Embedded Developer - August 2015

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Embedded Developer CONTENTS

TECH TRENDS

Securing the IoT

Icon Labs Offers Embedded Security

for Smart Devices

CONTEST HIGHLIGHT

Winning Projects from NXP’sBig I.D.E.A. Contest

INDUSTRY INTERVIEW

The Next Wave of Embedded Architecture

Interview with Altera’s Chris Balough

EEWeb FEATURE

Embedded NRAM Memory

Nantero Utilizes Carbon Nanotubes forUnparalleled High-density Memory

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Embedded Developer

Icon Labs Offers Embedded

Security for Smart Devices

You’ve heard the warning. You’ve ignored it and now, it’s too late. You’ve been

hacked. More sinister than identity theft, hacking dooms your privacy, your home,

your car, and your family with the inevitability of cyber-intrusion. Unfortunately,

Hollywood writers aren’t fantasizing these cyber-crises; they’re fictionalizing

today’s headlines. While IoT-ready devices are being rushed to the market at

unprecedented speeds to keep up with demand, important security protocols are

getting pushed to the side, creating unsafe smart networks in hospitals, at work,

and at home. The good news is that Icon Labs—an embedded security solutions

company—has developed a Floodgate Security Framework to prevent these

occurrences from happening.

Securingthe IoT


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TECH TRENDS

5


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Embedded Developer

has been in the embedded world for

over 20 years, focused on real-time

operating system-based devices. “Overthe last several years, our specialty has

been insuring the security of embedded

devices,” says Ernie Rudolph, Executive

Vice President of Icon Labs. “The reason

is that these devices were not designed

to be connected to the Internet and

today they are. Twenty years ago, few

thought of the Internet connected world.

Twenty years ago nobody ever thought

it would be important to secure thosedevices. Now we know and many of

these devices are now out in the world,

unprotected and vulnerable to attack.”

For example, many medical devices are at

risk. It may sound like science fiction, but

European hackers recently invaded blood

gas analyzers in a hospital laboratory and

turned these devices into a backdoor into

the entire network of medical records. In

another instance, cyber-pirates installed

malware into x-ray machines, and patient

medical records were uploaded to the

Internet and sold on the black market.

Rudolph goes on to warn that not

even pacemakers inside of patients

are secure—it’s possible for embedded

medical devices to be commandeered

too, though it’s unlikely. That’s because

most security breaks are aimed at gaining

access to personal medical records and

health insurance information which can

be worth 20 times the value of a credit

card record on the black market. While

still a threat to the health of the patient,it is known that most disaffected cyber-

technicians are simply after the money.

The basic software architecture of many

medical devices and hospital systems

has not upgraded to improve security

since then, due to an overhaul that would

cost hundreds of billions of dollars.

According to Rudolph, securing medical

devices from cyber-attack is just one of

Icon Labs goals. Their Floodgate Security

Framework protects everything from IoT

appliances to the aerospace industry.

“What we have done is taken the

lessons learned in the IT world about

what needs to be done for security and

tailored those to the embedded world,”

Rudolph explains. “We can then bring

attention to its importance, and build

a framework for our products around

the necessary elements of embedded

security: things like secure boot,

firewalls, intrusion detection, secure

remote updates, and protocol filtering.”

Recent exploits of embedded devices

have breached the realm of urban

infrastructure. “There was a cyber-

attack in Puerto Rico a few years

ago,” says Rudolph. “It targeted

Ernie Rudolph,

Executive

Vice President

of Icon Labs

Most security breaks are aimed at gaining access

to personal medical records and health insurance

information which can be worth 20 times the value

of a credit card record on the black market.

Icon Labs’

Floodgate

Security

Framework

protects

everything

from IoT

appliances to

the aerospace

industry.

ICON LABS


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TECH TRENDS

7

smart meters and sold discounts to

change the meter so you get billed a

lower electric bill. The reported loss on

that was over 400 million dollars.”

