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Unconventional WarfareUnconventional Warfare

2001 2001 –– American led coalition struck American led coalition struck AfghanistanAfghanistan–– Destruction of al QaedaDestruction of al Qaeda

20032003 –– AmericanAmerican and Britishand British forcesforces2003 2003 American American and British and British forces forces invaded Iraq invaded Iraq –– Topple Saddam HusseinTopple Saddam Hussein–– Prevent Iraq from passing weapons of mass Prevent Iraq from passing weapons of mass

destruction to al Qaeda and other Jihadistsdestruction to al Qaeda and other JihadistsResult was unconventional warfare Result was unconventional warfare

Unconventional Unconventional Warfare Warfare -- IraqIraq

After After the major the major offensive, campaign offensive, campaign against the U.S. and its allies against the U.S. and its allies was was horrendoushorrendousThe most helpful way to think about the The most helpful way to think about the p yp yinsurgency is to look at the different insurgency is to look at the different categories of groups opposing the categories of groups opposing the occupation and the Iraqi occupation and the Iraqi gov’tgov’t. and to . and to consider the differences in culturesconsider the differences in cultures

Unconventional Unconventional Warfare Warfare -- Iraq (cont.)Iraq (cont.)

Bush and other government officials Bush and other government officials referedrefered to insurgents as terroriststo insurgents as terroristsMedia used a variety of namesMedia used a variety of names–– TerroristsTerroristsTerroristsTerrorists–– Suicide bombersSuicide bombers–– Outlawed militiamenOutlawed militiamen

No clear enemyNo clear enemyCounterinsurgency is not simply a fight Counterinsurgency is not simply a fight against terrorismagainst terrorism

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Unconventional Warfare Unconventional Warfare -- Iraq (cont.)Iraq (cont.)There are three There are three main insurgent groupsmain insurgent groups1)1) Displaced Displaced Ba’athistsBa’athists

Were part of Hussein’s regimeWere part of Hussein’s regimeUse terrorist tactics at times, Use terrorist tactics at times, but see but see themselves themselves engaged in a guerrilla campaignengaged in a guerrilla campaign

2)2) I iI i h t th U S t l th i th t th U S t l th i t2)2) Iraqis Iraqis who want the U.S. to leave their countrywho want the U.S. to leave their countrySunni militants not related to Sunni militants not related to Ba’athistsBa’athists, fight along , fight along tribal linestribal linesMilitant Militant Shi’itesShi’ites want Iraq to be an Islamic republic like want Iraq to be an Islamic republic like IranIranCriminals who do not care about the countries Criminals who do not care about the countries leadership and engage in crime to make a profitleadership and engage in crime to make a profit

3)3) JihadistsJihadistsCome to Iraq to fight the U.SCome to Iraq to fight the U.S..

Unconventional Warfare Unconventional Warfare -- Iraq (cont.)Iraq (cont.)

Two Two classes of Jihadistsclasses of Jihadists1)1) Those from surrounding areas fighting as Those from surrounding areas fighting as

guerrillasguerrillasT i i hi hl l tiT i i hi hl l tiTerrorism use is highly selectiveTerrorism use is highly selectivePurpose is to kill Americans and their Purpose is to kill Americans and their supporterssupporters

2)2) The other group is composed of terrorists The other group is composed of terrorists under an al Qaedaunder an al Qaeda--style umbrellastyle umbrella

Unconventional Warfare Unconventional Warfare -- Iraq (cont.)Iraq (cont.)

