Emerging Terrorist Emerging Terrorist EnvironmentsEnvironments

Gender-Selective Political Gender-Selective Political Violence & Criminal Violence & Criminal Dissident TerrorismDissident Terrorism

Gender-Selective Terrorism Against MenGender-Selective Terrorism Against Men

During conflict and unrest.During conflict and unrest.

Elimination of potential fighters.Elimination of potential fighters.

Cases: Cases: Armenian genocide. Armenian genocide. Anfal campaign. Anfal campaign. Rwandan genocide. Rwandan genocide. Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Cultural Repression and Violence Against WomenCultural Repression and Violence Against Women

Women as second-class citizens.Women as second-class citizens. Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia.Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia. Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

Violent cultural repression of women.Violent cultural repression of women. Case: Honor killings.Case: Honor killings. Case: Female infanticide.Case: Female infanticide. Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM). Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.

Terrorism Against WomenTerrorism Against Women

State terrorism against women.State terrorism against women. Campaigns of conquest during wartime.Campaigns of conquest during wartime. Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group. Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”

Dissident terrorism against women.Dissident terrorism against women. By insurgents or paramilitaries.By insurgents or paramilitaries. Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990’s.Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990’s.

Responding to Gender-Selective Responding to Gender-Selective TerrorismTerrorism

No collective response until late 20No collective response until late 20thth century. century. 1998 decision by the International Criminal 1998 decision by the International Criminal

Tribunal for Rwanda.Tribunal for Rwanda. 2001 “Foca” decision by the International 2001 “Foca” decision by the International

Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

The Criminal and Political Terrorism NexusThe Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus

Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.

Common characteristics: Common characteristics: Secretive. Secretive. Antisocial. Antisocial. Underground.Underground.

Smuggling and “special-order” goods.Smuggling and “special-order” goods. Selling to the highest bidder.Selling to the highest bidder. Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.

Traditional Criminal EnterprisesTraditional Criminal Enterprises

Motivated by sheer profit.Motivated by sheer profit. Politically passive when left alone.Politically passive when left alone. Politically violent when challenged by governments.Politically violent when challenged by governments.

Cases: Cases: Chinese Triads. Chinese Triads. Japanese Yakuza. Japanese Yakuza. American La Cosa Nostra. American La Cosa Nostra. Russian Mafia. Russian Mafia. Italian Mafia.Italian Mafia.

The Logic of Narco-TerrorismThe Logic of Narco-Terrorism

““The use of drug trafficking to advance the The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”organizations.”

Drug-related violence.Drug-related violence. Latin American Latin American narcotrafficantesnarcotrafficantes..

AsiaAsia Golden CrescentGolden Crescent Golden Triangle.Golden Triangle.

EuropeEurope Italian and Russian organized crime.Italian and Russian organized crime. The “Balkan Route.”The “Balkan Route.”

Latin AmericaLatin America Drug cartels.Drug cartels. Cases: Colombia. Mexico. Peru.Cases: Colombia. Mexico. Peru.