Other unlikely, but vulnerable targets

include machines as innocuous as

refrigerators and printers. Hackers have

been known to turn web-connected

refrigerators and printers into bots

that send out spam. “That leads to

the second piece of our solution,” says

Rudolph. “The first is being able to block

unauthorized access. The second is

visibility to the enterprise and the ability

to manage, audit, track, correct, change

rules, and keep those devices safe.”

In the event that an unauthorized access

is attempted, reporting it is an essential

part of the security paradigm, particularly

in the commercial arena. The FDA

recently reported hundreds of medical

devices were shipped with hard-coded

passwords—a security problem waiting to

happen. If those passwords were found—

which is not that difficult—hackers can

gain unfettered access to control the

device, get more information, and, if

it’s on the network, potentially use the

device as an access point to infiltrate the

network. This is happening regularly with

credit card information being infiltrated

and utilized—in particular, the epic Target

Stores debacle last year, when forty

million credit card numbers were stolen.

Insurance authorization access codes

are even more valuable in the medical

space and the losses could be even

more staggering. Liabilities keep

mounting as thousands of IoT devices

are being rushed into development

without commensurate developments

in security. For any start-up, the prize in

technology is always about being first to

market and security takes a back seat.

“That is one of the reasons Icon Labs

began our initiative called the Internetof Secure Things,” Rudolph says. “Our

goal is to raise awareness that security

should be designed in.” As hacker attacks

are publicized, people are beginning to

recognize what happens when security

is not considered first. As Rudolph notes,


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Embedded Developer

“Executives are now asking if systems

are secure before launching. We hope

to expand those kinds of questions.”

As far as embedded devices areconcerned, securing them at the very

beginning, in the design phase, can be

inherently less costly than trying to fix

them after they have been discovered to

have avenues for attack. Once a device

is installed, modification is always more

difficult and expensive. For this reason,

Icon offers its Floodgate Defender

Appliance—a line of security devices

that are the first of their kind to protectconnected devices from Internet-based

attacks. Installed in front of a connected

device that lacks designed in security,

these modules run Icon’s Floodgate

software and provide many safety

functions like blocking, analyzing, feeding

information back, and awareness of


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TECH TRENDS

9

unauthorized access. The information

is sent back to an enterprise system to

initiate action. This intuitive information

affords flexibility to change rules and

behaviors and integrates with security

information and event management

system to perform analytics.

Rudolph calls this “big data” for security.

“Some engineers don’t like that term,

but from a marketing standpoint, it

makes sense, because we are gathering

a lot of information, feeding it back,

and analyzing it broadly to see if there

are patterns that should not occur.”

Most of us take for granted that every

device we put on an IT network has a

firewall. In the industrial space and theoperational technology space, that

isn’t the case. One revelation that Icon

Labs deals with is that their customers

revealed 70 percent of the threats are

internal. Not just malicious intrusions,

but also accidental, with serious financial

impacts. In other words, you can build a

fence around your house, you can lock

the door, but what if the intruder is locked

inside? Blocking or mitigate againstthose impacts is an important piece

of what Icon provides by securing the

individual devices inside the perimeter.

“For example, some industrial protocols,

like Modbus IP, do not have security,” says

Rudolph. “If someone has access to use

Modbus, they can not only read, but write,

because that capability inherently exists

in this insecure protocol. Our protocol

filtering determines whether that person

is allowed to read or write. All that does

is help to keep honest people honest. “

So what’s in the pipeline of prevention?

Today, companies are building secure

hardware modules that provide security

and secure storage and encryption

capability. The next necessity is software

to utilize and manage these functions.

Icon Labs is working with several

manufacturers where software is used

to manage the access and encryption

storage and the secure update capability

provided by the hardware. Icon Labs isalso targeting the smart home with its

Floodgate™ at Home, which features its

suite of security products that provide

device protection, management, and

incident reporting via a secure web page.

OEMs can embed Floodgate security

in the communication chips found in

many of the up-and-coming smart

home devices like thermostats, smoke

detectors, and home health sensors.The Floodgate Security Framework

offers users unprecedented security in a

new technology field that offers a broad

swath of hackable access points.