Terrorism is the primary tactic of the Terrorism is the primary tactic of the JihadistsJihadistsU.S. confrontation with the second group U.S. confrontation with the second group of terrorists is a fight against terrorismof terrorists is a fight against terrorismof terrorists is a fight against terrorismof terrorists is a fight against terrorismThe three The three insurgent groups do not share a insurgent groups do not share a common vision for the future of Iraqcommon vision for the future of Iraq–– Frequently at odds with each otherFrequently at odds with each other

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Unconventional Warfare Unconventional Warfare -- Iraq (cont.)Iraq (cont.)Cultural factors behind the violence in Iraq is Cultural factors behind the violence in Iraq is extremely importantextremely important–– Families and extended family groups are one of most Families and extended family groups are one of most

important aspects of Arab cultureimportant aspects of Arab cultureU.S. dominated coalition of nonU.S. dominated coalition of non--Arab nations invade an Arab Arab nations invade an Arab country, tribal loyalties will come to forefrontcountry, tribal loyalties will come to forefrontcountry, tribal loyalties will come to forefrontcountry, tribal loyalties will come to forefront

When cultural When cultural aspects aspects combine combine with various with various ideologies ideologies motivating the various insurgent motivating the various insurgent groups, it is possible to see that a major portion groups, it is possible to see that a major portion of the insurrection does not involve terrorismof the insurrection does not involve terrorism–– Tactics that work against terrorists do not work Tactics that work against terrorists do not work

against guerrillas or conventional militiasagainst guerrillas or conventional militias

Failure to make distinctions may lead to defeatFailure to make distinctions may lead to defeat

Unconventional Unconventional Warfare Warfare --AfghanistanAfghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) began on Oct. 7, 2001began on Oct. 7, 2001–– Afghanistan Afghanistan hosted terrorist group responsible hosted terrorist group responsible

f 9f 9 1111for 9for 9--1111–– U.S. demanded arrest of al Qaeda and its U.S. demanded arrest of al Qaeda and its

leadershipleadership–– NATO took command of operationsNATO took command of operations–– bin bin Laden escaped death or Laden escaped death or capturecapture

Unconventional Warfare Unconventional Warfare --Afghanistan (contAfghanistan (cont.).)

Three issues arise in looking at Afghanistan in Three issues arise in looking at Afghanistan in the context of terrorism in Central Asiathe context of terrorism in Central Asia1)1) al Qaeda and Jihadist sympathizers were able to al Qaeda and Jihadist sympathizers were able to

reconstitute leadership in the eastern areas ofreconstitute leadership in the eastern areas ofreconstitute leadership in the eastern areas of reconstitute leadership in the eastern areas of Afghanistan and tribal regions of PakistanAfghanistan and tribal regions of Pakistan

2)2) Ability of al Qaeda and Jihadist sympathizers to Ability of al Qaeda and Jihadist sympathizers to inspire or directly control the network destabilizes inspire or directly control the network destabilizes the area giving the Jihadists a long reachthe area giving the Jihadists a long reach

3)3) Taliban and other Jihadist forces use terrorist tactics Taliban and other Jihadist forces use terrorist tactics against military forces in unconventional roleagainst military forces in unconventional role

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AsiaAsiaAsia witnessed the growth of terrorist Asia witnessed the growth of terrorist networks during the early 21networks during the early 21stst centurycenturyCentral AsiaCentral Asia–– As the new Russian Federation formed after As the new Russian Federation formed after

the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union thethe 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union thethe 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, the the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, the Russians wanted little to do with their old Russians wanted little to do with their old possessions in Central Asiapossessions in Central Asia

–– TurkmenistanTurkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, , Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan moved out of Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan moved out of Soviet control into Soviet control into selfself--governmentgovernment

Central AsiaCentral Asia1991 breakup of the Soviet Union gave rise to 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union gave rise to three three movements:movements:1)1) HizbHizb ulul TahrirTahrir (HT(HT) )

A A Palestinian Palestinian organizationorganizationMoved Moved to Central Asia to preach conversion to Islamto Central Asia to preach conversion to IslamOne One of the most powerful groups in Central Asiaof the most powerful groups in Central Asia

2)2) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU(IMU))Proposed Proposed violent Jihad against the dictator of violent Jihad against the dictator of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan, Islam Islam KarimovKarimovIslamic Islamic Renaissance PartyRenaissance PartyAligned with Taliban and narcotic traffickers in AfghanistanAligned with Taliban and narcotic traffickers in Afghanistan

