Empa Activities 2007library.eawag-empa.ch/jahresbericht_empa/Empa_Activity...Editor and Publisher Empa CH-8600 Dübendorf CH-9014 St.Gallen CH-3602 Thun Concept and Layout Art Group

Empa Activities 2007Report on technical and scientific activities

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Civil andMechanical Engineering

Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology

Mobility, Energy and Environment

Advanced Materials and Surfaces

Materials Science & Technology

A body of the ETH domain

Marketing, Knowledgeand Technology Transfer

Editor and PublisherEmpaCH-8600 DübendorfCH-9014 St.GallenCH-3602 Thun

Concept and LayoutArt Group of Empa

PrintingSonderegger Druck AG, Weinfelden

ISSN 1660-1394

© Empa 2008

Empa Activities 2007Report on technical and scientific activities


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Absolute differencein NOx emissions(t/year)

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Civil andMechanical Engineering

Materials and Systemsfor Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body

Information, Reliabilityand Simulation Technology

Mobility, Energyand Environment

Advanced Materialsand Surfaces


Marketing, Knowledgeand Technology Transfer

Empa Activities 2007Welcome

Empa, a reliable partner for innovation

Over the past fewyears Empa developed into amod-ern research institution for use-inspired materialsscience and technology, fulfilling its role as a bridgefrom science to practical applications and fromacademia to industry and society. In brief: Today’sEmpa is a highly qualified and reliable partner forinnovation in national and international R&D collab-orations with various partners.

Our partners from industry appreciate Empa’s com-petences, our flexibility and rapid availability aswellas our ongoing training and education offeringssuch as workshops, seminars and practical courses.Our academic partners recognize and acknowledgeEmpa’s support in teaching, our partnership in R&Dprojects and our engagement in the practical train-ing of students. Universities of Applied Sciencesvalue our open attitude in joint projects and an easyaccess to our infrastructure. And federal agenciesrely on our profound expertise and technical know-how.

This turnaround of sortswasmade possible througha strategic “streamlining” of our R&D and serviceportfolio to fit the needs and requirements of ourcustomers and partners, through continuing educa-tion efforts and training of our staff and through aconsistent recruitment policy for new employees.As a result of these efforts Empa’s 2007 performanceas measured in key indicators and when comparedto our sister institutionswithin the ETHDomain andto international institutions with a similar missionhas – once again – improved significantly.

With our unique R&Dportfolio of developingnew materials and sys-tems for both climate-relevant energy tech-nologies and for healthand performance of thehuman body as well asour analytical and mod-elling capabilities in en-vironmental techniques,we focus on society’sconcerns and on inno-vation for industry.Withour achievements on

advanced materials – strongly based on nanotech-nology – and systems for mobility, information andcommunication technology, buildings and medicaltechnologies, togetherwith our interdisciplinary andmultiscale work on life cycle analysis, safety, risk,sustainability and environmental impact of materi-als and structures, Empa made outstanding contri-butions to the advancement of technology and itsimpact on society. As just one example, the SwissNanoConvention 2007 – co-organised by Empa andCredit Suisse – attracted and satisfied SMEs, ven-ture capitalists, federal agencies as well as PhD stu-dents and R&D specialists, and emphasized Empa’sunique role in transferring nanotechnology for in-dustrial competitiveness aswell as in the evaluationand handling of the toxicological potential of freenanoparticles such as the ones from combustionprocesses.

In 2007 we also strengthened and expanded ourrelations in teaching and research with the Univer-sities of Basel, Berne, Fribourg and Zurich. Last butnot least, Empasignedacollaborativeagreementwiththe National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)in Tsukuba, its Japanese “equivalent”.

Louis Schlapbach, CEO Empa

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So what do we envision for the future? After yearsof portfolio adjustment and an impressive boost inperformance, Empa still has room for improvement.Thanks to the radiation of Empa’s new profile weare nonetheless confident to be able to attractcreative, highly qualified men and women, thebrightest in science, engineering and innovation.We look forward to our role inmaterials science andtechnology, especially in the Swiss nanoscience-nanotechnology scene about to be established.Altogether, we are convinced that Empa is poisedfor a continuous and strong development in theyears to come.

Yours

Table of contents Empa Activities 2007

Advanced 3 Investigation on microstructure and longitudinal free strain evolution

Materials of single piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 fibers

and Surfaces 4 Proton conducting ceramics: closing the gap between high temperatureand low temperature fuel cells

6 Atomistic simulations of materials:methods and applications in interface, surface and nanoscience

7 Nanostructured template surfaces and specific endgroup functionalities for theguided self-assembly of supramolecular architectures

8 Boron Nitride on Rhodium (111): a robust nano-template surface

9 Nanowires for tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy

10 Mechanical testing of nanowires and micropillars

12 Electromagnetic processing of nanomaterials observed by in situ time-resolvedsynchrotron radiation diffraction

14 Tailored corrosion processes for biodegradable Mg implants

15 Doping of cyanine solar cells – enhancing charge transport

16 Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer

18 Tribofilm formation from zinc-free anti-wear additives in DLC/DLC andsteel / steel contacts

19 Life-cycle engineering of brazed turbine compressors

21 List of abbreviations

Civil and 25 Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM) densified wood to colonization

Mechanical and degradation by soft-rot fungi

Engineering 26 Possibilities and limitations of acoustic wood tomography on living trees

27 Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressable leaf-springs

28 Non-destructive evaluation of elastic material properties of cross-laminatedsolid wood panels

30 Development of a shell-like electro active polymer (EAP) actuator

31 Long term reliability of Active Fiber Composite (AFC) sensors /actuators

32 Gypsum board in fire: A thermo-physical investigation including a parametric study

33 Thaumasite formation

34 Influence of superplasticizers on micro-structural development of fresh cement pastes

36 Emission of hazardous compounds from tar-containing recycled asphaltpavements during reconstruction

37 Detection of chlorides and moisture in concrete structures withGround Penetrating Radar

38 Compliant solutions for industrial products


Materials and 43 Cyto-compatible and antibacterial nano-composite coatings

Systems 44 Nanomaterial – cell interaction: The presence of nano-sized materials

for Protection and affect cell physiology in vitro

Wellbeing of the 46 Nanostructured plasma coatings demonstrate a permanent hydrophilic effect

Human Body 47 Fiber analytics using the AFM

48 Enhanced adhesion of metal film on synthetic fibers for wearable electronics

49 Tribology of human skin in contact with textiles

50 Steam burns – moisture management in firefighters’ protective clothing

51 Development and characterisation of carbon nanotube-reinforced polyurethane foams

52 Preparation of chiral (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids (RHAs) frombacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates

54 Detection of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) in biomass using gaschromatography


Table of contentsEmpa Activities 2007

Information, 59 Superspeckles – super-resolution filters applied to speckled light

Reliability 60 Monte Carlo simulation of a cone-beam CT system for industrial applications

and Simulation 61 Theoretical investigation of silicon dioxide breakdown

Technology 62 Connection availability analysis of optical transport networks

63 Environmental impact assessment of bio-fuelled mobility versus all-electric solutions

64 Empa’s aircraft noise expertise supports EU research

66 NanoRisk – life cycle thinking for applications of CNT

68 Visualization: Measuring the perceived quality in volume rendering

70 Simplified assessment of traffic emissions in Latin American cities using GIS


Mobility, Energy 75 Synthesis, crystal structure and physical-chemical properties of

and Environment novel oxynitride-perovskites

76 Structure and microstructure characterization of nanoscopic domains inthermoelectric perovskite-type materials

78 Theoretical and empirical modeling of complex hydrides

79 Seeing hydrogen in materials

80 Physical properties of new tetrahydroborates

82 Combustion characteristics of hydrogen-methane mixtures in passenger car engines

84 Particulate emissions of different internal combustion engines concepts

86 Anthropogenic emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) to the atmosphere:From a fossil fuel to an H2 energy economy

88 Bias of conventional nitrogen oxide measurement techniques in the atmosphere

89 Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols in ambient air

90 Quantum cascade laser based measurements of greenhouse gasesand carbon dioxide isotope ratios

92 Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust

93 Brominated flame retardants in Lake Thun: a model predicts impact of new chemicalsand effectiveness of regulatory measures

94 Spatially, time resolved and element-specific in-situ corrosion investigations using anovel online microflow-capillary FI-ICP-MS set-up

95 Synchrotron radiation for sensitive elemental analysis of ambient air particles


Marketing, 101 Technology Transfer@Empa

Knowledge and 102 List of Patents

Technology Transfer 103 Empa Academy – a platform for knowledge transfer

104 Courses, Conferences and Colloquia in 2007

105 Business Incubators@Empa

Appendix 107 Table of contents

Lists of

109 Awards

111 PhD Theses

122 Patents

123 Teaching Activities

128 Publications

164 Conferences

182 Organizational Chart 2008

Empa Activities 2007Advanced Materials and Surfaces

Mission

The success of new materials and coatings onthe market not only depends on their novelfunctionalities and improved performance, butalso on appropriate process and manufacturingtechnologies. The development of new processtechnologies and analytical methods is thereforean integral part of our mission in the study ofadvanced materials and surfaces. We focus onnanoscale materials and coatings, composites,high performance ceramics, functional polymersand selected metallic systems. We follow a policyof direct know-how transfer within dedicatedR&D projects in economically relevant fieldssuch as energy conversion, joining and surfaceengineering, information technology, and damageprevention.

Activities

In 2007, the department strengthened its researchactivities in the area of process technologies.Working together with our industrial and scientificpartners, we have succeeded in developing oroptimizing some very interesting process tech-nologies. For example, in collaboration with HCTShaping Systems SA, the silicon wafer sawingprocess in the manufacture of photovoltaic cellshas been optimized so that the wafer thicknesscould be reduced from initially 300 μm down to100 μm. This corresponds to an increase inmate-rial yield of more than a factor of two and acost reduction of about 30 per cent. In addition,together with the PSI, we have developed a novellaser transfer scheme to make possible the pixel-wise transfer of thin films from a source layer to

a receiver substrate. The innovative aspect of thenew method lies in the use of a triazane polymer,which acts as sacrificial dynamic release layer.The method offers a gentle and efficient methodof transferring sensitive materials without alteringtheir properties, as demonstrated by the success-ful transfer of quantum dots, living cells embeddedin a matrix and recently, functional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) pixels.

Much emphasis has been given to project acquisi-tion within the 7th EU-Framework Programme.With seven projects receiving the go-ahead (twounder Empa leadership), we have been particularlysuccessful in promising areas, with themes rangingfrom the development of novel analytical tools formicro and nanotechnology to complex metallicalloys as thin coatings for tribological applications.

Thanks to our excellent infrastructure and thestate-of-the-art expertise of our staff, we are ableto provide unique services to industry and society.The newest offering is the “Swiss Scanning ProbeMicroscopy User Laboratory” (SUL). Partiallyfinanced by the ETH Domain’s “CompetenceCenter for Materials Science and Technology”, theSUL enables us to extend one of Empa’s crucialtraditional roles – namely to provide highest-levelservices and training to industrial and academicpartners in the field of nanotechnology.