Luckily for you, Icon Labs has

got you covered.

OEMs can embed Floodgate security in the

communication chips found in many of the

up-and-coming smart home devices like thermostats,

smoke detectors, and home health sensors.


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GRAND PRIZE

Clemens Valens

2015 Dual PCB Configurable Logic Design Conte

I.D.E.A.TheBig

Winners


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O

ver the six-month period from January to June

2015, NXP Logic sponsored a contest, hosted by

Convergence Promotions, that involved using notone, but multiple products, like the new NXP 74AUP2G57GM

dual configurable logic devices in combination with the NXP

protection and filtering, small signal MOSFETs, small signal

diodes and load switch devices.

Co-branded as the 2015 Big IDEA (The InternationalDesign

EngineeringAward), the contest was co-sponsored byMouser, and involved using Mouser’s new MultiSIM BLUE

online circuit configuration tool in combination with a

development board.

The response was very enthusiastic, with close to 600

engineers from over two dozen countries competing in the

contest over the six-month period from January to June

2015, and vying for over $10,000 in prizes.

NXP and Mouser received many exceptional entries.

Finalists, who are highlighted in this article, designed

projects as complex and varied as a Class D audio amplifier,

an amateur radio, a floor-cleaning robot, a telsa coil, and a

vibrating bracelet.


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http://www.convergencepromotions.

com/TheBigIdea

These applicants successfully completed

three levels of competition during which

close to 600 engineers from over two

dozen countries competed, vying for over

$10,000 in prizes.

» In the entry level, competitors

submitted their registration and a

questionnaire.

» In the submission level, contestants

produced a schematic using the

schematic tool MultiSIM BLUE from

Mouser using a prescribed list of NXP

Devices, including

the Logic 74AUP2G57GM device.

» By the final completion level,

contestants were sent a design kit

containing an evaluation board with the

prescribed elements, and a manual to

help them with their final design

These submissions consisted of a detailed

record and documentation of their entry

process and results including:

» Videos and schematics

» Proof of execution on the

finished board

Scoring was based on Creativity (100

pts.), Documentation (100 pts.), and

Demonstration Videos (100 pts.) with

Bonus Multipliers that included using

each of these products in the block

diagram or schematic and in the final

board design:

» Protection & Filtering (20 Points)

» Small Signal MOSFETs (20 Points)

» Small Signal Diodes (20 Points)

» Load Switches (20 Points)

» Using MultiSIM BLUE (20 Points)

All for a total of 400 achievable points.

For more information about the

contest and the winning projects, visit:

http://www.convergencepromotions.

com/TheBigIdea

About the Contest “At NXP we are always highly motivated to challenge our community

with design contests that provoke creative use of our products. The Dual

PCB Configurable Logic Design Contest has received great applause from

editors around the world before launch, but to receive so many entries from

contestants all over the world has truly exceeded our expectations! The

way our community used all designated part types and went way beyond

the standard use of our Dual Configurable Logic has truly impressed us.

Additionally, the diverse survey responses and application ideas gathered

from the contest has potentially provided us with some great cutting-edge

product ideas. As always, we are looking forward to create the next contest

that will continue to engage our design community and help us to develop

products to better serve our customers.”

By Cliff Lloyd

Business development director

NXP Semiconductors, BL Logic

http://convergencepromotions.com/TheBigIdea.htmlhttp://convergencepromotions.com/TheBigIdea.htmlhttp://convergencepromotions.com/TheBigIdea.htmlhttp://convergencepromotions.com/TheBigIdea.htmlhttp://convergencepromotions.com/TheBigIdea.html


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» GRAND PRIZE WINNER ($3000)

Federico Armesto of Argentina with his Class D

Audio Amplifier

» FIRST PLACE WINNER ($2000)

Frank Latos of the USA with his Amateur Radio

» SECOND PLACE WINNER ($1500) Ryszard Milewicz of Poland with his Clear Robo 2

» THIRD PLACE WINNER ($1000)

Andreas Fiessler of Germany with his Tesla Coil

» HONORABLE MENTION ($500)Clemens Valens of France with his

Vibrating Bracelet

The Winners


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Federico Armesto used NXP’s

74AUP2G57GM Dual Configurable

Logic ICs to make the control stage of a

class D amplifier (see below). This type

of amplifier uses a PWM generated

signal to drive a full bridge. In creating

his amplifier, he implemented several

supporting circuits, including a dead time

generator, a PWM generator, a control

stage to avoid power failures, and a

drive stage.