3)3) UigharsUighars, , Jihadists from western China’s ethnic Jihadists from western China’s ethnic TurkmenTurkmenOrganized Organized to revive an 18to revive an 18thth century Islamic state in China’s century Islamic state in China’s Xinjiang Xinjiang provinceprovinceUsing Using Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as bases, the Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as bases, the UigharsUigharsoperate in Chinaoperate in China

Central Central Asia Asia -- HTHTHizbHizb ulul TahrirTahrir (HT) is growing in Central Asia (HT) is growing in Central Asia and spreading to Middle East, Turkey, and and spreading to Middle East, Turkey, and EuropeEuropeGrowing from a Palestinian missionary Growing from a Palestinian missionary organization in 1953, HT took root in Central organization in 1953, HT took root in Central AsiaAsia–– Began to spread after the fall of the Soviet UnionBegan to spread after the fall of the Soviet Union–– Its purpose was evangelismIts purpose was evangelism

Preached the peaceful formation of the caliphatePreached the peaceful formation of the caliphateIn addition to young marginalized men, HT In addition to young marginalized men, HT targets local Islamic leaders and law targets local Islamic leaders and law enforcement officersenforcement officersIt may proclaim nonIt may proclaim non--violence, but members of violence, but members of several violent terrorist groups were members of several violent terrorist groups were members of HTHT–– In addition, some members of the IMU, a selfIn addition, some members of the IMU, a self--

described violent group, have been found with HT described violent group, have been found with HT literatureliterature

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Central Central Asia Asia -- IMUIMUIslamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)–– Origins can be traced to the Fergana Origins can be traced to the Fergana

Valley in 1990Valley in 1990–– Its two leaders, Its two leaders, TahirTahir YoldashYoldash and and JumaJuma

NamanganiNamangani, wished to restore the , wished to restore the caliphate in Central Asiacaliphate in Central Asia

–– As members of the new organizationAs members of the new organizationAs members of the new organization As members of the new organization were arrested, were arrested, YoldashYoldash and and NamanganiNamanganifled to Tajikistanfled to Tajikistan

–– When the Tajik civil war began, When the Tajik civil war began, YoldashYoldashfled to Afghanistan, and fled to Afghanistan, and NamanganiNamanganijoined the Tajik Islamistsjoined the Tajik Islamists

YoldashYoldash became the ambassador of sorts for became the ambassador of sorts for the Central Asia caliphate movementthe Central Asia caliphate movementNamanganiNamangani attained a reputation as a fierce attained a reputation as a fierce warriorwarrior

Central Central Asia Asia –– IMU (cont.)IMU (cont.)Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) –– NamanganiNamangani, somewhat impressed with the , somewhat impressed with the

Tajik settlement, went to Afghanistan to join Tajik settlement, went to Afghanistan to join the Taliban the Taliban gov’tgov’t..

–– He joined He joined YoldashYoldash to form the IMU in Kabul in to form the IMU in Kabul in 19981998

–– NamanganiNamangani began a twobegan a two--fold campaign:fold campaign:He continued terrorist activities to create the He continued terrorist activities to create the caliphatecaliphateHe increasingly turned to crime for moneyHe increasingly turned to crime for money

–– When the USWhen the US--led coalition struck Afghanistan led coalition struck Afghanistan in Oct. 2001, the IMU fought for the Talibanin Oct. 2001, the IMU fought for the Taliban

American forces killed American forces killed NamanganiNamangani in heavy in heavy fighting a month later and the IMU went fighting a month later and the IMU went undergroundunderground

Central Central Asia Asia –– IMU (cont.)IMU (cont.)SvanteSvante Cornell believes the IMU changed Cornell believes the IMU changed its focus from political terrorism to criminal its focus from political terrorism to criminal networkingnetworking–– The IMU became narcotics traffickersThe IMU became narcotics traffickers

According to Cornell, an aggressive According to Cornell, an aggressive counterterrorist policy in Central Asiacounterterrorist policy in Central Asiacounterterrorist policy in Central Asia counterterrorist policy in Central Asia should include emphasis on criminal should include emphasis on criminal networks and drug traffickingnetworks and drug trafficking