Pierangelo Gröning, Department Head

Investigation on microstructure andlongitudinal free strain evolutionof single piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 fibers

To overcome lead loss in lead zirconate titanate

(PZT) materials the sintering atmosphere is en-

riched with lead by using lead oxide or lead zir-

conate powder bed. Nevertheless, a composition

and microstructure gradient across the fiber ra-

dius can occur. In this study the influence of a gra-

dient is investigated by analyzing the microstruc-

ture (porosity, grain size), the chemical and the

phase composition as well as the piezoelectric

properties (longitudinal free strain) from the sur-

face into the fiber.

At temperatures above 1000 °C, lead zirconate ti-tanate decomposes and lead oxide (PbO) starts toevaporate. The loss of PbO results in an alterationof the starting phase composition, whereby thepiezoelectric properties are influenced. To generatea constant lead oxide vapor pressure, PbO powderis added to the sintering set-up, which restrains thecomposition change. It is known that changes inchemical and phase composition from the surfaceinto the bulk material still exist. With regard to thepiezoelectric properties such a change will be evenmore pronounced in fibers due to their high surfaceto volume ratio. To investigate the influence of thecomposition across the fiber diameter on the piezo-electric properties, the longitudinal free strain wasmeasured on as received sintered and etched fibers(removing the surface area of the fiber).

In this study, extruded PZT-fibers with a green di-ameter of 300 µm were sintered at 1200 °C for twohours in a PbO-enriched atmosphere. The sinteredfibers were characterized with regards to their mi-crostructure, i.e. their density or rather porosity andgrain size, their chemical composition across the fiberradius, their phase composition, and their piezo-electric properties (longitudinal free strain S as afunction of the applied electric field E).

After sintering, the fibers exhibit a porosity of 1.8±0.4% and a grain size of 1.9±0.8 µm consistentacross the fiber diameter. Investigations of the chem-ical composition revealed a constant lead content.The amount of Zr4+ decreases whereas the Ti4+ in-creases from the surface into the fiber. The influencedzone is limited to the surface and is about 20 µm indepth. PZT materials consist of a mixture of a rhom-bohedral PbZrO3 and a tetragonal PbTiO3 phase.Thus, the higher content of Zr4+ causes a higheramount of rhombohedral phase near the surfacearea. After removing 30 µm of the outer diameter of


Empa Activities 2007

3

the fiber by etching, the amount of tetragonal phaseis dominating at the surface (Fig.1). Electromechan-ical measurements (longitudinal free strain) on sin-gle fiber revealed that the surface layer affects thepiezoelectric properties. After removing the alteredzone, the longitudinal free strain was enhanced byabout 20 % (Fig. 2). In future work the sintering set-up with other lead rich powders will be investigat-ed with regard to their effect on the change of thechemical and phase composition across the fiberdiameter.

Juliane Heiber,

Frank Clemens

Contact: [email protected]:J. Heiber, F. Clemens, U.Helbig, A. de Meuron,Ch. Soltmann, T.Graule, D.Hülsenberg, Acta Materialia 55,6499–6506 (2007)J. Heiber, F. Clemens, T.Graule, D.Hülsenberg,Key Engineering Materials, accepted (2007)

Research ProgramAdaptive

Material Systems

Fig.1: XRD profiles in a2-Theta range between 40°and 54° for a pulverized asreceived sintered 300µm-fiber,and for the surface ofan as received and etchedsingle fiber.

Fig. 2: Butterfly shapedlongitudinal free strain foras received sintered andetched single 300 µm-fibers(electrical field || fiber axis).

40 42 44 46 48 50 52 542-Theta

etched fiber surfaceas received sintered fiber surfacepulverized as received sintered fiber

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Support: ETH Board

Links: www.empa.ch/abt123> Functional and Nano-Ceramics

In this study, BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ electrolytes were pre-pared by using different powder synthesis routesand temperature treatments. As confirmed by im-pedance spectroscopy, a bulk conductivity of 0.001S/cm at 400 °C has been achieved, which compareswell with the conductivity of the best ceramic pro-ton conductors.

The different powder synthesis routes led to a varia-tion in the cubic lattice parameter of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ.Neutron diffraction indicates that a Y exchangefrom the Zr-site to the Ba-site causes this increasein the lattice parameter. For the different lattice pa-rameters, the bulk proton conductivity varies overalmost two orders of magnitude. The conductivityclearly increases with an increasing cubic lattice pa-rameter. The results suggest that a larger inter-atom-

Proton conducting ceramics:closing the gap between high temperatureand low temperature fuel cells



Sophie Duval,

Peter Holtappels,

Ulrich Vogt,

Artur Braun,

Thomas Graule,

in collaboration with

John T.S. Irvine,

Cristian Savaniu,

University of

St Andrews (UK),

Kasimir Conder,

PSI (CH)

Solid oxide proton conductors offer a new inter-

mediate temperature fuel cell technology com-

bining the advantages of polymeric fuel cells and

solid oxide fuel cells. Among potential proton

conductor materials, yttrium-substituted barium

zirconate (BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δδ) is a promising candi-

date. The influence of processing parameters on

the proton conductivity was addressed in a study

to evaluate the performance of this material as a

fuel cell electrolyte.

Fuel cells are energy conversion systems which cantheoretically yield more than 60% electrical effi-ciency, which is significantly higher than achieved ininternal combustion processes. To date, two typesof fuel cells are under development, namely the ce-ramic, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and the polymerelectrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) for high and low tem-perature operation, respectively. Using an oxygenion conducting ceramic between 750 °C and 920 °Callows for the utilization of various fuels from hy-drogen to carbohydrates in SOFCs. The proton con-ducting membrane limits the operation temperatureof PEMFCs to around 100 °C, and thus only purifiedhydrogen can be used as fuel.

Ceramic proton conductors can offer a new fuel celltechnology in an intermediate temperature rangefrom 300 °C – 600 °C combining the advantages ofPEMFC and SOFC. Hydrogen from conventional re-forming processes can be used as fuel, and cells andstacks can be built up on low cost ferritic steels asconstruction elements.

4

Among the various proton conducting ceramics, yt-trium-substituted barium zirconate (BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ)is a promising candidate material because it ischemically stable in reducing and oxidizing atmos-pheres in the desired temperature region. Substi-tuting zirconium partially by yttrium allows the for-mation of vacancies, which are filled by OH-groups.The proton pathway is thus provided along the Zr-O6 octahedra chains. The bulk proton conduc-tivity can theoretically exceed 0.01 S/cm at 400 °Cand, thus, is sufficient for fuel cell electrolyte appli-cations. However, this high conductivity has not beenrealized so far, and the processing of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ

to prepare dense specimens is often blamed for thislower than expected performance.


Research ProgramMaterials forEnergy Technologies

Fig.1: Ceramic proton conductors allow the operation of fuel cells between 300 °C and 600 °C, closing the gap between the low temperature polymer electrolyte and high temperature solid oxide fuel cells.

Fig. 2: Microstructure of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ after sintering at 1720 °C (a)and after annealing at 2200 °C (b). Transmission electron microscopyin the vicinity of the grain boundaries (gb) indicates changes in thecrystal symmetry on a nano scale (c) as well as lattice distortions (d).

e-

Electrolyte

PEMFC

ceramicProton Conducting Fuel Cell

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SOFC

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H2O

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H2

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Exhaust gas

Oxidant (air)

Exhaust gas

H2 2H+ + 2e- CathodeAnode O2 + 4e- 2O2-

60°C – 120°C

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1 μm 1 μm



5

tronically positively charged region (so called spacecharge region) in the vicinity of the grain bound-aries that depresses either the proton concentrationor the proton mobility.

The grain boundary resistance could be significant-ly reduced by an additional temperature treatmentat around 2200 °C in an optical floating zone fur-nace. This annealing step also changed the natureof the charge carriers from holes to protons in thevicinity of the grain boundaries. The increase in thegrain boundary conductivity can be related to graingrowth and further densification of the electrolyte.The change from hole to proton conductivity, how-ever, indicates an additional electronic effect. Thecontrol of the crystal and nano structure in the vicin-ity of the grain boundaries and the resulting elec-tronic structure is a key to achieve a high protontransport rate in BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ.

Contact: [email protected]:S.Duval, et al., Solid State Ionics, 178, 1437–1441 (2007)S.Duval, et al., Solid State Ionics, in press,doi:10.1016/ j.ssi.2007.11.030.A. Braun, et al., J. Appl. Electrochem., submitted (2007)


Fig. 3: Temperature dependence of the bulk and grain boundary (gb)proton conductivity of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ before (red symbols) and afterannealing at 2200 °C (blue symbols).

Fig. 4: Proton conductivity at 300 °C and activation energy as a function of the BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ bulk lattice parameter.

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ic distance favors the proton transport through thismaterial by reducing the activation energy for theproton transport along the Zr-O6 octahedra chains.

To obtain further insight into the relevant structur-al parameters and to correlate better the crystalstructure with proton mobility advanced character-ization techniques such as quasi elastic neutronscattering have been applied. The first results con-firm the high proton mobility in BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ anddemonstrate the potential of this measurement tech-nique to analyze the atomic motions in more detail.

Despite its high bulk proton conductivity, the totalconductivity of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ was rather poor andlimited by the grain boundaries. Attempts to im-prove the microstructure and density of the elec-trolytes by processing different powders and usingvarious sintering techniques remained unsuccess-ful. Neither a clear micro structure/conductivity re-lationship nor an insulating secondary phase couldbe identified to explain this large grain boundary resistance. A first interpretation presumes an elec-

Support: SFOE, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Programme

Links: www.empa.ch/ceramics

Atomistic simulations of materials: methods and applications in interface, surfaceand nanoscience



Daniele Passerone,


Alessandro Turco, SISSA,

Franco Cardin,

Università di Padova,

Alberto Passerone,

CNR-IENI (IT)

The techniques of classical and ab initio computer

simulation are powerful tools to describe struc-

tural and electronic properties of materials. With-

in the last year, we developed a Linux-based com-

putational cluster that will act as aggregation

nucleus for the different activities in numerical

simulation at Empa. In our group, the resources of

the cluster are being employed for facing prob-

lems in different fields.

The field of computer simulation has increased itsimportance in materials science both at a macroscopicand microscopic level of description, and the devel-opment of new methods is necessary.

An interesting set of problems concerns the so calledrare events, transitions between stable states of aphysical or chemical system. Such events can be ob-served with low probability due to the presence ofhigh energetic barriers between the states. A veryimportant class of methods to study rare event dy-namics is based upon the principles of classical me-chanics. Recently, we have developed a strategy thatallows obtaining dynamical trajectories at constantenergy joining two states of a system. Our methodrelies on a variational principle that has never beenused in the field of materials science. An exampleof application close to the realm of nanoscience isshown in Figure 1.

