and easy to use, however, also dangerous. People who useLPG state that it is economic; people who don't use it claim that it'stoo expensive. Nevertheless, at current prices LPG is cheaper to usethan charcoal; at prices reflecting economic costs, LPG will be even morecheap than it is today. Thus, promoting the use of LPG as part of thehousehold energy strategy involves to a large extent supporting existingideas and trends, providing additional information through a publicitycampaign both on actual costs of cooking with LPG and charcoal, and onproper usage of LPG stoves. Furthermore, it should make sure that theproduction system and distribution network are safe and reliable. Thelikelihood for accidents should be minimized and the supply should beuninterrupted during 365 days per year.

3.10 Without any extensive promotion program in Nouadhibou and theother mining cities, LPG use increased to, and stabilized at about 75Z ofthe population (see diagram 2.3). It is anticipated that Nouakchott asresult of the strategy will follow a similar, but faster pattern thanNouadhibou. This means that 75% of Nouakchott's population use LPG as aprimary cooking fuel by 1998, (78 thousand households) compared to 272presently (15.8 thousand households), and an estimated 44X (45 thousandhouseholds) in case no specific programs are followed to promote LPC.The survey revealed that 502 of the pecple who use LPG also use charcoal,which means that LPG does not reduce the charcoal consumption to theextent possible. Therefore, the promotional activities should focus onthe switch to LPG as primary and exclusive cooking fuel.

3.11 The proposed activity consists of 4 distinct tasks 20/: (a)technical assistance to help setting up an increased production capacitywhich is safe and reliable; (b) studies to organize: a desirabledistribution system, an appropriate price structure, and design adetailed marketing strategy; (c) investments in: the bottling plant,bottles, and the distribution system; and (d) execution of activitiessorganize a publicity campaign and marketing sessions.

3.12 The budget of the component amount to US$ 1.6 million over athree to four-year period of time. The proposed strategy will supportthis activity through two other measures: improved stoves and pricingpolicies. Improved stove models for LPC will be promoted for productionby the private sector; charcoal prices should reflect true costs in thenear future thereby raising retail prices but simultaneously improvingthe acceptability for LPG. Further investments of about US$1.35 million

20/ This proposal has been worked out in more details and is presentedin Annex 4.

- 42 -

are required during the following six to seven-year period to attain thedetermined objectives.

Kerosene

3.13 Kerosene is easier and more economic than LPG from almost allpoints of view. However, a high performance, reliable kerosene stove hasnot yet been identified at the moment, and the distribution system seemsto be somewhat distorted. Presently, there are a few kerosene stovesavailable, the quantity of which is relatively small compared to LPG.Would such a stove exist, kerosene is an option which could providecooking energy at much lower cost than LPG (see table 2.3). Since theconsumers will ultimately decide which option to chose, they should begiven the possibility to make that choice. To make this choice moreeasy, an effort should be made to enforce the existing price structure ofkerosene in all parts of the country by, e.g. publicizing the correctprice structure and places where one can buy kerosene at these prices.

3.14 The use of kerosene for cooking could further reduce thecharcoal consumption in Mauritania. Where LPG transportation and use isrelatively expensive and difficult, this is easier and cheaper forkerosene. Therefore, if kerosene is going to be used on a large scale,it will mainly be in the urban areas away from Nouakchott and Nouadhibou,and in the rural areas. However, the option is somewhat theoretical atthe moment because of the lack of a suitable stove.

3.15 It should be determined, as part of the household energystrategy, whether (a) a suitable kerosene stove exists on the worldmarket; (b) such a stove can be developed; and (c) such a stove isacceptable by Mauritanian households. A more detailed projectdescription is outlined in Annex 6. In the long run, the development ofsuch a stove model would be beneficial for other countries in the sameregion.

3.16 The cost for such an activity are estimated at US$350,000. Itwould be executed in two phases: the first phase (selection/development)will be done outside Mauritania, the second phase (extensive fieldtesting) will be done exclusively in Mauritania. Depending on theproject, suitable kerosene may or may not be available fordissemination. The financial analysis presented at then end of thischapter does not take into account results of kerosene use. However,benefits can be large and will be mainly located in the secondary townsand rural areas: a penetration rate of 201 in these areas could result inadditional charcoal savings of up to 5,000 MT.

Improved Charcoal Stoves

3.17 The household energy strategy should focus on the promotion ofcharcoal saving stoves as a medium term interaction to reduce charcoalconsumption. The UNSO/UNIFEM project on improved charcoal stoves hasbeen designed specifically to do this by promoting charcoal stoves in the

- 43 -

urban areas, starting in Nouakchott. Therefore, no further activitiesare planned to be undertaken in this area since the project will be ableto satisfy all requirements to effectively induce charcoal savings.

3.18 The saturation rate of improved charcoal stoves is estimated at831 of the charcoal users, or 20 thousand households in 1998. The totalnumber of households using charcoal is much less than today because alarge number will switch to LPG as result of the promotional campaign tobe launched. For Nouadhibou, the saturation rate is estimated to besomewhat lower: 75X, for one thing, people who presently use charcoalare strongly attached to their cooking habits, despite the relativelylarge savings potential for changing to LPG, and also, less efforts willbe undertaken to promote improved stoves in that area. In the otherurban areas there will be no saturation but a slowly increasing number ofhouseholds using improved stoves. Production and distribution ofimproved stoves will be more difficult compared to Nouakchott andNouadhibou because people are much wider dispersed over the country. Arate of 401 of the charcoal using households are estimated to useimproved charcoal stoves by the year 1998.

Charcoal and Firewood Cycle Study

3.19 It is critical to know more precisely how the charcoal cycleand firewood cycle work before improvements can be recommended.Improvements are essential because much wood is unnecessarily wasted inthe process of meeting household energy demands and most of it isexploited without taking into account renewing the resources.Additionally, exploitation of resources seems to be rather inefficient:trees are cut high above the ground leaving a good part of the tree towaste while with a little effort, much more resources could be madeavailable. At current, not much is known about the actual charcoal orfirewood production and marketing practices. What is known however, isthat quite some profits are made and that none of these profits are usedto invest in the sector's improvement.

3.20 The objective of the wood fuel supply component of thehousehold energy strategy is to better manage existing forestryresources. Before this can be done, the resource situation must be knownmore precisely and an inventory is called for with the highestpriority. Since this is already included in the PIP, it is not taken uphere. In order to make any recommendation what should be dndertaken inthe forestry sector, two urgent interactions are required: (a)investigating and analyzing the whole supply and distribution cycle ofcharcoal and firewood: who are the actors, how are they organized, whichare the resources etc.; and (b) identifying a system to improve resourcemanagement, control and pricing of forestry products, to contributetowards reaching a more efficient use of the resources while at the sametime replenishing these resources. Enforcing such a strategy couldlikely be selfsustaining, paid out of a fund, e.g. the national forestryfund, to be financed from revenues of a better wood and charcoalmanagement and control system.

- 44 -

3.21 Expected costs for the preparatory work of the activity areUS$350,000, a large part of which would be for surveys and field work.The work would be executed jointly with the DPN, according to the termsof reference attached in Annex 5. Improved management of the woodresources, or the outcome of the preparatory work, are expected to costUS$2.12 million over the remaining eight years.

Other Components

3.22 A solar water heating study 21/ has been conducted by the ESMAPmission and the results are as follows: because of electricity savings,returns on investment are high for commercial use. Under normalMauritanian household conditions (warm water is used only during the coolseason, 3 to 4 months per year), the switch from electric water heatersto solar water heaters for domestic use cannot be justified. However,for year-round warm water users, (who form only a very small minoritygroup in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou) payrback times are of the order ofone to two years.

3.23 One of the factors that will greatly influence the financialperformance 22/ of solar water heaters will be the enforcement of theexisting law on tax-exemption of solar energy equipment. It is thereforerecommended to issue the decree to make the law on detaxation of solarequipment applicable.

3.24 As part of the household energy strategy, it is recommended to:first, make operative the law on de-taxation; second, provide technicalassistance and advice (CNEA) to new projects on infrastructure, housing,tourisme, medical sector, mainly to demonstrate the existingpossibilities with solar energy; and third, assist (potential)wholesalers and importers of solar water heaters with procuring the mostsuitable equipment for Mauritania.

3.25 A similar conclusion can be drawn to reduce domesticelectricity consumption by introducing more efficient air conditioners(AC). New types of ACs, which are more bulky and somewhat more expensivethan the older models, can save 30% to 50% of the electricity used todeliver a certain cooling job. Introduction of newer models to replaceexisting ACs can not be justified; changing the tax law to de-tax energyefficient ACs, and providing assistance to wholesalers and importers of

21/ Les Chauffe-Eau Solaires en Mauritanie; Internal Report; August1988.

22/ Solar equipment can be taxed according to the law, at 101. Electricwater heaters are taxed at the moment at 51%. Electric waterheaters cost approximately (CIF) UM17 to Um2O thousand and solartypes cost between UN 80 to UN100 thousand.

- 45 -

AC. can be a feasible, in-expensive method to ensure that ACs to bepurchased are of a more energy efficient type.

3.26 Another way to substantially reduce the domestic electricityconsumption for relatively small costs, is to improve the lightingsituation. Replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps canresult in payback periods of a few months. This could be achieved byproviding assistance and advice to SONELEC and potential users on costsand benefits of different energy efficient lamp types.

Expected Results, Costs and Benefits

3.27 Table 3.4 gives the budget of the household energy strategyover a ten year period of time. It include all costs for equipment,personnel, studies, etc. The budget over a ten year period amounts to atotal of US$8.03 million, of which initial investments (for equipment andto conduct a number of required studies) are approximately $2.3million.

3.28 A simplified financial analysis comparing cost flows (projectcosts in constant 1988 dollars, additional LPG import costs) and benefitstreams (the value of charcoal savings) is presented in table 3.5. Theproject shows, using a 12% discount rate, a project net present value(NPV) of US$8.3 million and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 49%. Theproject's component on charcoal tax/control system will generatesufficient revenues which allows it to become autofinancing.

3.29 The introduction rate of LPG is the most important factor forsuccess of the project in economic terms, as shown in diagram 3.1: if theintroduction rate of LPG using households drops from the projected 75%(of all households in Nouakchott at the end of ten years) to 64% instead,the IRR drops to 21%. The rate of success of the project is quitesensitive to the degree of penetration of LPG, and it is thereforeimportant that the accelerated introduction of LPG will be successful,and e.g., not be hampered by supply, distribution, safety or otherproblems.

3.30 The second factor of importance for the success of the projectis the introduction of improved charcoal stoves: the IRR drops to 34% ifthe saturation rate (of the charcoal using households who use an improvedcharcoal stove) drops from 83% to 58%; for a penetration rate of 21% theIRR equals 15%. The success of the project is less sensitive to thepenetration rate of improved charcoal stoves than of LPG stoves, but evensmall penetration rates of improved charcoal stoves make the projectworthwhile.

3.31 The charcoal tax and control system has no influence on theproject IRR: it is just a transfer of money, additional revenues for theGovernment which will be paid by the users of charcoal. This does notmean that the tax/control system is not worth the whiles it enablessetting up a separate forestry management and control department that

- 46 -

will be entirely financed out of benefits from controlling the charcoaland wood fuel sector.