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Central Central Asia Asia –– China’s Problem China’s Problem in Xinjiangin Xinjiang

After 9After 9--11, China was eager 11, China was eager to join the U.S. in to join the U.S. in the “war on terror”the “war on terror”In 2003, China asked for international In 2003, China asked for international assistance in clamping down on what the assistance in clamping down on what the gov’tgov’t. . p gp g ggclaims to be it own “Jihadists terrorists”, claims to be it own “Jihadists terrorists”, UighurUighurnationalists who believe Xinjiang is their nationalists who believe Xinjiang is their international homelandinternational homeland–– China wants the assistance of the U.S. in listing China wants the assistance of the U.S. in listing

UigharUighar organizations as terrorist groupsorganizations as terrorist groupsXinjiang has China’s largest oil and gas reservesXinjiang has China’s largest oil and gas reserves–– UigharsUighars feel they are entitled to these reservesfeel they are entitled to these reserves

Central Central Asia Asia –– China’s Problem China’s Problem in Xinjiang (cont.)in Xinjiang (cont.)

The The UighursUighurs are ethnic Turkmen, mostly Sufi are ethnic Turkmen, mostly Sufi MuslimsMuslims–– They have lived in and governed parts of Xinjiang province They have lived in and governed parts of Xinjiang province

for 200 yearsfor 200 years–– Many of them are fighting to become independent of ChinaMany of them are fighting to become independent of China

Although one of the militant groups fighting for Although one of the militant groups fighting for independence trained in Afghanistan, the majority of independence trained in Afghanistan, the majority of militants are not Jihadistsmilitants are not Jihadists–– However, some of the separatists are terroristsHowever, some of the separatists are terrorists

Most of the Uighur terrorism is not part of the Most of the Uighur terrorism is not part of the Jihadist movementJihadist movement–– Many of the separatists are not violent and do not Many of the separatists are not violent and do not

endorse terrorismendorse terrorism

Central Asia Central Asia –– The Maoist The Maoist Rebellion in NepalRebellion in Nepal

The situation in Nepal involves terrorism in The situation in Nepal involves terrorism in the forms of revolution and repressionthe forms of revolution and repressionThe monarchy, ruled by authoritarian King The monarchy, ruled by authoritarian King GyanendraGyanendra, unleashed the military after , unleashed the military after taking the throne in 2001taking the throne in 2001taking the throne in 2001taking the throne in 2001The Communist Party of Nepal responded The Communist Party of Nepal responded by conducting its own abductions and by conducting its own abductions and executionsexecutions

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Central Asia Central Asia –– The Maoist The Maoist Rebellion in NepalRebellion in Nepal

Nepal’s problems do not follow the path of Nepal’s problems do not follow the path of other forms of terrorism in Asiaother forms of terrorism in Asia–– The civil war started in 1996 when Maoists The civil war started in 1996 when Maoists

launched attacks in different parts of the launched attacks in different parts of the countrycountrycountrycountry

–– King King GyandendraGyandendra abandoned all pretext of abandoned all pretext of democracydemocracy

Took direct control of Took direct control of gov’tgov’t. in Feb. 2004 and cut . in Feb. 2004 and cut Nepal off from the worldNepal off from the world

–– The result has been a bitter circle of The result has been a bitter circle of revolution and repression revolution and repression

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent --PakistanPakistan

Two international issues dominate Pakistan’s Two international issues dominate Pakistan’s relations with the USrelations with the US1)1) Pakistan is the only Islamic country with nuclear Pakistan is the only Islamic country with nuclear

capabilities and it has shred those capabilities with capabilities and it has shred those capabilities with other countriesother countries

2)2) After 9/11, Pakistani President After 9/11, Pakistani President PervezPervez MusharrafMusharraf)) e 9/ , a s a es dee 9/ , a s a es de e ee e us a aus a abecame an ally of the USbecame an ally of the US

