Emerging Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment Conference

May 31 – June 1, 2017

Chancellor Ballroom

I Hotel & Conference Center

Champaign, Illinois

© 2017 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

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AGENDA Wednesday, May 31 – Chancellor Ballroom

8:00 a.m. Check in & Continental Breakfast

9:00 a.m. Welcome 9:15 a.m. Keynote 10:00 a.m. Oral Presentations 10:30 a.m. Networking Break 11:00 a.m. Oral Presentations

12:15 p.m. Lunch and Networking 1:00 p.m. Tour of ISTC’s labs

1:30 p.m. Keynote 2:15 p.m. Oral Presentations 3:00 p.m. Networking Break 3:15 p.m. Oral Presentations

4:30 - 6:00 p.m. Reception and Poster Session

Thursday, June 1 – Chancellor Ballroom

7:30 a.m. Check in & Continental Breakfast

8:30 a.m. Welcome & Keynote 9:15 a.m. Oral Presentations 10:00 a.m. Networking Break 10:30 a.m. Oral Presentations

12:00 p.m. Lunch and Networking

1:00 p.m. Keynote 1:45 p.m. Oral Presentations 2:30 p.m. Panel Discussion 3:30 p.m. Closing Remarks

3:30 - 4:30 p.m. Tour Pilot-Scale Contaminant Removal Technologies

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Expanded Agenda -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Keynote Speakers -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Oral Presentations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Posters -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 About ISTC, IISG, & UI Extension ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Acknowledgements --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

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EXPANDED AGENDA

Wednesday, May 31

Moderator: Sarah Zack - Pollution Prevention Extension Specialist, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant

7:30 a.m. Check in & Continental Breakfast 9:00 a.m. Welcome: Sarah Zack - Pollution Prevention Extension Specialist,

Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant; Nancy Holm - Assistant Director, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center; Richard Winkel - Director of Policy, Prairie Research Institute

9:15 a.m. Susan Glassmeyer, Ph.D. - Research Chemist, United States Environmental Protection Agency; Title: Contaminants of emerging concern during de facto water reuse

10:00 a.m. Faith Kibuye Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water treatment processes

10:15 a.m. Ruth Marfil-Vega Implementation of biological filtration and the impact on the fate of contaminants of emerging concern

10:30 a.m. Networking Break

11:00 a.m. Yue Xing Fate of emerging contaminants during domestic wastewater treatment processes with an enhanced nitrification step

11:15 a.m. Laurel Dodgen Fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and hormones during treatment in two wastewater treatment plants

11:30 a.m. Kevin Tucker From waste to organismal uptake 11:45 p.m. Yaochun Yu From correlation to causation: Evidence of

micropollutant biotransformation by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria using a nitrifying co-culture

12:00 p.m. Khang Huynh Phytometabolism of sulfamethazine by Arabidopsis thaliana

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12:15 p.m. Lunch 1:00 p.m. Tour of ISTC’s Labs 1:30 p.m. Stephanie Showalter Otts, J.D. - Director of the National Sea Grant

Law Center and the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program, University of Mississippi School of Law; Title: Untangling the legal web surrounding emerging contaminants

2:15 p.m. Tim Oravec &

Katrina Phillips Policy strategies to keep pharmaceuticals out of our water

2:30 p.m. Patricia Darbishire Medication collection statistics and public attitudes toward disposal

2:45 p.m. Denise Heubach The SerPIE -One Health Program: Implementing strategies to reduce the presence of pharmaceutical waste in the home and environment

3:00 p.m. Networking Break

4:30 - 6:00 p.m. Reception and Poster Session in the Chancellor Ballroom

Heavy hors d'oeuvres will be served.

3:15 p.m. Laura Hubbard Pathogens and other contaminants detected in surface water and groundwater located near large poultry operations in Iowa and Wisconsin, USA

3:30 p.m. Dana Kolpin Nitrapyrin: A newly documented contaminant in agricultural streams

3:45 p.m. Jonathan Ali Growing up in the Midwest: Impacts of agrichemicals on early life stage fish

4:00 p.m. William Battaglin Changes in numbers and concentrations of anthropogenic bioactive chemicals (ABC) in the Illinois Waterway upstream and downstream of the Asian carp population front

4:15 p.m. Andrew Casper Implications of landscape and local patterns of intersex condition in a variety of Illinois River fish

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Thursday, June 1

Moderator: Nancy Holm - Assistant Director, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center 8:00 a.m. Check in & Continental Breakfast 8:30 a.m. Barbara Mahler, Ph.D., P.G. - Research Hydrologist, United States

Geological Survey; Title: PAHs and coal tar—old contaminants with emerging concerns

10:00 a.m. Networking Break

10:30 a.m. Michael Meyer Preliminary assessment of complex environmental chemical mixtures in water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry

10:45 a.m. Steven Corsi Application of ToxCast to evaluate potential biological effects from organic contaminants in Great Lakes tributaries

11:00 a.m. Michael Chislock Intraspecific variation in lake Daphnia affects the response of algal biomass and a cyanotoxin to fertilization

11:15 a.m. Jiehong Guo Flame retardants in Lake Michigan tributaries 11:30 a.m. Krista Christensen Perfluoroalkyl substances and fish consumption 11:45 a.m. Gary Hoover Uptake and depuration of four perfluoroalkyl acids

(PFAAs) in the northern leopard frog Lithobates pipiens

12:00 pm. Lunch

9:15 a.m. Thomas Ennis The art of bridging the gaps between coal tar sealer science, public, and policy makers

9:30 a.m. Santosh Misra Bio-inspired Nano-CarboScavengers for rehabilitation of petroleum contaminated water

9:45 p.m. Paul Okweye Assessment of pharmaceuticals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in Flint Creek and the Flint River watersheds

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1:00 p.m. Tim Hoellein, Ph.D. - Assistant Professor, Loyola University Chicago; Title: Microplastic and anthropogenic litter in rivers is abundant, mobile, and selects for unique bacterial assemblages

2:30 p.m. Panel Discussion on Future Research, Policy, and Outreach Needs

Panelists: Susan Glassmeyer, Tim Hoellein, Barbara Mahler, and Stephanie Showalter Otts

3:30 p.m. Closing Remarks

3:30 - 4:30 p.m. Tour Pilot-Scale Contaminant Removal Technologies

1:45 p.m. Zachary Zuckerman

Marine debris in the food web: linking environmental availability of microplastics to ingestion by predatory fishes

2:00 p.m. Lorena Rios Mendoza

Microplastics, small particles with huge environmental impacts

2:15 p.m. Sarah Zack Microplastics in Lake Michigan: Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant’s role in research and outreach

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Keynote Speakers

Contaminants of emerging concern during de facto water reuse

Susan Glassmeyer - Research Chemist, United States Environmental Protection Agency; glassmeyer.susan@epa.gov Co-authors: Edward T. Furlong1, Dana W. Kolpin2, and Marc A. Mills3 1US Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, CO; 2US Geological Survey, Iowa City, IA; 3US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH

Abstract: Our drinking water and wastewater cycles are integrally linked. Chemicals that are present in household wastewater may be sufficiently mobile and persistent to survive both on-site or municipal wastewater treatment and post-discharge environmental processes. Thus, such contaminants have the potential to reach surface water and groundwater that can be sources of drinking water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are collaborating on a project examining the sources, fate, and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) during de facto water reuse. The Lagrangian sampling design follows a surface water flowpath, collecting water samples in a stream from just above a wastewater treatment plant outfall and following the water parcel downstream to a drinking water treatment plant intake and subsequently through to finished drinking water. The study uses an integrated approach, including comprehensive chemical analysis (e.g., pharmaceuticals, perfluorinated chemicals, hormones, etc.), environmental diagnostics to identify non-target, unknown chemicals, in vitro bioassays (e.g., estrogenicity, androgenicity, genotoxicity, toxicity in metabolizing cells), rapid whole organisms screens (e.g., Microtox) to assess cumulative bioactivity, and in vivo tests to address specific exposure and response endpoints. A rigorous quality assurance/quality control protocol design was consistently applied from field to laboratory to ensure comparability of results between the variety of techniques employed. This consistent, integrated approach combines the strength of each technique and is ideal for CEC-related research in which traditional environmental and toxicity endpoints are not adequate for fully understanding potential effects from chemical exposures on human and environmental health. This presentation provides an overview of the study, discussing the project design and preliminary results from three separate sampling campaigns.

Biography: Susan T. Glassmeyer is a research chemist in the US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory. Dr. Glassmeyer earned a B.S. in chemistry from Xavier University, and a M.S.E.S. degree in environmental chemistry and Ph.D. in environmental science from Indiana University. Dr. Glassmeyer's research is focused on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) – both chemicals such as pharmaceuticals as well as microorganisms – in the water cycle. She has coordinated several projects examining the occurrence, fate and transport of CECs in wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water.

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Microplastic and anthropogenic litter in rivers is abundant, mobile, and selects for unique bacterial assemblages Tim Hoellein - Assistant Professor, Loyola University Chicago; thoellein@luc.edu

Abstract: Accrual of anthropogenic litter (AL; trash such as plastic), is an emerging concern in ecosystems worldwide. The study of AL’s origin, redistribution, microbial colonization, and consumption has revealed new insights into basic processes in

marine ecology. While AL research in freshwaters lags behind, research on AL in rivers is needed to understand fundamental processes in urban streams, and to inform global estimates of AL budgets and movement. For this research, tools of ecosystem and community ecology (i.e., organic matter movement and biological communities) were adapted to study AL dynamics in urban streams in several individual research projects. AL was separated into size classes that spanned a gradient from fine particles (microplastic, < 5 mm), to intermediate-sized materials (plastic bags, food packaging), to large immobile items (construction debris). Studies examined the capacity of AL to affect basic ecosystem characteristics, including 1) controls on downstream fluxes of particulate and dissolved compounds, 2) effects of surface characteristics on biofilm community composition and activity, and 3) habitat heterogeneity and organic matter retention. Results show that anthropogenic litter is abundant, diverse, and mobile, with a diversity of chemical and biological interactions at all spatial scales. The study of anthropogenic litter and microplastic will enhance our understanding of ecosystem processes and communities in urban rivers. In addition, these studies will unite the early stages of the AL ‘life cycle’ in streams with its later, well-studied stages of accumulation in global oceans.