6

Clusters of noble gas atoms (like argon) with a well-defined number of particles exist at low tempera-tures in particularly stable configurations. In the caseof a 38 atom cluster, there are competing configu-rations of octahedral and icosahedral type. In thefigure we show a rare transition obtained with ourmethod that allows to obtain information about themicroscopic transition mechanism.

Contact: [email protected]:A.Turco, D. Passerone, F. Cardin, Multiscale modeling andsimulation, submitted (2007)M.L.Muolo, F. Valenza, A. Passerone, D. Passerone, Materials Science and engineering A, in press (2007)


Research ProgramNanotechnology

Fig. 2: An oxygen-rich Ag/Sapphire interface.

Existing well established computer simulation meth-ods can often be used for explaining specific experi-mental observations. Density functional theory (DFT)allows to obtain the electronic properties of a sys-tem starting from its single constituents (nuclear andelectronic charges), in principle “ab initio”, withoutempirical assumptions on the model. We appliedDFT to the field of interface science, where the ef-fect of oxygen on the wetting of solid oxides has re-cently been studied using the sessile-drop technique.In Figure 2, we show the result of a DFT calculationinspired by the experiment: the section of an inter-face between sapphire (0001), on the right side, andsilver, on the left side, is shown. Additional oxygen(red) has been inserted in the first silver layer, andthe subsequent structural modifications have beenobserved. In this oxygen-rich configuration the workof adhesion increases considerably, in agreementwith experimental data. The grey “clouds” in thefigure indicate a particular value of the electronicdensity. More calculations are planned to explainthe thermodynamic behavior of this interface uponvariation of oxygen partial pressure. These calcula-tions have been performed both on our Empa clus-ter and at the Swiss Supercomputing Center (CSCS)in Manno.

Support: CSCSFig.1: A structural transition in an argon cluster.

Nanostructured template surfaces and specificendgroup functionalities for the guided self-assembly of supramolecular architectures

New opportunities for the future fabrication of

nanoscale devices will critically depend on the con-

trolled fabrication of surface-supported function-

al supramolecular structures. A promising strat-

egy is to guide the molecular self-assembly by a

combination of specific molecular functionalisation

and anisotropic molecule-substrate interactions.

Ultimate-resolution lithographic methods do notreach feature size on the molecular level yet. Thislimitation can be overcome by self-assembly tech-niques on surfaces. The controllable fabrication ofhomogeneous self-assembled nanostructures, how-ever, remains a difficult challenge. We have devel-oped an effective strategy to fabricate long-range ordered arrays of supramolecular structures, whichrelies on the use of nanostructured template surfacesexhibiting preferential adsorption sites and the tai-loring of intermolecular interactions by an appro-priate choice of molecular building blocks with suit-able and complementary end-group functionalities.

Figure 1 illustrates the templating effect of the vic-inal Au(11,12,12) surface for the self-assembly offullerene C60 molecules. The Au(11,12,12) surfaceexhibits a rectangular superlattice of 5.8 nm x 7.2 nmperiodicity due to its large extended double periodic-ity: uniformly spaced terraces, separated by straightmonatomic steps, and periodic truncated “V” shapediscommensuration lines separating fcc and hcpstacking areas (Fig. 1A). After deposition of 0.1 mono-layer (ML) C60, a two-dimensional (2D) long-rangeordered superlattice of molecular nanochains is ob-served (Fig. 1B). The electron-rich regions near thelower step edges preferentially accommodate thefullerene molecules, which are known to be elec-tron acceptors, leading to the formation of arrays ofC60 nanochains that perfectly replicate the perio-dicity of the gold template surface (Fig. 1C).

Figure 2 illustrates a system where the molecular self-assembly is guided not only by the interactionwith the substrate surface, but also by specific hy-drogen-bonding interactions between the molecu-lar building blocks 1,4-bis-(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-tria -zine)-benzene (BDATB) and perylene tetra-carbo -xylic di-imide (PTCDI). The STM image of Figure 2Ashows the highly ordered heterocomplex superlat-tice resulting from a deposition slightly below 1 MLof PTCDI and BDATB. Formation of the anticipated3-fold hydrogen-bonding pattern determines the di-rectionality of the bicomponent system. In addition,



7

Marta Cañas-Ventura,

Wende Xiao,

Kamel Aït-Mansour,

Pascal Ruffieux,

Roman Fasel,


Klaus Müllen,

MPIP Mainz (D)

Contact: [email protected]:P. Ruffieux et al., J. Am.Chem. Soc. 129 (16), 5007–5011(2007)M.Cañas-Ventura et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1814 –1818 (2007)K.Aït-Mansour et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series61, 16–21 (2007)



Fig.1: A) STM image of the Au(11,12,12) template surface showing a regular pattern of straight steps and discommensuration lines on a50 x 50 nm2 length scale. B) Formation of a highly regular 2D super-lattice of C60 nanochains on the Au(11,12,12) template surface (100 x 100 nm2). C) Location of C60 nanochains on fcc stacking domains at the lower step edges (12 x12 nm2).

Fig. 2: BDATB and PTCDI bicomponent supramolecular organizationon Au(11,12,12): STM images of binary supramolecular ribbons (A, 30 x 30 nm2), double-row heteromolecular wires (B, 70 x 70 nm2),and a single-row wire (C, 5.6 x 15 nm2).

the regular array of steps on the Au(11,12,12) tem-plate surface imprints the unidirectionality of the bi-component supramolecular structure. A lowering ofthe surface coverage leads to double-row (Fig. 2B)and single-row bimolecular wires (Fig. 2C).The re-sulting superlattices exhibits an almost constant wire-to-wire separation over extended surface areas.

The specificity and high degree of regularity achievedwith C60 as well as PTCDI-BDATB on Au(11,12,12)highlight the potential of a combination of nano-structured template surfaces and appropriately func-tionalized molecular building blocks for the con-trolled self-assembly of specific supramolecular ar-chitectures on surfaces.

Support: EU-FP6, SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/abt127

A B C

A B C

Boron Nitride on Rhodium (111): a robust nano-template surfaceAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Roland Widmer,

Oliver Gröning,


Simon Berner,

Thomas Greber,

Jürg Osterwalder,

University of Zurich (CH)

Nanostructured surfaces acting as templates play

a key role when it comes to the guided assembly

of nanometer-sized particles or clusters. For struc-

ture sizes with molecular dimensions, i.e. below

10 nm where lithographic methods are no longer

applicable, one needs to rely on self-assembled

nano-templates. Recently, such a nanostructured

surface was discovered: Hexagonal boron nitride

(h-BN) on the Rh(111) surface forming a highly reg-

ular hexagonal nanomesh of 2 nm pore size and

a periodicity of 3.22 nm. Using low-temperature

scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM),we could

resolve the true atomic structure of this nanomesh

and confirm a single-layer model in contrast to the

original two-layer model. Furthermore, we could

demonstrate the stability of the nanomesh in an

electrolytic environment.

8

The h-BN nanomesh films grow under ultra high vac-uum (UHV) conditions in a self-organized mannerupon thermal decomposition of borazine (HBNH)3

on the hot Rh(111) surface (at 820°C). Using atom-ic resolution LT-STM in UHV, we could rebut theoriginally proposed two-layer model and help toestablish that the nanomesh consists of a singlesheet of h-BN, where the crystallographic lattice mis-match between BN and Rh(111) leads to the forma-tion of a coincidence lattice with 3.2 nm periodicityas depicted in Figure 1. We are currently investigat-ing the site selective adsorption properties of thissurface by molecule (Fig. 2) and Xenon absorptionand correlate these findings with measurements ofthe local electronic properties as obtained from scan-ning tunneling spectroscopy, which show markeddifferences between pores and wires, originatingmost probably from differences in the bonding ofthe h-BN to the Rh(111) between pores and wires.

One particular property of the h-BN nanomesh is itsstability under ambient conditions though it is pro-duced in UHV. We could even show by in-situ STMthat the nanomesh is preserved in an electrochemi-cal medium. This exceptional stability of a nano -template offers the perspective to address electronicdifferences between wires and pores by the elec-trochemical potential and hopefully achieve site se-lective adsorption of metals or molecules by wetchemical methods. This would bring the use of self-assembled nanotemplate surface a significant stepcloser to technologically relevant processes and ap-plications.

Links: www.nanomesh.ch

Contact: [email protected]:S. Berner, M. Corso, R.Widmer, O.Gröning, R. Laskowski, P. Blaha, K. Schwarz, A.Goriachko, H.Over, S. Gsell, M. Schreck, H. Sachdev, T. Greber, J. Osterwalder, Angewandte Chemie – Int. Ed. 46 (27) 5115 (2007)R.Widmer, S. Berner, O.Gröning, T. Brugger, J. Osterwalder,T. Greber, Electrochemistry Communications 9 (10), 2484(2007)



Fig. 2: LT-STM image of (a) the clean nanomesh and (b) covered withCu-phthalocyanine. Inset: Orbital resolution of one single molecule.

0.1nm

8.5nm

(a) (b)

10 nm 10 nm

Fig.1: LT-STM image in UHV of h-BN nanomesh with atomic resolution.Pores map dark and mesh wires bright.

Nanowires for tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy has largely been used to in-

vestigate the quality of microscale semiconduc-

tor materials. Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(TERS), a new technique based on atomic force mi-

croscopy (AFM) has the potential for imaging sub-

micron sized integrated circuits, but poor repro-

ducibility of tip manufacturing hampers current

applications. Attachment of nanowires on AFM

tips via electron microscopy based nanomanipu-

lation techniques developed at Empa is shown to

circumvent this problem.

Recording the “Raman light” scattered by moleculesexcited by a laser source gives information on thestructure of the probed material. In order to get thesame information at the nanoscale, noble metal par-ticles which locally enhance the Raman signal haveto be brought in (close) contact to the analyzedspecies or material. We use an AFM under the op-tical microscope of a Raman spectrometer (Fig.1),which allows for a controlled approach of an AFMtip coated with gold or silver. The spatial resolutionobtained by this method depends on the shape andsize of the tip apex, two parameters which are tech-nically not well controlled during the coating process.Raman imaging with coated AFM tip can, therefore,not be routinely applied for the characterization ofintegrated circuits.



9

We developed a new method for creating finer Raman tips. By growing metal nanowires or siliconnanowires with gold heads on a silicon substrate,we synthesized tips with perfectly round ends anda controlled diameter selectable from 25 to 500nanometers. In order to be able to bring these tips in(close) contact to the sample, these nanowires needto be fixed as end-effectors to an AFM tip. This ischallenging as positioning requires nanoscale reso-lution in three dimensions as well as an appropriate

Samuel Hoffmann,

Jacques Haesler,

Johann Michler

Contact: [email protected] References:M.Becker, V. Sivakov, G.Andra, R.Geiger, J. Schreiber, S.Hoffmann, J.Michler, A.P.Milenin, P.Werner, S.Christiansen,Nano Letters 7, 75–80 (2007)S.H. Christiansen, M. Becker, S. Fahlbusch, J.Michler, V. Sivakov, G.Andrä, R.Geiger, Nanotechnology 18, 035503 (2007)



Fig.1: TERS setup showing the nanomanipulator bringing the tip in(close) contact to the sample.