Pakistan has allowed Coalition forces fighting in Pakistan has allowed Coalition forces fighting in Afghanistan to fly over Pakistani territoryAfghanistan to fly over Pakistani territoryIt has allowed American personnel to operate It has allowed American personnel to operate w/in its bordersw/in its bordersIts military has conducted counterterrorist Its military has conducted counterterrorist operations, especially in the northwest where al operations, especially in the northwest where al Qaeda, Taliban, and other Jihadist forces are Qaeda, Taliban, and other Jihadist forces are housedhoused

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent --PakistanPakistan

Pakistan is not as much a modern country as it Pakistan is not as much a modern country as it is a modern series of tribal confederationsis a modern series of tribal confederationsThe Jihadist movement is strong in the The Jihadist movement is strong in the NorthNorth--West Frontier Province (NWFP) West Frontier Province (NWFP) and strongest and strongest ( )( ) ggin the province’s tribal area of in the province’s tribal area of WaziristanWaziristanBaluchsBaluchs are staging a revolt in are staging a revolt in BaluchistanBaluchistan, and , and two major parties resent the Pakistani two major parties resent the Pakistani gov’t.’sgov’t.’srelationship with the U.S.relationship with the U.S.There is tension between Pakistan and India all There is tension between Pakistan and India all along their borderalong their border–– Both countries lay claim to Both countries lay claim to JammuJammu and and KashmirKashmir

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Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent --BangladeshBangladesh

Bangladesh became an independent nation in 1971Bangladesh became an independent nation in 1971Currently experiencing a twoCurrently experiencing a two--fold problem:fold problem:–– Its ports have become centers for international crime, Its ports have become centers for international crime,

including drugincluding drug--trafficking and illegal weapons tradetrafficking and illegal weapons tradeTh th f ilit t f d t liTh th f ilit t f d t li th tth t–– The growth of militant fundamentalismThe growth of militant fundamentalism threatens threatens Bangladeshi political stability and promotes terrorismBangladeshi political stability and promotes terrorism

An An ideal place for militant religion to emergeideal place for militant religion to emerge–– Has spawned the birth of:Has spawned the birth of:

UlUl--Jihad Jihad ulul--IslamiIslami (Islamic Jihad), (Islamic Jihad), Southeast Asian wing of al Southeast Asian wing of al QaedaQaedaHarkatHarkat ulul--Jihad (Jihad Organization), a clone of Jihad (Jihad Organization), a clone of UlUl--Jihad Jihad ulul--IslamiIslami

–– These groups threaten to bring a larger revolution to These groups threaten to bring a larger revolution to BangladeshBangladesh

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––Sri LankaSri Lanka

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamEelam (LTTE or Tamil Tigers(LTTE or Tamil Tigers) ) have been fighting for an independent homeland for the have been fighting for an independent homeland for the nearly 3 million nearly 3 million TamilsTamils in northern and eastern Sri Lankain northern and eastern Sri LankaStruggle’s origins can be traced to the autonomy India Struggle’s origins can be traced to the autonomy India gained at the end of WW IIgained at the end of WW IIgained at the end of WW IIgained at the end of WW IIThe Tamil’s believe that Sri Lanka is the home of two The Tamil’s believe that Sri Lanka is the home of two sovereign peoples: the Tamils and the Sinhalesesovereign peoples: the Tamils and the Sinhalese–– They argue that the island can be divided into tow sovereign They argue that the island can be divided into tow sovereign

areas and that both groups can live together, albeit separatelyareas and that both groups can live together, albeit separately

In 1975, In 1975, VelupillaiVelupillai PirapaharanPirapaharan, a young Tamil militant, , a young Tamil militant, formed the LTTEformed the LTTE–– Grew Grew from 40 followers to between 10,000 to 16,000 from 40 followers to between 10,000 to 16,000 followersfollowers

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––Sri LankaSri Lanka

LTTE eventually emerged as the leading revolutionary LTTE eventually emerged as the leading revolutionary groupgroup–– Launched Sri Lanka into a fullLaunched Sri Lanka into a full--blown terrorist campaignblown terrorist campaign