Biography: Originally from Edinboro, Pennsylvania, Dr. Tim Hoellein completed a B.S. in biology from West Virginia Wesleyan College and a Ph.D. in biology at the University of Notre Dame. He arrived at Loyola University Chicago in Fall 2010 after spending 2 years as an assistant professor in Baruch College, New York City. Dr. Hoellein's research focuses on water pollution including dissolved chemicals (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) and particulate material (i.e., microplastics and trash) in urban environments. He is interested in the ecology of pollution in aquatic ecosystems: how it is broken down and how it interacts with aquatic organisms. Dr. Hoellein's overarching goals for this research are to contribute to a greater understanding of the sources and solutions to a wide array of pollutants, to incorporate students and teaching into the work, and to communicate his results with other scientists and the general public. It's his hope this will lead to application of the research towards improved prevention and management strategies.

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PAHs and coal tar—old contaminants with emerging concerns Barbara Mahler - Research Hydrologist, United States Geological Survey; bjmahler@usgs.gov

Abstract: Sealcoat is the black, viscous liquid sprayed or painted on many asphalt

parking lots, driveways, and playgrounds to protect and enhance the appearance of

the underlying asphalt. Dr. Mahler will discuss results of studies by the U.S. Geological

Survey (USGS), academic institutions, and state and local agencies that have identified

coal-tar-based pavement sealcoat as a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination

and a potential concern for human health and aquatic life.

Biography: Barbara Mahler, Ph.D., P.G., is a research hydrologist at the USGS in Austin, TX, where she is a

geochemist for the Regional Stream Quality Assessment team. Research by Dr. Mahler and her colleagues has

been instrumental in identifying and quantifying the importance of coal-tar-based parking lot sealcoat as a

source of PAHs at the national scale (tx.usgs.gov/sealcoat.html). Dr. Mahler's research includes evaluating

contaminant sources, including rooftop runoff, suspended sediment in streams, contaminated runoff from

parking lots, and house dust.

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Untangling the legal web surrounding emerging contaminants Stephanie Showalter Otts - Director of the National Sea Grant Law Center and the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program, University of Mississippi School of Law; sshowalt@olemiss.edu

Abstract: There is no overarching legal framework in the United States designed to the address environmental and public health risks from emerging contaminants. Policymakers and regulators respond to these threats through a patchwork of federal

and state laws, regulations, and programs designed to deal with drinking water safety, water pollution, and consumer product safety. The relevant laws and policies vary depending on the type of contaminant and its source. This presentation will provide an overview of the primary federal laws used to manage emerging contaminants, including the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. State authority to address pollution concerns will also be discussed, as well as challenges that can arise when state standards differ from federal standards. Case studies of recent legislative efforts to address microplastics and other emerging contaminants will be used to illustrate the complexities of the existing legal regime. Finally, this presentation will explore the role that science plays in the policy and regulatory discussions surrounding emerging contaminants.

Biography: Stephanie Showalter Otts is the Director of the National Sea Grant Law Center and the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program at the University of Mississippi, School of Law. Ms. Otts received a B.A. in history from Penn State University and a joint J.D./Masters of Studies in environmental law from Vermont Law School. She is licensed to practice law in Pennsylvania and Mississippi. As Director, Ms. Otts oversees a variety of legal education, research, and outreach activities, including providing legal research services to Sea Grant constituents on ocean and coastal law issues. Her duties also include the supervision of law student research and writing projects and providing assistance to organizations and governmental agencies with interpretation of statutes, regulations, and case law. Ms. Otts also teaches a foundational course on ocean and coastal law at the University of Mississippi, School of Law. Her research on natural resources, marine, and environmental law issues has been published in a variety of publications. She has conducted extensive research on marine and freshwater invasive species.

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Oral Presentations

Growing up in the Midwest: Impacts of agrichemicals on early life stage fish Jonathan Ali - Doctoral Candidate, University of Nebraska; jonathan.ali@unmc.edu Co-authors: Alan S. Kolok

Abstract: Waterways of the Midwestern United States are subject to seasonal agricultural pulses that contain pesticides, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and suspended sediments. The

capacity of these chemicals to alter reproduction and sexual differentiation at environmentally relevant concentrations qualifies them as emerging contaminants. Such mixtures present a risk to early life stages of fish inhabiting impacted watersheds. Recent studies have found that altered gene expression is a common response of larvae that have been exposed to agrichemicals in situ. These studies were all conducted on-site at the Elkhorn River Research Station, located in eastern Nebraska, during the springs of 2014-2016. Growth depression and stunted growth were common responses when the minnow (Pimphales promelas) larvae were exposed to this complex and seasonally-dynamic agrichemical mixture. Interestingly, our findings demonstrate compensation in both growth and in the expression of some, but not all, endocrine responsive genes. The environment that these larvae are exposed to, as well as their responses to it, are much more nuanced than was originally anticipated.

Biography: Jonathan is a doctoral candidate in the Toxicology program at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha NE. He obtained his B.S. in biological sciences at Wright State University, Dayton, OH. Jonathan’s research experience includes monitoring for the biological effects of agricultural runoff on sentinel fish species both domestically in Nebraska and abroad in Chile, with a special interests in the early life impacts of episodic stressors.

Changes in numbers and concentrations of anthropogenic bioactive chemicals (ABC) in the Illinois Waterway upstream and downstream of the Asian carp population front William Battaglin - Research Hydrologist, United States Geological Survey Colorado Water Science Center; wbattagl@usgs.gov Co-authors: Paul Terrio, James Duncker, Paul Bradley

Abstract: Poor water quality in the upper Illinois Waterway, a result of discharges from industry, wastewater treatment plants, and urban and agricultural runoff, may be a factor contributing to the stalling of the Asian carp population front near Illinois Waterway mile 278. In 2015, the USGS collected four sets of water samples under a range of seasonal and hydrologic conditions from one upstream site and six sites downstream of river mile 278. Samples were analyzed for 700+ constituents including many anthropogenic bioactive chemicals (ABC) such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and halogenated organic compounds. Many ABC were detected upstream of river mile 278, and some persisted or were introduced downstream. For example, in June 2015, upstream from river mile 278, 44 of 108 pharmaceuticals (total concentration of 5.569 µg/L); 43 of 250 pesticides (total concentration of 3.767 µg/L); and 13 of 134 VOCs (total concentration of 9.558 µg/L) were detected. By the time that water moved downstream to river mile 243, 15 pharmaceuticals (total concentration of 0.417 µg/L); 50 pesticides (total concentration of 9.526 µg/L); and two VOCs (total concentration of 0.334 µg/L) were detected.

Biography: Bill is a research hydrologist for the USGS in Lakewood, CO. He received a B.A. in geology from University of Colorado, Boulder (1984) and an M.E. in geological engineering, from Colorado School of Mines (1992). He has worked for the USGS since 1982. He is currently working on investigations of the occurrence of

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contaminants of emerging concern in National Parks and the effects of pesticides and oil and gas development on amphibian populations.

Implications of landscape and local patterns of intersex condition in a variety of Illinois River fish Andrew F. Casper - Research Scientist, Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois River Biological Station; afcasper@illinois.edu Co-authors: Madeleine Van Middlesworth, Mark Fritts, Andrea Fritts

Abstract: Intersex condition is associated with endocrine disrupting chemicals and can affect individual males of commercial and sport fish. While this condition is often present at low levels in nature, at high levels and in experimental settings negative population impacts do occur. While some background level of intersex are expected, a survey of several species from the Illinois River downstream of Chicago suggests unnaturally high levels of the condition are occurring. This research focused on answering basic questions about both the spatial distribution of intersex, whether the response varies with species examined, and whether the condition is associated with lower physiological condition.

Biography: Andy is a research biologist with more than two decades of field experience and background in both freshwater ecology and oceanography. His research and collaborations have spanned the continent from the sub-tropical river and estuary systems (Florida & Gulf of Mexico) to the arctic Mackenzie River Delta and Beaufort Sea (Canada). On-going projects focus on long-term response of land use and watershed development on large river ecology (http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/fieldstations/irbs/research/).

Intraspecific variation in lake Daphnia affects the response of algal biomass and a cyanotoxin to fertilization Michael Chislock - Postdoctoral Fellow, Purdue University; mchisloc@purdue.edu Co-authors: Orlando Sarnelle, Alan E. Wilson

Abstract: Eutrophication is perhaps the most widespread of all human perturbations. Humans have artificially enhanced the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems on a global scale by increasing nutrient loading (i.e., cultural eutrophication). While the consequences of cultural eutrophication are well-known (e.g., toxic algae), the potential role of adaptation by organisms in modulating the responses of ecological systems to such perturbations is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that adaptation by a generalist herbivore in lakes (i.e., Daphnia pulicaria) to toxic cyanobacteria mediates the response of lake ecosystems to nutrient enrichment. We conducted a large-scale field experiment where we manipulated nutrients (ambient; fertilized) and Daphnia (no Daphnia; cyanobacterial-sensitive Daphnia; cyanobacterial-tolerant Daphnia) using a fully factorial design. Sensitive and tolerant genotypes had comparable effects on algal biomass under ambient nutrients. In contrast, with fertilization tolerant genotypes resulted in a greater than 80% reduction in algal biomass versus no effect of sensitive genotypes, relative to the no Daphnia control.

Biography: Michael is currently a postdoc in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at Purdue University. He received his Ph.D. in fisheries, aquaculture, and aquatic sciences from Auburn University and his B.S. in ecology from Clarion University. He is a limnologist and community ecologist and is particularly interested in understanding the causes and consequences of harmful algal blooms. In his free time, he enjoys fly fishing, bowling, and wearing out his two crazy dogs.

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Perfluoroalkyl substances and fish consumption Krista Christensen - Epidemiologist, Wisconsin Department of Health Services; krista.christensen@wi.gov

Co-authors: Michelle Raymond, Michael Blackowicz, Yangyang Liu, Brooke Thompson, Henry

Anderson, Mary Turyk

Abstract: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants and may be associated with adverse health effects. For the general population, the major source of exposure is seafood. We examined PFAS serum levels and associations with fish and shellfish consumption in the 2007-2014 NHANES data, using ordinary least squares regression. Seven PFAS were detected in at least 30% of participants (PFDA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, MPAH, PFNA, PFUA). The PFAS with the highest concentrations were PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA (medians of 8.3, 2.7, 1.5 and 1.0 ng/mL). Fish consumption was generally low (median 1.2 fish meals and 0.14 shellfish meals over the past 30 days). In adjusted models, fish consumption was associated with reduced MPAH and with elevated PFDE, PFNA, and PFuDA. Shellfish consumption was associated with elevations of all PFAS examined except MPAH. Certain specific fish and shellfish types were also associated with specific PFAS. Adjustment for additional exposure variables resulted in little to no change in effect estimates for seafood variables.

Biography: Krista has been an epidemiologist with the Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health in the Wisconsin Department of Health Services since 2014. She spends half her time working with Wisconsin’s Fish Consumption Advisory Program and half with the Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Krista’s MPH and Ph.D. are from Emory University, and she has ten years of work experience at the federal CDC and EPA.

