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Emerging Plant Diseases in the Context of Ecosystem Services
Jean Beagle Ristaino William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor Plant Pathology
NC State University, Raleigh NC Senior Science Advisor and Jefferson Science Fellow, USAID BFS-ARP
Disclaimer The views presented in this talk
are my own and do not represent those of the USG
Outline of talk
• What are ecosystem services (ES)? • Impacts of population growth • Plant diseases, food security, national security
-some historic and present day examples • Who are the “Armed and dangerous” plant
diseases of staple food crops ? • What Countermeasures can we use? Scale up and Deployment: What technologies
are needed? • Can we manage disease in the context of
ecosystem services !!
!
2012 PCAST Report
The US is the undisputed world leader in agricultural production today, but as we look out across the 21st century, we face a series of challenges including: • Managing new pests, pathogens and invasive
plants • Increasing the efficiency of water use • Reducing the environmental footprint of
agriculture • Growing food in a changing climate • Managing the production of bioenergy • Producing safe and nutritious food • Assisting with global food security and
maintaining abundant yields.
Ecosystem Services "#$!%$&$'()!(#*(!#+,*&)!-$./0$!1.2,!$32)4)($,)!
Beyond yield: Plant Diseases and Ecosystem Services
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!Human Population Growth
• Until 1800, the world’s population was < 1 billion. Today it exceeds 7 billion. • 60% of the people in developing countries lack basic sanitation
• One-third have no access to clean water.
• 1 billion people in the world are illiterate, two-thirds of them women. • 15 million babies are born to women between the ages of 15-19.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment “Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber, and fuel. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth.”
We have a moral imperative to improve global food security
In developing countries, 1.3 billion people live on < $1 per day
Holistic programs – more than fertilizer, seed, and pesticides are needed to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
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Plant disease, food security, national security
!
Late blight – Phytophthora infestans
"#$%&!'()*)(!+*,$-.!More than 40 million Americans can claim Irish descent.
Miles J. Berkeley
Pathogens cause disease: Pioneering work on late blight occurred before the germ theory work by Louis Pasteur
Anton DeBary
Phytophthora infestans
Plant Destroyer
Bengal famine of 1943
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Central American countries • 400,000 workers lost wages-
poverty and hunger in region • 500 million in losses this year
“Disease has long been the deadliest enemy of mankind. Infectious diseases make no distinctions among people and recognize no borders. We have fought the causes and consequences of disease throughout history and must continue to do so with every available means. All civilized nations reject as intolerable the use of disease and biological weapons as instruments of war and terror.” President G W Bush, Nov. 1, 2001
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!” “Most wanted” List
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50 aerial fungicide applications yearly.
Expensive
Fungicide resistance
Light sensitive toxins?
What are the Characteristics of Emerging Plant Diseases?
• Caused by pathogens that have increased in incidence, geographical or host range
• Have changed in pathogenesis • Have newly evolved • Have been discovered or newly recognized. Anderson et al, TRENDS in Ecol and Evolution 2004.
Late blight re-emerging disease: A constraint to production worldwide -
food security
The disease has increased in incidence, geographical and host range!
Emergence of Late blight in the 19th century • Spread of late blight
first to US in 1843 • 1845 spread to Europe
and Ireland by the fall
A pathogen that has changed in pathogenesis New virulent race (UG-99) of Puccinia graminis not in
US yet!.. Dr. Norman Borlaug issued a call to action to find a way to reduce the impact of Ug99. Borlaug was concerned that all of the advancement made in the past few decades during the “Green Revolution,” may be eliminated by an outbreak of Ug99. This disease threatens to eliminate the majority of the resistant varieties developed.
,Stem Rust of Wheat –
Puccinia graminis
Image from: The Fifth Kingdom Online 2 - celled Teliospores 50 races of stem rust
Red Queen • Plants need to keep
running just to stay in place in terms of evolving new forms of resistance to pathogens that are continuously evolving.