Unable to foment the revolution from above, the group Unable to foment the revolution from above, the group established contacts with the Popular Front for theestablished contacts with the Popular Front for theestablished contacts with the Popular Front for the established contacts with the Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineLiberation of Palestine–– Since that time, the Tamil Tigers have launched three onSince that time, the Tamil Tigers have launched three on--again, again,

offoff--again terrorist campaignsagain terrorist campaigns

The LTTE has incorporated a variety of tactics since The LTTE has incorporated a variety of tactics since 19841984–– Guerrilla tacticsGuerrilla tactics–– Criminal activitiesCriminal activities–– Suicide bombers on land and seaSuicide bombers on land and sea–– Used Used children as soldierschildren as soldiers

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Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––Sri LankaSri Lanka

From 1994 to 1995, the Tamil Tigers waged a bombing From 1994 to 1995, the Tamil Tigers waged a bombing and assassination campaignand assassination campaignThey did what not other terrorist group has been able to They did what not other terrorist group has been able to dodo–– Supported by guerrilla strongholds Tamil Tigers appeared inSupported by guerrilla strongholds Tamil Tigers appeared in–– Supported by guerrilla strongholds, Tamil Tigers appeared in Supported by guerrilla strongholds, Tamil Tigers appeared in

uniform in 1994 and fought pitched battles with the Sri Lankan uniform in 1994 and fought pitched battles with the Sri Lankan security forcessecurity forces

The Sri Lankan security forces have recently mounted a The Sri Lankan security forces have recently mounted a major offensive against the Tamil Tigersmajor offensive against the Tamil Tigers–– Gov’tGov’t. forces currently have the Tigers trapped in the northern . forces currently have the Tigers trapped in the northern

part of the islandpart of the island–– 6565--75K civilians are estimated to be trapped in the conflict zone75K civilians are estimated to be trapped in the conflict zone–– Tigers have attempted to prevent civilian flight by detonating Tigers have attempted to prevent civilian flight by detonating

three suicide bombs and sniping at civiliansthree suicide bombs and sniping at civilians

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent --IndiaIndia

India has a variety of terrorist problems coming India has a variety of terrorist problems coming from political, religious, and ethnic strifefrom political, religious, and ethnic strifeThe The NaxalitesNaxalites, composed , composed of radical of radical Maoists, Maoists, emerged in a 1967 uprising in West Bengalemerged in a 1967 uprising in West Bengal

Th b lli h tTh b lli h t li d ft I di itli d ft I di itThe rebellion was shortThe rebellion was short--lived after India security lived after India security forces targeted the groupforces targeted the groupThe The NaxalitesNaxalites broke into many smaller movements broke into many smaller movements and reemerged in 2004 when two violent Maoist and reemerged in 2004 when two violent Maoist groups united to form the Communist Party of Indiagroups united to form the Communist Party of India

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––India (cont.)India (cont.)

Politics and religion combine in Jammu and Politics and religion combine in Jammu and KashmirKashmir–– Three main groups and a host of smaller splinter Three main groups and a host of smaller splinter

organizations carry out a campaign of religious organizations carry out a campaign of religious violenceviolence

The ISI has played a leading role in The ISI has played a leading role in KashimiriKashimiriviolenceviolenceThere are three ISIThere are three ISI--inspired Jihadist groups in inspired Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir:Jammu and Kashmir:

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Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––India (cont.)India (cont.)

1)1) LashkarLashkar--ee--TaibaTaiba ((LeTLeT) ) or Army of the Pure or Army of the Pure –– Receives funding from ISIS in exchange for two services:Receives funding from ISIS in exchange for two services:

Targets Targets Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir region Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir region and;and;Sends Sends operatives into operatives into India India to train native to train native JihadistsJihadists

2)2) The The HarakatHarakat ulul--MujihadeenMujihadeen ((HuMHuM)), or , or O i ti f H l W iO i ti f H l W iOrganization of Holy WarriorsOrganization of Holy Warriors

–– Formed by a merger of two Formed by a merger of two mujihadeenmujihadeen groups after the groups after the SovietSoviet--Afghan war and calls for attacks on AmericansAfghan war and calls for attacks on Americans

3)3) The The JaishJaish--ee--Mohammed (Mohammed (JeMJeM)), or Army of , or Army of MohammedMohammed–– Headquartered in PakistanHeadquartered in Pakistan–– Has ambitions beyond Jammu and KashmirHas ambitions beyond Jammu and Kashmir–– Operates a string of radical Operates a string of radical madrassasmadrassas that preach that preach

Islamic revolutionIslamic revolution

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––India (cont.)India (cont.)