Federico began with the dead time

generator, which he used to drive the

FETs of a half or full H bridge. When

driving the FETs in a bridge configuration,

precautions should be taken to ensure

that the FETs on the same column will

not conduct at the same time. For this

purpose, Federico implemented the deadtime circuit to generate two signals, one

for driving the high side FET and one

GRAND PIZE Class D Audio Amplifier

Federico Armesto, Designer

Argentina

Class D Audio

Amplifier Board

Implementation

for the lower side. He implemented this

circuit only one capacitor, one resistor and

a single 74AUP2G57GM IC (configurable

multi-function gate circuit from NXP with

Schmitt trigger inputs).

He then moved on to create the PWM

(which he first simulated using Mouser’s

MultiSIM Blue and a 100KHz square

wave), the control stage, and the drive

stage. Federico managed to use all of the

contest-required parts, as well as capture

his schematics and simulate his design on

the MultiSIM Blue.


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Frank Latos designed a transceiver

for the amateur radio 40 meter band

(7.0 - 7.3 MHz). It features a single-

conversion receiver (not to be confused

with the simpler “direct conversion” type),

is designed to provide 1W of output and

operates in the CW (“Morse code”) mode.

For his design, Frank only used the parts

provided by the Big Idea contest kit, with

the exceptions of an external power

supply and external amplified speaker.

Frank’s design (see below) had six

basic components:

• An RF amplifier and local oscillator

(LO), which when mixed provided the

intermediate frequency (IF)

• A crystal filter/IF amplifier

• A beat frequency oscillator (BFO) for

converting the IF signal to audio and

FIRST PLACE Amateur Radio

Frank Latos, Designer

USA

Amateur

Radio Board

Implementation

for providing the transmit versus receive

frequency shifts

• Aproduct detector for mixing the IF and

BFO signals to produce the audio output

• A transmit mixer for creating a 7 MHz signal

from the LO and BFO

• The final audio amplifiers

Frank managed to use the contest kit

MOSFETs, which were intended as power

switches, to perform as RF amplifiers,

and used all four sections of NXP’s

74AUP2G57GM logic ICs. He used Mouser’s

MultiSIM along with NXP’s SPICE models to

perform simulations. The gain predictions he

obtained from his simulations matched the

actual design results quite well.


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After carefully examining the

specifications of the contest kit

parts, Clemen Valens realized that

many were applicable for low-power,

battery-operated applications, and so

oriented his thoughts to the direction

of wearable electronics. He settled

upon the idea of a vibrating bracelet

(see below). A vibrating bracelet has

use in a variety of applications, such as

haptic communication (silent, non-visual

communication), stress reduction, heart

rate monitoring, or even as a metronome

for musicians.

To control a vibration motor, one needs

a driver, and this is the circuit Clemens

designed. He first designed and simulated

the circuit in the MultiSIM Blue software,

and then transferred it to the contest

demonstration board.

Except for the passive components

(resistors & capacitors) Clemens built the

complete circuit with the parts available

in the contest kit demonstration

board.

Mockup of

Vibrating Bracelet

HONORABLE MENTION Vibrating Bracelet

Clemens Valens, Designer

France


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Meet the experts in new

SoC FPGA technologies.