Fig. 2: Nanomanipulation sequence showing the welding procedureto fix the nanowire on the AFM tip.

joining technology. For this purpose, we integrateda semi-automated 6-axis nanomanipulation systeminside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thisallows to move the AFM tip in closed-loop controlto the vicinity of one of the nanowires. AFM tip andnanowire are then brought into the desired relativeorientation and welded together in place using theelectron beam of the electron microscope (Fig. 2).

The sensitivity achieved with our tips has beendemonstrated by recording the spectrum of a high-ly diluted solution of malachite green. Although on-ly single molecules of the dye were present, an en-hanced Raman signal could be produced by our col-leagues from the Max-Plank Institute for Microstruc-ture Physics in Halle, Germany, showing that thespatial resolution required to analyze defects andresidual stress in current semiconductor integratedcircuits can be achieved.

Support: EU-FP6


objective

AFM Tip

nanomanipulator

sample

cantilever & tip

XYZ piezo tables

preamplifier

Au-dropletNanowire

1 µm

1 µm

1 µm

1 µm

2 µm 20 µm

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Mechanical testing of nanowires and micropillarsAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Fredrik Östlund,

Samuel Hoffmann,

Johann Michler

Miniaturization of mechanical systems for sen-

sors or medical implants requires mechanical

property data of the involved materials to enable

device design. Several nanomechanical testing

devices that operate inside a scanning electron

microscope were developed that allow for sam-

ple manipulation and testing of micro- and nano-

sized specimens. Silicon nanowires were found to

reach the theoretical fracture strength in bend-

ing, whereas GaAs micropillars show plasticity in

uniaxial compression.

The miniaturization of mechanical systems, for in-stance in the watch industry, has a long industrialtradition in Switzerland. World-wide research effortsconcentrate on new applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for sensor applica-tions, for instance for the car industry, or futurenano-elctromechanical systems (NEMS) as integralpart of a wide range of devices to simulate humanbody functions, like the artificial ear or the elec-tronic nose. To enable device design and to assuredevice reliability the mechanical material behaviorin the application and the underlying material prop-erty data must be known with accuracy. Mechani-cal material properties of mechanical elements likenanobeams or micropillars cannot be extrapolatedfrom macroscopic behavior as plasticity and frac-ture is governed by defects with mean interdistancein the micron and sub-micron range. Therefore, me-chanical testing to assess intrinsic materials prop-erties and device reliability must be performed onmicron and nano-sized specimens. Within the Euro-pean projects ROBOSEM and MASMICRO severalnanomechanical testing devices for use inside a scan-ning electron microscope (SEM) were developed.The integration inside a SEM environment allowsalso for easy sample manipulation and observationof fracture and deformation mechanisms.

Research interest in mechanical properties of semi-conductor nanowires (NWs) has increased expo-nentially over the past few years, driven by the NWspotential to act as key components in future inte-grated circuits and nano-electromechanical systems(NEMS). Silicon and zinc oxide nanowires weregrown epitaxially by the vapor-liquid-solid methodat the Max-Planck Institute for microstructure physics

10

in Halle, Germany (Fig.1). To measure their strength,an atomic force microscope has been mounted intoa SEM at Empa. Under visual control of the SEM, anAFM tip mounted on a slip-stick piezo driven robotarm can be brought into proximity of the sample.The sample with the nanowires is mounted on a 3-axis piezo stage, with which the fine positioning andmanipulation is performed. In the bending experi-ment, the nanowire is deflected by the AFM tip un-til failure (Fig. 2a–c).The procedure is recorded intoa video file, and from the last image before fracturethe maximum strain, located at the nanowire root,can be calculated from its deflection s, length l anddiameter d.



Fig.1: SEM micrograph of an assembly of Si nanowires.

Fig. 2: (a)–(c) Sequence of a bending experiment. (b) is the last image before fracture from which the deflection s can be read out.The black overlaid line gives a visual comparison of the curvature of a straight, clamped beam to that of the nanowire. (d)–(f) Sequenceof a tensile experiment.

500 nm

500 nm

a) b) AFM Tip c)

d) e) f)

Nanowire

d

l

s

l0

l

t

In the tensile experiment, the AFM tip is broughtinto mechanical contact near the end of the nanowireand attached by electron beam induced contami -nation deposition. By retracting the sample from the AFM tip the nanowire is strained until failure(Fig. 2d–f). From the back leap t of the AFM tip andthe cantilever’s spring constant the applied forcecan be extracted and, together with the nanowiresdiameter, the stress at failure is calculated. For sil-icon nano wires the maximum bending strain wasfound to be 6%, and the zinc oxide nanowires revealed an even higher maximum strain of 7.7%.The tensile strength of zinc oxide nanowires was4.6 GPa. Both silicon and zinc oxide nanowires haverevealed a fracture strength close to the theoreticallimit, which indicates that no major structural de-fects are present in the nanowires.

In a similar type of experiment micropillars madeof single crystal gallium arsenide were compressedin order to investigate the strength in uniaxial com-pression. The pillars were manufactured using a focused ion beam. The compression tests were performed in a SEM using a custom made micro -indenter described in reference 3. The indenter wasequipped with a flat punch diamond tip. Figures3(a) and (b) show a pillar with 1.0 µm diameter be-



11

fore and after it was compressed. The images showa clear plastic deformation in the form of height andwidth changes. Multiple slip bands can also be seenon the surface of the pillar. The plasticity is medi-ated by nucleation and movement of dislocations asshown by the transmission electron micrograph inFigure 4. The presence of strong twin spots in thediffraction pattern shows that a significant propor-tion of these dislocations are partial dislocation.This plastic deformation of the micropillar contraststhe expected behavior of GaAs. In uniaxial compres-sion at room temperature, GaAs is normally brittle.This is illustrated by the image series shown in Fig-ures 3(c)–(e). In this case, a pillar with 2.6 µm dia -meter is deformed by brittle failure. Smaller pillarsare more ductile, in contrast to macroscopic com-pression experiment.

Support: EU-FP6


Contact: [email protected]:S.Hoffmann, F.Östlund, J.Michler, HJ. Fan, M. Zacharias,SH.Christiansen, C. Ballif, Nanotechology 18,205503 (2007)J.Michler, K.Wasmer, S.Meier, F.Östlund, K. Leifer, APL 90,043123 (2007)


Fig. 3: (a)–(b). SEM images of a GaAs pillar with 1.0 μm diameter before and after compression, respectively. (c)–(e). Image series of a2.6 μm GaAs pillar before compression, after first chip off and afterfurther chip off respectively.

Fig. 4: Bright field TEM image of a lamella of the pillar shown in Figure 3(b). The lamella was prepared by a FIB. The inset shows a diffraction pattern with 011 zone axis, which indicated the presenceof twins.

a) b)

c) d) e)

1 μm1 μm

200

200

111

111

111

111

500 nm

Electromagnetic processing of nanomaterialsobserved by in situ time-resolved synchrotronradiation diffraction



Sébastien Vaucher,

Radu Nicula

Microwave applications nowadays range from

food conditioning to wood and rubber process-

ing, from sterilization and drying to fast chemical

synthesis and sintering. The use of micro wave en-

ergy in processing and manufacturing of advanced

nanomaterials is not new, either. However, our

present knowledge on the interaction of matter

with microwave fields is limited to observations

performed at room temperature, before and after

this interaction takes place. In-situ synchrotron

radiation (SR) diffraction experiments recently per-

formed at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) promise to

cause a fast improvement of this situation.

The continuous search for new nanostructured ma-terials with unique combinations of properties re-quires not only innovative synthesis and process-ing methods for their preparation but also a deep-er understanding of the microstructure-propertiesrelationship at the different length and time scalesinvolved.

12

Ultra fast heating and cooling are essential to thepreservation of nanoscale features in bulk nano-structured solids. Both microwave and spark plasmasintering techniques offer feasible manufacturingsolutions that will soon enable their use on an indus-trial scale. Common to these modern technologiesis the kinetic suppression of excessive grain-growthduring densification. Nevertheless, despite efforts tofine-tune the use of microwaves to specific applica-tions, there is still a lack of experimental knowledgeon the changes materials undergo in their structure,constitution of phases, morphology and propertiesduring their exposure to microwave fields. Most mi-crowave heating results so far solely rely on the roomtemperature examination of the structure, micro -structure and properties of materials before and af-

ter microwave heating.

A prototype microwave furnace was developed forthe real-time observation of microwave heating byin situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction experimentsat the Materials Science beamline at the SLS. Sever-al powder materials (aluminum alloys, hardmetals,diamond composites, nanoceramics) were alreadyinvestigated.

The ultrafast structural changes of Al-Cu-Fe pow-ders recorded during microwave exposure are illus-trated in Figure 1. The alloy structure changes fromthe initial mixture of cubic ß-Al(Fe) and tetragonalθ-Al2Cu phases, to a much more complex single-phase quasicrystalline structure in less than 20 sec-onds. With conventional heating, the same transfor-mation is not fully completed even after 40 minutesat the same temperature. Changes in the microstruc-ture of materials during microwave heating may al-so be retrieved as a function of time, as illustratedfor the case of magnetite powders in Figure 2.



Fig.1: Real time X-ray diffraction patterns of AlCuFe powders. The evolution of the phases can be monitored in situ during MH witha time resolution of 4 seconds. Quasicrystals are formed within 20 seconds.

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

B

(f) 319s

(e) 314s

(d) 310s

(c) 305s

(b) 184s

(a) 174s

(6,9

)(7

,11)

(8,1

2)

(38,

61)

(18,

29)

(20,

32)

(40,

64)

(52,

84)

We could, therefore, demonstrate the feasibility of in situ high-temperature microwave heating exper-iments using time-resolved wide-angle synchrotronradiation powder diffraction. With respect to the for-mer state of the art, progress was registered with respect to the time resolution, range of observation(much wider scattering angle intervals; wider rangeof accessible energies – potential for local structure,chemical-resolved or anomalous scattering studies),and enhanced potential for the investigation of low-dimensional systems (small amounts of sample re-quired; thin-films, coatings, nanoparticles, nanopar-ticles on surfaces, grain boundaries, interfaces be-tween materials).



13

It was clearly shown that the combined use of high-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources and of fastX-ray detectors enables the real-time observation ofthe microwave-materials interaction and of its kinet-

ic features. Information yielded by in situ time-resolved experiments will greatly improve our fun-damental knowledge on the mechanisms on mass-transport and structural phase transitions in the

presence of e.m. fields, as well as our means to fine-tune microwave processing for a broad variety ofnanomaterials. Opportunities for developing newmaterials will emerge, with potential implications forpowder metallurgy, microwave chemistry, catalysis,pharmacy, food processing, biology or medicine.