Application of ToxCast to evaluate potential biological effects from organic contaminants in Great Lakes tributaries Steven Corsi - USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center; srcorsi@usgs.gov Co-authors: Laura A. De Cicco, Daniel Villeneuve, Brett Blackwell, Austin K. Baldwin, David

Alvarez, Anthony Schroeder, Gerald Ankley, Peter L. Lenaker

Abstract: With the development of “high throughput” in-vitro biological assays, screening-level information on potential adverse biological effects is available for a rapidly increasing number of chemicals. The U.S. EPA ToxCast program has now evaluated several thousand chemicals with more than 800 assays. The original intent of this data was to evaluate potential for human health effects, but it is now being extended to evaluate potential for environmental health effects given that ToxCast is based on evaluation of endpoints that are not necessarily organism dependent. The R software package ToxEval was developed as a screening tool to use ToxCast results for evaluation of potential adverse biological effects from trace organic chemicals in water samples. Using ToxEval, trace organic chemical data from water samples and passive samplers collected at 57 Great Lakes tributaries from 2010-2013 were examined to determine which tributaries had the greatest potential for adverse biological effects, with prioritization of the most influential contaminants. Results are being used as part of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative to focus current and future investigations that will help understand likely adverse outcome pathways in organisms, and to formulate possible remediation strategies. Biography: Steve Corsi is a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Middleton, Wisconsin. He has been with the USGS for 28 years working on water quality investigations of surface water with a focus on relevance of contaminants to the health of aquatic organisms and potential for adverse impact to human health. His work includes the study of contaminants in water for determination of occurrence, variability, toxicity to aquatic organisms, and evaluation of the effectiveness of watershed management actions.

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Medication collection statistics and public attitudes toward disposal Patricia Darbishire - Clinical Associate Professor in Pharmacy Practice and Experiential Learning Director, Purdue University; darbishi@purdue.edu Co-authors: Orlando Sarnelle, Alan E. Wilson

Abstract: Objectives: (1) Identify unused medications in households; (2) determine factors contributing to unused medication(s); (3) determine public’s disposal practices; and (4) assess public’s understanding and willingness to address safe disposal. Methods: Twenty collection events were held between 2012 and 2015. Medications were sorted and analyzed. A 15-item voluntary questionnaire was distributed to 700 patrons, of which 478 completed it. Results: An average of 10 products were returned per participant; therapeutic classes of medications returned were analgesics (26.2%), followed by cold/allergy/asthma (15.8%); primary reasons medications were returned included medication expired (70.6%) and medication changed (42.8%); primary disposal methods included trash (32.3%) and toilet (24.9%); Over half of participants (54.4%) were unwilling to pay anything toward proper disposal of products, yet most (94.6%) claim to understand the importance of safe disposal methods and believe improper disposal harms the environment (97.6%). Conclusion: The public continues to store and improperly dispose of medications despite knowledge of potential misuse and environmental harm. Take-back events provide opportunities to contribute toward safer communities and public education.

Biography: Patti is an associate professor and director for the Purdue College of Pharmacy. She is chair-elect for the national AACP Experiential Education section. She has 26 publications, the majority involving experiential education and community outreach. She is Editor of the Purdue Journal for Service-Learning and a faculty fellow with the Purdue Center for Instructional Excellence. She is an active member of the Indiana Attorney General’s Drug Abuse Prevention Task Force.

Fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and hormones during treatment in two wastewater treatment plants Laurel Dodgen - Postdoctoral Researcher, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; lkdodgen@illinois.edu

Co-authors: Wei Zheng, Nancy Holm

Abstract: Trace organic chemicals in surface waters are an emerging ecological hazard. The majority of trace organic contaminants are added to the environment in human and animal waste. A suite of 19 pharmaceuticals, personal care products, natural hormones, and synthetic hormones were quantified in the influent and effluent of two municipal wastewater treatment plants at quarterly intervals for 3 years. In addition, outflow from each treatment step was analyzed twice a year during that period. Influent had a mean detection of 11 compounds at a sum of 79.2 µg/L, while effluent had a mean detection of 10.25 compounds at a sum of 2.0 µg/L. Primary treatment was the major removal process for both sites. Some compounds had high removal rates, like caffeine that had mean concentrations over 10 µg/L in influent but less than 0.3 µg/L in effluent. In contrast, some compounds had essentially no removal, such as carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, and sulfamethoxazole. Large variabilities in the sum of compounds were observed between seasons and years, but the overall compound profile of detection remained consistent. A receiving stream was also analyzed twice a year, and elevated levels of these compounds were measured at sites downstream.

Biography: Laurel received a Ph.D. from the University of California, Riverside and currently works at the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. Her research is concerned with the presence, transformation, treatment, and fate of emerging organic contaminants in waste streams and the environment.

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The art of bridging the gaps between coal tar sealer science, public, and policy makers Thomas Ennis - Engineer, Coal Tar Free America; coaltarfreeamerica@gmail.com

Abstract: In 2005, the City of Austin, TX - after extensive research in partnership with the USGS - passed the nation's first ban of coal tar sealers. While a handful of other communities

followed, by 2010 gaps emerged between the science and the public and policy-makers. At that time, the population of the United States under a coal tar sealer ban was less than two million. Some of these gaps were the result of the complexity of the science, some due to the gap between water quality professions and asphalt maintenance, but others were fueled by industry opposition to regulations. As of this writing, 20 million Americans now live in coal tar free communities with several additional locations currently under consideration. Is it a model of the future, an aberration or a little of both? We will explore how these gaps were and are being filled with the aid of today’s technology, social media and partnerships with citizens, policy makers and implementers, and environmental organizations.

Biography: Thomas is a civil/environmental engineer currently doing sustainability work for the City of Austin during the day and advocating for the ban of coal tar sealers via the site Coal Tar Free America in his free time. He is a designer on several LEED projects including three Platinum-rated projects. Thomas has authored a chapter in highly-acclaimed, Wiley Press book, Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature in 2007 and the new 2017 update.

Flame retardants in Lake Michigan tributaries Jiehong Guo - Postdoctoral Research Associate, Indiana University - Bloomington; jiehguo@indiana.edu Co-authors: Kevin Romanak, Stephen Westenbroek, Ronald A. Hites, Marta Venier

Abstract: In this study, we measured concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), novel flame retardants (nFRs), and dechlorane related compounds (Decs) in water samples from five Lake Michigan tributaries. Samples were collected from the Grand River (GR), Kalamazoo River (KR), St. Joseph River (SJR), Lower Fox River (LFR), and the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) in 2015. A total of 59 particle phase and 59 dissolved phase samples were collected. OPEs were the most abundant among the target compounds with concentrations ranging from 20 to 54 ng/L; OPE concentrations were comparable among the five tributaries. BFRs concentrations were ~ 1 ng/L, and the most abundant compounds were di-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), and BDE-209. The highest BFRs concentrations were measured in either the IHSC or the SJR. Decs were barely detected in the water samples (< 1 pg/L). The fraction of target compounds in the particle phase varied by chemical and tended to increase with their octanol-water partition coefficients. The total loading rates of the five tributaries into Lake Michigan were < 10 kg/yr for BDEs and nFRs but 500 kg/yr for OPEs.

Biography: Jiehong is currently a Postdoctoral Research Associate in Indiana University Bloomington. She obtained her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Chicago. For the past nine years, her research has focused on developing analytical methods to measure organic pollutants in various environmental matrices, evaluating the magnitude of environmental pollution, and examining the fate and transport of organic chemicals in the Great Lakes environment. Jiehong has published 16 journal papers.

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The SerPIE - One Health Program: Implementing strategies to reduce the presence of pharmaceutical waste in the home and environment Denise Heubach - Regional Extension Agent, Alabama Cooperative Extension System; dhh0006@auburn.edu Co-authors: D. Heubach, K. Garner, P. Okweye, P. Carter, R. Robinson, A. Shabel, S. Dennis, M. Leite-Browning, S. Hopkinson, T. Warren

Abstract: The SerPIE Program (Phase I &Phase II), developed by the of the Alabama Cooperative Extension System’s Urban Affairs and New Nontraditional Programs Unit, is a multidisciplinary outreach program that encourages citizens to adopt pharmaceutical best management practices (BMPs). Its objective is to improve literacy concerning local environmental health issues by offering resources that enable citizens to safeguard their homes and the environment from pharmaceuticals and personal care products. SerPIE aims to advance knowledge and accentuate the benefits of using safe, effective methods to dispose of expired, unused, and unwanted PPCPs. Initiated in 2012, the successful impacts of Phase I of SerPIE’s statewide educational outreach activities, (8,859 traceable and 660,998 non-traceable contacts) include increased adoption of pharmaceutical BMPs and a reduction in the amount of PPCPs fated for the environment. Phase II, termed SerPIE-One Health, offers a unique opportunity to deliver outreach using a threefold approach, incorporating the human, animal and environmental aspect in its community education and outreach opportunities to implement strategies to reduce the presence of pharmaceutical waste in the home and environment.

Biography: As a Regional Extension Agent with the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Denise delivers educational outreach programs for the urban populations of Mobile and Baldwin Counties of Alabama. Program areas consist of Urban Forestry, Wildlife and Natural Resource Management and Urban Home Grounds, Gardens and Home Pests. Denise’s youth programs presented at local, regional and national conferences, have received recognition for regional excellence for innovative youth programs in gardening and conservation.

Uptake and depuration of four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the northern leopard

frog Lithobates pipiens

Gary Hoover - Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue University; gmhoover@purdue.edu Co-authors: M. Chislock, B. Tornabene, S. Guffey, Y.J. Choi, C. De Perre, J. Hoverman, L. Lee, M. Sepúlveda

Abstract: This study examined the uptake and depuration of four perfluoroalkyl acids in northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles. Whole-body concentrations were quantified every 10 days during constant aqueous exposure at multiple concentrations (10, 100, and 1000 ppb) for a total of 40 days, followed by 30 days of depuration. Sublethal effects on growth and development during exposure were also examined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accumulated to the highest levels, with whole-body bioconcentration factor (BCF) values ranging from 23.8 to 161.1. Other PFAAs were not found to bioconcentrate (BCF 40 days < 1.0). Further, some BCF values decreased during the exposure phase, suggesting dilution due to increased size and/or change in toxicokinetics during development. Half-lives were in the order of a few days, the longest (3.3 d) being for PFOS. Only perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) showed significant effects on growth and development. Overall, uptake and depuration of PFAAs in northern leopard frogs is rapid, but the observation of sub-lethal effects at environmentally relevant concentrations of a commonly found PFAA is of concern and deserves further studies.