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OCTOBER 14, 2015

SHENZHEN, CHINA

NOVEMBER 3, 2015

SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA

SEPTEMBER 30, 2015

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INDUSTRY INTERVIEW

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INDUSTRY INTERVIEW

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INDUSTRY INTERVIEW

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https://www.altera.com/events/northamerica/altera-soc-

developers-forum/overview.highResolutionDisplay.html

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Embedded Developer

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Embedded Developer

NRAM from Nantero Utilizes

CARBONNANOTUBES for Unparalleled

High-density Memory

50 times stronger

than steel — 1/50,000th the

diameter of a human hair

Carbon Nanotube used to

create Nantero’s NRAM®


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EEWeb FEATURE

In the fascinating microcosmic world of modern

semiconductor technology, it’s sometimes amazing

to realize that there are still huge leaps and bounds

ahead in both form and function. What may be even

more incredible in what is undeniably one of the tech

industry’s most competitive fields—memory—is that

a company like Massachusetts startup Nantero is

confidently holding their own on the crest of a market

dominated by household name giants like Micron

and Samsung.

With a little forethought and considerate

collaborative effort—just the sort of stuff that turns

your everyday startup into a force to be reckoned

with—Nantero’s co-founder, president, and CEO GregSchmergel came face to face with Tom Rueckes, a

PhD at Harvard who had an idea to make memory

using carbon nanotubes. Of course, as Greg recalls, he

knew the basic idea, but the question remained: “OK,

but what exactly is a carbon nanotube?” In coming

to answer that question, Greg, Tom, and Nantero

have found themselves standing deservedly on the

leading edge of the development of the memory of

the future.


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Embedded Developer

For those unfamiliar with the nature of th

game-changing materials breakthrough,

the name says it all. Carbon nanotubes are

nanoscopic tubes of fullerene carbon in th

family of carbon structures named after

geodesic dome pioneer Buckminster Fulle

and as such for their general structure ofa hollow space surrounded by a thin ‘net’

of carbon atoms. Some are round, but

carbon nanotubes are tunnel-shaped and

known for possessing almost preternatur

strength and conductivity. Nantero does

a good job of concisely summing up the

basic idea behind the benefits of using

the tiny carbon tubes in semiconductor

devices on their website: “Considered one

of the strongest materials known, with on

CNT being just 1/50,000th the diameter

of a human hair, these tiny cylinders are

50 times stronger than steel, half the

density of aluminum, and have better

thermal and electrical conductivity

properties than any other material

scientists are aware of today.” In all

honesty, it’s pretty exciting stuff.

What Schmergel did understand,

he points out, was “the need for

ultra-fast, non-volatile memory” and

that carbon nanotubes could be the

chance to push the envelope past

the capabilities of common DRAM

“Based on that, I spent the next

couple of months talking with

experts, professors, and so on, and

did enough research to know that I

wanted to pursue this technology.”

And so, in 2001, Nantero was brought to

life to do just that. Today, the company’s

nearly 200 granted US patents and

pending make it clear that

it hasn’t been in vain.

Carbon nanotubes aretunnel-shaped and known for

possessing almost preternatural

strength and conductivity.


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EEWeb FEATURE

Though Schmergel pointed out that it

was a bit of a slow road for Nantero at

first, he acknowledges wisely that, as

things have always gone in the field,

truly innovative semiconductor devices

“take many years to develop and get

into production.” He remembered that,“for the first few years, we were really

focused on small-scale lab work to

demonstrate the performance of the

memory and to show that it is low-

power enough.” In the first stages,

carbon nanotubes are grown from iron

nanoparticles as a catalyst. To make

things work as best as possible in their

unique applications, Nantero also had

to figure out how to actually make the

carbon nanotube material compatible

with existing technology. “That led to

some intensive work and we hired some

of the world’s top carbon nanotube

experts,” Schmergel explained, “and

now, we are the only company that has

managed to figure out how to purify

carbon nanotubes to less than one

part per billion of any contaminants.”