Table 3,4: TOTAL PROJECT COSTS IN OON5TANT '88 USS

Component 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Totel

LPGTechnical Assistance 70 50 30 40 40 40 270Studies 170 170Investments 80 20 400 200 700Bottles 33 60 87 120 230 282 203 166 151 132 1464Publicity 35 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 155Miscellaneous 56 55 30 20 50 10 10 40 10 10 10 301

TOTAL 0 448 195 202 565 480 292 253 176 201 142 2954

IMWOVED STOVESPersonnel 27 61 65 35 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 268Technical Assistance 25 27 12 25 25 114Publicity 15 25 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 135stoves 25 25Miscellaneous 56 55 30 20 50 10 10 40 10 10 10 301

TOTAL 148 168 122 65 105 30 30 8S 30 30 30 843

WOOFiUEL CYCLEStudies 350 350

Technical Assistance 80 80 40 40 240Control 50 80 100 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 1280Training 120 200 150 470Miscellaneous 40 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 480

TOTAL 0 440 340 360 440 210 230 190 190 230 190 2820

KEROSENE STOVESDOevelopent 300 300Technical assistance 80 50 130Testing 50 50Personnel 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 180Promotion 10 40 20 10 10 40 10 10 10 160

TOTAL 0 350 160 80 100 40 40 70 40 40 40 960

12% misc 18 169 98 85 145 91 71 72 52 60 48 909

TOTAL PROJECT 166 1575 915 792 1355 851 663 670 489 56' 450 8487

- 47 -

3.32 Two other scenarios which reflect possible variations of thepolicy based, interactive scenario, have also been analyzed:

(a) charcoal supplies run out faster than anticipated and the useof charcoal as a primary fuel is phased out to only 1OX of theprojected figure (in the policy based, interactive scenario) inrespectively four and six years. People who switch fromcharcoal start using LPG as a primary household fuel; however,the use of charcoal as a secondary fuel is as before. In thiscase, the NPV of the project is US$37.6 million and US$29.5million respectively. This means that the sooner people switchto LPG, the better it is from the economic point of view.

(b) the use of charcoal as a secondary fuel is reduced by 50%, andthe consumption of LPG as a primary fuel is increasedaccordingly to reflect a constant level of useful energyconsumptlon. The NPV in this case is US$16.0 million, or twotimes higher than the NPV in the policy based, interactivescenario. It is therefore necessary to concentrate onsubstitution of charcoal, but to emphasize the 100%substitution option (people abandoning their charcoal stoves).

3.33 The estimates used in the cost/benefit analysis are on theconservative side: wood is valued at replacement costs and is eitherproduced in the natural forests or Prosopis plantations; charcoal is madefrom these resources, or is imported, but it will be available during thetime of the project. LPG supply is considered to be without constraint;people will continue to use a secondary fuel for the time to come. Tosummarize, the project shows good prospects for success, even under theconservative estimates that were used.

Table 3.5: COST AND BENEFIT STREAMS OF THE PROJECT

Component 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total

TOTAL PROJECT -166 -1575 -915 -792 -1355 -851 -663 -670 -489 -561 -450 -6487LPG costs 0 -26 -96 -215 -393 -790 -1282 -1597 -1818 -1989 -2100 -10305Charcoal Savings 0 140 505 1085 1857 3500 5515 6749 7582 8224 8644 43800

TOTAL PROJECT COST -166 -1461 -505 78 109 1859 3570 4482 5276 5673 6093 25008

a/ LPG costs: average CIF costs: $30OMT.b/ Charcoal is priced at Its estimated economic cost; if charcoal locally produced runs out, charcoal

will be Imported or produced from plantation wood (the costs of these optlons are roughly the same.

- 48 -

Diagram 3.1

NET PRESENT VALUE OF PROJECTAS FUNCT'ON OF PENETRATION RATE

Thousands26

20 -

16-

10

6--I.I o Xcharcoal

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%penetration rate

CHARCOAL: OF ALL CHARCOAL U$ING HHLPG: Of ALL HOUSEHOLDS

- 49 - ANNEX 1Page 1 of 21

SURVEY

The text of the survey held in Nouakchott is presented here;surveys in the secondary towns were marginally different from the one inNouakchott. The methodology of the survey was as follows: the city wasclassified into a number of urban classes, each characterized by itstypical building type. Every class was sub-divided into smaller sub-classes that could be found in the city in the different parts of town,e.g. bidonvilles were found in more than ten sections of town. Theclassification used is presented in table A1.1 below. In general,bidonvilles or K6bes and Loti Recasement are the poorest sections oftown, Centre Ville and Loti Recent are the middle income sections, andMedina and the sector Residentiel are the most well to do sections. Thenumber of households that were visited within a certain class or sub-class reflects the relative population density for that particular urbanclass.

Surveyors were pre-selected by the mission but the final choicewas made by the national sociologist. For Nouakchott, two teams of sevensurveyors were selected (special attention was paid to hiring women) andtwo supervisors. The surveyors were guided to certain sections of townand were instructed to take a particular road and visit every other houseon the right-hand side; for the Kebes a different instruction wasgiven. The supervisors prepared maps of the location of the houses sothat these could be visited at a later stage, which actually took placeduring a follow up survey.

50so- AM=E 1Pa5ge2 of 21

Table A1.1: CLASSIFICATION AND SAMPLE OF THE NOUAKCHOTT SURVEY

Urban Classification Number of households Section Arrondissement - Sample - Total perIn section of town Urban (%) number sectlon

Centre ville 3% 2949 Ksar Ksar 60% 13 22Tevragh Zeine Tevragh Zeine 40% 9

Medina 21% 17692 Abattoir Ksar 20% 27 133Nedina G Tevragh Zelne 0Medina R Ksar 20% 27Medina 3 Ksar 20% 27

N4arche de poissons Tevragh Zeine 0Marche de charbon Tevragh Zeine 20% 27Zone artisanale Tevregh Zeine 0

Ksar Ksar 20% 27

Lott recont 28% 23590 Sebkha Sebkha 30% 53 177El Mina El Mina 40% 71Teyarett Teyarett 10% 16

Toujounine Toujounine 10% 18Socogim-Centrale Ksar 10% 18Socogim-Pomplers Ksor 0

Lott recasementi 7% 5897 Bouhdida Toujounine 40% 18 44Ten Sousilim Toujounine 40% 18

Ghazra Toujounine 0Arafat Toujounine 20% 9

R6sidentiel 1% 737 Tevragh Zeine Tevragh Zeine 60% 3 6llot K Tevragh Zelne 40% 2liot C Ksar 0flot N Tevragh Zelne 0

Spontan6 - "kebbe" 40% 33910 Kebbe du "5" Sebkha 20% 51 254Kebbe du "6" El Mina 30% 76

Terminus Sebikha + El Mina 0Warf El MIna 0

Ktbbe Snadra Ksar 10% 25Kebbe Arafat Toujounine 0

Carrefour b/ Toujounine 15% 38Kebbe du "1" Teyarett 20% 51

Kebbe Elevage Ksar 5% 13Merbett-Ksar Ksar 0

a/ Provislonary figures provided by "Direction de la Statistique", reoensement 1986.bi Included are: Nbteg Jimb, KeJ El H4akem and Bel Wajhar,

ANNEX 1- 51 - Page3 'of 21

POJT It W8O/IA I M IALE ST S TUTIO

DM 2 *... Juin l986

QIARTIIR s............000*0 ADRESS .............. 2....s

NGE No. 2 .......... ** * .g....e.....

A. LE LOGIMENT

Al. Type d'habitats

Immeuble 1 Baraque 5Villa 2 Khalma 6Habitat planifi6 3 Hangar 7Bati (briques, t6les) 4

A2. Statut d'occupation:

Propriftaire 1Locataire 2 H6berg6 3

A3 . Combien vivent dans ce logement:

De familles:.... De c6libataires:.

B. LE MENACE

h

B1. Quelle east votre situation de famille:

Mari1e 1 CGlibataire 4Divorc6e 2 Veuve 5S&par&e 3

82. Combien de personnes ftes-vous ici dans la famille3.....

Ipouses:.... Infants (< 18 ans):....Mari:... Autres adultes:....

(vivant avec la famille)

AmuR 1- 52 - Page 4 of 21

B3. Quelle eat votre origine sociale:

Arabe 1 Autres origines 5Pular 2 Etrangers africains 6Soninke 3 (Sud du Sahara)Wolof 4 Autres 6trangers 7

Pour les autres etrangers precisez la nationalite:.................

B4. Quel wage avez vous: ..... ans Et votre mari:s.... ans

B5. Travailles vous: oui 1 non 2

-3i oui. que faites-vous:oooos ..................... *oooo

B6. Quel est votre niveau dl4tudes:

hnalphab6te 1 Secondaire 3Sait lire 2 Superieur 4

B7. Of etes-vous nees

Rural (village) 1Ville 2 Nouakchott 3

B8. Depuis combien de temps etes-vous a Nouakchott:

Noins de 10 ans 1Entre 10 et 20 ans 2 Plus de 20 ans 3

B9. Votre mari est-il polygame:

Oui 1 Non 2

B10. Quel est son niveau d'6tudes

Analphab&te 1 Secondaire 3Bait lire 2 Superieur 4

Bll. 0f eat-il n6e......... e..............

Rural (village) 1Ville 2 Nouakchott 3

- 54 - Page 5 of 21

812. Depuis combien de temps est-il a Nouakchott:

Koins de 10 ans 1Entre 10 et 20 ans 2 Plus de 20 ans 3

C. L'EQUIPEMENTh

Cl. Avez-vous dans la maison:

L'eau courante 1 L'electricite * 2

C2. 8I'L N'Y A PAS L'ELECTRICITB, POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Aves-vous une t6levision sur batterie:

Owi 1 Non 2

C3. S'IL Y A L'ELECTRICITE, POSEZ LES QUESTIONS:

Aves-vous dans la maison:

R&frig6rateur 1 Chauffe eau 5Cong6lateur 2 Ventilateur 6T6elvision 3 Per a repasser 6lectri. 7Vidho 4

Combien de climatiseurs:......

Autres appareils Alectriques......................................(precises)

C4. Votre logement comporte combien de pi4ces:.......

C5. Quelle est selon vous la piece la plus importante:

Salon 1 Cuisine 3Chambre a coucher 2 Autrei;;;j......... 4

(priAcises)

Pourquoi2 ......... .................. ................... .. *...******

.. *..*.*................ ge.....e...e....e....e.ge..g...................

55 Page6 of 21

C6. Ou cuisinez-vous le plus souvent:

A l'interieur 1 A lext6rieur 2

C7. Comment vous deplacez vous en g6n6ral dans Nouakchott:

A pied 1 Taxi 4Bus 2 Voiture 5Charette 3

C8. Aves-vous (ou votre mari) une voiture:

Oui 1 Non 2

D. LES DEPENSES

Dl. Qui participe a la d6pense:

Vous 1 Votre mari 2

Autre (pr6ciaez): ....................

D2. SI LE MMAU (OU UNE AUTRE PERSOUN) PARTICIPE A LA DEPENSE, P08EZ LAQUESTION:

Eat-ce que votre mari (ou une autre personne) vous donne del'argent pour la d6pense:

Tous lea jours 1 Tous lea mois 3Toutes les semaines 2 Irregulier 4

D3. Quelle eat votre d6pense en moyenne:

Par jourS......... UM Par moisS*......*** UM

Autre (precisez):.......... UK par

56 - ~~~~~~ANNEIX I- 56 - Page 7 of 21

D4. Qui participe directement a la depense pour:

Loyer: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:...............(A NE POSER QUE SI LE MENAGE EST LOCATAIRE: question A2)

Charbon: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:...............Eaus vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:...............

Electricite: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:...............(A NE POSER QUE SI LE MENAGE A L'ELECTRICITE: question CO)

Gaz: vous 1 votre mari 2 autr tr....... s.."..

VYtements: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre tre:............

M6dicaments: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tre:6"0......

Sijoux: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre tr*.oo.oo..oes..

Frais scolaires: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre t.00........:...

Huile: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tre:o...oooo...

Tomate concentre: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tre:......o,..

Poisson, viande: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tre:..o.o....o

Riz, couscous: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:tro*ooo*eo:....

Th63 vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:oootre:*ooo...o

Sucre: vous 1 votre mari 2 autre:ootre:o.o......

D5. Avez-vous une idee de votre facture d'&lectricit6:........... UM(A NE POSER QUE SI LE MENACE A L'ELECTRICITE: question CO)

D6. Partagez-vous cette facture avec me autre famille:

Oul 1 Non 2

D7. Connaissea-vous quelques moyens de diminuer cette facture:

*e.@a.oee0*e000000eO.00.00@.0es0.0*.e0*0.0*e **e@..e.e.....*.*.*.*.....