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Biography: Gary is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources at Purdue University, where his research focuses on aquatic ecotoxicology. He previously received his B.S. and DVM degrees from Purdue as well.

Pathogens and other contaminants detected in surface water and groundwater located near large poultry operations in Iowa and Wisconsin, USA Laura Hubbard - Hydrologist, United States Geological Survey; lhubbard@usgs.gov

Abstract: Environmental contamination from livestock operation waste is a concern for both surface water and groundwater. Livestock waste is known to contain a variety of

contaminants including nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and pathogens. Recent concerns over avian influenza outbreaks and antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with livestock have increased the need for research of water resources in areas with livestock production. The objective of this study was to characterize contaminants found in groundwater and small surface water streams near large poultry operations. In total, 16 groundwater, 4 litter, and 9 surface water samples were collected in and near (<2.5 km) poultry operations in Iowa and Wisconsin. One well and stream were sampled in an area with swine as the primary livestock as a comparison. Samples were analyzed for specific coliphage, low pathogenic avian influenza, poultry parvovirus, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni, antibiotic resistant genes, hormones, antibiotics, total estrogenicity, nutrients, and dissolved organic carbon. Preliminary results highlight the susceptibility of groundwater to surficial contamination. Results also suggest prevalent pathogen contamination of surface water in the areas studied.

Biography: Laura is a hydrologist at the USGS Wisconsin Water Science Center. Laura earned a B.S. in geological sciences from the University of Wisconsin and an M.S. in earth sciences (hydrology) from Indiana University. As a member of the USGS Toxics Substances Hydrology Program, she has been involved in national studies investigating urban and agricultural contaminants in groundwater and surface water, including viruses and pathogens, hormones, disinfection by-products, and pharmaceuticals.

Phytometabolism of sulfamethazine by Arabidopsis thaliana Khang Huynh - Doctoral student, Michigan State University; huynhkha@msu.edu Co-authors: Dawn Reinhold

Abstract: The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) residues in the environment potentially pose a risk to human health, particularly when they are accumulated

and metabolized in plants. However, the fate of PPCPs in plants and their effects on the ecosystems are still unclear. In this study, we investigate the phytometabolism of sulfamethazine (SMT), a commonly used sulfonamide drug in human and veterinary medicine, using model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (a small flowering plant native to Asia and Europe). The plants were hydroponically exposed to both 14C-labeled and non-labeled SMT at various time intervals up to 3 weeks. Preliminary data revealed that SMT depletion in the media was higher in the A. thaliana treatments than those of abiotic controls. SMT was detected in both roots and shoots of A. thaliana plants (10.4 ±0.1 and 1.0 ±0.6 ng/g fw, respectively). Mass balance calculation indicated a discrepancy between SMT mass lost in the hydroponic media and the fractions accumulated in plant tissues, suggesting Arabidopsis plants metabolized SMT following plant uptake. Currently, we are working on analyzing the remaining plant samples exposed to 14C-labeled SMT to track the metabolic pathways of SMT in Arabidopsis plants.

Biography: Khang is currently a Ph.D. student in biosystems engineering at Michigan State University. He earned an M.S. in environmental studies at Tohoku University, Japan, and a B.S. in biotechnology at Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

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Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water treatment processes Faith Kibuye - Graduate Student, Pennsylvania State University; ffk5024@psu.edu

Co-authors: Kyle Elkin, Heather Gall, Herschel Elliott

Abstract: This study investigated occurrences of acetaminophen, ampicillin, caffeine, naproxen, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim in drinking water sources and their

removal through water treatment in plants A, B, and C with varying treatment processes. Seasonal influences on occurrence and removal efficiencies were studied by collecting bimonthly samples from source waters and post treatment processes. A Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Orbitrap Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used for sample analysis. Some compounds exhibited decreasing concentrations throughout the treatment steps while others had higher concentrations in subsequent treatment stages and finished water. During spring and summer acetaminophen and ampicillin were undetected in all source and finished water samples. During fall season, all compounds but ampicilin were quantified in source and finished water samples from all three plants. Detection of pharmaceuticals after various treatment steps and finished waters suggests that some compounds resist removal through conventional water treatment processes. Their non-detection indicates concentration reduction below analytical quantification limits or possible transformation into metabolites.

Biography: Faith is a second-year graduate student studying biorenewable systems in the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering at Penn State.

Nitrapyrin: A newly documented contaminant in agricultural streams Dana Kolpin - Research Hydrologist, United States Geological Survey; dwkolpin@usgs.gov Co-authors: Emily E. Woodward, Michelle L. Hladik

Abstract: Nitrapyrin is a bactericide co-applied with N-fertilizers to crops (primarily corn) in the United States. Nitrapyrin’s purpose is two-fold: (1) keep applied N-fertilizer in the ammonium form to enhance plant uptake and (2) limit the bacterial conversion of ammonium to leachable nitrate. Therefore, nitrapyrin is touted to both enhance crop yields and improve water quality by reducing the transport of nitrogen off fields. Until recent efforts by the USGS, there was no available data on the potential off-field transport of nitrapyrin to streams. During March to June 2016, 59 water samples from 11 streams across Iowa were analyzed for nitrapyrin and a nitrapyrin transformation product (6-chloropicolinic acid: 6-CPA). Nitrapyrin was detected in seven streams (39% of water samples) with concentrations ranging from 12 to 240 ng/L. No detections of 6-CPA were observed. Pulses of nitrapyrin concentrations in streams were associated with rainfall events following spring fertilizer applications. These results highlight the need for more research focused on the environmental fate of nitrapyrin and its potential toxicity to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms and downstream non-target bacteria populations.

Biography: Dana is a research hydrologist for the USGS in Iowa City, IA. He received his B.S. from Iowa State University and his M.S. from the University of Iowa (both in geology). His research interests include the environmental fate and effects of CECs. He has published over 150 papers on environmental contaminants. He has been the project chief of the USGS Toxic Program’s Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment Project since its inception in 1998.

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Implementation of biological filtration and the impact on the fate of contaminants of emerging concern Ruth Marfil-Vega - Environmental Scientist, American Water; ruth.marfilvega@amwater.com Co-authors: Orren Schneider, Eric Dickenson

Abstract: Biological filtration, the process where thin films of bacteria grow on the surface of filter media during water treatment, is increasingly important in the U.S. because of its added water quality benefits and significant cost savings. The impact of this treatment approach on the simultaneous removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) had not been studied thoroughly until recently, especially under full-scale drinking water operations, because of the challenges associated with the CECs’ low environmental concentrations and their seasonal variability. As part of a larger study aimed to systematically evaluate the impact of biofiltration on the removal of CECs under pilot and full-scale operations, the concentrations of selected CECs (including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, perfluoroalkyl substances and disinfection byproducts) were evaluated during two consecutive seasons in four full-scale filters operated under conventional and biological filtration conditions. In this presentation, the results from this monitoring, the comparison between the filters’ removal capabilities, and the challenges to translate lab- and pilot- scale outcomes in regard CECs to field operations will be discussed.

Biography: Ruth Marfil-Vega is an environmental scientist at American Water. She studies the fate and treatment of emerging and unregulated trace contaminants in environmental systems. Prior to joining AW, she was an ORISE postdoctoral fellow at the USEPA Office of Research and Development. She received a Ph.D. in environmental science from the University of Cincinnati and a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Valladolid (Spain).

Preliminary assessment of complex environmental chemical mixtures in water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry Michael Meyer - Research Geochemist, United States Geological Survey; mmeyer@usgs.gov Co-authors: Daniel Tush

Abstract: The improvements of analytical technology over the last 30 years has documented that our water resources contain complex mixtures of both natural (e.g., cyanotoxins, phytoestrogens) and anthropogenic organic (e.g., pharmaceuticals, pesticides) compounds. Of these innumerable compounds present, only a small fraction are measured by targeted analyses. Accurate mass time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) provides a non-targeted methodology for better evaluating the complex nature of environmental mixtures, identifying ‘non-target’ compounds. A hierarchal approach of evaluating TOF-MS data will be discussed and TOF-MS data collected from wastewater outfall samples that were previously analyzed for 719 organic contaminants by traditional targeted analysis as well as a comparison of peak profiles between these samples will be presented.

Biography: Michael received his Ph.D. in geology from the University of Kansas in 1994. He has worked for the USGS since 1988 and has been the director of the Kansas Water Science Center’s Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory since 2003. Mike develops analytical methods and has studied the sources and environmental occurrence, fate, and transport of new and understudied organic contaminants and their degradation products for more than 25 years.

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Bio-inspired Nano-CarboScavengers for rehabilitation of petroleum contaminated water Santosh Misra - Research Scientist, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; skmisra@illinois.edu Co-authors: Enrique A. Daza, John Scott, Christine Promisel, Brajendra K. Sharma, Indu

Tripathi, Jacek Topczewski, Santanu Chaudhuri, Dipanjan Pan

Abstract: Increasingly frequent petroleum contamination in oceans continues to threaten our ecosystem. Current nanomaterial and dispersant remediation methods neglect to investigate their adverse environmental and biological impact. A highly efficient, bio-inspired and biocompatible nano-dispersant has been developed comprising a multi-shelled nanoparticle termed ‘Nano-CarboScavengers’ (NCS) with facile recovery via booms and mesh tools. Bushy extensions of milkweeds with water repellent properties inspired us to generate hydrophobic extensions using amphiphilic polymers around crosslinked agave nector based carbon core during synthesis of NCS. NCS were able to treat different forms of petroleum oil (raw and distillate) with remarkable efficiency (80% and 91% respectively) utilizing sequestration and dispersion abilities in tandem with a 10:1 (oil:NCS) loading capacity. In major contrast with chemical dispersants, the NCS was found to be remarkably benign in in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, the carboneous nature of NCS broke down via human myeloperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase enzymes, revealing that incidental biological uptake can enzymatically digest the sugar-based core.

Biography: Santosh is a research scientist in MatMed lab of the Department of Bioengineering at the Unviersity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently working with Prof. Dipanjan Pan. He has more than 43 peer reviewed research publications, two book chapters, 15 oral conference presentations, more than 40 conference poster presentations and two patents to his credit. He earned his B.S. in biological sciences in 2002 from Dharamsinh Desai University, India, and M.S. in organic chemistry in 2005 from Lucknow University, India. He gained his doctorate from the Dept. of Organic Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), India, in 2013.