In a closer examination of what goes

into creating these futuristic building

blocks, Schmergel points out that

“there are two definitions of ‘purity’: the

one we use is what percent of carbon

nanotubes is actually carbon, versus

iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.” Nantero has

come a long way in its relatively short

lifespan to be able to create the purest

form of nanotubes available in the

industry. “A few years ago, our standard

was less than ten parts-per-billion,

but those requirements have gotten

more stringent as we’ve scaled down to

smaller nodes. Now it’s generally less

than one part-per-billion. We can achieve

that.” The other definition of purity is

what percentage of the nanotubes are

semiconducting versus how many are

metallic. This is something that Nantero’s

designs don’t need to take into account,

and it adds to the efficiency of theirdesigns. “We actually don’t separate

the semiconducting tubes from the

metallic tubes. This is because we’re

using them as nano-electromechanical

memory. It actually doesn’t matter.”

The effectiveness of nanotube-based

memory is also strongly rooted in the

material’s downright Herculean strength.

“In terms of endurance, nanotubes are

50 times stronger than steel, so moving

them a nanometer back and forth

will never wear them out,” Schmergel

explained. Unlike other materials that

wear out by changing their state a certain

number of times, nanotubes don’t seem

to suffer from the same degradation.

“We have tested the nanotube switching

cycles and have not witnessed any

signs of them wearing out at all.”

Nantero’s NRAM designs have definite

proven advantages, with their nanotube

structures allowing them to be both

as fast as and denser than standard

DRAM. NRAM, which is short for

Nano-RAM, is non-volatile, too, and

has very low energy needs. Outlining

some of the design’s other unique

strengths, Schmergel related that “in

terms of other memory, we feel we

have a unique combination with very

fast speeds and the ability to operate

with a DDR4 interface, which a lot of

other competitors cannot. We can scale

“...carbonnanotubes

could be the

chance to pus

the envelop

past the

capabilities o

common

DRAM.”


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Embedded Developer

down to below 5nm, too, which is another

unique characteristic of our memory.

Our memory was originally conceived

by Dr. Tom Rueckes as a 2-nanometer

memory with just two nanotubes moving

in and out of contact with each other. If

anything, our big challenge was scalingup as opposed to scaling down!”

Another obvious advantage of nanotube-

based memory is the ease of manufacture.

Because it is a very simple structure and

straightforward manufacturing process—

“no steps that anyone is unfamiliar

with”—manufacturers can expect to find

higher yields at lower costs. With just

a little deserved pride leaking out froman altogether humble and dedicated

demeanor, Schmergel beamed that “the

carbon nanotube material is also far

stronger than any of the materials used in

designs by our closest competitors, so that

leads to much more robustness, higher

endurance, and faster speed overall.”

For those interested more in the specific

architecture at work with Nantero’s

designs, we asked Schmergel what to

expect. “We are working on single-layer as

well as 3D multi-layer implementations,

for even higher densities and lower

costs. where we get to multiple layers

which are less than 6FSquared. We have

shown MLC in silicon as well, can have

both multi-layer and MLC as well, since

we have many nanotubes-per-bit and can

create intermediate resistance states.”

It would certainly seem, to this

amateur observer at least, that

the discoveries of the advantages

of carbon nanotube technology

are blissfully far from being

exhausted any time soon. It can

only be fairly assumed that, through

the demonstrative innovation of

companies like Nantero, much has

yet to be learned and gained from

the awesome carbon nanotube.

Unlike other materials that

wear out by changing their state a certain

number of times, nanotubes don’t

seem to suffer from the

same degradation.

SEM image of the deposited film (or fabric) of crossed

nanotubes that can be either touching or slightly

separated depending on their position.


33/34MYLINK

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How Cree reinvented

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LIGHT

David E

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New LED

FilamentTower

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M o v i n g T o w a r d s

a Clean Energy

FUTURE— Hugo van Nispen, COO of DNV KEMA

MCU Wars

32-bit MCU Comparison

Cutting Edge

SPICEModeling

Freescale and

TI Embedded

Modules

From Concept to

Reality Wolfgang Hei

HeadofMark

TQ-Group’s Comprehensive

Design Process

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Power

Developer

Oc t o be r 2013

Designing forDurability

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Documents

Embedded Developer - August 2015