**-*-* e * * *-**0¢* * ***0000400000*0000000000oe oo-** * sooo-* * o-*X*¢¢Xv-

AN= I57 - Pa-e8 of 21

E. L'ECLAIRAGE

El. Combien de lampes utilises-vous (INSCRIVEZ LE NOMBRE POUR CUACUNDES TYPES DE LAMPES UTILISES):

Bougie:Au p6troleLampe A petrole: ... Lampe a pressiont ...

Au gazCamping gazS ... Moyenne bleuet ...

A l'6lectricit6Ampoule: Lampe-neons ...

Autres(peie).............

E2. Si vous avez plusieurs types de lampes, lequel utilisez-vous leplus souvent:

Bougie 1 Gaz moyenne bleue 5Lampe A petrole 2 Ampoule 6Lampe A pression 3 Lampe-neon 7Camping gaz 4 Autre 8

E3. Combien d'heures par jour utilisez-vous vos lampes:....... h

E4. Combien avez-vous achete la lampe que vous utilisez le plus

souvent:.......... UM

E5. POUR LES MENAGES QUI S'ECLAIPENT A LA BOUGIE (voir question El)POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Combien dure une bougie en moyennes......

E6. POUR LES MENACES QUI UTILISENT DES LAMPES A PETROLE (voir questionEl), POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Combien de 'ours se passent avant de racheter du petroles..........(SI TOUS LES JOURS, INSCRIVEZ: 1)

- 58 - ANNEX 1Page 9 of 21

Quelle quantitA I peu pres en achetez vous chaque fois:

Litre:...... Verre:s..... Walats

Est-ce pour l'eclairage seulement:

Oui 1 Non 2

17. POUR LES MENAGES QUI UTILISENT DES LAMPES A GAZ (voir question El,POSIZ LA QUESTION:

Combien de jours se passent avant de racheter du gas:

Camping gass.......... Moyenne bleues00400,*

Est-ce pour l'eclairage seulements

Oui 1 Non 2

88. POUR LES MIEAGES QUI UTILISENT L'ELECTRICITE (voir question El,POSEZ LA QUESTION:

Devez-vous remplacer souvent, parce qu'elles ne marchent plus:(VERIFIER LE TYPE D'ECLAIRACE UTILISE: question El):

Les ampoules: Oui 1 Non 2

Les lampes-n6on: Oui 3 Non 4

Si oui, tous les combien a peu pr6s:

Ampoule: .... Lampe-n6onl ..

POUR TOUS LBS MENACES:

39. Quel type de lampe pr6f6rea-vous (SEULEMENT UNE POSSIBILITE):

Bougie 1 Gaz moyenne bleue 5Lampe I petrole 2 Ampoule 6Lampe & pression 3 Lampe-neon 7Camping gas 4 Autre 8

Pourquouis.o.. ..................................................

*00@O.. .............O @*OOO*OO6OOO*OOOOOOOOO*@OO*OOO

ANNEX 1~ 59 F iPage 10 of 21

310. Aimez-vous le type de lampe que vous utilisee:

Oui 1 Non 2

PourquoiS ......................................... **0..............0

***************0000*0000000000* 0 0000000000000000**00*0*0 000**00*0*

P. L'ERCIE

Pi. A quelle periode de l'annee utilises-vous l'eau chaude pour latoilette:

Toute l'annee 1En saison froide 2 Jamais 3

F2. Si le mbnage chauffe l'eau pour la toilette, posex la question:

Et comment chauffes-vous 1'eau:

Au bois 1 Au gaz 3Au charbon de bols 2 Chauffe eau 4

(hlectrique)Autre (prciser)er...)

P3. Chauffes-vous votre logement pendant la saison froide:

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, avec quel combustible:

Bois 3 Charbon de bois 4

Autre (pr6cises):............................

C. LA CUISINE

GI. Qui cuisine chex vous en gen6ral:

Vous mbme 1 La bonne ou le boy 2

Quelqu'un de votre famille (prhcises):...........................

¢2. Combien de personnes mangent en gdn6ral chez vous:

Le matins......... Le midi:s........ Le soirS . ,

ANE 1-60 - ~Page 11 of 21

G3. Qu'est-ce que Vous prenex en general pour le petit-d&jeuner:

Ths 1 Lait chaud 5Quinquilibe 2 Restes r6chauffes 6Nescafe 3 Autre 7Bouillie 4

04. Qu'est-ce que vous mange: en g6n6ral pour le repas de midi:

Rix a la viande 1 Couscous 3Tieboudiene 2 Riz-sauce 4

Autre repas chaud 5 pr6cisezs.................

Ou un repas froid 6 precisez:.................

05. Qu'est-ce que vous mangez en g6n6ral pour le repas du soirS

Couscous 1 Ragout (banafa) 3Rix 2

Autre repas chaud 4 pr6ci8ezt.................

Ou un repas froid 5 precisezS.................

G6. En g6n6ral, combien de temps consacrea-vous a la cuisson desaliments

(dWbut) (fin)Le matin pour le petit-dsjeunert de ,.... h a ***co h

Pour le rapas de midi: de h I ..... h

Pour le rapas du soirt: 4e h a ... h

G7. Cela vous paraitS

Normal 1Beaucoup 2 Vraiment trop 3

H. LES COMBUSTIBLES

HI. Quel combustible utilises-vous le plus pour la cuisine:

Bois 1 Gas 3Charbon de bois 2 P6trole 4

Autre S prce5iss#

- 61 ~~Al I-61 - FPage 12 of 21

82. Utilisea-vous un (ou plusieurs) autre combustible en plust

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, loquel(s):

Bois 1 Gaz 3Charbon de bois 2 Petrole 4Autre 5 pr ez iso* s

H3. Vous utilisez ce deuxieme combustible plut6t pour:

Le petit dejeuner 1 Une cuisine rapide 2Le the 3 Rechauffer les plats 4R4chauffer de l'eau 5 Chauffer le logement 6Qusnd vous etesen retard 7Autre (pr6cisez)t ......... .... * ... 0.... 4 *... ... *..*.......*

84. Quel foyer aves-vous (PRECTSEZ LE NOMBRE SI PLUSIEURS):

(Nb.) (Nb.)A bois:trois pierres 1 .. atautre 2

prAcisez: ......... * .*

A charbon de bois:fourneau 3 ... foyer am&lior4 4

autre 5pr6cisess.................

A gas:gaziniere 6gas moyen bleu 7 ... Camping gazas autre 9pr..isez:...*.*****....

A p6trole 10 c..isez ise* s

H5. Avez-vous entendu parler de foyers am6lioress

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, od en avez-vous entendu parler:

Radio 1 Chaab 3Par des voisins ou amis 2 A l'etranger 4

A13 1- 62 - Page13 of 21

H6. Aves-vous deja vu des foyers am6lior6s2

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, oiu en avez-vous deja vu:

T6elvision 3 Chez des voisins 4En photo ou dessin 5 ou des amisEn quelle mati&re sont-ils falts:

Banco 6Ciment 7 NWtal 8

Quel est leur principal avantage:..................................(PRECIsEZ SI NE SAIT PAS)

17. POUR LES MENAGES QUI UTILISENT LE CHARBON DE BOIS (voir questionsHI et B2 et D4) POSEZ LES QUESTIONS:

0 achetez-vous le charbon de bois:

Au marche 1 Chez un marchand 2pr6s de chez vous

Autre 3pr6cisez: ... *..**0006*6*

H8. L'achetez-vous toujours au m6me endroit:

Oui 1 Non 2

H9. En g6n6ral, vous I'achetes par quelle quantiteS

Kilo 1Sac 2 Pot 3

Si par kilo, preciser le nombre: e..... kg

St a quel prist

Kilo .... UK Sac ..... UK

ANNE 1- 63 - Page 14 of 21

R10. Tous les combien a peu pres:

Deux fois par jour 1 Une fois par semaine 4Une fois par jour 2 Chaque 2 ou 3 semaines 5Tous les 2 ou 3 jours 3 Une fois par mois 6

Hli. Qui va acheter le charbon de bois en gen6ral:

Vous 1 Votre mari 4La bonne ou le boy 2 Autre 5Vos enfants 3 pr6cisez:................

HI2. POUR LES MENACES QUI UTILISENT LE CAZ (voir questions HI et H2,et D4), POSEZ LES QUESTIONS:

O0t achetez-vous le gas:

Au marche 1 Dane une station-service 3Ches un marchand 2 Autre 4

pr6cisez: ...............

H13. L'achetex-vous toujours au mtrut endroit:

OI 1 Non 2

H14. Quelle(s) bouteille(s) achetez-.oust(VERIFIER QUE LE TYPE DE BOUTEILLE CORRESPOND BIEN AU FOYEREFFECTIVEMENT UTILISE: questions El et HA)

12,5 kg 1 tous lee combien environ:s......toyenne bleue 2 tous lea combien environ:S......Camping gas 3 tous les combien environ:......

Combien de bouteilles de rechange poss6dez-vous:

12,5 kg *.... Noyenne bleue *F**

HIS. Qui va acheter le gas en general:

Vous 1 Votre mari 4La bonne ou le boy 2 Autre 5Vos enfants 3 prkcises:S....... .......

AVNHX I- 64 - Page15 of 21

Avec quel moyen de transport:

A pied 6 Taxi 9Charette 7 Voiture personnelle 10Bus 8H16. POUR LES MENACES QUI UTILISENT LE BOIS (voir questions HI et U2P088Z LBS QUESTIONS:

O& achetex voUn le bois:

Au marche 1 A un marchand qui passe 3A un marchand 2 Autre 4pres de ches vous precisess

L'achetez-vous toujours au m&me endroit:

Oui 5 Non 6

17. Precisez par quelle quantit6 vous l'achetez a chaque fois:

Et tous lee combien a peu pres:..................

H18. Qui va l'acheter en g6neral:

Yous 1 Votre mari 4La bonne ou le boy 2 Autre 5Vos enfants 3 pr6ci9ez:................

I. LE BOIS

POUR TOUTES LBS FEMMES, QU'ELLBS UTILISENT OU NON LE BOIS:

Parlons un peu du bois.

II. Quel est selon vous le type de famille qui cuisine au bois:

12. Quels inconv6nients trouves-vous au bois:

....................................................................... 0

.. 000000000000000000000000000000 .000000000 00000000000000.00000000 00 .0

- 65 - ANNE 1Page 16 of 21

I3. Quelo avantages trouvez-vous au boiss

.......... *..*.......*...........s.................................00.*....

LE CHARBON DE BOIS

POUR TOUTES LES FENES, QU'ELLES UTILISENT OU NON LE CUARBON DE 808s:

Parlons maintenant du charbon de bois.

J1. Quel est selon vous le type de famille qui cuisine au charbon debois:

..................... 000.........0......*......0.......*0400...........000

32. Quelt inconvenients trouvez-vous au charbon de bois:

......... 0..0.... 00....................... ...... ....... ...... 0.....0......

M3. Quels sont selon vous les 3 principaux inconvenients (HIERARCHISEZLES RIPONSES EN LES CLASSANT DE 1 A 3):

La fatigue *... Risques de penurie La salete . 0.. San danger 000Son prix ....

Autre inconvenient 0000 prAcisez:: ..........

Pas d'inconvenient .000

J4. Qu'east-ce qui vous parait le-plus phnible dans son utilisation(RIERARCHISEZ LES REPONSES):

La corvee d'allumage .... Le nettoyage 0.00L'obligation detoujoura surveiller ....

J5. En mati&re de salete, qu'eat-ce qui vous gnme le plus(HIRA RCUISEZ LES REPONSES):

La poussiare 0000La fum&e .... La cendre o. ..

ANE 1Page 17 of 21

J6. Quels avantages trouvez-vous au charbon de boiss

*-OO ******v***¢****OOGOOOO*@@O@O*O*0000G0O@@*.*4@400@**O*OOOO@O

*OO**** O@*6O6* **OO4@O 6* *e********-*b*O9 *0*00**-**e* 00O~* e0 ** 000

J7. Quels sont pour vous lee 3 principaux avantages (HIERARCHISEZ LESREPONSES EN LES CLASSANT DE 1 A 3):

D'etre traditionnel ....De trouver facilement a en acheter .*00D'etre economique ....De permettre de mijoter ....De donner bon goat a la nourriture ....D'entretenir une chaleur douce et forteagr6able pendant la p6riode froide ....