Assessment of pharmaceuticals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in Flint Creek and the Flint River watersheds Paul Okweye - Associate Professor of Chemistry, Alabama A&M University, Normal, Alabama; pokweye@yahoo.com Co-authors: K. F. Garner, E.M. Moss

Abstract: This study assessed the distribution and occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Flint Creek and Flint River, Alabama. These compounds represent pollutants of emerging concern. They have become popular topics of research because of their resistance to degradation and toxicity to living organisms. PPCPs were analyzed based upon USEPA Method 1694 for pharmaceuticals and USEPA Method 8275 for the determination of PAHs in soil and sediment. The instrumental parameters were optimized before the analysis of samples. The detection limits were in the range of µg/kg. Findings revealed high levels of PPCPs, such as caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and PAHs. Pollutants such as naphthalene, codeine, diltiazem, prometon and metolachlor-pesticide products are on USEPA’s 16 priority list. Some compounds were detected at levels warranting environmental concern, indicating probable environmental stress and potential for adverse effects to sediment-dwelling organisms. These findings will help fill an existing gap in knowledge, improve management decisions and assist in developing new water resource guidelines.

Biography: Paul is an environmental chemist and water quality specialist. He earned his Ph.D. in 2009 from the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University. He has over 20 years

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of experience teaching general chemistry; applied chemistry; environmental chemistry; and chemistry research and seminar as well as working as a researcher in water quality and environmental protection through the Department of Chemistry at Alabama A&M University, USA.

Policy strategies to keep pharmaceuticals out of our water Tim Oravec - Aide to Commissioner Debra Shore, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago; Timothy.Oravec@mwrd.org. Katrina Phillips - Sierra Club, Illinois Chapter Clean Water and Conservation Advocate; Katrina.Phillips@sierraclub.org

Abstract: Traces of pharmaceuticals are found in water around the world, including surface waters, wastewater, groundwater, and even drinking water. Pharmaceuticals in waterways, including those in Illinois, have been correlated with observed adverse effects on aquatic species. Their presence in drinking water has also raised concerns among drinking water regulators, governments, water suppliers and the public regarding the potential risk to human health.

Pharmaceutical compounds are excreted in human waste and drugs are frequently disposed of by flushing down drains, where they then pass through wastewater treatment plants and into waterways. Traditionally, public agencies have been entirely responsible for providing alternative means of disposal to residents; however, an emerging policy strategy called Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) creates partnerships between public and private entities to expand and enhance efforts for safely removing unwanted drugs from the home. This talk will provide background on pharmaceutical pollution and review the development, passage, and implementation of a pharmaceutical EPR ordinance modeled after ordinances in California and Washington that was passed in Cook County, Illinois, in October 2016.

Oravec Biography: Tim Oravec is an aide to Commissioner Debra Shore at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. In this role, he worked with Cook County officials to develop an ordinance to expand the number of safe collection sites for more than five million residents to dispose of pharmaceuticals, thereby reducing the risk of drug abuse and pharmaceutical pollution in local waterways. Oravec received his M.S. in water resources policy & management from Oregon State University in 2014.

Phillips Biography: Katrina Phillips is the clean water and conservation advocate for the Illinois Chapter of the Sierra Club. In this role, she advocates for policies and practices that protect clean water and preserve the health of aquatic ecosystems. She also uses grassroots organizing and volunteer engagement to empower citizens to participate in environmental policymaking processes. Phillips received her B.A. in environmental studies from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in 2014.

Microplastics, small particles with huge environmental impacts Lorena Rios Mendoza - Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin - Superior; lriosmen@uwsuper.edu

Abstract: Microplastics are becoming one of the most cited emergent contaminants in the last decade. These tiny synthetic polymers are associated with human activity. The inadequate

disposal of plastics has made this material a ubiquitous pollutant on beaches, rivers, lakes, and oceans around of the world. Microplastic particles are a new type of pollution reported in the Great Lakes with unknown impacts in the ecosystem and human health. Little information is currently available on the composition, distribution, or fate of microplastic debris in the western end of Lake Superior and St. Louis River Estuary. The aims of this research are to identify possible sources, abundance, and the potential of microplastics to be ingested by fish. In this study we collected a total of 36 samples during summer 2016. There were 17 samples

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from surface waters using a manta trawl, 5 samples from effluent water from four wastewater treatment plants, and 7 beaches (samples from 100 m and 1 m2). To determine the type of synthetic polymer we are using a FTIR Micro Spectrophotometer. The microplastics were classified by color, size, pellets, fibers, and fragments. The first results from the analysis of 12 manta samples showed in average 18 fibers, 25 fragments, and 4 microbeads (from cosmetic products) per sample.

Biography: Lorena is an associate professor in the Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Wisconsin. She graduated in Mexico with distinction with a doctorate of chemistry oceanology and her B.S. is in chemistry. Lorena’s expertise is in environmental chemistry pollution. She has been researching plastic pollution since 2003 – studying marine plastic debris and analyzing persistent organic pollutants from CA beaches and in the Pacific Ocean. She moved from CA to WI and she started to study plastic debris contamination on the Great Lakes. Lorena participated in the first-time collection of plastic debris samples in the Great Lakes in 2012 and second time in 2013. She is one of the authors in a paper in Nature (2013) “Classify plastic debris as hazardous.” She is an advisor board member for the UW System-wide Women in Science Program since 2011.

From waste to organismal uptake Kevin Tucker - Assistant Professor, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; kevtuck@siue.edu Co-authors: Paisley Harper, Michael Lohman, Rachel Davis, John Little, Hannah Lupton, Jessica

Rutledge, Sarah Bilskey, Adam Brimberry, Danielle Goetter, Clayton Donald, Nicholas Grunloh

Abstract: Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are introduced into our environment through numerous pathways including human disposal and animal runoff. Many of these PPCPs pose levels of environmental risk that are not fully assessed or understood by the current literature. In Southwest Illinois, there is a mixture of pristine, agricultural, suburban, and urban areas within a geographically small region presenting the opportunity to study diverse sources of PPCPs. In order to elucidate the varying levels of compounds in this area, samples were collected from influent and effluent wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and fresh water from multiple sites and analyzed for PPCP concentration. Organism accumulation studies were performed using invertebrate model organisms followed by homogenization to determine overall concentration and imaging to determine local relative abundance. PPCPs were quantified from solution using liquid chromatography - multiple reaction monitoring - mass spectrometry (LC-MRM-MS) following modified solid phase extraction protocols. This research presents a more global picture of PPCP contamination as levels can be followed from WWTP to groundwater to the organism.

Biography: Kevin received his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under the supervision of Prof. Jonathan Sweedler. After five years as a mass spectrometrist, he moved to Southern Illinois University Edwardsville as an assistant professor of chemistry. His research lies at the nexus of analytical and environmental chemistry as he pursues PPCPs in their journey through the environment using field research and laboratory modeling.

Fate of emerging contaminants during domestic wastewater treatment processes with an enhanced nitrification step Yue Xing – Ph.D. student, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; yuexing2@illinois.edu Co-authors: Yaochun Yu, Jing Yuan, Yujie Men

Abstract: To investigate the occurrence and removal of micropollutants (MPs) during wastewater treatment processes and understand the role of additional nitrification treatment in removing MPs, the influent and

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effluent of each treatment step at two local WWTPs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. A suspect screening method was applied with a self-compiled suspect list. The list is comprised of 5 categories: pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, industrial chemicals and metabolites with ~1300 compounds. Over 300 suspect hits were successfully identified. Structures of 30 out of 50 selected suspect hits were further validated. Estimated influent concentrations of suspect hits in two WWTPs varied from several ng/L to ~ 60 µg/L, with the majority between 10 and 1000 ng/L. Results also revealed various overall removals of MPs, and seasonal effects were minor for most suspect MPs. The secondary biological treatment played the most crucial role in MPs removal, whereas other steps including the additional nitrification step exhibited substantial removal for a small number of suspect MPs. The removal of some metabolites like metoprolol acid was also observed.

Biography: Yue is a first-year Ph.D. student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Broadly, her research focuses on the biotransformation and fate of emerging contaminants, especially antimicrobial reagents, and their impacts on antibiotic resistant bacteria. She has obtained a B.S. and a M.S. in environmental engineering from China Agricultural University.

From correlation to causation: Evidence of micropollutant biotransformation by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria using a nitrifying co-culture Yaochun Yu – Master’s Student, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; yyu54@illinois.edu Co-authors: Yujie Men

Abstract: The most recent inhibition study provides strong evidence that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) were highly involved in the biotransformation of several micropollutants. The major objective of the study is to validate the biotransformation capability of NOB (i.e., Nitrobacter sp. pure culture) and AOB (Nitrosomonas europaea) for the four micropollutants (i.e., asulam, trimethoprim, monuron, and clomazone) that have been associated with nitrifiers in a previous NAS inhibition study, and to investigate the biotransformation mechanisms and pathways. The results showed that only asulam was biotransformed by AOB with a 7d-removal of 17% when mixed micropollutants were added, and no biotransformation was observed by NOB. The 7d-removal of asulam increased to 68% when added individually, suggesting an antagnostic effect on AOB co-culture with the presence of a mixture of micropollutants. The biotransformation of asulam is likely via cometabolism of AOB. The pathways and involved enzymes are being investigated.

Biography: Yaochun is a master’s degree student majoring in environmental engineering & science of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign since 2016. His research focuses on micropollutants biotransformation and investigating biotransformation pathways. Before joining UI CEE department, he earned his B.S. in hydrology and water resources engineering from Jilin Univ. China (2015).

Microplastics in Lake Michigan: Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant’s role in research and outreach Sarah A. Zack - Pollution Prevention Extension Specialist, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant; szack@illinois.edu

Abstract: The ecosystem impact of microplastics, a type of land-based marine debris that includes particles less than five millimeters in size, is of growing interest in the Great Lakes and other inland waters. Microplastic pollution in freshwater systems is still an emerging science and researchers have just begun to describe its scope, abundance, and distribution. There is still much to be learned about its long-term effects, including impacts to aquatic food webs. Since 2012, Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant (IISG) has been working

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to conduct and fund research and educate the public about microplastic pollution. IISG is dedicated to supporting continued research on emerging contaminants such as microplastics, and recognizes that there is a need for more information to determine the long-term effects of this pollution on Midwestern lakes and rivers. Future plans include an increased emphasis on outreach and education using these research results.

Biography: Sarah Zack is the pollution prevention extension specialist with Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant. She develops and conducts extension programming related to the prevention of aquatic pollution, addressing issues such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, coal tar sealcoat, microplastics, and emerging contaminants. Sarah has a dual B.S. in zoology and biological conservation from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an M.S. in biology from Loyola University Chicago.