Although the ISI activity seems to have backed Although the ISI activity seems to have backed off, there are several ethnic and communal off, there are several ethnic and communal tensions involving terrorism as well as internal tensions involving terrorism as well as internal Jihadist threatsJihadist threats

Terrorism on the Indian Terrorism on the Indian Subcontinent Subcontinent ––India (cont.)India (cont.)

The SikhsThe Sikhs–– After India was partitioned in 1947, some Sikhs After India was partitioned in 1947, some Sikhs

sought independence in Punjab, a state where they sought independence in Punjab, a state where they represented the majority of the populationrepresented the majority of the population

–– This gave birth to a small, violent independence This gave birth to a small, violent independence s ga e b o a s a , o e depe de ces ga e b o a s a , o e depe de cemovement in 1977movement in 1977

–– The issue came to a head in 1984, when Indian The issue came to a head in 1984, when Indian military forces entered the Sikh’s most sacred site, the military forces entered the Sikh’s most sacred site, the Golden Temple, and engaged in a bloody battle with Golden Temple, and engaged in a bloody battle with armed militantsarmed militants

–– Small groups of Sikhs formed terror cells and they Small groups of Sikhs formed terror cells and they targeted Indian security forces, unsympathetic targeted Indian security forces, unsympathetic journalists, and the majority of Sikhs who called for journalists, and the majority of Sikhs who called for the restoration of peacethe restoration of peace

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Southeast Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim Rim --ThailandThailand

Thailand is experiencing a rebellion in its Thailand is experiencing a rebellion in its southern provincessouthern provincesWhile the country is dominated by Buddhism, While the country is dominated by Buddhism, Islam Islam is the primary religion of the three most is the primary religion of the three most southern southern statesstates–– These states border Islamic MalaysiaThese states border Islamic Malaysia

The The PattaniPattani United Liberation Organization United Liberation Organization (PULO) formed (PULO) formed in India in 1968 for the purpose in India in 1968 for the purpose of creating of creating a Muslim state through armed a Muslim state through armed strugglestruggle–– Leaders trained in Syria and Leaders trained in Syria and LibyaLibya

Southeast Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim Rim --Thailand (cont.)Thailand (cont.)

The The BarisanBarisan RevolusiRevolusi NasionalNasional--Coordinate Coordinate (BRN(BRN--C) C) is leading the insurgency is leading the insurgency and carries a and carries a Jihadist agendaJihadist agendaComplementing the BRNComplementing the BRN--C is the C is the GerakanGerakanp gp gMujihadeenMujihadeen IslamiIslami PattaniPattani (GMIP)(GMIP)–– Afghan veterans reassembled the group in 1995, but Afghan veterans reassembled the group in 1995, but

is has deteriorated into a criminal gangis has deteriorated into a criminal gangSouthern Southern insurgency is becoming an insurgency is becoming an international international affairaffair–– Radicals in the Philippines and Indonesia see the Radicals in the Philippines and Indonesia see the

revolt as part of the international Jihadrevolt as part of the international Jihad

Southeast Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim Rim --IndonesiaIndonesia

Jihadist Jihadist groups began forming in Indonesia in groups began forming in Indonesia in 1990s1990sNew leadership gained power in 1998, and New leadership gained power in 1998, and Islamic groups blossomed, asserting their Islamic groups blossomed, asserting their independenceindependenceindependenceindependenceMilitant Islamic groups grew in 1999 fighting Militant Islamic groups grew in 1999 fighting between Christians and Muslims between Christians and Muslims The political The political situation in Indonesia provided situation in Indonesia provided climate for climate for the growth the growth of Jihadist of Jihadist groupsgroups