Contact: [email protected]:S. Vaucher, R.Nicula, J.M. Català-Civera, B. Schmitt, B. Patterson, Journal of Materials Research 23(1), 170 –175(2008)S. Vaucher, P. Unifantowicz, C. Ricard, L. Dubois, M. Kuball,J.M. Catala-Civera, D. Bernard, M. Stampanoni, R.Nicula,Physica B: Condensed Matter, 398, 191–195 (2007)


Fig. 2: Grain size distributionfunctions of magnetite during microwave heating, as retrievedfrom time-resolved powder diffraction SR experiments at theSwiss Light Source.

Size

Dis

trib

utio

n Magnetite

Time [seconds]

0

8

16

24

32

40

480

200 400

600 800

1000 1200

1400

Grain size [nm]

Tailored corrosion processes for biodegradable Mg implantsAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Patrik Schmutz,

Ngoc-Chang Quach-Vu,


Petra Gunde,

Peter Uggowitzer,

ETH Zurich (CH)

The use of degradable Mg alloy implants corres -

ponds to a need in specific medical interventions.

Mg is vital for metabolic processes, is biocompat-

ible as metal, and Mg alloys show higher strength

than polymers. The positive use of corrosion pro -

cesses and a fundamental understanding of the

mechanisms are central aspects of this technology.

A requirement is temporary corrosion protection

obtained by surface oxidation as long as mechan-

ical strength is needed followed by “uniform” cor-

rosion taking place for implant dissolution.

Mg alloys corrode fast in most electrolytes and a coat-ing usually aims at a good corrosion protection. Fordegradable implants, a different approach with twochallenges is necessary: i) an understanding of themicroscale corrosion mechanisms; ii) temporarycorrosion protection for at least 3 months. Further-more, Al free alloys (toxicity of Al is still debated)like the Mg-Y-Nd (WE43) need to be developed.

14

The physiological medium the surface is exposed tois critical. It can be blood (simulated in vitro by Ar-tificial Plasma AP) or other body fluids (SBF) de-pending on the implant location. Figure 1 present,the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)characterization of WE43 alloy in AP and SBF. TheEIS spectrum in AP (Fig. 1a) indicates two corrosionprocesses: localized attack (charge transfer meas-ured at high frequency) and slow uniform dissolu-tion (impedance value at low frequency). Further-

Contact: [email protected]:P.Gunde. O.Guseva, N.Quach-Vu, P. Schmutz, P.J. Uggowitzer, Biomaterials, submitted (2007)


Research ProgramMaterials for Healthand Performance

Fig.1: a) Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopymeasurement in Artificial Plasma. b) Impedance valuefor Artificial Plasma (AP) andSimulated Body Fluid (SBF) immersion time.

Fig. 2: a) pH evolution in different media. b) Sputterdepth profile of the surfaceoxide measured by Augerelectron spectroscopy.

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

4.0

60

40

20

0

-20

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

slow reaction:uniform corrosion

fast reaction:localized corrosion

more, uniform dissolution rate differs by a factor of20–30 between SBF and AP (Fig. 1b), representinga problem for the implant life prediction. Dissolu-tion is not an issue as 350 mg of Mg a day is sug-gested for humans. Degradation is critically depen-dant on the surface pH and the buffering ability ofthe media. Figure 2a shows the pH increase duringMg corrosion in small amount (2 ml /1 cm2) of H2O,AP and SBF. At pH 9 reached in AP, Mg hydroxidestarts to be stable. To guarantee implant integrity inthe better buffered SBF, a different surface oxide is needed. Thermal oxidation at 500 °C induces thegrowth of a Yttrium oxide film as measured byAuger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). The composi-tion depth profile indicates a 100 nm outer Mg ox-ide and a 700 nm inner Y oxide (Fig. 2b). This treat-ment optimizes simultaneously the mechanical prop-erties and the corrosion resistance without the needof a coating. The presence of the more corrosion re-sistant oxide in neutral pH electrolytes reduces theuniform corrosion rate by a factor 100.

Support: CCMX

0 1 2 3Immersion time [h]

pH

4 5

APSBF

H2O

10.0

9.5

9.0

8.5

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5

APSBF

0.00 5 10 15 20 25

5×102

5×104

4×104

3×104

2×104

1×104

1×103

100

80

60

40

20

0

Ato

mic

con

cent

rati

on [%

]

0 400200 600 800 1000 1200Thickness [nm]

Y1C1Mg2O1

inner layerouterlayer

substrate

Doping of cyanine solar cells – enhancing charge transport

Organic solar cells are currently subject to intense

research efforts spurred by the promise of pro-

viding low cost devices for the growing photo-

voltaic market. Cyanine based materials are very

strong light absorbers but have yet to prove their

suitability for photovoltaics in terms of charge

carrier transport. Photoinduced doping by oxy-

gen demonstrates that charge carrier transport

can be enhanced importantly, giving rise to a ten-

fold increase of the power conversion efficiency

as compared to the pristine material.

Cyanine dyes were developed at the beginning of the20th century, mainly as sensitizers for silver halideemulsions in the photographic process. Above all,cyanines exhibit extraordinarily high extinction co-efficients and tunable absorption spectra. Most in-teresting is the possibility to achieve strong light absorption in the near-infrared domain, which ispresently thought to be one possibility to enhancepower conversion efficiency of organic solar cells.

So far, only few works have studied thin solid cya-nine films as active layers in solar cells. Simple bi-layer heterojunction devices were fabricated, prov-ing the concept of using cyanines as electron donorsor acceptors. Unfortunately, the power conversionefficiency has been typically around 0.1% or lower,which is too modest for most applications. The causeof this poor performance has been unclear so far.This work highlights the importance of charge car-rier transport in cyanine dye based solar cell.

When cyanine films were exposed to ambient at-mosphere under white light irradiation, a steep riseof the conductivity of the film could be observed(Fig.1). Clearly, light is required to induce the con-ductivity increase. By separately investigating theeffect of oxygen and water, it could be demonstratedthat both are needed for the doping process. Photo-chemical reactions of cyanine dyes with oxygen involve either energy transfer or electron transfer.While the former leads to reactive singlet oxygen,the latter leads to the transient superoxide anion O2

-

species that further reacts with a neighboring cya-nine molecule. Contrary to the energy transfer mech-anism, the electron transfer mechanism produces acationic cyanine species, which can be regarded asa positive charge carrier.



15

Bin Fan,

Roland Hany,

Frank Nüesch,


Jacques-Edouard Moser,

EPF Lausanne (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:B. Fan, R.Hany, J.E.Moser, F.Nüesch, Organic Electronics,Organic Electronics, 9, 85 (2008)


Research ProgramMaterials for

Energy Technologies

Fig.1: Four probe conductivity measurements of a thin cyanine filmas a function of exposure time to ambient atmosphere in the dark(black squares) and under white light irradiation (red squares).

Fig. 2: (a) Chemical structures of the materials and solar cell device architecture used in this work (b) Current-voltage characteristics of the devices measured in the dark just after fabrication (black squares)and after being exposed to ambient atmosphere for 0.5 hours under white light irradiation (red squares).

0.0

6.0×10-4

5.0×10-4

4.0×10-4

3.0×10-4

2.0×10-4

1.0×10-4Con

duct

ivit

y [S

/cm

]

0 105 15 20 25 30Exposure time to air [min]

white light irradiationdark

Cyanine – fullerene C60 bilayer solar cells were fab-ricated on transparent conducting glass coated by aconductive polymer interlayer (PEDOT:PSS). Photo-chemical doping of the cyanine film had a tremen-dous impact on the device performance. Most impor-tantly, the power conversion efficiency of the deviceincreased from 0.14% to 1.2%, which is among thebest efficiencies for organic bilayer devices. Theshort circuit current increase from 0.46 mA/cm2 to1.83 mA/cm2 as well as the fill factor improvementfrom 0.19 to 0.27 further emphasize the ameliorat-ed charge transport due to the doping process.

(a) (b)

Cur

rent

Den

sity

[mA

/cm

2 ]

0.5

Undoped

CyaninePEDOT:PSS

PEDOT:PSS

C60

C60

Cyanine dye

Doped in air

-0.2 0.0

ITO glass

AlV

0.2 0.4Voltage [V]

0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

@ 30mWcm-2

Support: CCEM


We have developed and tested a modified conceptof the LIFT process based on intermediate thin sac-rificial absorbing layers made of UV-sensitive photo -polymers. These tailor-made polymers contain UV-decomposible aryltriazene chromophores (Ar–N=N–N<) covalently incorporated in the polymermain chain which can be photochemically cleavedinto small fragments by UV irradiation. As shownin Figure 2, the incident laser photons are absorbedwithin the photosensitve aryltriazene polymer film,inducing a complete photodecomposition into smalland volatile fragments with simultaneous evolutionof elementary nitrogen (N2). This laser-triggeredphotofragmentation of the absorbing polymer filmgenerates a local pressure jet, which then propels theoverlaying film of intact transfer material integrallytowards the receiver. Since the sacrificial polymerfilm protects the transfer layer from the incident UVirradiation, even highly sensitive materials can begently transferred and deposited, such as e.g. semi-conducting polymers or biomaterials. Compared with

Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transferAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Matthias Nagel,

Romain Fardel,

Frank A.Nüesch,


Thomas Lippert,

Alexander Wokaun,

PSI (CH)

A novel laser-assisted direct-write process for the

microdeposition of thin-film pixels has been de-

veloped. This technique utilizes a short laser pulse

to achieve the material transfer from a donor tar-

get onto a receiver surface. Tailor-made photo -

de composible aryltriazene polymers serve as sac-

rificial release layers that generate a laser-trig-

gered pressure jet, which then propels overlying

transfer materials gently towards the receiver

substrate. This modified laser-induced forward-

transfer (LIFT) process allows precise patterning

and printing of sensitive functional materials with

high lateral resolution. Therefore, this method

proved to be particularly attractive for the fabri-

cation of small organic thin-film devices. The use-

ful potential of this improved microdeposition

technique is demonstrated by fabrication of small

polymer-based light-emitting diode pixels.

In the past two decades, organic light-emitting diode(OLED) technology showed a fascinating evolutionfrom first simple devices towards highly efficientlight sources based on modern organic electrolumi-nescent materials, offering the potential for devel-oping low-power high-quality flat-panel displays.The fabrication of multilayer architectures for poly-mer-based thin-film electronic devices requires thesequential and patterned deposition of thin layers.So far, solution-based processes have been appliedas e.g. ink-jet or screen printing and photolithogra-phy, but wet layer-by-layer deposition processes are

16

often impeded by solvent compatibility issues. Fur-thermore, lateral structuring with higher resolutionis often not possible using solvent-based printingprocedures. As an alternative approach, laser-in-duced forward transfer (LIFT) techniques bear thepotential for accurate thin-film deposition and print-ing successive layers of organic materials via a dryadditive direct-write process. A pulsed laser is usedto induce the forward transfer of a thin solid mate-rial layer from a transparent donor substrate onto areceiver substrate, as depicted in Figure 1.


