UNIT 9. THE HABSBURG DINASTY
Who were the Habsburg?
They were an european royal family (from Austria), who had a
huge power in the continent, especially in Spain, where they ruled
during two centuries (16th-17th centuries).
In Spain they are known as Austrias
Austrias' emblem
Why did they rule in Spain?
One of the daughters of Catholic Monarchs, Juana The mad (la
loca), were married with the inheritor of Habsburg dinasty: Felipe
The Handsome (El hermoso)
The son of that marriage, Carlos, became the king of Spain when
his grandparents and parents died.
In total, the habsburg monarchs in Spain were 5Carlos I of Spain
or V of Germany.
Felipe II
Felipe III
Felipe IV
Carlos II He died without an heir.
CARLOS I The emperor
FELIPE II
FELIPE III
FELIPE IV
CARLOS II The Bewitched
CARLOS I The emperor
1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I: INTERIOR POLICY
He ruled Spain from 1516 to 1559.In his beginning as a monarch
took little interest in Iberian Peninsula, being more interested
for the German EmpireHe wanted to became the German emperor, so he
spent the Castilian money to get it. Finally he obtained the titile
of Emperor of the Holy German Empire in 1519.But, in Spain several
revolts took place against a king more interested in his personal
aspirations than the problems within his territory.
1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I: INTERIOR POLICY
He was considered as a foreigner for spanish, because he had
lived all his life in Ghent (Gante), in Flanders, the current
Beligum.
He had never been in Spain before
He didn't speak spanish
All his court was composed by Flanders people.
1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I: INTERIOR POLICY
Problems within the empireRevolt of the Comuneros (1520-1521)In
some castilian cities such as, Toledo, Segovia or Avila, the low
nobility, bourgeoisie and peasants uprise against the King because
of his economic policy and the changes that the new foreigner
emperor had established. The uprsinig spread for all Castile, and
many revolts took place facing the comunero movement and empire
army with the support of high nobility. Finally, the comuneros army
was defeated for the imperial troops in the batlle of Villalar
(1521). In addition, the main leaderships of the revolt were
executed.
LEADERSHIPS OF COMUNERO MOVEMENT
JUAN BRAVOFRANCISCO MALDONADO
JUAN DE PADILLAMARIA PACHECO (Padilla's wife)
1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I: INTERIOR POLICY
REVOLT OF THE BROTHERHOODS (REVUELTA DE LAS GERMANAS)
1521-1523It was another uprising of artisians and peasants in the
crown of Aragon (Valencia and Mallorca)The artisians wanted access
to goverment office while the peasants wanted better rental
conditions. The revolts were suppressed by Carlos I who allied with
the nobility, defeated them in 1523.
1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I. EXTERIOR POLICY
He had to fight against foreign powers in order to defend:His
authority as the most powerfull man in Europe
Catholic religion, against Lutheranism in German territory. Also
he defended christianity against Muslim Turks.
1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I. EXTERIOR POLICY
Wars against France.
His personal enemy and rival was Francisco I of France.
Several wars took place between them most of them in Italian
territory. Carlos most important victory was the Battle of Pavia
(1525) where Spain defeated France. And Carlos could add Milan
milanesado to his territories. The enmity between both monarchs was
because of their willingness to control Europe. Both competed to
become the emperor of the German Empire.
Francisco I Vs Carlos I
1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I. EXTERIOR POLICY
Wars against Turks (1529-1541)Turks had the control over the
oriental Mediterranean sea and the Balkan region since the beginnig
of 16th century.However, they decided to conquer more european
territory in the area around the River Danube (Hungary). They reach
even to Viene. (Viena)Carlos I, as the maximum defensor of
Christianity, went to war with them.
He could stop the turkish advance, but Muslim settled down in
Balkan region.
THE OTOMAN EMPIRE: TURKS
1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I. EXTERIOR POLICY
In war against lutheranismThe most relevant conflict was against
protestantism, because of the majority of German Princes supported
Lutheran reform.Carlos, as the emperor and the leadership of the
Empire and the Catholicism didn't permit the existance of
Protestant reform in his territory. For that reason, he faced
German princes and other allies of Lutheranism, starting long wars
of religion.Initially he defeated protestants in the battle of
Mhlberg in 1547, but finally he had to accept equality in religion,
and signed the Peace of Augsburg (1555).
AFTER ALL, RELIGIOIUS FREEDOM IN GERMAN EMPIRE.
2.THE EUROPEAN EMPIRE OF FELIPE II
FELIPE II. A WORLD EMPIRE
2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
Carlos I, after his defeat in wars of religion, decided to
abdicate in his son: Felipe II.But he divided the empire in two
parts: His oldest son: Felipe II inherited the Spanish territory,
the Low Countries, italian territories and America.
His brother: Fernando I inherited the Holy Roman German Empire.
Spanish monarchs stopped thinking in imperial aspirations. They did
not have rights there.
2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
He paid more attention to spanish issues than his father.
He ordered to build El escorial, royal residence and seat of
goverment.
The power of the monarch's authority incresed. He didn't often
convene the Cortes.
He took advice from the ADVISORY COUNCILS, each one with a
specific task. The councils were divided in three different
groups:Advisory councils-Ministerial councils
Territorial Councils
He established royal officials called corregidors to represent
royal authority in local areas.
2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
He were married 4 times, with 4 different wifes.