Autre avantage (prcises): ................... *.00Aucun avantage **06

J8. Pensez-vous que le charbon de bois soit adapte a la vie moderne enville:

Oui 1 Non 2

Pourquoi: ***............*......*......e........ ................... .

*****rr--*¢*-.-*..-*...**.....****.*.*....****. 060*0000t*00 660

K. LE GAZ

SI LA PAMILLE N'UTILISE PAS LE GAZ, PASSEZ DIRECTEMENT A LA QUESTION K7.

SI LA FAMILLE UTILISE LE GAZ (voir questions Hl et l2, et D4),P08EZ LES QUESTIONS SUIVANTES:

Kl. Depuis combien de temps utilisez vous le gas:

Koins de 5 ans 1Entre 5 et 10 ans 2 Plus de 10 ans 3

K2. Qui dans la famille a dtcid6 de passer au gazS:

Vous 1 Votre mari 2Autre 3 pr6cises........e........

- 67 - Page IS8of 21

K3. Pour quellerasn........................

SI LA FAMILLE UTILISE LE GAZ SEULEMENT COMME DEUXTEME COMBUSTIBLE(voir question H2), POSEZ LES QUESTIONS SUIVANTES:

K4. Avez-vous dejs utilise la gaz pour cuisiner, avant:

Oui 1 Non 2

K5. Si oui, depuis quand a peu pr&s avez-vous arrete de faire la

cuisine au gaz:.....

K6. Et orui ......

SI LA FAMILLE N'UTILISE PAS LE GAZ (voir questions Hl et H2),POSEZ LES QUESTIONS SUIVANTES:

K7. Pourquoi n'utilisez-vous pas le gass...............................

,..... .. 0..........0.....0*..........................O....................@

K8. Connaisses-vous des femmes qui cuisinent au gas:

Oui 1 Non 2

K9. Penses-vous que ces femmes soient plus avantagees que vous:

Oui 1 Non 2

........ q.............................. ...................... *****.*..

ANNEX 1- 68 - Page-19 of 21

POUR TOUTES LES EMES, QU'ELLES UTILISENT OU NON LE CMZ:

K10. Quel est selon vous le type de famille qui cuisinent au gas:

00000000000*@OOOee-OOOOaOOOO* 0000 O@**--000000000000-*****000 *@0000

KRl. Quiel eat a votre avis le principal avantage du gaz:

K12. Quels sont selon vous lee 3 avantages les plus importants du gSa(5IuARCHIsEZ LES REPONSES EN LBS CLASSANT DE 1 A 3)s

La simplicit6 .... La rapidit .00.0.La proprete .0.0 L'6conomie .000Autre avantage .. prcisez8***.o.o......o..Aucun avantage

K13. Quel eat a votre avis le principal inconv6nient du gas:

K14. Quels sont selon vous lee 3 inconv6nients du gas lea plusimportants (HIERARCHISHZ LES REPON8ES EN LES CLASSANT DE 1 A 3):

Odeur doplaisante .00 . Risque d'asphyxie 0000

Risque d'explosion ... 0 Panne imprevue 0000

Manque d'equilibre Cofit du foyer 0000

du fourneau 00.0 Absence de ve:deurCoftt du gas . 0.z proche *000

Ruptured'approvisionnement 0000

-69- ~~~AJNEX 1-69 - Page 20 of 21

L. LE PETROLE

LI. Utilises-vous du petrole (VERIFIEZ LA COHERENCE AVEC LES QUESTIONSEl ET H2)

Oui 1 Von 2

Si oui, pour quel usage:

L'6clairage 1 La cuisson des aliments 3L'allumage du feu 2 Chauffer 1'eau 4Autre 5 pr ecisess

L2. Si vous utilisez le p6trole, vous l'achetezt

Au march6 1 Chez un marchandEn station-service 2 pres de ches vous 3Autre 4 prce isoo :

L3. L'achetez-vous toujours au m&ime endroit:

oui 1 Non 2

Qui va l'acheter en general:

Vous 3 Votre mari 6La bonne ou le boy 4 Autre 7Vos enfants 5 pr6cisee:*.....sez:..ooo.

POUR TOUTES LBS FEWIMES, QU'ELLES UTILISENT OU NON LE PETROLE:

L4. Aves-vous utilise un r6chaud a petrole pour cuisiner, avant:

Oui 1 Non 2

Si oui, depuis quand A peu pres aves-vous arr&t6 de l'utiliser2.....

L5. Si non, connaisses-vous des familles qui cuisinent avec un r6chauda ptrole:

oui 1 Non 2

- 70_ AN 1Page 21 of 21

L6. Si oui, qu'en pensez vous:

..........................*.......G.@......000* eeeeee@ o.e. ..... *...........o.........................................0..................................

Questions A remplir par lenqueteur I la fin 4e l'enqu&te, apres avoirquitt6 la m4nage

MI. Iupression g6n6rale du niveau de vie:

Riche 1Noyenne 2 Pauvre 3

42. Comzentaires et observation particuliers:.........................

.*00000. 00006*00000000 000 eeee...,... .... 4..... .......... .......... ....

............................................... 0.... ...*............000

........................................................ 00.....*.........

0*0000000000000.00000000...00006*oOO*4oe*OO00*00000.**004006*006**0000*000

(pour la femme; question B5)ESTIMEZ LE IIVEAU DE REVENUS D'APRESi LE TRAVAIL EFFECTUE:

Bas 3Noyen 4 Elev6 5

- 71 - AN X 2

Page 1 of 5

ENERG CONSJPTION PROJECTIONS NOAICTT

INTERACTIVE SCENARIO1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Number of Households a/: 58511 63660 69262 73348 77676 82258 87112 92251 97694 103458 109562

1* Number of consumers:

1.1. LPG as primary fuel:

penetration rate b/: 27S 29% 32% 36% 41S 50S 60S 66% 70% 730 75%households using LPG 15798 18461 22164 26405 31847 41129 52267 60886 68386 75524 82172

12.5 kg: 11374 12373 13464 14259 15100 15991 16935 17934 18992 20112 212996 kg: 2654 3652 5220 7288 10048 150 21200 25771 29636 33247 36524

2.7 kg: 1769 2434 3480 4859 6699 10055 14133 171b1 19758 22165 24349

1.2. Wod or Charcoal as primary fuel:

households using wood c/ : 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700households using charcool : 41013 43498 45398 45243 44129 39429 33145 29665 27608 26234 25691

penetration rate of Impr. stoves d/: 3S 10% 20% 33% WS0 66S 73% 77% 80$ 82% 83%households using lmpr. stoves : 1230 4350 9080 14930 22064 26023 24196 22842 22087 21512 21323

households using traditional stoves: 39782 39148 36318 30313 22064 13406 8949 6823 5522 4722 4367

1.3. LPG as secondary fuel:

households using LPG !: 12714 13484 14073 14025 13680 12223 10275 9196 8559 8132 796412.5 kg : 1271 1348 1407 1403 1368 1222 1027 920 856 813 796

6 kg: 1271 1348 1407 1403 1368 1222 1027 920 856 813 7962.7 kg : 10171 10788 11259 11220 10944 9778 8220 7357 6847 6506 6371

1.4. Charcoal as secondary fuel: :

households using charcoal f/ : 6319 7385 8865 10562 12739 16452 20907 24354 27354 30210 32869

2. Development of LPG::

2.1. Consumption of LPG 2/ : (1000 T)

primary fuel : 2.7 3.1 3.8 4.5 5.4 7.0 8.9 10.4 11.6 12.8 14.0secondary fuel : 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total : 3.3 3.8 4.5 5.2 6.1 7.6 9.4 10.8 12.1 13.2 14.4

2.2. Total number of LPG stoves used:

stoves 12.5 kg : 12646 13724 14872 15661 16468 17213 17962 18853 19848 20925 22095stoves 6 kg : 3925 50N0 6627 8690 11416 16305 22227 26691 30492 34061 37320

stoves 2.7 kg : 11941 13222 14738 16079 17643 19834 22353 24538 26604 28671 30720

- 72-AM= 2

Page 2 of 5

1968 1989 1990 j991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

2.3 LPG stoves to manufacture or Import yearly 8/

stoves 12.5 kg : 3607 3893 3764 3939 4039 4191 4464 4765 5047 5355stoves 6 kg : 2409 3327 4317 S680 8771 11466 12021 12876 13936 14840

stoves 2.7 kg : 5341 6012 6351 7031 8190 9263 9785 10409 11112 11798

2.4. Required number of LPG bottles :

Bottles of 12.5 kg : 30343 32961 35772 37751 39802 41811 43878 46214 48763 51500 54442Bottles of 6 kg : 10505 13651 18473 24669 32880 47693 65653 79153 90621 101368 111164

Bottles of 2.7 kg : 25650 28878 32956 37016 41984 49723 58839 66257 72967 79506 85790

2.5. Annually required number of new bottles 9/ :

Bottles of 12.5 kg : 2618 2811 1979 2051 2009 2066 2336 2550 2737 2941Bottles of 6 kg : 3147 4822 6195 8212 14813 17960 13500 11468 10747 9795

Bottles of 2.7 kg : 322 4078 4060 4968 7739 9116 7418 6710 6540 6283

3. Development of charcoal :

3.1. Consumption of charcoal 10/ (1000 T)

primary fuel : 38.7 40.2 40.9 39.2 36.4 31.0 25.4 22.5 20.7 19.5 19.1secondary fuel : 3.0 3.5 4.2 5.0 6.0 7.7 9.8 11.4 12.9 14.2 15.4

Total : 41.6 43.7 45.0 44.2 42.4 38.7 35.3 33.9 33.6 33.7 34.5

3.2. Annually required number of Improved stoves to produce :

Improved stoves : 3944 7644 11934 17137 18742 15608 14858 14549 14223 14224

1/ Estlmated population; growth rate of 8.8% between 1988 and 1990 and thereafter 5.9 S (Source Etude SONELEC).2/ Actual figure acording to survey. ObJective 75 S of the households 1999.3/ Assumption: no growth In wood consumption.4/ Assumption: 2 out of 3 households use charcoal In 1993.5/ Assumption 31 % of the charcoal users (based on the survey).£/ Assumption 50 5 of the LPG users (based on the survey).!/ 170 kg (1st fuel) et 40 kg (2nd fuel) per household and per year.i/ Stove lifetime : S years (12,5 kg)# 3 years (3 et 6 kg).;/ Actual number of existing bottles 40.000 of 12.5 kg, 12,000 of 6kg et 30,000 of 3 kg.TO/ 950 kg (Ist fuel) and 470 kg (2nd fuel) per household and per year.

