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Elizabethan Foreign Policy & The European Wars of Religion
Early Foreign PolicyHouses of Valois &
HabsburgEngland’s Position
The Outbreak of Confessional Conflict
Wars in France & The Netherlands
The Protestant Cause
The Escalation of English Involvement
Anti-Catholicism; Philip IIWar in the New World
The Polarization of Religio-PoliticsNonsuchOpen War with Spain
The Enterprise of EnglandAfter the Armada
Armada Portrait, by George Gower, c. 1588Woburn Abbey
Early Foreign PolicyHouses of Valois & Habsburg
War for Dominion in Italy, 1550sPeace of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559
Spanish Power in Italy
France Retains Lands North, East
England’s PositionSecond-Rank Power to France/SpainEmbarrassed by Loss of CalaisElizabethan Settlement
Strong Protestant StanceCatholic Hegemony on MainlandReformation in Scotland, ‘59/60
Anglo-Scots Alliance vs. France
Knox’s Famously Ill-Timed Treatise
The Outbreak of Confessional ConflictWars in France
Factions & RegencyGuise, Bourbon/Montmorency
1562: Massacre of VassyEnglish Aid in ‘62/3
The Netherlands1566: Beeldenstorm
Nationalism or Protestantism?Alba’s Arrival, 10k TroopsWilliam of Orange to Saxony1568: Orange, German, French
The Eighty Years War
The Protestant CauseConfessional SolidarityDomestic Stability; International Involvement
Beeldenstorm in een Kerk, Dirck van Delen, 1630
The Escalation of English InvolvementAnti-Catholicism; Anti-Protestantism
At Core of Elizabethan IdentityPapal Deposition of ER, ‘70St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, ’72Anglo-German CooperationEnglish Volunteers (Religious Motives)
Philip II’s Vision of EmpireA Child of Charles V, HREKing-Consort of EnglandInterest in Naval Powers; Portugal, 1580
The New WorldSpanish Treasure, BullionEnglish Privateers, Sir Francis Drake1577-80, Circumnavigation, Loot1585 Raids on Spanish Ports, in N.W.
La Saint-Barthélemy, by François Dubois, c. 1572-84; Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts de Lausanne
The Polarization of Religio-PoliticsThe Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585
Assassination of William of Orange, ‘84Treaty of Joinville, ‘84 (Guise-Spain)Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
Governor General, Military ManSustained English Involvement
Open War with SpainNetherlands a Spanish TerritoryJustify Rebellion or Aid Brethren?
Pan-European WarsPortugal, Italy, L.C.: Philip II France, Scotland: Guise & MaryHRE: Emperor & BavariaEngland: Domestic & Internt’l Plots
William of Orange, 1555, by Antonis Mor; Staatliche Museen, Kassel
The “Enterprise of England”: Grand Armada
Lengthy PreparationHeight of Spanish Naval PowerMassive Influx of BullionFrom Early 1586; Late July 1588Drake’s Raids of Iberian Coast, 1587
“The Worst Kept Secret in Europe”About 122 Ships; 30k MenDuke of Medina SidoniaTo Meet with Parma’s 30k MenCrescent of Massive Vessels
The English Fleet and VictoryAdmiral Howard, V-Ad. DrakeFaster, Lighter ShipsFire Ships, A Providential Wind4 Ships Sunk; Dozens Ran Aground
From the History Department of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point
The Armada Medal
“Flavit Jehovah et dissipati svnt”“God Blew and they were scattered”
“Allidor non Laedor”“I am Attacked, [but] I am not wounded”
After the Armada
Security of Dutch ProtestantsConsolidation & Stability
Chaos in FranceGuise Brothers, Dec. ‘88Henri III, July ‘89Henri IV Defending Huguenots
Anglo-German AidConversion to
Cath., ‘93
Returning Spanish ArmadasWar of Attrition (£)Triple Alliance vs. Spain
Irish Rebellion, 1593-1603English Settlements; Spanish AidContinued Catholic Threat
Broadside depicting the assassination of Henri III, King of France, by the monk, Jacques Clément, August 2, 1589. In the papers of Christian, Elector of Saxony, HStA Dresden, GR, Loc. 9304/7, fol. 336r.