Fig.1: Principle of the modified laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)process: (a) mask; (b) carrier substrate; (c) sacrificial thin film of “explosing” aryltriazene photopolymer serving as a pressure generatorupon laser irradiation; (d) thin layers of transfer material; (e) receiversubstrate with transferred pixels.

Fig. 2: Schematic general structure of polymers with photocleavablearyltriazene chromophores (Ar – N = N – N<) covalently incorporatedinto the main chain. Photolytic cleavage of the triazene moietiesleads to fragmentation of the polymer backbone with formation ofN2 as propellant.

a

b

c

e

d

UV laser pulse

low molecular mass fragmentsgaseous, volatile

N

N

R RR

R RR

N N

NNN N N

NNN N

N N N N N

UV laser-triggeredphotocleavage



17

previous light-to-heat conversion layers frequentlyused with IR lasers, the photodecomposition processreduces significantly the heat-load to the transferlayer, which is detrimental to the properties or func-tionality of sensitive materials.

The potential of the novel photosensitive sacrificialrelease layers for direct-write applications was demon-strated recently: Assisted by a ~100 nm thick aryl-triazene photopolymer film, viable mammalian neu-roblast cells were gently deposited on a bioreceiversubstrate. In a similar manner, laterally well-resolvedarrays of multi-spectral nanocrystal quantum dots(NCQD) were successfully transferred. As an exam-ple for the fabrication of more complex architecturesof a polymer-based light-emitting device (PLED), bi-layered pixel patterns of a thin electroluminescentpolymer film (MEH-PPV) together with an alumini-um electrode were deposited with high accuracy bya single laser pulse (Fig. 3 and 4). The functionalityof operating devices was characterized by current-voltage and electroluminescence measurements,which prove that the integrity of the transferredmaterials has been fully preserved during the im-proved LIFT deposition process.

Support: SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/abt140> Functional Polymers

http://materials.web.psi.ch/Research/Polymers/Polymers.htm

Contact: [email protected]:J. Xu, J. Liu, D. Cu, M.Gerhold, A.Y.Wang, M.Nagel, T.K. Lippert, Nanotechnology 18, 025403, 6pp (2007)R. Fardel, M.Nagel, F.Nüesch, T. Lippert, A.Wokaun, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 061103 (2007)R. Fardel, P. Feurer, T. Lippert, M.Nagel, F.A.Nüesch, A.Wokaun, Appl. Surf. Sci, 254, 1332 (2007)R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nüesch, T. Lippert, A.Wokaun, Appl. Surf. Sci 254, 1322 (2007)


Fig. 3: Layer architectures of the donor and receiver substrate for the pixel transfer: (a) Transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) anode; (b) thin layer(20–40 nm) of the electroluminescent polymer MEH-PPV; (c) aluminum cathode (70 nm); (d) aryltriazene photopolymer film (100 nm). The incident laser pulse decomposes the sacrificial photopolymer layer d and propels the bilayer system c /b towards the receiver surface.

Fig. 4: Resulting OLED pixel after transfer: the MEH-PPV layer (b) andcathode (c) are deposited in one step onto the ITO anode (a). The photograph shows two pixels seen through the ITO-coated substrate. After contacting with silver paste (d) the pixel shows an orange-red light emission.

Donor

Receiver

poly(2-methoxy,5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene)

MeO

O

MEH-PPV

a

b

c

d

a

300µm

c d

b

Tribofilm formation from zinc-free anti-wearadditives in DLC /DLC and steel / steel contactsAdvanced Materials

and Surfaces


Sébastien Equey,

Sigfried Roos,

Ulrich Mueller,

Roland Hauert,

Rowena Crockett,


Nicholas D. Spencer,

ETH Zürich (CH)

The importance of various elements in the forma-

tion of protective tribofilms from additives used

in engine oils is being investigated on a molecular

scale. The reactions of zinc-free additives to form

tribofilms on diamond-like carbon (DLC) and steel

are compared to those of zinc dialkyldithiophos-

phate (ZnDTP). Zinc-free additives are desirable

for environmental reasons.

Anti-wear additives are designed to react at the sur-faces of moving parts to form a protective film calleda tribofilm. In order to study tribofilm formation,three different oil additives were used, ZnDTP, buty-lated triphenylphosphorothionate (b-TPPT) andamine phosphate (AP), shown in Figure 1. Iron wasremoved from the reaction by coating the steel sub-strate with DLC, a hard protective coating, Zn wasremoved from triboreactions by using b-TPPT and,finally, in measurements with AP, neither sulfur norzinc are present.

18

On steel, after sliding against steel, the ZnDTP tri-bofilm showed the characteristic pad-like structure(Fig. 2). While the image of the b-TPPT tribofilm onsteel showed some pad structure, lines of tribofilmwere also visible. The tribofilm formed with AP onsteel had a structure that was oriented in the slid-ing direction. Following HFRR (High Frequency Re-ciprocating Rig) measurements on DLC against DLCwith oil containing ZnDTP, the as-deposited surfacemorphology disappeared partially not because ofwear, but because reacted additive filled the gaps ofthe DLC structure. Using nanoscratch testing, it couldbe shown that the tribofilm formed from ZnDTP onDLC has a lower adhesion to the surface than thetribofilm from ZnDTP on steel. The tribofilm fromZnDTP on DLC could also be removed by washingthe substrate in an ultrasonic bath.

Contact: [email protected]:S. Equey, S. Roos, U.Müller, R. Hauert, N.D. Spencer, R. Crockett, Wear, 264, 316–321 (2008)S. Equey, S. Roos, U.Müller, R. Hauert, N.D. Spencer, R. Crockett, Tribology International, submitted (2007)


Fig.1: Chemical structures ofanti-wear additives.

The b-TPPT additive reacted at the DLC surface form-ing weakly adhering patches. However, it was stillpossible to observe the as-deposited DLC structurebetween the b-TPPT tribofilm. No tribofilm couldbe detected with AFM on the DLC coating follow-ing sliding in the presence of AP. As no tribofilmwas detected, it is not possible to determine whethernone was formed or the tribofilm had a low adhe-sion to the surface and was removed during clean-ing. The rounded structure of the DLC coating wasvisible in the AFM image and, additionally, therewas some polishing wear of the more protrudingstructures.

ZnDTP and b-TPPT, the zinc-free additive, wereable to form tribofilms that could be detected withAFM on both steel and DLC. This indicates that nei-ther Zn nor Fe is required to form a tribofilm as noFe is available on the DLC substrate and b-TPPTcontains no Zn. However, the very low adhesion ofthe tribofilms from ZnDTP and b-TPPT on DLC in-dicated that Fe plays a role in holding the film at thesurface. A tribofilm from AP, the only additive tocontain no sulfur, could be detected on the steel sur-face and not on the DLC. This suggests that sulfurmay play an important role in initiating tribofilmformation in the absence of Fe.

Support: VSS, SNF


240

nm

20µm

Fig. 2: 3D AFM deflection image of the tribofilm formed from ZnDTPon steel following sliding against steel.

Life-cycle engineering of brazed turbine compressors

High temperature brazing is widely applied in in-

dustry as a quick and cost-effective method for

joining large components used in the aerospace

and the chemical industry as well as for power

generation, e.g. compressor impellers or turbine

parts. These components are subjected to com-

plex loading conditions in service. We introduce

a procedure for the defect assessment as well as

for the estimation of the service lifetime of brazed

turbine compressors.

Brazed joints form a heterogeneous anisotropic sys-tem consisting of base material, diffusion zone andfiller metal with different thermal or mechanicalproperties. It is known that in thin interlayer metalsjoined to base metals with a higher strength, a tri-axial stress state is produced under tensile loadingdue to the mechanical constrained provided by thestronger base material, restricting the transversecontraction of the interlayer and making the defor-mation behavior very complex. During brazing, de-fects such as pores or incomplete gap filling mayarise and act as stress concentration sites, leadingto crack growth and spontaneous failure. Thus, de-fect assessment of brazed components is very im-portant, but up to now very limited information onthe applicability of defect assessment procedures de-veloped for bulk materials or weld joints on brazedcomponents is available.

In this project, the long term stability of heavily loadedbrazed compressor parts containing brazing defectsis investigated. In a first step, the relevant materialparameters of the braze joint, i.e. tensile and shearstrength, fatigue strength and fracture toughness fordifferent modes of loading, were determined.

In order to obtain the material parameters of the thin(~100 μm) filler metal layer more precisely, sophis-ticated methods like in-situ tensile tests inside aScanning Electron Microscope or nanoindentationtests were performed (Fig.1). To consider the effectof brazing defects on the structural integrity, typi-cal defects with different sizes and geometries wereintroduced in the brazing zone in component-liketensile and bending specimens.

The experimentally determined material parameterswere used for an additional numerical deformationanalysis by means of finite elements. Both the exper-imental and the numerical results provided a basisfor the engineering defect assessment of brazed



19

components based on failure assessment diagrams(FAD), which allows a precise estimation of thecomponents’ service lifetimes (Fig. 2). It can be seenthat the numerical results are in good agreementwith the experimental results.

Christian Leinenbach,

Manfred Roth,

Patrick Schwaller,


MAN Turbo AG (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:C. Leinenbach, H. Lehmann, H.-J. Schindler, MP Materials Testing 49, 149–156 (2007)C. Leinenbach, H.-J. Schindler, N. Rüttimann, K.Wegener, in: Proc.Werkstoffprüfung '07 – Festigkeit, Bruchverhalten ..,345–350 (2007).


Fig.1: SEM-micrograph of the brazing zone (a) and results of nanoindentationtests perpendicular to thesteel-braze interface (b).

Fig. 2: Failure assessment diagram for brazed T-joint specimens, comparison of analytically, numericallyand experimentally determined limit loads for defect containing specimens.

500

0 50

Youn

g's

mod

ulus

[GPa

]H

ardn

ess

H [G

Pa]

100 150 200Distance d [µm]

Au-18Nibraze

Diffusion zoneInde

ntat

ion

test

s X3CrNi13-4steel

250 300 350 400

400

300

200

100

10

8

6

4

2

0

b

a

steel braze

diffusionzone

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0Defect size a [mm]

Lim

it lo

ad σ

max

[MPa

]

2.5 3.0 3.5

t

x

y

aW

σ

W

4.0

1000

800

600

400

200

0

theor. limit loadFAD-R6FEMexperiment

T-joint, tensile loadingW = 8mm, t = 16mmedge defect

Links: www.empa.ch/abt124 > Integrity of Brazed Components

www.empa.ch/abt128 > Materials Mechanics and Nanomechanics


21Materials Science & Technology

List of abbreviations

ACTS Advanced Catalytic Technology for Sustainability

ASTRA Swiss Federal Roads Authority

BAFU Swiss Agency for the Environment

BAG Swiss Federal Office of Public Health

BFE Swiss Federal Office of Energy

CCEM Competence Center for Energy & Mobility

CNR-IENI Consiglio Nazionale di Italia delle RicercheIstituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi.