- 73 - AN 2Page 3 of 5

TREND 8ASED SCENARIO

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Number of Households a/: 58511 63660 69262 73348 77676 82258 87112 92251 97694 103458 109562

1. Number of consumers

I.1. LIP as primary fuel :

penetration rate b/: 27S 28S 30% 31I 33% 34% 36$ 380 40% 42% 44%households using LPG: 15798 18047 20617 22926 25492 28346 31519 35048 38971 43334 48186

12.5 kg: 11374 12994 1484M 16506 18354 20409 22694 25234 28059 31201 346946 kg: 2654 3032 3464 3851 4283 4762 5295 5888 6547 7280 8095

2.7 kg 1769 2021 2309 2668 2855 3175 3530 3925 4365 4853 5397

1.2. Wood or Charcoal as primary fuel

households using wood c/ 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700households usIng charcoal 41013 43912 46944 48722 50483 52213 53892 55503 57023 58424 59677

penetration rate of Improved stoves d/ 3S 10$ 20% 33% 50% 66% 73% 77S 80$ 82% 83%

households using lmpr. stoves 1230 4391 9389 16078 25242 34460 39341 42738 45618 47907 49532households using traditional stoves 39782 39521 37555 32644 25242 17752 14551 12766 11405 10516 10145

1.3. LPG as secondary fuel

households using LPG.e : 12714 13613 14553 15104 15650 16186 16707 17206 17677 18111 1850012.5 kg : 1271 :561 1455 1510 1565 1619 1671 1721 1768 1811 1850

6 kg 1271 1361 1455 1510 1565 1619 1671 1721 1768 1811 1850

2.7 kg : 10171 10890 11642 12083 12520 12949 13365 13765 14142 14489 14U0

1.4. Charcoal as secondary fuel :

households using charcoal f/ 6319 7219 8247 9170 10197 11338 12608 14019 15589 17334 19274

2. Development of LPG

2.1. Consumption of LPG j/: (1000 T)

primary fuel: 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.4 8.2secondary fuel 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Total : 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.1

2.2. Total number of LPG stoves used:

stoves 12.5 kg : 12646 14355 16300 18017 19919 22028 24365 26955 29827 33012 36544stoves 6 kg : 3925 4393 4919 5362 5848 6381 6966 7609 8315 9091 9945

stoves 2.7 kg : 11941 12912 13951 14651 15375 16123 16895 17690 18506 19343 20197

- 74 - ANNEX 2Page 4 of 5

1988 1969 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 I99? 1996

2.3 LPG stoves to manufacture or ilport yearly a/:

stoves 12.5 kg : 4239 4815 4977 5S6 6092 6742 7463 8263 9150 10134stoves 6 kg : 1802 2019 2115 2309 2521 2755 3011 3293 3W3 3945

stoves 2.7 kg s 5031 5430 5443 5705 5976 6254 6539 6831 7128 7430

2.4. Required number of LPG bottles :

iottles of 12.5 kg : 30343 34527 39294 43532 48233 53451 59241 65667 72600 80718 89509Bottles of 6 kg : 10505 11818 13302 14575 15978 17524 19227 21105 23177 25463 27965

B-ottles of 2,7 kg : 25650 27844 30212 31869 33605 35422 37321 39306 41378 43539 45790

2.5. Annually require4 number of now bottles 9/:

Bottles of 12.5 kg : 4164 4767 4237 4702 5217 5790 6426 7133 7916 8791Bottles of 6 kg : 1314 1483 1274 1403 1546 1704 1878 2072 2286 2523

Bottles of 2.7 kg : 2194 2367 1658 1736 1616 1899 1985 2072 2161 2251

3. Developoent of charcoal :

3.1. Consumption of charcoal 10/ : (1000 T)

primary fuel s 38.7 40.6 42.2 42.3 41.6 41.0 41.4 42.0 42.8 43.5 44.3secondary fuel : 3.0 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.1 9.1

Total s 41.6 44.0 46.1 46.6 46.4 46.3 47.3 48.6 50.1 51.7 53.4

aaMKWer. OMsTIC FUELS (MD0 MV), i.rteeiem t9

Populatico 4%) 00O DE BOIS BOIS ter camustblbe 8AZ 1117MM ter cabtlble W6BSSATS0M T0TA1* CTM)for Lambustibl.

a bole (aLP satre total a chatbo (aLP mitre, total x bols charbn mitre total chebon bole SIP total bola

Mmaacbot 0) 50.000 29,91 39% 7% 211 3% W9 2% IS 01 33 13 0% US% IS 271 42,827 8,285 3,254 365,1??

ftuaedhIL.)v 60.000 3,31 201 41% 24% 0% 371 37% 731 2,306 0 817 19.7192ou6ret. ISOrick 50.000 2.7% 201 4% 24% Os 37% 37% 73% 1,972 0 Got 16.433

Aimr 15.000 1,95 215 53 2% 26% 12% 11% 3% 21% 29% 3% 173 50% I,312 3,126 343 14s0mewtre tone satasre -a 11.500 1,0% 345 203 23 05 55% 11s Is$ 13 0% 275 lo% Is 63 0% 73s 1,144 1,917 40 11.449

rural 115.000 6,3% 165 Os Is 0% 25% S5% 21 1% 0% S8$ lo% 1% 6% O% 17% 3,285 30,617 378 57,992

A"%*, -u 15.000 0,8% 39% 193 WO is 69% 7S 12% 93s SS 6S II$ 1,161 1,160 36 11.000AMoSO -r 35.000 1,93 US% 63 3% Os 231 73% 73% 2% 0% 23 4S 871 81,76 28 19.049

Klots - u 19.800 1.1% 40% 27% 2% 69% lOS 20% 30% 0% Is Is 1,570 2,369 5 15S452Killa - r 40.200 2,2% 13% 9% IS 0% 23% 77% 77% 01 969 14,25 1 22.335 U

0% 0%*464$ - a 12.000 0.7% 4% 123 5% 21% 30% 47% IS7%0 48 355 ,8%aeds - r 28.000 1,51 Is 4% ?% Os 73 93% 933 01 197 11,924 2 13,565

Va8liea du Fleuve - a 50.000 2.75 14% 16% 53 0% 40% 21% 35% 2% 01 573 Is Os is Os 2% 2,675 10,883 39 33,176,, rural 275.000 14.9% 6% IS 2% 0% 13% .6% Os 0% O 0% 6% 01 0% 01 01 is 3.855 106,302 S16 140,426

1,1st - 32.500 1.8% 13% 16% 43 OS 333 25% 40S 2% 0% 67% 01 Os 0% 01 0% 1.534 8,214 12 20.997rural 215.000 11.71 4% 5% is Os III a9n 0% 0% 0% a"% 0% Of OS 01 0% 2,429 87,737 13 107.902

sOmadS 290.000 15,83 as 63 1% Os 153 783 1% 0% 0% *79 35 Os 2% 0% 6% 4,946 104,631 330 145,847....... s. a.... ..a. .*.f xSe no*. S..s** ea. ...... W.&ws, s..-a6- .. ueua W.". ftn **go.. M.-.. .. W.u a.. .*. .u....a

1.840.000 100% 19" 73 8% IS 35% 46% 3% Os Os 49% $% 0% 7% 0% 16% 73,571 400,777 6,003 t,02.eit

*a eucluslvemmat

*00pt80ses. NeWolihts, Nouadn.ibou, Atwr, K6ddi, Kitfa: f6sitltots do 8'mujuteLse cUiftres powr tates las mattes r6gions G6ievest, do cos CDIfree Cmw gult:

Pear ft*9. *ilt# a and K.edl chiftreS ea0st bee61"swe ds f r6quelles 40061llaalon rurale do 1/3 des fr6quneoearbedees Ipaur to S" btaft dto cilat8a de bole), .lebels ratpeautot e soide..beec-. a (2 Nmuoe&COtt # 3 Kio #a)/S; IVWaSI du Flowso (-u et -r)u (3 KaOci . i*ta . PessoiS;amtre a&uo Sabare 4-v et -r): a (Ater *2 KlIfa)/3Sl6ot 4-*atl -r) a Is K6d i * K i i a)/41beedese a (2 Let-i # other Sabara-e )/3.Scarce 1810/Pr d Book eWavey.

- 76 - ANNEX 3Page I of 11

IMPROVED STOVES

Stove Descriptions

3.1 Charcoal Stoves

The Traditional MALGACHE

This stove is available in two models: round and squared. Itis fabricated from scrap metal, and, for the square model, is composed ofa conical combustion chamber on a cubical base (see Figure 2.1). It ismade in different sizes, the following sketch gives the dimensions forthe most widely sold size. There is no facility for controlling the airfor combustion. This type of stove is fabricated locally by artisans andcosts approximately 350 UK.

Figure 3.1: The Malgache Stove.

The MULTI 7

The Multi 7 comes from Senegal. It was conceived for cookingpots ranging in size from 4 to 7 and is fabricated from scrap metal. Thestove is rouna and is composed of a conical combustion chamber on acylindrical base (see Figure 3.2). The dimensions are given in Table3.1. In the base, there is a shutter for regulating the air forcombustion. This stove is made by artisans and costs approximately 700Ul.

ANNEX 3- 77 - Page 2of ll

The VARIATION 3

This stove is a variation of the Multi 5 from Senegal. The

Multi 5 is too large for the cooking pot most frequently used in

Nauritania, cooking pot no. 3 (Thiaw and Fall, 1987). The "Base

Technique des Foyers Amelior6s" (BTFA) of the Ministry of Energy and

Mines has, based on this fact, developed a stove adapted to this type of

cooking pot (Fall, 1988). The stove greatly resembles the Multi 7 (see

Figure 3.2) and is fabricated from scrap metal by artisans. Its cost is

about 500 UM.

lb

Figure 3.2: The Variation and Multi I Stoves.

78 ~~~~~AS=E 3-78 - Pafge3 of 11

3.2. Kerosene Stoves

The THONAS CUP 20 Stove

This is a stove with wicks. It is composed of 20 wicksarranged in a round burner. This burner, in turn, is placed in a frame(see Figure 3.3). The capacity of the reservoir is 2.0 kg, wbich issufficient for 8 hours of operation at maximum power. This stove isfabricated on a large scale in Indonesia and sold for 700 UM (US$9.25).

The PET stove

The PET stove was conceived based on the Thomas Cup 20 model.It is an improved type of Thomas Cup (Bussmann and Visser, 1986, 1987).It possesses 21 wicks and a conical multi-cooking pot support. This typeof stove is still in the "prototype" phase and is not yetcommrciali&ed. The capacity of the reservoir is 2.5 kg, which issufficient for 9 hours of operation.

Figure 3.3: The Thomas Cup 20 Stove.

ANNM= 3-79 - age~47of ll

The Zeppelin Stove

The Zeppelin is a pressure stove. The reservoir is put underpressure by a separate hand pump. It utilizes a second fuel forpreheating the burner, notably methyl alcohol. The reservoir and theburner are mounted in a structure which also serves as a cooking potsupport (see Figure 3.4). The capacity of the reservoir is 3 kg, whichis sufficient for 14 hours of operation at full power. The stove ismass-produced in Indonesia and sold at a price of 1,100 UM (US$15).

Figure 3.4: The Zeppelin Stove.

-80- ANM= 3Page 5 of 11

3.3. Gas Stoves

The Blip Banekh Stove

Camping Gaz/Iransen/Shell has, since 1974, popularized thisstove in Senegal. It is composed of a 2.7 kg Camping Gaz bottle ofbutane gas, a Camping Gaz burner mounted directly on the bottle, and acooking pot support (see Figure 3.5). In Mauritania, the bottle and theburner are imported, the support is fabricated locally by artisans. Thecapacity of the bottle is sufficient for 10 hours of operation at fullpower. The cost of a complete stove is about 2200 UM. (Bottle: 1000UM; burner: 600 UM; support: 350 UM and the charge for 2.7 kg of gas:165 UM). At the time of testing, the Blip Banekh stoves were classifiedCG for stoves equipped with a Camping Gaz burner, and PR for stovesequipped with a Primus burner (see below).

Figure 3.5: The Blip Banekh Stove.

- 81-ANN 3Page 6 of 11

The Nopal& Stove

The Nopal6 also comes from Senegal and is disseminated byTotal. It is composed of a 6 kg bottle of butane gas, a Primus burnermounted directly above the bottle, and a cooking pot support (see Figure3.6). In Mauritania the bottles are imported and the Primus burners arenot yet on the market. A limited quantity of the supports is availablefor sale from the artisans. The capacity of the bottle is sufficient for21 hours of operation at full power. The cost of a complete stove isabout 3000 UM. (Bottle: 1000 UN; Burner: 150 UM; Support: 500 UM andthe charge for 6 kg of gas: 315 UN). At the time of testing, the Primusburner was classified PR and the Camping Gaz burner CC.

Figure 3.6: The Nopal4 Stove.

ANNEX 3- 82 - Page 7 of 11

The Carena Stove

The Carena is more of a burner with a small wind screen andincorporated supports for the cooking pot. It is mounted directly on thebottle, either the 2.7 or 6 kg size. It is fabricated by Camping Gaz andis sold in boutiques for a price of 2,900 UM.