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Southeast Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim Rim --IndonesiaIndonesia

Members of Jihadist movements Members of Jihadist movements had been had been trained trained in in AfghanistanAfghanistanLashkarLashkar JihadJihad formed to fight Christians in the formed to fight Christians in the easteastA i i tA i i t J tJ t I l iI l iA more sinister group, A more sinister group, JamaatJamaat IslamiyyaIslamiyya, , formed formed with with the purpose the purpose of placing Indonesia of placing Indonesia under strict Islamic lawunder strict Islamic lawBoth Both groups groups have had have had contacts with al contacts with al QaedaQaeda

Southeast Asia and the Pacific RimSoutheast Asia and the Pacific Rim

Southeast Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim Rim ––The PhilippinesThe Philippines

The Philippines also experienced Jihadist The Philippines also experienced Jihadist violenceviolence–– TheThe Moro Moro National Liberation Front National Liberation Front (MNLF(MNLF))

Is a continuation of the old religious struggleIs a continuation of the old religious struggleSeeks an independent Islamic stateSeeks an independent Islamic state

–– TheThe Moro Islamic Liberation Moro Islamic Liberation Front Front (MILF) (MILF) Has ties with Jihadist movementsHas ties with Jihadist movementsSeeks to create an Islamic state under strict Seeks to create an Islamic state under strict interpretations of Islamic interpretations of Islamic lawlaw

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Southeast Asia and the Pacific Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim Rim ––The Philippines (cont.)The Philippines (cont.)

Abu Abu SayyufSayyuf–– Claims Claims to be part of the Jihadist to be part of the Jihadist movementmovement–– HoweverHowever, more closely associated with criminal , more closely associated with criminal

activityactivitySeems more interestedSeems more interested inin money than religionmoney than religionSeems more interested Seems more interested in in money than religionmoney than religion

New Peoples Army (NPANew Peoples Army (NPA))–– Operates throughout the PhilippinesOperates throughout the Philippines–– Originally established to fight both the government Originally established to fight both the government

and its American alliesand its American allies–– Hopes Hopes to turn the Philippines into a Communist to turn the Philippines into a Communist statestate–– Responsible Responsible for a number of murders to include U.S. for a number of murders to include U.S.

military personnelmilitary personnel

Radicals and Religion in JapanRadicals and Religion in JapanAumAum ShinrikyoShinrikyo (Supreme Truth)(Supreme Truth)–– An organized religious group trying to destroy An organized religious group trying to destroy

the Japanese governmentthe Japanese governmentThey are a cultThey are a cult--like like terrorist terrorist group whose members group whose members included technicians and scientistsincluded technicians and scientists

–– Responsible Responsible for poison gas attack in the for poison gas attack in the Tokyo subway in 1996Tokyo subway in 1996

First largeFirst large--scale use of chemical agents by scale use of chemical agents by terroriststerrorists

–– Members hoped to destabilize the Japanese Members hoped to destabilize the Japanese government and seize power in the government and seize power in the confusionconfusion

Radicals and Religion in Radicals and Religion in Japan Japan (cont.)(cont.)

Japanese Japanese Red ArmyRed Army–– Unique terrorist group Unique terrorist group which which intertwinedintertwined leftist leftist

ideology with Japanese nationalismideology with Japanese nationalism–– Forged relationships with terrorist groups all over the Forged relationships with terrorist groups all over the

worldworld–– Ironically, although it was a Japanese leftist group, its Ironically, although it was a Japanese leftist group, its

most active cell would operate in Lebanon, fighting for most active cell would operate in Lebanon, fighting for the Palestinian causethe Palestinian cause

–– Group splintered into many factionsGroup splintered into many factionsOne segment operated with the North Korean Intelligence One segment operated with the North Korean Intelligence ServiceServiceAnother group joined the Palestinians in the Middle EastAnother group joined the Palestinians in the Middle EastThe main group remained in Japan to wage a criminal The main group remained in Japan to wage a criminal campaigncampaign

–– Its founder announced in 2001 that it had disbandedIts founder announced in 2001 that it had disbanded