2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
Defense of CatholicismHe was the maximum advocate of
Catholicism, also represented the Counter-reformation spirit.He
made laws that prohibited foreign books or study abroad. He used
the Inquisition to persecute Jewish, Moorish or Protestants.Also it
was necessary have a clean blood limpieza de sangre to having
public offices.
2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
ALPUJARRAS REVOLT (Revuelta de las Alpujarras)In a mountain
region of Granada, some Moorish (moriscos) uprised in 1568, because
their language, customes or dressing style were forbidden. They
revolted for three years, and finally in 1570, after a long and
difficult fight, Felipe's army won. As a consquences, around 80.000
moorish were dispersed to other regions.
2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE II
2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
War against FranceHe continued facing to France. Finally Spain
defeated them in the battle of Saint-Quentin in 1557 and Gravelinas
and after many years they signed the peace.
2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
In War with TurksAlso, a problem in the Christian comunity was
the Muslim advance in the east of Europe.
So Felipe II, in alliance with Venice and the Pope gave defeated
them in the famous naval battle of Lepanto (1571)
2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
In war with EnglandReasons: England supported the Protestants in
Flanders
England attacked spanish ships trading in America.Felipe II used
all the spanish Armada, known historically as the unbeatable (La
Armada invencible) with the purpose to invade Englad, an enormous
expedition was sent there. But unfortunately, the fleet was
destroyed in a storm in front of the English coasts
LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE
2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
The revolt in FlandersPeople from the low countries revolted
against the spanish crown, because of:High taxes
Imposition of Inquisition
Religious conflict between protestants and catholics.The north
of Flanders (Holland) protestant, and the south: Belgium and
Luxembourg catholic.
In conection with these problems, a independence movement
appeared, led by Guillermo de Orange in 1566 and the war
started.Felipe II made a strong effort to solve that problem, but
he coudn't.Finally, the low countries were divided in two parts:An
independence protestant north: HollandA catholic south under
spanish control.
FLANDERS REVOLT
2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
Annexation of Portugal (1580-1640)Due to marriage alliances
started by the Catholic Monarch.The king of Portugal died without a
direct heir.So Felipe II with right of inheritance, annexed
Portugal and its empire in 1580. Both empires were united until
1640.
El imperio donde nunca se pona el sol
THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE: 17TH CENTURY
During the 17th century the habsburg monarchs were unable to
govern, they are known as Austrias MenoresThey ignored the
government tasks and delegated the power in his trustworthy man who
acted as prime minister, called: favourites (validos)
Valido/Favourite: a person who is given political
responsabilites ecause of his friendship with the king. Actually,
they governed instead of their monarchs.
THE FAVOURITES or VALIDOS:
DUQUE DE LERMA CONDE DUQUE DE OLIVARES
THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
He ruled the first decades of 17th century (1598-1621)The person
who governed in his name was the Duke of Lerma, his favourite.They
mantained peace abroad, with: England: Treaty of Londres (1604)
Low countries: Treaty of Twelve years (1609)
THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
THE EXPULSION OF MORISCOS (1609)In the interior policy he
ordered the expulsion of Moriscos from the Peninsula, with caused a
shortage of agricultural products worse, because of the majority of
them were peasants, and many rural areas were left unpopulated.Most
of the moriscos lived in Aragon, and they moved to northern
Africa.
THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
FELIPE IV's REIGN
From 1621 to 1665 he ruled.After the rule of Felipe III with a
peaceful goverment Spain had lost the hegemony in Europe.For that
reason Felipe IV tried to recover and mantain the Habsburg
dominance in Europe.He entered into an european war for religious
and political issues which faced protestants and catholics. That
conflict is called: Thirty Year's War due to its duration
(1618-1648)
FELIPE IV's REIGN: EXTERIOR POLICY
FELIPE IV's REIGN: EXTERIOR POLICY
The Thirty year's war ending in 1648 when both sides decided to
sign peace in the Peace of Westfalia treaty. In such treaty Spain
recognised the Netherlands independence.However, Spain and France
continued in war until 1659 when they signed the Treaty of
Pyrenees, in which Rousillon and Artois (territories in the
northeast of Pyrenees) became part of France
FELIPE IV'S REIGN: INTERIOR POLICY
Count-Duke of Olivares, Felipe IV's favourite, decided to make
reforms with the purpose of collect more money (increasing taxes)
and soldiers to support the european war. It caused revolts in
Andalucia, Portugal, Catalonia, Naples and Sicily. In Andalucia and
Italy the spanish army could stope the revolt, but Portugal became
independent because of that. And Catalonia recieved support from
France.
CARLOS II: CRISIS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY
Felipe IV was married whit his niece: Mariana de Austria. Their
youngest son was: CarlosDuring his rule (1665-1700) Spain
experienced a period of crisis caused by:The Incompetence of the
king. He suffered different illnesses. He wasn't able to govern. It
is said he was bewitched, in fact, he is known as El hechizado. The
consanguinity caused all his deseases.
He had 4 favourites, all of them corrupts
Economical problems
Does he look very healthy?
CARLOS II: CRISIS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY
He was impotent, so he died without an heir in 1700.For this
reason took place a war called: War of the spanish Succession
(Guerra de sucesin espaola) between Felipe of France's Bourbon
dinasty and Charles of Austria.Both demanded rights to inherit the
power. The victory of the French brought an end to the Habsburg
monarchy in Spain, and the beginning of Borboun dinasty with Felipe
V.