Marine debris in the food web: Linking environmental availability of microplastics to ingestion by predatory fishes Zach Zuckerman - Assistant Fisheries Biologist, Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute; zzucker2@illinois.edu

Co-authors: Georgie Burruss, Owen O’Shea, and Travis Van Leeuwen

Abstract: Anthropogenic stressors including overharvest, climate change, and pollution have been implicated in shifting ecology of nearshore and offshore marine ecosystems. In particular, the identification of regional ocean “garbage patches” has resulted in increased awareness of the impact of marine debris (i.e., plastics) on the ocean environment while emphasizing the need to quantify biological consequences of plastic pollution. Ingestion of plastic by seabirds, marine mammals, and fishes, for example, are documented to result in asphyxiation, a false sense of fullness and subsequent starvation, and the bioaccumulation of pollutants. Data on the ingestion of marine debris by highly migratory pelagic fishes of economic and ecological importance to the western North Atlantic Ocean (e.g., tunas, dolphinfish, and wahoo), though, is lacking. The objectives of the current study are to quantify and categorize plastic debris in the Exuma Sound, The Bahamas, as well as document plastic ingestion by pelagic sport fishes in The Bahamas. To accomplish this, towed trawl transects were conducted in the northern Exuma Sound to collect and enumerate surface plastics, and stomach content analyses were performed on fish carcasses collected from local anglers. Findings indicate that plastic ingestion by pelagic fishes harvested in The Bahamas is prevalent, with 21% - 30% of each species (dolphinfish, wahoo, yellowfin and blackfin tunas) containing plastic in their stomach. Plastic densities in the Exuma Sound are comparable to those measured in the North Atlantic “Plastic” Gyre, but demonstrate greater temporal and spatial variability. In addition, trawls conducted immediately following Hurricane Joaquin allowed for the first quantifiable observation of the redistribution of marine debris following a large storm event. The results here indicate that highly sought-after fishes of importance to commercial and recreational fisheries are contaminated by plastic, highlighting the need for further research into adverse effects on fish and human health.

Biography: Zach's research interests lie in understanding the impacts of humans on sport fish and their habitat. After receiving an MSc from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, he studied the impact of climate change and marine debris on recreationally and commercially important fishes in The Bahamas. Currently a member of the Sport Fish Ecology Lab at the Illinois Natural History Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois, Zach's research includes assessing native fish rehabilitation and microplastics in Lake Michigan.

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Posters

Note: Posters are listed in order of the author’s last name. The number next to the author’s name indicates where the poster is located in the conference room.

6. Analysis of algae toxins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and solid phase extraction - method development and demonstration Susan Barta - Analytical Chemist, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute; sbarta@illinois.edu

Co-authors: John W Scott, Nandakishore Rajagopalan

Abstract: Increasing eutrophication of surface water have resulted in an increased risk of algal blooms. In particular, harmful algal blooms (HABs) which are formed by cyanobacteria can produce extremely dangerous toxins and jeopardize drinking water sources. Several common classes of these compounds include neurotoxins such as anatoxin-a; cytotoxins such as cylindrospermopsin; and hepatotoxins such as microcystins. In May of 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued a health advisory recommending microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in drinking water for children younger than school age should not exceed 0.3 µg/L and 0.7 µg/L, respectively. Only a limited number of laboratories perform algae toxin testing. In addition, many of the standard methods developed only address one or two classes of toxins (i.e., the USEPA Method 544 for microcystins and nodularins). Therefore, in response to the need for this type of testing coupled with the need to encompass more classes of algae toxins in a single assay, ISTC has begun developing analytical methods to address these emerging contaminants of concern.

Biography: Susan’s interests involve developing, improving, and expanding the analysis capabilities of ISTC, which is a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. Susan has worked on a variety of projects including compositional analysis of biomass, evaluation of nanomaterials for oil spill treatment, and characterization of produced waters from oil extraction. Susan earned a bachelor's degree in oceanography at the University of Washington-Seattle, and a master's degree in water resources management at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

9. Modeling endocrine disruptor uptake in aquatic invertebrates Rachel Davis - Undergraduate Student, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; rachdav@siue.edu Co-authors: Jessica Rutledge, Nicholas Grunloh, Kevin Tucker

Abstract: Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemicals that can block or mimic natural hormones in the endocrine system. EDCs enter the environment via disposal into trash or sewage, and through human excretion. In the environment, aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates are exposed to these chemicals and suffer unintended side effects. Flatworms were used as a model organism in order to test the level of uptake for various environmental contaminants in order to reduce the number of vertebrates used in research. Additionally, there have been few studies on exposure of EDCs on aquatic invertebrates. Exposing the flatworms at environmentally relevant concentrations allows for an accurate representation of how EDCs affect aquatic invertebrates and a representation of the uptake levels that may be expected in aquatic vertebrates.

Biography: Rachel is an undergraduate student in the Department of Chemistry at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. She does research with Dr. Kevin Tucker, which focuses on PPCPs in freshwater samples and

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organismal uptake of EDCs. Within her research, she has been the co-author on five posters and one oral presentation and has written two proposals on aquatic vertebrate uptake of EDCs.

5. Are provisional species of Hyalella azteca capable of producing viable offspring, and are the resulting offspring less able to handle environmental challenges?

Andrew Derby - Undergraduate Researcher, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; derbya@siu.edu Co-authors: Jennifer Heim, Haleigh Sever, Michael Lydy

Abstract: The widespread use of pyrethroid insecticides in urban areas has resulted in adverse effects to aquatic environments. Hyalella azteca, an epibenthic amphipod, has been found in areas with elevated pyrethroids, and these populations have developed resistance to pyrethroid exposure. In addition, different populations of Hyalella are considered separate species due to an approximate 17% difference in a DNA-based identification system that is found in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. The ecological significance of this distinction is important and was studied by conducting reproductive and sodium chloride fitness tests. Resistant and non-resistant populations were successfully crossbred in our lab which created hybrid offspring. The resulting F1 generation, however, have failed to reproduce and create an F2 generation in preliminary studies, which suggests that the F1 generation may be sterile. In addition, a sodium chloride toxicity test was conducted and compared to the parent generation of both the non-resistant and resistant parent populations to further support the hypothesis that there are fitness costs to having pyrethroid resistance. Based off preliminary results, it appears as though these populations should be considered separate species and that the offspring are more susceptible to sodium chloride.

Biography: Andrew Derby is a junior undergraduate researcher at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. He is working towards a bachelor’s degree in zoology with a fisheries biology emphasis. After graduation Andrew hopes to attend graduate school to study fisheries biology.

16. Improving photo-degradation of pharmaceuticals by immobilizing AC/TiO2 composites on PVDF membrane sheet using low temperature heat treatment

Ukoha Emekwo - Student/Research Assistant, Purdue University Northwest; uemekwo@pnw.edu Co-authors: A. G. Agwu Nnanna, John D. Vargo, Nicholas Baumhover, Michael Okorie

Abstract: This study focuses on catalyst preparatory method, enhancing photo-degradation and improving catalyst recoverability in treating these emerging contaminants. A composite of activated carbon (AC) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was immobilized on a PVDF sheet using low temperature heat attachment. The novel immobilized photo-catalyst was characterized using EDS, AFM, and SEM. The AC/TiO2 film was observed to be evenly distributed with average thickness of 13 µm. Adhesive test carried out by washing with water proves that the film was strongly impregnated on the PVDF substrate unlike those immobilized on glasses. The catalyst activity will be tested by degrading pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, diclofenac) in a batch reactor under UV irradiation. The degradation process will be monitored using high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Effects of TiO2 particle size, PVDF porosity on immobilization, pH, cations, anions, and natural organic matters (NOM) will be investigated. It is expected that the photo-catalysis using immobilized AC/TiO2 catalyst will be more effective over immobilized TiO2 catalyst in degrading the contaminants due to the synergy effect of adsorption and photo-catalysis.

Biography: Ukoha is a master’s degree student in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Purdue University Northwest. He obtained his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering with excellent academic standing. He is currently a graduate research student at Purdue Water Institute. His research interest revolves

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around photo-catalysis of emerging contaminants, nanotechnology, heat transfer, and electronic cooling applications.

7. Antibiotics in the environment due to reuse in agroecosystems: Soil and water quality, plant uptake, and antibiotic resistance Alison Franklin - Graduate Research Assistant, Pennsylvania State University; amy125@psu.edu

Co-authors: Clinton F. Williams, Jean E. McLain, Danielle M. Andrews, Emily E. Woodward, Jack E. Watson

Abstract: With water supplies diminishing, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is often reused to irrigate agricultural lands. Antibiotics are typically found in effluent due to limited removal during WWTP processes. Concern has arisen about their environmental fate and impacts on antibiotic resistance. This study examined the environmental impacts of spray irrigating with WWTP effluent by quantifying three antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), and ofloxacin (OFL), in WWTP effluent, soil, groundwater, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) and analyzing antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics were present in WWTP effluent and groundwater year round with seasonal variation in effluent (2 - 22,000 ng/L) and concentrations in groundwater (ng/L). Only OFL and SMZ were concentrated in wheat grain (low µg/kg). Antibiotic concentrations were measured in soil (ng/kg). Antibiotic resistance for SMX and TMP was elevated in soil bacteria. These findings indicate that spray irrigating with effluent leads to antibiotic concentrations in the environment and possible impacts on antibiotic resistance in soil bacteria. Additional research is necessary to determine the full environmental health implications of reusing WWTP effluent.

Biography: Alison is a graduate researcher at Pennsylvania State University earning a Ph.D. in soil science and biogeochemistry. She obtained a B.S. in toxicology from Pennsylvania State University in 2012. Her work focuses on the impacts of reusing wastewater treatment plant effluent for the purpose of irrigating agricultural lands. Currently, she is studying the presence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria in soils and water impacted by effluent reuse and possible toxicological impacts.

10. Perfluorinated compound (PFC) mixtures reduce growth and delay development of a larval amphibian Megan Gannon - Undergraduate Researcher, Purdue University; gannon1@purdue.edu Co-authors: Michael Chislock, Stephanie Bauer, Sarah Gray, Hannah Smith, Brian Tornabene, Jason Hoverman, Marisol Sepúlveda

Abstract: The recent discovery of elevated concentrations of PFCs in drinking water sites in the U.S. has heightened awareness of potential adverse effects on health and environmental impacts. In general, acute toxicity of individual PFCs is well-studied, and we are rapidly gaining an understanding of sublethal effects. However, effects of PFC mixtures are largely unexplored despite the fact that organisms are exposed to suites of PFCs in nature. To address this gap, we examined effects of individual- and PFC mixtures on growth and development of American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles. We chose environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1 and 0.2% LC50: 144 and 288 ppb) of the two most prevalent and persistent PFCs, PFOS and PFOA, for our assessment. We found that exposure to PFOS-only and mixtures delayed development and reduced growth of tadpoles by >30% at the conclusion of the 74d exposure period. Effects were independent of PFC concentration, with the largest reductions in growth observed in mixture treatments. These results suggest that PFC mixtures have synergistic sublethal effects on larval amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, PFC mixtures warrant further investigation in environmental assessments.