DFG German Research Foundation

EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology

EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne

EU-FP6 European Union, 6th Framework Program

ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich

KTI/CTI Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency

NCCR Swiss National Competence Center in Research

NEDO New Energy Development Organization of Japan

PSI Paul Scherrer Institute

SBF Swiss State Secretariat for Education & Research

SISSA Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati Trieste

SNF Swiss National Science Foundation

VSS Swiss Association of Road & Transport Experts

VU Netherland’s Vrjie Universiteit

Empa Activities 2007Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Mission

The majority of new materials find applicationsthrough engineering; in a similar vein, new pro-cesses and concepts can only be put into practicethrough engineering. Engineers are therefore animportant factor in developing solutions for thefuture. The department’s activities are focused onthe engineering of innovative materials, systemsand processes which create sustainable addedvalue for our society. The safety and reliabilityof systems are cross-sectional themes.

Activities

The threat of global climate change and the un-certainty regarding future energy supplies werein the spotlight of public discussion in 2007. Manyof the department’s activities directly addressthese two major challenges which are closelylinked, the global energy supply being dominatedby oil, gas and coal. A significant per capitareduction of CO2 emissions can only be achievedby the increased use of renewable energy and bya substantial increase in energy efficiency.

Fifty percent of the energy in Switzerland is usedfor the construction and operation of buildings.Proven technologies are available for theconstruction of new buildings that are almostself-sufficient regarding energy for heating andcooling. However, a major challenge is the1.46 million buildings which already exist andwhich consume a large amount of energy. Empais leading two major projects within the frame-work of the ETH Domain’s “Competence Center

for Energy and Mobility” dealing with this aspect:Advanced Energy-Efficient Renovation of Buildings

and Innovative Building Technologies for the

2000 Watt Society.

Higher energy efficiency is also achieved by reduc-ing the energy consumed in the manufacture ofconstruction materials. Therefore, numerousdepartmental activities are involved with the re-cycling of bituminous and cement-based materials.These projects focus mainly on processing, poten-tial applications and durability aspects and arenow all part of the Empa Natural Resources andPollutants Research Program (NAREP). Naturallywood as the only renewable construction materialin Switzerland plays an important role in thisrespect as well.

The demand for electricity is growing rapidly andthere are still 1.6 billion people on this planet whodo not have access to electricity. Higher efficiencyin the production of electricity can be achieved byan increase in the temperature of steam turbinesystems. However, this is only possible by usingnew materials with improved mechanical proper-ties at high temperature. We are currently inves-tigating the thermo-mechanical behavior of newalloys in close collaboration with industry so thata new generation of steam turbines with enhancedefficiency can be brought to market.

Peter Richner, Department Head

Resistance of thermo-hygro-mechanically(THM) densified wood to colonization anddegradation by soft-rot fungi

A range of non-biocidal wood modification pro-

cesses such as thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM)

densification of wood have been developed in

recent years. Since one potential field of applica-

tion of THM-treated wood is utility class 4 (wood

exposed to the soil), colonization and degrada-

tion by soft-rot fungi was investigated in Nor-

way spruce (Picea abies) and beech wood (Fagus

sylvatica). In comparison to controls, significant-

ly lower weight losses by soft-rot fungi were

recorded in THM-treated spruce wood, but no

such differences were found in beech, which can

be partly explained by the higher syringyl lignin

content of the wood, which is more susceptible

to soft-rot than that of wood species with a high-

er guaiacyl content. On the basis of these results,

it must be concluded that TH-treated Norway

spruce and THM-treated beech wood are suscep-

tible to soft-rot and, therefore, inappropriate for

application in constructions exposed to the soil.

In THM and TH-treated wood of spruce and beech,the impact of thermal treatment resulted in distinctalterations in the micro-morphology of cell walls inclose proximity to the specimen surface. The mod-ification of cellulose and hemicelluloses resulted ina conspicuous reddish appearance of the outer cellrows due to staining of lignin with safranin.

In THM-treated spruce wood, colonization of tra-cheids by soft-rot fungi was evidently hampered bydensification. Hyphae were not detected in deeperparts of the wood specimens and cell wall degrada-tion was restricted to the outer wood surface. In-terestingly, THM-treated beech wood post treatedat 180 °C showed similar weight losses in controls(Fig.1). Thus, even complete occlusion of cell lu-mina did not inhibit decay by soft rot fungi as cellocclusion was simply counteracted by directionalgrowth within the cell wall. In addition, hyphalcolonisation and soft rot degradation within deep-er regions of beech wood were facilitated by theslightly occluded lumina of parenchyma cells inmultiseriate xylem rays (Fig.2).

Civil and MechanicalEngineering


25

When selecting potential wood species for THM-treatment, it is essential to considerwhether the lignincomposition and the anatomical features such asmultiseriate xylem rays may promote wood coloni-zation and degradation by soft rot fungi despite ther-mal treatments and/or a considerable increase indensity. The present study strongly indicates thatTHM-treated wood cannot be used for wood in con-tact with the soil, e.g. as railway sleepers.

Oleksandr Skyba,

Francis W.M.R. Schwarze,


Prof. Peter Niemz,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:O. Skyba, P.Niemz, F.W.M.R. Schwarze, Holzforschung,in press (2007)

Fig.1: Dry weight losses of beech and Norway spruce wood specimens in untreated controls,TH-treated wood, densified wood, THM-densified wood and CC (chromium-copper) impregnated wood,incubated for 8, 16, 24 and 32 weeks (n = 6). Bars, standard deviation. Columns marked with asteriskshow significant difference in comparison to controls (P<0.01).

Fig. 2: Transverse section of THM-densified spruce wood post-treatedat 180°C showing cavities within the secondary walls of tracheids(arrows).

01020304050

01020304050

01020304050

01020304050

TH16

0

Den

sifie

d

THM

160

THM

180/

80

CC

0.16

TH18

0

THM

140

THM

180

CC

0.4

Con

trol

TH16

0

Den

sifie

d

THM

160

THM

180/

80

CC

0.16

TH18

0

THM

140

THM

180

CC

0.4

Con

trol

Wei

ght

loss

[%]

Treatment Treatment

Beech Spruce

32 weeks 32 weeks

24 weeks 24 weeks

16 weeks 16 weeks

8 weeks 8 weeks

Support: SBF

Links: www.empa.ch/abt115> wood protection

Possibilities and limitations ofacoustic wood tomography on living treesCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Sandy Schubert,

Daniel Gsell,

Masoud Motavalli

in cooperation with

Jürg Dual and

Peter Niemz,

ETH Zürich (CH)

Acousticwood tomography is an increasingly pop-

ular technique to determine fungal decay in the

interior of urban trees. The limitations of acoustic

wood tomography were studied by varying the

density, the elastic constants and the fungal de-

cay in a numerical model of the stem in order to

determine their influence on the tomographic

measurements. It was found from the numerical

analysis that the cross-section of a cavity, which

is larger than 5% of the total cross-section of the

stem, can be detected by acoustic wood tomo-

graphy.

The failure of trees in an urban environment can en-danger lives and damage infrastructure. The twomain failuremechanisms are the fracture of the stemand the throw of the tree with root ball. To assessthe risk of a stem fracture, reliable testing methodsfor the interior of the stem are required. One ap-proach is acoustic wood tomography, which con-sists of exciting elastic waves sequentially on sev-eral source positions, measuring the arrival times ofthe fastest wave by circumferentially attached re-ceivers and inverting themeasured arrival times us-ing a mechanical model of the stem. The resultingtomogram depicts the wave velocity distribution inthe cross-section of the stem. The wave velocity de-pends on the elastic constants and the density of thewood and, thus, low wave velocities indicate fungaldecay. Sincedensity and elastic constants of thewoodin trees vary between and within a species, the in-terpretation of the tomograms is difficult. Thus, the

26

tomogram of the investigated cross-section is nor-malized by results of reference measurements thatare carried out on a different height of the stem.

Contact: [email protected]:S.Schubert, PhD Thesis ETHZ No.17126 (2006)S.Schubert, D.Gsell, J.Dual, M.Motavalli, P.Niemz,Holzforschung, submitted (2007)

Fig.1: Absolute normalized displacement amplitudes of thepropagating waves in a stem. The snapshots (t = 63.4 μs) aredifferently scaled to display the wave fronts of the P- and the S-waves(yellow lines: analytically derived wave fronts).

Fig. 2: Size and degree of fungal decay, which is detectable byacoustic wood tomography.

1

0

radial

axial

× 1× 0.1× 0.01

P

S1

35cm

Excitation10cm

S2

S1

P

The elastic waves that propagate in a stem during atomographic measurement were visualized in thiswork by numerical simulations (Fig.1) and verifiedby experiments. With the numerical models, the ar-rival times of elastic waves can be simulated for def-inite wave velocity distributions. These numericalexperiments enable to investigate systematically theinfluence of decay as well as the variation of densi-ty and elastic constants of the wood on the tomo-graphic measurements. As potential material varia-tion between the investigated and the referencecross-section, a variation of ±20% in the elasticconstants or the density was assumed. Fungal de-cay is modeled as an area with a reduced wave ve-locity and is detectable if arrival times of the de-cayed model are distinguishable from the arrivaltimes of the sound models with varying density orelastic constants. The results of this analysis (Fig. 2)indicate that most of the decays which endanger thestability of the tree can be determined by acousticwood tomography.

Support: Velux-Stiftung

Links: www.empa.ch/abt116> Structural Dynamics

Size of decay

Red

ucti

onof

wav

eve

loci

ty/

Deg

ree

ofde

cay detectable

decay

5% 10% 49%

100%

40%

20%

Stability criterion afterMattheck and Breloer 1994

stable unstable

Adaptive tuned mass damper basedon pre-stressable leaf-springs

An adaptive TMD for light-weighted bridges was

developed. The concept is based on pre-stress-

able leaf-springs controlled by piezoceramic stack

actuators. Using a first prototype, a proof of con-

cept is given.

In today’s bridge design, a trend towards longerspans, more slender structures and structural mem-bers is observed. Thus,modern bridge structures arebecoming increasingly prone to vibrations. Lightand slender bridge designs lead to high live load todead load ratio. Assuming that the actual live loadacts as additional inertia mass, the structures reso-nance frequencies are strongly dependent on the ac-tual loading state.