• Crops species are in
an “arms race” with pathogens
Sudden Oak Death- newly recognized ! Phytophthora ramorum; !
Central California coast; California bay laurel and Oregon myrtle and Rhododendron spp.- Disease impacting plant biodiversity
Viral diseases of cassava in Africa - newly evolved strains-
Cassava mosaic disease Cassava brown streak disease
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Viral diseases of cassava in Africa
healthy tubers Cassava mosaic disease Cassava brown streak disease
• Pathogen may have jumped host from indigenous plants when cassava was introduced into Africa from South America- Accidental Host
• Cassava Mosaic Virus in Uganda – $60 million losses
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Characteristics of pathogens and drivers of emerging plant diseases
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Other Drivers of Emerging Plant Diseases
• Climate change • Change the distribution of vectors and pathogens • Increase frequency of unusual weather events • Drought stress – aflatoxins • Milder winters- increase pathogen survival
• Agricultural change: • Developing countries – increased intensity and
acreage of nontraditional crops (fruits, flowers, vegetables).
• > 40% of world crops – 4 staples –monoculture and loss of genetic diversity are a major issue
• Host parasite evolution- • interspecific hybridization - Alder– Phytophthora alni, • Host jumps - Mutant TYLCV used for cross protection
in tomato became virulent and jumped host to bean
Coffee Rust – Climate Change!• Hemilia vastatrix - fungus
• Wind blown spores – regional epidemics
• Lack of resistant varieties • More disease at high
altitudes
• Lack of fungicide use in shade grown coffee areas by small holders
• Old plantations >40 years
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Potato late blight – A Re-emerging disease: A constraint to production expansion
worldwide - food security
The pathogen infects potato and tomato
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• Varied dispersal mechanism (airborne inoculum and in plant material)
• Polycyclic nature of disease cycle
• Strain are fungicide resistance
• Ability to shift hosts exploit new niches
• Genome plasticity – effector protein diversity –overcomes host r genes
• Monoculture of susceptible hosts
Fungicide resistance
Excessive use -10 to 12 sprays/season Potatoes are the most heavily sprayed staple food crop
Late blight epidemics in the US in 2009 Emergence of US-22 strain
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Multiple sources of inoculum FL - March 2009 SC – May 2009 NC – early June NE – late June
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• Global surveillance and reporting systems are needed for emerging plant diseases. Lack of reporting of plant diseases by countries to International Plant Protection Convention – FAO – due to economics and trade issues. NASA- satellite imaging, meteorology
• Epidemiological aspects of biosecurity initiatives: monitoring, sampling methodology, risk assessment, and modeling invasive species
• Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Web-based disease forecasting
• Weather based-decision support systems
• Alerts on smart phones
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CSI Dublin: The forensic evidence
• Herbarium specimens: provide a “time capsule” of genetic information of extinct and extant organisms. Studies of origins of populations and historical epidemics can be conducted.
• Disputes about taxonomy, nomenclature, phylogenetics, function and evolution of genes can be resolved.
Countermeasures: Use Next Generation Pathogen Genome sequencing !
• Genome is highly expanded
• Effector diversity – proteins needed to overcome host resistance
• What is driving expansion? Crop breeding
• Pathogen/population genomics and databases
• Workshop June 2011 - 25 students – 9 countries, gender and ethnic diversity in selection
• Second workshop scheduled for fall 2013 at Pan American University, Zamorano, Honduras
Countermeasure: Improved diagnostic clinics and training globally
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Promising and effective responses to reduce degradation of ecosystems due to agriculture
• Remove of production subsidies that have adverse economic, social, and environmental effects.
• Improve country policies that promote the safe use of transgenic crops
• Application of a mix of regulatory and incentive- and market-based mechanisms to reduce overuse of nutrients (fertilizers).
• Use of response polices that recognize the role of women in the
production and use of food and that are designed to empower women and ensure access to and control of resources necessary for food security.
Gender equity in African Agriculture
If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.!
National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Grant
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