3.4 The Tests

The tests have served to determine the followingcharacteristics of the stoves:

- maximum power, Pnmar

- the efficiency at maximum power, Emax;

- minimum power, Pmin;

- the efficiency at minimum power, 0min;

- fuel consumption for the preparation of a standard meal.

The powers Pmax et Pmin, as well as the efficiencies Emax andRmin, are determined by water bkeroseneing tests. The consumption for astandard meal is determined by controlled cooking tests.

The results are summarized in the following table.

Table 3.1: RESULTS OF THE WATER BKEROS£NEING TESTS

Stove Fuel Pmax Elax Pmln Emin(kW) (S) (kW) (S)

Malgache (square) Charcoal 2,9 25 1,9 14Variation 3 Charcoal 5,1 25 0,8 41Multi 7 Charcoal 4,5 25 1,2 40Thomas Cup 20 Kerosene 3,1 49 2,1 44PET Korosene 3,3 37 i1s 32Zeppelin Kerosene 2,5 48 1,1 42NopaI6 PR Butane Gas 3,6 47 1,6 46Ncpal6 CO Butane Gos 3,4 52 1,4 51Blip Banekh PR Butane Gas 3,2 47 1,6 43Blip Banekh CO Butane Gas 3,5 49 1,8 59Carena Butane Gas 2,5 55 1,5 49

- 83 - ~~~~ANNEX 3-83 - Ta- 8of 11

Charcoal Stoves

It is clear that the improved stoves, Multi 7 and Variation 3,truly constitute an improvement when compared to the traditional model,the Nalgache. Their Pmax is much higher, which results in more rapidcooking. Unfortunately, the efficiency Emax is mediocre. (A "normal"Emax for an improved charcoal stove is also on the order of 40%, (Sangenand Visser 1986)). One of the causes of this slightly lowered efficiencyis probably that the stove takes in too much cold air. Their Pmin isgreatly inferior to the Pmin of the Malgache, and their efficiency ismuch higher. Thus, when simmering, the two improved stoves save fuel.

Gas and Kerosene Stoves

One can draw a conclusion for the ensemble of these stoves,given that their performance is within the same -ange. The Pmax of theZeppelin and the Carena is inferior to the Pmax of the other stoves, butis still, jointly with the Emax, sufficient to assure rapid cooking.(Heat transfer to the cooking pot from the Zeppelin and the Carena is thesame as that for the Variation 3, for example.) As for the other stoves,they all have a good Pmax, combined with a rather high Emax. The PET isthe sole exception with an Emax of only 37%; which is rather surprisingbecause other tests (Bussmann, Visser and Sangen, 1987) have demonstratedan Emax of 44%. Nevertheless, these tests were carried out with aspherical cooking pot.

The Pmin is good, although the Emin could be even lower, if itis desirable to achieve a greater fuel savings. However, the Camping Gazburners are difficult to adjust, especially at low power, and the burnersgo out easily with the slightest blow of wind when the power is turneddown.

3.5 Controlled Cooking Tests

The results of the controlled cooking tests are summarized inthe following table. The table returns to the costs of a standard meal(in this case Ceebu Jeen) of 8 kg in terms of (kg), (MJ), and (UM).

ANNEX 3- 84 - Page 9 of 11

Stove Fuel P.Cal. Price Time Cost of MealMJ/ (UM/ (UM/(in) (kg) (NJ) (UN)(kg) (kg) (kg)

Malgache Charcoal 30,0 25 0,83 122 0,59 17,8 16Variation 3 Charcoal 30,0 25 0,83 128 0,56 16,8 14Multi 7 Charcoal 30,0 25 0,83 102 0,48 14,4 11Thomas Cup Kerosene 43,5 25 0,57 103 0,38 16,7 10PET Kerosene 43,5 25 0,57 104 0,38 16,4 9ZeppelIn Kerosene 43,5 25 0,57 111 0,35 15,4 9Nopal6 PR But. Gas 45,7 48 1,05 104 0,31 14,0 15Blip Eanekh PR But. Gas 45,7 48 1,05 104 0,31 14,1 15Carena But. Gas 45,7 48 1,05 113 0,25 11,3 12

First, it is notable that the results represent the averages ofonly two tests, thus, the numbers of the table only give an indication ofthe performance of these stoves. Nevertheless, the information thusobtained permits conclusions to be established. In addition, theseconclusions will be confirmed in the following chapter.

The most interesting numbers, from a technical point of view,are those showing the cost of a standard meaL in NJ. It is a question ofthe most objective measure for judging the stoves on their thermalperformance. The most important numbers are those which give the cost ofa meal in Ouguiya; being the cost that a housewife must pay for thecooking of her food. The total time for the preparation is also given,but these numbers must be taken into account carefully. The simmeringtimes, which must be approximately the same for all the stoves, vary from68 minutes for the PET to 90 minutes for the Variation 3.

As for the energy consumed, the gas stoves are the mosteconomical. Second place goes to the kerosene stoves and to the charcoalstoves which consume about the same quantity of energy, except for theMalgache, which consumes a little more. It is necessary to note herethat the method of testing is favorable to the Malgache. Normally, it isloaded with more charcoal than the 500 g utilized in the tests, whichresults in an elevated consumption. Under the test conditions, theVariation 3 and the Multi 7 save 12.5 and 30% respeccively, when comparedto thee Nalgache.

The price per standard meal is less for kerosene stoves whencompared to charcoal and gas stoves. Here it is a question of the resultof differences in fuel prices. Gas costs nearly two times as much as theother fuels. If the fuel price structure doesn't change, kerosene is,from a technical point of view, the most appropriate fuel for charcoalsubstitution.

- 85 - ANE 3Page 10 of 11

3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations

The controlled cooking tests, together with the calculationrfrom the data of the water bkeroseneing tests have shown that:

- the improved charcoal stoves, the Variation 3 and the Multi 7,can save at least 15X on charcoal when compared to the Malgachestove;

- the kerosene stoves are the most inexpensive for thepreparation of a meal;

- the gas stoves hav. a good thermal efficiency, but the cost formeal preparation is within the same range as the charcoalstoves.

In order to decrease charcoal consumption, it is necessary notto limit oneself to a sole substitution fuel, but rather to apply theprinciple: "to each his own fuel". Although the results of the surveysconducted during the demonstrations and after the loan of the stoves arenot yet known, the first reactions have already shown that the keroseneand gas are well appreciated. The prejudices which exist vis-&-vis thesefuels, notably that gas is dangerous and that kerosene affects the tasteof the foods, did not exist after the loan. A good presentation and anintensive follow-up are essential.

One could begin now with the introduction of the improvedcharcoal stoves, the Multi 7 and the Variation 3, since they will permita charcoal savings of at least 151 when compared to the Malgache. Alsoat the same time, it is necessary to pursue efforts to improve efficiencyat high power (dimensions of the door, porosity of the grill, etc.). Theimproved charcoal stoves can be attractive for poor households which arealso a little more "traditional".

The kerosene stoves also present an interesting option for thesegment of the population wishing to change fuels, but who have limitedfinancial resources. For this category of households, the kerosenestoves offer the most economic cost per meal of all the stoves. Theinvestment for the purchase of the stove is still modest, especially whencompared to gas stoves.

It seems that the wick stoves are more suited to popularizationthat the pressure stoves. Their lighting ability is muci lesscomplicated (there is no need for two fuels), their functioning is lesscomplicatedt thus they are easier to explain and understand. There is nopump, no noise, etc. Their only problem is the wearing away of thewicks.

Before launching the large scale introduction of kerosenestoves, the necessary infrastructure must be created: the importationand retail sale of stoves, the eventual local fabrication of framing

- 86 - ANNEX 3Page 11 of 11

structures 1/, the supply of wicks and wick covers, and the creation oftechnical service centers for these stoves. In these centers, the wickscan be replaced and stove maintenance can be done.

The gas stoves present the most costly option, but also themost prestigious and the most comfortable. The gas is easy to light,clean and odorless. The combination of the 6 kg bottle, the Primusburner and the Nopal6 support is more rigid and more stable than theCamping Gaz stove. In order to assure its popularization, it will benecessary to ensure a sufficient stock of bottles, burners, andsupports. The supports can. be fabricated by artisans, but in order toensure quality, it will be necessary to train the artisans. The burnermust be furnished by a plastic pipe.

1/ This local fabrication will be expensive. We asked two groups ofartisans to make us a frame for the PET model. The first asked aprice of 1500 UM, the second fabricated one for 600 UM, but told usthat when we placed our next order, the cost would be 750 UN.

ANNEX 4- 87 - Page 1 of 7

TEM OF REFEECE

LPG Component

Mauritania Household Energy Strategy

Objectives

The main objective of the proposed activity is to reduce theamount of woodfuels used for cooking by inducing a switch from charcoalto LPG. Such an activity should necessarily include two majorcomponents: realizing technical improvements in the 'LPG cycle' that makethe supply of LPC more reliable, and organizing and executing apromotional campaign which is based upon a marketing strategy focussingon the lower-middle income class consumers. It is indisputable that thismarketing strategy will have to concentrate on women and theirinvolvement in household energy.

Technical improvements in the LPG cycle should include thefollowing aspects:

(a) improving operational practices at the bottling plant; thisincludes improving safety measures both at the plant site andat the distribution/whole sale/retail level; establishingmaintenance procedures that conform with internationalstandards in the bottling plant itself as well as for LPGbottles in the circuit; upgrading bottling equipment to morepractical and reliable standards incl. the purchase of 2.7 kgand 6 kg bottles;

(b) establishing a reliable and efficient distribution system ofLPG; initially, distribution will be focussed on Nouakchottonly, the interior of the country will follow once an efficientdistribution system in Nouakchott exists;

(c) pricing of LPG; the price structure of LPG appears to be sub-optimal given the actual situation and should be carefullyreviewed in the light of the expected increase in demand.

A Marketing Strategy should entail the following components:

(a) a TV and radio oriented action, especially for women, toillustrate the actual costs and benefits of using LPC, as wellas the availability of bottles and stoves/supports;

(b) the introduction of 2.7 and 6 kg bottles with appropriatestoves of high energy efficiency;

- 88 - ANNEX 4Page 2 of7

(c) a similar action as under (a) to demonstrate safetyconsiderations and the proper use of LPG stoves and bottles;

(d) cooking demons rations in the various sections of town toactually demonstrate the viability of LPG stoves along thelines developed by the UNSO/ESMAP project.

SCOPE OP WORK

The proposed activity consists of 4 distinct tasks:

Technical Assistance

Technical assistance by an international consultant and atechnician with at least five years of international experience in LPGbottling should expedite SOMAGAZ in applying safety and operationalregulations according to international standards. This includesidentifying potential revisions to the plant necessary to facilitate anincreased production of LPG, like an additional production line for 3 or6 kg bottles, increased stockage of LPG in bulk, etc. The technicianshould visit the plant regularly during the first years of the project toensure that the improvements recommended are actually used effectively.

Studies

(a) Identifying the requirements for a suitable distribution systemof LPG, taking into account the projected demand levels. Atthe moment there is no organized distribution system; allactivities are due to private initiative. The study shouldparticularly determine to which extent the private sectorcan/should play a role, and to which extent SOMAGAZ and/or theDG of Energy can/should play a role with applying (improved)regulations, etc.

(b) A study should be executed to enable the DC of Energy toredefine the appropriate price structure of LPG regularly on aprofessional basis, this includes defining a purchase andtransport policy of LPG to the bottling plants.

(c) To design the most appropriate marketing strategy for LPG.

Investments

(a) Upon the outcome of the work of the technical specialist, itwill be decided when and which investments in the bottlingplant, other than the ones already planned are required interms of additional production lines, maintenance facilities,storage capacity, etc.

ANNEX 4- 89 - Page 3 of 7

(b) The purchase of an additional number of 10,000 bottles of 2.7kg and 15,000 bottles of 6 kg to satisfy the projectedconsumption pattern for the immediate future.

(c) Upon the outcome of the recommendations of the study on thedistribution system for LPC, it will be decided whichinvestments are required for the realization of thisdistribution system, e.g. storage centres, activating safetymeasures for existing wholesalers/ large retailers of LPG, etc.