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Biography: Megan is a senior undergraduate at Purdue University. She is working towards a double bachelor’s degree in wildlife biology and aquatic science. Proceeding graduation Megan hopes to continue her education and research in ecotoxicology.

14. Advancing PPCP education and outreach through the SerPIE Agricultural Science and Extension Mentorship Program (ASEMP)

Karnita Garner - Extension Environmental Specialist, Alabama Cooperative Extension System/Alabama A&M University; kfg0003@aces.edu

Co-authors: Paul Okweye, Sampson Hopkinson, Samuel Dennis, Maria Leite-Browning, Denise Heubach, Phillip Carter, Allyson Shabel, Roosevelt Robinson, Marcus Garner

Abstract: The Alabama Cooperative Extension System and Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University hosted the first Synergistic Efforts to Reduce Pharmaceuticals in the Environment (SerPIE) Agricultural Science and Extension Mentorship Program (ASEMP) in the summer of 2015. The six-week mentorship program was designed to orient underrepresented students towards careers in science and Extension that focus on emerging issues, like pharmaceuticals in the environment (PIE). Six students learned first-hand the responsibilities of serving the community-at-large and the importance of combating PIE issues. They were engaged in classroom and laboratory exercises and participated in site visits, workshops, and in-service learning projects. The program culminated with formal presentations summarizing the mentees' experience. Overall, they gained a better understanding of the impacts that PPCPs have on animal, human and environmental health, and the BMPs necessary to minimize the risk posed by these hazardous chemicals. Evaluation of the mentees revealed significant knowledge gains concerning PPCP issues (88%) and increased interest in Extension and science careers (92%) (n=6). The second SerPIE-ASEMP will be held in the summer of 2019.

Biography: Karnita serves as an Extension Environmental Specialist and Coordinator with the Alabama Cooperative Extension System's Urban Affairs and New Nontraditional Programs Unit at Alabama A&M University. She is committed to developing outreach programs that provide proactive solutions that lead to a "greener" tomorrow for future generations. Currently, she provides leadership over four statewide Extension programs focused on natural resource conservation. She earned her Ph.D. and master’s degree in plant and soil science and her bachelor’s degree in environmental science/chemistry from Alabama A&M University.

3. Thyroid disrupting effects of halogenated and next generation chemicals on developing fish Amy Godfrey – Ph.D. Candidate, Purdue University; agodfre7@purdue.edu

Co-authors: B. Hooser, A. Abdel-moneim, M. S. Sepúlveda

Abstract: Halogens, such as perfluorinated chemicals and flame retardants, act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) altering thyroid function and negatively affecting development. Thus, there is a need to develop next generation, less toxic chemicals. The objective of this study is to test these potential "safer" alternatives for EDC activity. Three well known hazardous EDCs – perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and tetrabromobisphenal A (TBBPA) – and two next generation chemicals – 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) – were tested for their potential thyroid disruptive activity. We measured effects on swim bladder (SB) development as a sensitive endpoint of thyroid toxicity using zebrafish embryos. We quantified changes in the surface area of the SB as well as changes in expression levels of genes involved in thyroid dysregulation. Our findings suggest that there was a developmental delay in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of all chemicals tested; however, the toxic mechanisms are unclear. We further tested this finding by using

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Japanese medaka and reported SB over inflation, but only in females, strongly suggesting gender differences in SB dysfunction.

Biography: Amy is a doctoral candidate in aquatic toxicology at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. She obtained her B.S. in biological sciences at Butler University, Indianapolis, IN. Amy's research experience includes studying the toxicity and thyroid disrupting effects of halogenated and next generation chemicals on small fish.

8. Effects of wastewater effluent on the levels of antibiotics in freshwater streams Danielle Goetter - Undergraduate Student, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; dgoette@siue.edu Co-authors: Paisley Harper, Michael Lohman, Clayton Donald, Kevin Tucker

Abstract: The use of antibiotics in society is extensive – producing and consuming around 100,000 tons annually. After consumption, the antibiotics are metabolized at least partially and excreted. Human excretions are processed at wastewater treatment plants and then flow back into our surface water sources. Testing surface water samples collected upstream and downstream of the treated effluent wastewater flow will allow us to determine if the antibiotics are detectable in fresh water sources. Samples were collected from fresh water locations upstream and downstream of effluent using a grab sample technique. Using a method of filtration, solid-phase extraction, and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, the presence of antibiotics was accessed for differences between upstream and downstream sampling.

Biography: Danielle is a senior studying for her bachelor's degree in forensic chemistry at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.

2. Intercalation of perfluorinated chemicals in saturated clay-rich soils: A laboratory-based study on fate and transport in groundwater and sediments Rebecca R. Greenberg - Doctoral Student, The University of Alabama; rrgreenberg@crimson.ua.edu

Co-authors: Geoffrey R. Tick, Joseph Abbott

Abstract: Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are emerging contaminants that pose risks to the health of water supplies. Intercalation in clays can affect the fate and transport of PFCs in groundwater and sediment. Intercalation studies of PFCs in clays are limited or absent. This study elucidates the physicochemical process of intercalation in clay-rich sediments on the fate and transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) through laboratory-based experiments. A series of short- (48hr) and long-term (30d) batch reactor experiments were conducted to determine PFC diffusional mass-transfer limitations and intercalation in homogeneous clay-rich sediments. PFC intercalation in clay-rich sediments was determined by d-spacing changes in sediment clays that are (1) untreated; or treated with (2) 18.0 MΩ-cm NANOpure water; (3) 0.1M CaCl2 artificial groundwater solution (AGS); (4) PFOA-saturated AGS; or (5) PFOS-saturated AGS. PFC concentration changes and sediment characterization was conducted using high performance liquid chromatography and X-ray diffraction analytical techniques, respectively. Research results allow for the development of improved models for PFC fate and transport and remediation strategies.

Biography: Rebecca is a doctoral student in the Department of Geological Sciences at The University of Alabama. She studies primarily the physicochemical processes that affect the fate and transport of perfluorinated chemicals in groundwater and sediments, and secondarily the pore-scale transport of crude oils and trichloroethylene in saturated sediments through microtomographic statistical analysis. She got her B.S. in geological sciences and environmental studies at SUNY Binghamton.

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12. The abundance and distribution of microplastic particles in Winyah Bay, South Carolina Jane Guentzel - Professor and Department Chair, Coastal Carolina University Marine Science; jguentze@coastal.edu Co-authors: Dillon King, George Boneillo

Abstract: Plastic organic polymers are found in consumer products that include plastic bags, toys, clothing, toothbrushes, and monofilament line used to create fishing nets. Small micro-sized industrial plastic pellets, which are precursors to many larger plastic products, are also used as exfoliants in cosmetics and personal care products. These small particles float near the surface of the water and do not degrade rapidly. Microplastics can carry toxic contaminants throughout ecosystems and are easily ingested by aquatic organisms. Winyah Bay is a large estuarine system that receives freshwater input from the Great Pee Dee, Waccamaw, Sampit, and Black Rivers. Winyah Bay flows into the South Atlantic Bight, bordering the subtropical North Atlantic Gyre. The objective of this study was to quantify the abundance of microplastics in Winyah Bay and the surrounding rivers within an 8-month time span. Additionally, this study compares microplastic sampling techniques. Water samples were collected using plankton nets with two different mesh sizes, and whole water samples were collected to determine potentially underestimated size fractions of microplastics using net sampling techniques. We will present results from the sampling collections.

Biography: See Poster 13

13. Microplastic particles in three South Carolina rivers

Jane Guentzel - Professor and Department Chair, Coastal Carolina University Marine Science; jguentze@coastal.edu Co-authors: Dana Orr, Meghan RIchard

Abstract: Primary sources of plastic litter to the environment are pre-courser micro-pellets and secondary sources include fragments and fibers derived from the degradation of larger plastic consumer products. As a result, microplastic litter in aquatic ecosystems has become a world-wide environmental issue. This type of litter includes fibers from monofilament fishing line/nets and microbeads used to manufacture personal care products. Microplastics can enter the environment through shipping, fishing, aquaculture, surface water runoff, and treated wastewater effluent. These small particles float on the surface of the water and are ingested by organisms which can be harmful to them. The objective of this study is to quantify the concentration of microplastics in whole water samples from three South Carolina rivers. The Great Pee Dee and Black rivers are characterized as SC scenic rivers and drain watersheds that are approximately 2% urban, 36% forest, 15% wetland, 25% crop, and 18% scrub land. The Waccamaw River drains a watershed that is approximately 10% urban, 43% forest, 25% wetland, 4% crop, and 14% scrub land. These rivers flow into Winyah Bay and may be a source of microplastic particles to this estuary and the South Atlantic Bight.

Biography: Jane is a professor of marine science at Coastal Carolina University. She earned her B.S. degree in biology and her Ph.D. in chemical oceanography from Florida State University. Her research is focused on mercury cycling in the environment and the occurrence and distribution of microplastic litter in South Carolina rivers and estuaries. Jane is currently working on a project investigating the distribution of microplastics in South Carolina rivers and estuaries.

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17. Glyphosate: Understanding its atmospheric transport and fate

Christopher Lehmann - Laboratory Director, Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute; clehmann@illinois.edu Co-authors: David A. Gay, John W. Scott, Wei Zheng

Abstract: Glyphosate is a widely used agricultural chemical in the United States. It is an environmental contaminant of concern as a suspected carcinogen, although an evaluation of its health effects is ongoing. There is a need to better understand its transport and fate in the environment, particularly in sensitive ecosystems. Glyphosate is non-volatile and sorbs to soil particles. Studies have detected it in air and rainwater samples, suggesting that its transport and fate in the atmosphere is linked to airborne particulate matter. The Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) and the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC) have performed limited studies to assess the transport of glyphosate in the atmosphere. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) within ISWS collects rainwater and snowmelt samples at more than 300 locations across North America. Preliminary work performed at ISTC has demonstrated that glyphosate and several of its environmental decomposition products can be readily measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS) down to 60 ng/L. ISWS and ISTC are seeking further funding opportunities to better characterize the atmospheric transport of this agricultural chemical of concern.

Biography: Chris is the Director of the Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) at the Illinois State Water Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois. He earned his Ph.D. in civil and environmental engineering and his master’s degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois and earned his bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Valparaiso University.