Execution of Activities

(a) During at least one year a publicity campaign should beorganized focussing on the availability of gas stove equipment,their use and costs/benefits, where can one buy it, where onecar go for more information and assistance, women and energy,etc., and the impacts made on the environment (charcoalsavings) if one switches to LPG; it is recommended that thiscampaign is designed by professionals and executed jointly bythe DC of Energy and SOMAGAZ, and a private publicity firm.

(b) DC of Energy and/or DC of Protection of Nature should organize'marketing sessions' as developped by the UNSO/ESMAP project ata rate of one per week and this should continue until allsections of town are covered. The focus should be on safety,costs, how to use these stoves, and where equipment andassistance is available.

BUDGET AND TIMETAaLE

Budget

The projects total costs amount to US$ 1.6 million for the lifeof the project. It should be mentionned that the investments forequipment etc. can only be made after the technical assistance isfinished and the studies are completed.

-90- ANUIX 4-0Pa 4 of 7

Total USS thousand

Technical Assistance- tqchnician 70

- oxpert

Studleos-marketing system 90-price structure so

Investments-bottlIng plant 600-bott ls 300-distribution system 100

Activities-publicity campaign 75-marketing sssions 10

Supervllon I"

TOTAL 1.600

Timetable

A teime table for the first year is given below; the second yearof the project will have as major components continued tecnicalassistance to SO1AGAZ, the publicity campaign, and assistance with theprice structure of LPG.

Calendar

Mmnth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Technical AssistancebottlIng plant -

StudlesdIstribution system prlce structure -

I nvastinutsboles bottling plantdistribution system -

Activitiepublilety campaignmarketing sessons

- 91 - ANNEX 4Page 5 of 7

TERMS OF REFERENCE

LPG Installation Expert

You will *isit Mauritania for four weeks during which you willwork closely with the DC of Energy, SOMAGAZ, and the LPG technican. Yourtasks will be the following:

- evaluate investment possibilities in terms of the bottlingplant's production capacity enlargement; safety aspects;storage capacity; number and type of bottles.

In the coming two years you will further visit Mauritania aboutfour tLmes for one-week periods during which you will work together withthe DC of Energy, SOMAGAZ, and the technician. You will then check theprogress and recommend action(s) to be taken for the time to come.

LPG Technician

You will visit the bottling plant for three months startingFeb. '89 and for four periods of 2 weeks during the next two years. Youwill work closely with SOMAGAZ and the LPG expert. Your particular tasksduring the first visit will be:

- evaluating the technical performance and actual condition ofthe bottling plant, comparing it to similar plants that youhave seen;

- assessing the possibilities of increasing the daily productioncapacity;

- recommending relatively minor investments for increasing thedaily output of LPG and improving the safety of the plant;

- working together with, and training of personnel of the plantto assist them to adjust them to the increased productioncapacity and safety levels.

Petroleum Marketing and E:stribution Specialist

You will visit Mauritania for about four weeks to identify themost appropriate method to distribute and market LPG in Mauritania,initially focussing on Nouakchott. You will work closely with the DC ufEnergy, SOMAGAZ, and the LPG expert. Your specific tasks will be:

- identifying the most appropriate way to distribute LPG, takinginto account storage and handling capacity at the plant and inthe city; training needs and regulations fortransporters/wholesalers/retailers of LPG;

ANNEX 4-92 - Page 6 of 7

- designing a detailed marketing strategy for LPG in Mauritania,incl. the choice of 2.7 kg and 6 kg bottles, and an initialfocus on Nouakchott;

- designing a detailed, costed, action plan to realize therecommended marketing/distribution system, including terms ofreference for all 'actors' in the LPG distribution cycle, andinvestment requirements.

Small-Credit Specialist

You will visit Mauritania for about four weeks; you will worktogether with the DC of Energy, SOMAGAZ, the petroleum marketing anddistribution specialist. Your specific task is the following:

- designing of a small credit facilities system which providesloans to lower-middle income households for the initial costsof buying a LPG cooking system.

- identifying possibilities to provide LPG stoves and bottles toservants of the public sector and of selected private sectorenterprises whereby the stoves and bottles will be paid backgradually by subtractions of the monthly salary.

Petroleum Products Economist

You will visit Mauritania for the period of about four weeks.You will work together mainly with the DC of Energy, SOMAGAZ, and theother LPG experts. Your specific tasks are to:

- assist in defining the most economic procedure for Mauritaniato procure LPG for the bottling plants, taking into account theLPG production capacity of the Nouadhibou refinery;

- assist in designing the rules and regulations to administerthis procudure, including an LPG pricing policy.

Publicity and Marketing Specialist

You will visit Mauritania for a one month period during whichyou will work closely together with the DG of Energy, SOMACAZ, and thepetroleum products marketing and distribution specialist. You willfurther work as much as possible with a suitable, private local publicityfirm that should be able to continue the work after you have left thecountry. Your specific tasks are to:

- design a publicity campaign (including detailed terms ofreference, time schedule, and budget) along the lines describedin chapters II and III;

93 - ~~ANl 4Page 7 of 7

- identify a suitable local publicity firm and prepare itspersonnel to execute the publicity campaign.

BUTANE GAS PRICE STRUCTURE a/

(ai Exchange rate lSUS a x UMSb) Price FOB In SUS/TM(C) Sea Freight in SUS/TM 125Sd) Price FOB + FreightCe) Corrective Margin In UA/kgC;) Insurance rate Cd + e) 0,5%(g) Insurance value(h) Financial charges, rate (d + e) 2%41) Financial charges, valuet) Price ContingenciesCk) Price CIFtl) Margin storage depot 1,2 UMCm) Sea Freight and unloading losses 1%

Ck + I)(n) Sea Freight and unloading losses, value(0) Price delivered at storage depot - ratetP) Losses storage depot - rate 1%Cq) Losses storage depot - valueCr) Financial charges, rate Co + q) 1%Cs) Financial charges - valueCt) BottlIng charges 6,14 UMCu) Maintenance and Depreciation of bottles 2,30Sv) CommercIal margin 11% of the retail priceSv) Duties and taxes 8% of the price ex-storage depotCx) Price ex-storage depot Ia UNM/gCt) Rounded price ex-storage depot In UM/kg

a/ This price structure was proposed in September 1988.

ANNEX 594 Page 1 of 4

CHARCOAL AND FUELVOOD CYCLE

The objective of the activity is to: (a) classify and evaluatethe charcoal and fuelwood market chains; and (b) recommend possibleimprovements. Since the destruction of the environment due to charcoalproduction is much larger than that due to fire -wood production, the workshould focus on charcoal production in the first place and on woodproduction in the second place. The terms of reference for theclassification phase are given below.

Charcoal and Fuelwood Market Chains

Wood cutting for charcoal is the greatest wood consumer, andcontributes greatly to deforestation; it is a periquisite to decreasethis in order to save the environment. The charcoal market chain musttherefore, in the near future, undergo considerable changes:

- decrease of charcoal consumption by substituting it by LPC and,at a later stage, by kerosene;

- introduction of fee payments for the wood to the owners ofnatural forest land, or on public land, based on the quantityof cut wood and not or the amount of charcoal produced;

- the price increase of wood will be a strong motivation tointroduce better carbonization techniques (doubling the outputis possible);

- a regulation in order to distribute the fuelwood burden over alarger number of areas and to use wood in less accessiblezones, especially, dead wood.

These -leasures cannot be taken without thorough knowledge of thestructute and operation of the market chain. The work done by thenational sociologist (see work document) on the charcoal market chain,gives an impression of its historical development and its sociologicalstructure. Data on the economic and institutionnal structure is stiltmissing, however.

The Study Will Try to Determine:

- the nature of the current situation, the existing laws andregulations, and the methods of application in reality;

- the economic actors of the market chain; woodcutters,charcoalers, tradesmen, transporters, retailers, etc., andtheir economic and power relation;

- prices used at each stage of the filiere. Cartels and othermeans of manipulating of the market;

ANNX 5~ 95 ~TPage 2 of 4

- Import of charcoal from Senegal; quantities, price, ifpossible, the structure of the market chain and origin of thecharcoal;

- under which economic conditions and rules, and how can oneinduce charcoalers to learn and nse more efficientcarbonization techniques?

- the maintenance of natural forest cover is also in the interestof all the workers of the market chain; can they be involved inenvironmental protection activities?

- if charcoal production decreases, should actions be planned tofind another source of income for the woodcutters and thecharcoalers?

In view of the rapid growth of the sector, the study willattach more importance to the assessment of essential aspects of all theelements of the market chain, for example by executing thorough studiesof particular cases, rather than to obtain reliable quantitive datathrough extensive methods. The dynamics of ongoing changes is such anessential aspect.

The study will be executed by an economist with experience inthe sector and preferably with a knowledge of hassaniya or anothercurrent national language used in the sector. If such a person cannot befound, a Mauritanian consultant with such abilities and a thoroughknowledge of this part of the country, will be assigned to the former.

The study will take 10 to 12 weeks, most of which will takeplace in the field; the remainder will be devoted to the analysis of thedata and the drafting of the final report.

Details to Study

Charcoal and Fuelwood Production

- who are the producers?- what are their methods for: cutting, gathering, and

transporting wood?- what type of wood do they use?- how do they organize themselves among each other?- how do relations with the authorities, the population, the

transporters, etc., function?- estimation of quantities and costs of charcoal production;- seasonality.

-96 - ~Page 3 of 4

Transportation

- from the bush to the road;- from the road to large cities (regional markets, if this is the

case);- between those markets and Nouakchott;- personnel, equipment, costs;- seasonality.

Control

- types of control in the bush;- types of control on the road;- impact of the new system (production books/transport);- fees/revenues;- reforestation.

Narketing

- organization of wholesalers and retailers;- salesmen: traditions, habits;- storage, quantities, scarcity;- price, seasonality.

After carefully analyzing the results obtained from the studyabove, recommendations should be made how to improve the situation. Thefollowing aspects should specifically be taken into account: renewing theresources/sustained production; management of resources; control ofwoodcutting and transporting; utilization of resources away from thepopulous areas complete use of dead wood; improved charcoal productionmethods; stumpage fees; taxation of woodfuels; fuel pricing policies.

The recommendations should include a detailed work program withall requirements in terms of manpower, equipment, budget, etc. Thebenefits will be three-foldS wood savings due to better management of theresources, better control of cutting and transporting, and improvedutilization techniques (woodcutting and charcoal production); revenuesdue to better control system and due to inforcement of new pricing policy(including tax); incentives for farmers to grow wood as a cash crop, andfor consumers to economize wood/charcoal used. Potential benefitsquantified in the project-analysis (Chapter III) are only revenues thatare realized. It is assumed that at the end of the projected ten year.,951 of the revenues can be captured every year; the maximal theoreticalrevenue is the price differential between the current price and theeconomic price (which takes into account replanting) which is UK 10 perkg consumed.

The budget for the project amounts to a total of US$ 35OtOOOover a one-year period. Purther follow-up activities can be financed outof the revenues generated by the project.