18. Effects of wastewater effluent on the levels of antibiotics in freshwater streams Anne LeHuray - Executive Director, Pavement Coatings Technology Council; alehuray@pavementcouncil.org

Abstract: Claims to the contrary notwithstanding, the body of scientific evidence indicates that PAH-containing materials such as RTS pose little risk of human health or environmental harm. Systematic reviews of dozens of modern occupational exposure studies conducted across a wide swath of industries in which workers are exposed to PAH containing materials, including RTS base, indicate relative risk values that are indistinguishable from or slightly greater than 1 for cancers of the lung/respiratory tract, bladder/urinary system, larynx, kidney, skin, Hodgkin lymphoma, non- Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. A large database of exposure/clinical studies focus on use of coal tar as an over-the-counter skin medication. FDA classes coal tar as “generally regarded as safe and effective.” Consistent with occupational and clinical exposure studies, bioassays of unrefined coal tars and benzo(a)pyrene conducted in the 1990s indicate that coal tar is, at worst, a low potency carcinogen in laboratory animals. Health Canada used these studies to calculate a MOE for exposure to RTS in household dust as reported in a problematic USGS paper, finding MOE values below levels of concern for public health. In estimating environmental risks, it is well established there is often no correlation between sediment PAH concentrations and toxicity. For this reason, EPA developed its equilibrium partitioning guidance for evaluation of risk to invertebrates related to PAHs in sediment. The low bioavailability/bioaccessibility of PAH-containing materials also limits risk. Recent work indicates that PAHs associated with coal tar-derived particles in sediments are among the least bioavailable PAHs. PAHs are ubiquitous, and are released to the environment by many natural and anthropogenic processes. The claims made by some USGS scientists that RTS is a (or even THE) major source of PAHs in sediments or elsewhere in the environment are not reproducible and are demonstrably based on selective inclusion and exclusion of data.

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Biography: Anne earned her Ph.D. from Florida State University, aided by a graduate student internship with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), working with the Branch of Isotope Geology and the Branch of Geochemistry. She was awarded a Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University (LDGO, now LDEO), where she was the first recipient of the Stork Fellowship Award for young researchers. She was a member of the LDGO research faculty and an adjunct member of the Columbia University teaching faculty until 1990, when she accepted a position as a consulting environmental scientist. For the past two decades, she has managed high profile toxicological, environmental, and risk assessment research programs for private sector consortia. She has served as Executive Director of the Pavement Coatings Technology Council, a 501(c)(6) trade association since 2008.

4. Assessing dominance of pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Hyalella azteca by crossbreeding homozygous resistant (L925I) and non-resistant (wild-type) populations

Haleigh Sever - Undergraduate Researcher, Southern Illinois University – Carbondale; haleighsever96@siu.edu Co-authors: Jennifer Heim, Michael J. Lydy

Abstract: Hyalella azteca is a cryptic species complex of epibenthic amphipods grouped together based on their morphological similarities. H. azteca are often used by toxicologists to determine the relative toxicity of pesticides, like pyrethroids. However, recent analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene suggests that H. azteca has diverged into multiple provisional species separated by substantial genetic divergence. In addition, resistance to pyrethroids has been documented in some populations of H. azteca due to mutations that alter the pyrethroid target site on the voltage-gated sodium channel, reducing pyrethroid binding affinity. Southern Illinois University currently maintains two genetically distinct populations of H. azteca. The first is a pyrethroid-resistant strain that belongs to provisional species D. The other is a non-resistant population belonging to provisional species C. To better examine the validity of genetic sequencing in classifying H. azteca species, the two populations were crossed to determine whether they are capable of producing offspring. Genetic testing was conducted and confirmed that all offspring were true hybrids. The resulting F1 population was used in a permethrin toxicity test to determine relative pyrethroid resistance. The F1 H. azteca responded similarly to the non-resistant population suggesting that resistance is a recessive mutation.

Biography: Haleigh is a junior undergraduate attending Southern Illinois University. She is earning her bachelor’s degree in zoology, with a specialty in fisheries biology, as well as minoring in environmental studies. After graduating, Haleigh plans to work as a freshwater fish biologist.

11. Fate and transport of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) during an integrated livestock manure management system for swine wastewater treatment and bioenergy production Young Hwan Shin - Ph.D. Student, University of Illinois; yshin13@illinois.edu Co-authors: Lance Schideman, Peng Zhang, John Scott, Michael Plewa, Yuanhui Zhang

Abstract: A mixed algal-bacterial bioreactor (MABB) was operated with the addition of granular activated carbon (GAC) to extract CECs and other organics from the liquid portion of animal manure (LPAM) and the resulting biomass was harvested for biofuels. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) were performed to study the effects on the fate of the bioactive CECs. GC/MS was used to measure the concentrations of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-estradiol (EE2). The research showed that the algal treatment and thermochemical processes can simultaneously remove the CECs

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up to 96.5% and 99.96% in total estrogenic hormones and convert them into valuable bioenergy products. sCOD, TN, TP, NH3-N in the effluents from bioreactors were investigated to extract the bioactive CECs and the percent removal of each parameters were 74.6, 30.1, 39.5, and 97.0 %, respectively. Mammalian cell cytotoxicity assays were analyzed for the inputs and outputs of the integrated system. GAC was synergistic with MABB to remove the cytotoxicity of LPAM by the adsorption of toxic compounds.

Biography: Young Hwan is currently a Ph.D. student in agricultural and biological engineering at the University of Illinois. He earned an M.S. in environmental engineering and a B.S. in civil & environmental engineering at Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.

1. NanoScavengers for remediation of petroleum and pharmaceutical contaminants Indu Tripathi - Visiting Scientist, University of Illinois; indutrip@illinois.edu Co-authors: Santosh K. Misra, Enrique A. Daza, Youkabed Ostadhossein, John Scott, Brajendra K. Sharma, Wei Zheng, Santanu Chaudhuri, Jacek Topczewski, Dipanjan Pan

Abstract: Current nanomaterial and dispersants for remediation of petroleum and pharmaceutical contamination are either not robust or neglect to appreciate their adverse environmental impact leading to a synergistic chemical imbalance. In order to develop a more comprehensive agent, a multi-compartmental nanoparticle-based approach, called NanoScavengers (NS), utilized comprehensive chemistry to tune their properties from petroleum scavenging to pharmaceutical remediation. NS treated different forms of petroleum oil (raw and distillate form) with remarkable efficiency (80% and 91% respectively) utilizing sequestration and dispersion abilities in tandem with a 10:1 (oil:NCS; w/w) loading capacity. A small change in outer shell composition of particles turns it from oil scavengers to pharmaceutical scavenger with ~55% of pharmaceutical scavenging efficiency. Hence, this polymer passivated nanomaterial with minor changes in outer shell chemistry could be used to perform pharmaceutical scavenging and proving to be highly efficient, multi-functional pollution remediating nanomaterial.

Biography: Indu is a visiting scholar in MatMed lab of the Department of Bioengineering at the University of Illinois. She is currently working with Prof. Dipanjan Pan. She has many peer reviewed research papers and presentations to her credit. She received her bachelor’s degree in veterinary sciences (2002) and master’s degree in pharmacology and toxicology (2005) from Karnataka University, India. She earned her Ph.D. from the Bangalore Veterinary College, India, in 2013.

15. Identifying microplastics and associated pollutants to assess contaminant exposure to Lake Michigan food fishes

Zachary Zuckerman - Associate Fisheries Research Scientist, Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute; zzucker2@illinois.edu

Co-authors: Jeffrey A. Stein, John W Scott, Wei Zheng

Abstract: Due to plastic's low manufacturing cost and durability, production has increased by over 600% over the past four decades, with nearly 10 million metric tons entering the Laurentian Great Lakes annually. In southern Lake Michigan, where microplastic concentrations are as high as 100,000 pieces per square kilometer, approximately 75% of alewife sampled had microplastic in their digestive tracts. In addition to causing injury to organisms when ingested, microplastics have a high affinity for adsorbing environmental pollutants, potentially acting as a vector for the bioaccumulation of contaminants in the aquatic food web. Collaboration between the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) and the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC) has the potential to further this research by utilizing the expertise of wildlife biologists, environmental chemists, and analytical chemists. Staff at INHS can contribute to these efforts by collecting and processing

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Lake Michigan fishes. ISTC has capabilities to identify microplastics isolated from fish samples, as well as experience with extraction and analysis of legacy and emerging contaminants from microplastics.

Biography: Zach's research interests lie in understanding the impacts of humans on sport fish and their habitat. After earning a master’s degree from the University of Illinois, he studied the impact of climate change and marine debris on recreationally and commercially important fishes in The Bahamas. Currently a member of the Sport Fish Ecology Lab at the Illinois Natural History Survey, a division of the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois, Zach's research includes assessing native fish rehabilitation and microplastics in Lake Michigan.

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About the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center

The Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC) is a division of the Prairie Research Institute on the University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign campus. Its mission is to encourage and assist citizens, businesses, and

government agencies to prevent pollution, conserve natural resources, and reduce waste to protect human

health and the environment of Illinois and beyond.

To learn more, visit www.istc.illinois.edu.

About the Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant

Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant (IISG), with its unique mandate to bring the latest science to those who can best use the information, serves a critical role in empowering people to solve problems in sustainable ways. One of more than 30 Sea Grant Programs in the United States, IISG is focused on the southern Lake Michigan region--104 miles of heavily urbanized and industrialized shoreline in Illinois and Indiana. One third of the population of the Great Lakes lives along the shore of Lake Michigan between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Michigan City, Indiana. The program is funded through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the University of Illinois and Purdue University, but IISG also works in partnerships with key organizations, institutions, and agencies in the region to reach more audiences and multiply opportunities for success. IISG brings together scientists, educators, policy makers, community decision makers, outreach specialists, business leaders, and the general public to work towards a healthy environment and economy. To learn more, visit www.iiseagrant.org.

About the University Of Illinois Extension

University of Illinois Extension is the flagship outreach effort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, offering educational programs to residents of all of Illinois' 102 counties — and far beyond. Extension provides practical education you can trust to help people, businesses, and communities solve problems, develop skills, and build a better future. U of I Extension offers educational programs in five broad areas:

• Energy and environmental stewardship • Food safety and security • Economic development and workforce preparedness • Family health, financial security, and wellness • Youth development

To learn more, visit web.extension.illinois.edu.

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Planning Committee

Elizabeth Meschewski Research Specialist Prairie Research Institute - Illinois Sustainable Technology Center University of Illinois elm2@illinois.edu

Nancy Holm Assistant Director Prairie Researcher Institute - Illinois Sustainable Technology Center University of Illinois naholm@illinois.edu

Sarah Zack Pollution Prevention Extension Specialist Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant szack@illinois.edu