Aim S-97- -N -Pae 4 of 4

StT

(mols) USS

personnel- consultants 9 96.000- per diem 6 22.000- International travel 6 21.000- car 15.000national personnel- expert 6 30.000- technicians 10 5.000- srveyors 60 50*.0- local travel 10o.O0material 25.000mIscellaneous 26.000executing agency 50.000

total 350.000

- 98- ANNEX 6

Page I of 5

KE MOSE AS DOMESTIC FUEL

The choice between LPG and petrol is not an obvious one. Thefollowing table gives an idea of the advantages and disadvantages of eachfuel. One can notice that petrol is, from almost every point of viewsuperior to LPG

Comparison of Kerosene and LPC as Household Fuels

Household fuels LPG Petrol

Price world market same price ("/in 10)

Sea transport saeclal tank ship any kerosene productcarrier

F lexibility of low: rigid and expensive larger: polyvalentsupply Infrastructure (f llin Ig Infrastructure

center)

Stocking and special installatlons like gasolinehandl Ing specIal Iy traIned personnel (known technology;

existing f i I IIngstations)

Transport by pressure vessels; more Just as gasoline,expensive, less flexible, diesel rail or lorrymonopoly problems fuel, multi-use

equi pment

Handling at retail pressure cylinder filled any small lots Inand In the family by the distribution center the customer's vessel

distribution funnel needed

Equlpmnt needed cylinder, pressure regulator, any bottle, funnelby the family special tubing (expensive,

limited lifetime, professionalal ntenance

Quantity measurement weighing, deduct empty weight volume or welghingat retailing cilent cannot check (can be checked)

Retailing on the difficult (Invstents, as for charcoalmarket training, safety)

Dangers (business, leaks not visible and very less than gasolinefamiuy) dangerous (explosions) leaks visible

Burner screws on the cylinder complete unit, eitherwick or pressure type

Ease of use/comfort very large lower (someti esodoes)

ANNEX 6Page 2 of 5

In addition:

- housewives tend to buy small quantities of fuel, even if thisis more expensive;

- families have difficulties in investing;

- the fuel market is rather "atomized";

- depreciation costs of the filling center are a heavy burden onthe price of LPC, if fully taken into account.

It is clear that petrol is a preferred fuel by the majority ofthe population. High-income families will naturally use gas (as they donow) but it is not justified to devote funds to the development of theproject.

Nevertheless, there is a crucial problem: the availability ofpetrol stoves. The mission discovered, unfortunately, that there were nopetrol stove ready to be marketed on a large scale. A petrolpupularization campaign is therefore impossible for the present.

As shown, petrol has, as cooking fuel in the Third World, manymore advantages compared to LPG and would have been chosen as firstoption if performing and viable stoves had been available. The stovesthat the mission was able to see at present are not yet ready for massivedissemination.

The two wick stoves (PET and Thomas Cup) present two problems:

- the wicks carbonized, even when protected by glass fibre. Inaddition, it is difficult for both housewives and stove sellersto adjust all the wicks and their cover to the correctheight. The technique would therefore not be appropriate fordissemination.

- the moving mechanisms of the wicks to regulate the power jammedeasily, even with the Thomas Cup; this is rather surprising asthis stove is widely used in Indonesia.

The pressure stove (Zeppelin) has an entry valve which can beeasily squashed, thus allowing sand to get into the recipient. Themission also discovered another stove (BAT) on the local market,unfortunately too late to test it. Irrespective of construction, alltypes of pressure stoves are particularly sensitive to impurities foundin petrol which cause obstruction of the nozzle. Nouakchott has 80 daysof sand storms per year and it is inconceivable that petrol sold isalways sufficiently clean. No pressure stove should, of course, bedisseminated without having made sure that it can function withoutproblems under local conditions.

ANNEX 6- 100 - Page 3 of 5

A practical study has therefore been proposed in order todevelop or select a petrol stove for dissemination in Mauritania; theresults would also be useful for other Sahelian countries.

Possible outline of the study:

- there exist many stoves on the international market, Maximumbenefit siaould be acquired from the industrial experience ofthese companies, whether they be international or local.

- in order to avoid a "laboratory" approach, an offer of thefollowing model has been proposed. Any stove with an adequatequality could then be tested on the market and introduced iffound satisfactory.

- Work of 20h/month is foreseen in a laboratory of internationalreputation.

BUDGET

(man month) USS

personnel- consultants 21 218,400- per diem 1 3,720- Internatlonal travel 1 3,500local personnel

- expert- sub. 12 6,288- survey 8 4,959- local travel/per diem 4 5,945material 35,000preparation of terms of reference 10,000miscellaneous 36,537executing agency 2 25,651

total 33 350,000

- 101 -AN 6- 101 - Page 4 of S

Draft Project Proposal: IMPROVED KEROSUNS STOVES

A tender is addressed to all who might be interested. Thiscould be:

- university departments working in the field of stoves;

- consultant firms;

- commercial manufacturers;

- any consortia of such partners.

The tendering will occur in two phases:

- anyone interested sends information on his qualifications andexperience, and an outline of his intended proposal;

- the amount of work proposed can vary from presenting a stovealready fully developed and in use elsewhere in the world, tofull development of a new model. Cheaper offers will obviouslyhave preference;

- from the tenderers a subset of say six are selected, who areasked to make a full proposal; they receive a smallremuneration to cover the costs;

- on the basis of these proposals, at least two and at the mostfour are given a contract to carry out this development;

- no budget size can be specified till the offers are in;

- final results are freely available, with the exception thatcommercial firms are allowed to retain a measure of exclusivityon condition that they have participated financially in thecosts of the development.

Requirements for a Kerosene Stove

The following a.e the preferred requirements. It may proveimpossible to identify stoves that satisfy all conditions simultaneously;in that case designs approaching these requirements will be preferred.

The requirements are formulated as if for one stove. ifnecessaryg a set of several stoves of different sizes may be proposed,but it must be realised that this can mean tha;:. some households wouldhave to buy two stoves instead of one, thus increasing the investmentcost.

- 102 - AN 5of 5

Usage and Performance

- suitable for Sahelian round-bottomed pan of sizes 1 to 6;

- good energy performance even in medium wind;

- easy lighting, also in wind; no additional lighting fuel ifpossible;

- turn-down ratio of 4 or preferably more;

- either a wick or a pressure-burner stove (each has itsadvantages and disadvantages);

- should not give undue problems in maintenance, cleaning, etc.,even in the unfavorable conditions of Sahelian households. Thestove should be tolerant of sand and dust, outside and in thefuel.

Manufacture

- as far as possible, local manufacture in a Sahelian country;

- if possible, manufacture by local artisans of the informalsector;

- a price that is not more than three to four times that of atraditionnal metal stove;

- any special parts may, if necessary, be imported; minimumimports are preferreA^

- use of local raw materials (like clay or scrap metal) is anadvantage;

- minimum maintenance;

- preferably no loose parts that can get lost.

ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PR0GRAM

Activities Completed

Country Project Date Number

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND STRATEGY

AfricaRegional The Interafrican Electrical Engineering College:

Proposals for Short- and Long-Term Development 3/90 112/90Participants' Reports - Regional Power Seminaron Reducing Electric System Losses in Africa 8/88 087/88

Bangladesh Power System Efficiency Study 2/85 031/85.Bolivia La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance 2/90 111/9cfBotswana Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study 1/86 047/86

Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy 7/87 071/87Tuli Block Farms ElectrificationPrefeasibility Study 7/87 072/87

Burkina Technical Assistance Program 3/86 052/86Burundi Presentation of Energy Projects for the

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) 5/85 036/85Review of Petroleum Import and DistributionArrangements 1/84 012/84

Burundi/Rwanda/Zaire (EGL Report)Evaluation de l'Energie des Pays des Grands Lacs 2/89 098/89

Congo Power Development Study 5/90 106/90Costa Rica Recommended Technical Assistance Projects 11/84 027/84Ethiopia Power System Efficiency Study 10/85 045/85The Gambia Petroleum Supply Management Assistance 4/85 035/85Ghana Energy Rationalization in the Industrial

Sector of Ghana 6/88 084/88Guinea- Recommended Technical AssistanceBissau Projects in the Electric Power Sector 4/85 033/85

Management Options for the Electric Powerand Water Supply Subsectors 2/90 100/90

Indonesia Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick,Tile and Lime Industries on Java 4/87 067/87

Power Generation Efficiency Study 2/86 050/86Diesel Generation Efficiency Improvement Study 12/88 095/88

Jamaica Petroleum Procurement, Refining, andDistribution 11/86 061/86

Kenya Power System Efficiency Report 3/84 014/84Liberia Power System Efficiency Study 12/87 081/87

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects 6/85 038/85Madagascar Power System Efficiency Study 12/87 075/87Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study 3/87 068/87Mauritius Power System Efficiency Study 5/87 070/87Mozambique Household Electricity Utilization Study 5/90 113/90Panama Power System Loss Reduction Study 6/83 004/83Papua New Energy Sector Institutional Review: ProposalsGuinea for Strengthening the Department of

Minerals and Energy 10/84 023/84Power Tariff Study 10/84 024/84

ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

Activities Completed

Country Project Date Number

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND STRATEGY (Continued)

Senegal Assistance Given for Preparation of Documentsfor Energy Sector Donors' Meeting 4/86 056/86

Seychelles Electric Power System Efficiency Study 8/84 021/84Sri Lanka Power System Loss Reduction Study 7/83 007/83Syria Electric Power Efficiency Study 9/88 089/88

Energy Efficiency in the Cement Industry 7/89 099/89Syria Energy Efficiency Improvement in the

Fertilizer Sector 6/90 115/90Sudan Power System Efficiency Study 6/84 018/84

Management Assistance to the Ministry ofEnergy and Mining 5/83 003/83

Togo Power System Efficiency Study 12/87 078/87Tunisia Interfuel Substitution Study 5/90 114/90Uganda Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry 2/86 049/86

Institutional Strengthening in the Energy Sector 1/85 029/85Power System Efficiency Study 12/88 092/88

Zambia Energy Sector Institutional Review 11/86 060/86Energy Sector Strategy 12/88 094/88Power System Efficiency Study 12/88 093/88

Zimbabwe Petroleum Supply Management 2/90 109/90Power Sector Management Assistance Project:Background, Objectives, and Work Plan 4/85 034/85

Power System Loss Reduction Study 6/83 005/83

HOUSEHOLD. RURAL. AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

Burundi Peat Utilization Project 11/85 046/85Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy 9/85 042/85

Cape Verde Household Energy Strategy Study 2/90 110/90China Country-Level Rural Energy Assessments:

A Joint Study of ESMAP and Chinese Experts 5/89 101/89Fuelwood Development Conservation Project 12/89 105/89

Costa Rica Forest Residues Utilization Study, Volumes I & II 2/90 108/90C8te d'Ivoire Improved Biomass Utilization--Pilot Projects

Using Agro-Industrial Residues 4/87 069/87Ethiopia Agricultural Residue Briquetting: Pilot Project 12/86 062/86

Bagasse Study 12/86 063/86The Gambia Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project 2/85 030/85

Solar Photovoltaic Applications 3/85 032/85Ghana Sawmill Residues Utilization Study, Vol. I & II 10/88 074/87Global Proceedings of the ESMAP Eastern and Southern

Africa Household Energy Planning Seminar 6/88 085/88India Opportunities for Commercialization of

Non-Conventional Energy Systems 11/88 091/88Indonesia Urban Household Energy Strategy Study 2/90 107/90Jamaica FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study 9/88 088/88

Charcoal Production Project 9/88 090/88

Activities Completed

Country Project Date Number

HOUSEHOLD. RURAL. AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (Continued)

Kenya Solar Water Heating Study 2/87 066/87Urban Woodfuel Development 10/87 076/87

Malawi Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiencyof Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry 11/83 009/83

Mauritius Bagasse Power Potential 10/87 077/87Niger Household Energy Conservation and Substitution 12/87 082/87

Improved Stoves Project 12/87 080/87Pakistan Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs,

Applications and Markets 10/89 103/89Peru Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program

in the Sierra 2/87 064/87Rwanda Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy 8/86 059/86

Improved Charcoal Production Techniques 2/87 065/87Senegal Industrial Energy Conservation Project 6/85 037/85

Urban Household Energy Strategy 2/89 096/89Sri Lanka Industrial Energy Conservation: Feasibility

Studies for Selected Industries 3/86 054/86Sudan Wood Energy/Forestry Project 4/88 073/88Tanzania Woodfuel/Forestry Project 8/88 086/88

Small-Holder Tobacco Curing Efficiency Project 5/89 102/89Thailand Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves

and Charcoal Kilns 9/87 079/87Rural Energy Issues and Options 9/85 044/85Northeast Region Village Forestry and WoodfuelPre-Investment Study 2/88 083/88

Togo Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake 4/86 055/86Uganda Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study 3/86 053/86

Energy Efficiency Improvement in theBrick and Tile Industry 2/89 097/89

Zimbabwe Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study 6/90 119/90

IBRD 21489

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