Bridges are excited by broadband dynamic forceslike wind and traffic. The vibration energy is con-centrated in the vicinity of the resonance frequen-cies of the structures. Thus, efficient damping de-vices are designed tomitigate vibrations at a desiredfrequency. The TMD (Fig.1) is nowadays a standardtool for vibration mitigation of bridges. Such sys-tems, tuned to the structures resonance frequency,dissipate mechanical energy efficiently in a narrowfrequency band. If the resonance frequencies of thestructure change due to different loading states ortemperatures changes, the TMD becomes mistunedand the energy dissipation efficiency decreases dra-matically. Thus, the frequency changes of the bridgehave to be tracked by the TMD: an adaptive designis needed.

To achieve a TMD adapting continuously to the de-manded frequency, a design based onpre-stressableleaf-springs was investigated. The TMD’s mass wasattached to the leaf-springs. The resonance frequen-cy of the system was dependent on the square rootof the applied force N0. A small prototype of the pro-posed concept was realized (Fig.1). PZT stack actu-atorswere inserted to prestress the leaf-springs. Thetuning capacity of the prototype TMD was investi-gated experimentally. Themass of the TMDwas ex-cited in a broad frequency range. The measured ac-celeration spectra for different voltages applied tothe PZT stack actuators, i.e. different forcesN0,wereshown in Figure 2. The system was continuouslytunable between 13.8 Hz and 20.5 Hz.

These measurements with small vibration ampli-tudes result in a linear behavior. Using larger ex-citation forces, a nonlinear behavior was observed



27

(Fig. 2). By increasing the amplitudes the shapes ofthe resonance peaks getmore asymmetric. The non-linear behavior of the system is attributed to the non-constant normal force in the leaf-spring during onecycle of the vibration. In the equation of motion ofthe system this nonlinearity is described by a cubicterm of the displacement of the mass.

Daniel Gsell,

Glauco Feltrin,

Masoud Motavalli

Contact: [email protected]:D.Gsell et al., J. of Intelligent Material Systems andStructures, Vol.18, No. 8, 845–851 (2007)


Material Systems

Fig.1: Scheme of the proposedadaptive TMD design andits modeled frequency tuningbehavior.

Fig. 2: Measured accelerationspectra of the adaptiveTMD for different prestressforced and non-linearbehavior of the system due todifferent excitation forces(given in % of the maximumapplied force).

kT cT

N0(t)uT(t)uS(t)

mT

mT

TMD

ATMD

Realized ATMD prototyp

TMD mass

Leaf-spring

Piezoelectric stack element

Stiff steel frame

uT(t)

uS(t)

Links: www.empa.ch/abt116> Structural Dynamics

16.6 17.0 17.4 17.80

1.0

2.0

Am

plit

ude

[mm

]

Frequency [Hz]

10 15 20 25−40

0

40

80

120

Frequency [Hz]

Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

0.0 kV0.4 kV0.8 kV1.2 kV1.6 kV2.0 kV2.4 kV

13.8 Hz 20.5 Hz

10%20%50%

5%

100%

Non-destructive evaluation ofelastic material properties of cross-laminatedsolid wood panels



Arne Gülzow,

Daniel Gsell,

René Steiger

A method was developed to determine the elas-

tic material properties of cross-laminated solid

wood panels in an automatic, non-destructive and

economic way. The method was verified by stat-

ic and dynamic experiments on 42 plates with dif-

ferent side-lengths, thicknesses and layer-sizes.

The method has proven to be more reliable than

the established way of estimating plate stiffness

from the mechanical properties of the single lay-

ers by using the laminate theory.

The design of timber structures is often governedby serviceability criteria like maximal deflectionsand vibration susceptibility. Predicting the behav-ior of such timber structures requires an accurateknowledge of the elastic properties of the singlestructural elements. Due to its micro structure, tim-ber shows a strong anisotropic elastic behavior. Par-allel to the grain, elastic stiffness parameters are sig-nificantly higher than perpendicular to the grain.Furthermore, timber is a heterogeneous materialwithmany natural defects like knots or sloped grain.Heterogeneity is less pronounced but still percepti-ble in plate elements like cross-laminated solidwoodpanels. By a crosswise perpendicular orientation ofthe strong grain direction of the layers, a compos-ite plate element with desired stiffness properties indifferent directions can be built. Hence, solid woodpanels are becoming more and more important intimber structures. Laboratory and industrial on-line,non-destructive material evaluation tools are need-ed to support engineerswith appropriate design rulesand accurate elastic material properties in order touse such plates economically.

28

Therefore, a fully automated procedure to determineglobal elastic properties of full-scale cross-laminat-ed solid wood panels with different side-length, di-mensions and layer-sizes was developed. The pro-cedure is based on vibration investigations of platesand consists of 3 major steps (Fig.1):

In a first step, an experimentalmodal analysis is per-formed: resonance frequencies fi,exp and modeshapes of the structure are measured (Fig.1, top).Theplatehangsvertically on thin, lightweight threadsor lies on air-tubes and is excited with an impacthammer. The response is measured using small andlightweight accelerometers (Fig. 2). The measuredtime-signals are analyzed directly using a linear-pre-diction procedure.

In a second step, resonance frequencies fi,cal andmode-shapes of the free vibrating, linear elasticplate are described in a theoretical model as func-tions of the elastic material properties (Fig.1, bot-tom). The applied frequency range is below 1 kHz.Hence, the wavelengths are sufficiently large com-pared to the thickness and the structure of the pan-el. Therefore, the material can be assumed to be ho-mogenous and effective stiffness properties can beused. In timber, the modulus of elasticity parallel tothe grain is more than one order of magnitude high-er than the shear moduli.

Finally, the inverse problem is solved by systemat-ically adjusting the unknown stiffness propertiesuntil the theoretically calculated resonance frequen-cies fi,cal are matched to the experimentally meas-ured ones fi,exp. In this optimization process, the

Fig.1: Schematic overview of the developed NDE-method.

Optimisation prozess:Adjusting S* untilfi,exp – fi,cal = min

Objective:elastic parameters: S

Result:

elastic parameter: S

Measurement ofresonance frequencies

and mode-shapes

Expe

rim

enta

lM

odal

Ana

lysi

s

…

Experimentally determinedresonance frequencies:

f1,exp , f2,exp , ...

Calculated resonance frequencies:

f1,cal , f2,cal , ...

Calculation ofresonance frequencies

and mode-shapesin function of elastic

parameters

Theo

reti

cal

Mod

alA

naly

sis

first estimation ofelastic parameters S* …

-20

2

-2

0

25

0

5

-20

2

-2

0

25

0

5

stiffness values are estimated simultaneously usinga parametric model fitting algorithm. In the first fewiteration steps, the order of themeasured and the cal-culated modes does not necessarily coincide, sincethe starting values of the material parameters areonly rough estimates. In order to match the com-puted and the measured frequencies, a procedurebased on MAC (Modal Assurance Criterion) valuesis used.

The method was investigated using a solid woodpanel with dimensions 1.00 m x 1.50 m x 0.07 m.All three shear moduli and the two in-plane stiff-ness moduli were identified by minimizing the dif-ferences between measured and estimated reso-nance frequencies in a total least squares sense. Toverify the dynamically determined elastic parame-



29

ters, a static bending experimentwith the same platewas performed (Fig. 3). The out-of-plane deforma-tions were measured and compared with the defor-mations of the plate, which were calculated basedon the dynamically determined elastic parameters.Good agreement was found.

Furthermore, themethodwas approved on 42 cross-laminated rectangular solid wood panels with dif-ferent side-lengths, thicknesses and layer-sizes andvalidated by static bending experiments. In addition,it was shown that the developed method can beused directly in the industrial production-line. Eventhe plates with maximal dimensions can be evalu-ated by putting them on air jacks to perform the ex-perimental modal analysis (Fig. 4).

Contact: [email protected]:C. Czaderski, R. Steiger, M.Howald, S.Olia, A.Gülzow,P.Niemz,Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 65(5):383–402 (2007)D.Gsell, G. Feltrin, S. Schubert, R. Steiger, M.Motavalli,J. of Structural Engineering 133(1):132–138 (2007)A.Gülzow, D.Gsell, R. Steiger, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff,online first: DOI 10.1007/s00107-007-0211-7,in press (2007)

Fig. 2: Experimental setup. Black dots on plate indicate measurementpoints.

Fig. 3: Static bending experiment for validating experimentallydetermined elastic parameters.

Fig. 4: Experiments directly at the production plant. The panel ismounted on air-jacks.

Support: BAFU, Fonds zur Förderung derWald- und Holzforschung

Links: www.empa.ch/abt115> Timber Engineering

OROS OR38

Acc. Sensor

Impact Hammer

y

x

Development of a shell-like electro activepolymer (EAP) actuatorCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Patrick Lochmatter,

Gabor Kovacs,


Paolo Ermanni and

Edoardo Mazza,

ETH Zurich (CH)

In general, the shape changing membrane of an

active shell may be used to generate a specific in-

teraction between the active surface and the en-

vironment. In the present project some design

concepts for an active shell structure driven by di-

electric EAP were evaluated and for selected ap-

proaches demonstration models were built. Pre-

liminary experiments have shown that the so-

called agonist-antagonist configuration where

pre-strainedDE films are attached fromboth sides

to a hinged backbone structure holds good per-

formance in terms of active out-of-plane deflec-

tions and forces.

Active shell structures with large out-of-plane de-formation potential may be used to generate an in-teraction between the structural shape and the en-vironment. Adaptive structures are capable to changetheir shape in a smart way in order to “adapt” tovariable external conditions. Exemplarily, shell-likeactuators may be utilized for the propulsion of ve-hicles through air or water and can respond to vari-

30

able external conditions. Among the electroactivepolymers (EAP) especially soft dielectric EAP arepromising for driving shell-like actuators due totheir huge active strain potential and inherent com-pliancy for active out-of-plane deformation.

The challenging task of this study was to explorethe potential of the DE actuator technology for thedesign of shell-like actuators with the ability to per-form complex out-of-plane deflections. Basically,this can be achieved when a bending moment isactively generated by a difference of in-plane stress-es across the thickness of the shell-like actuator. Inanalogy to the muscle-skeletal structure proposedby nature (agonist – antagonist system), a configu-rationwhere the pre-strained dielectric EAP films as“muscles” are attached to a flexible support struc-ture seems to be promising for the shell-like actua-tor (Fig.1).

Especially the uniaxial bending actuators with ahinged support structure showed large active de-formations in both directions (more than 90º de-flection, Fig. 2).Moreover, this configuration allowsa simple tuning of the active performance in termsof active deflections and forces by proper selectionof the distance between the active film layers. Fornear DE film layers large angles of deflection are ex-pected, while with distant layers large active forcesmay be generated.

In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this ac-tuator configuration a similar system of active hingeactuator system was used for the EAP driven flapsof the Empa blimp demonstrator.

Links: www.empa.ch/eap

Contact: [email protected]:P. Lochmatter, G. Kovacs, P. Ermanni, Smart Materials andStructures, vol 16, 1265–1276, (2007)P. Lochmatter, G. Kovacs, M.Wissler, Smart Materials andStructures, vol. 16, 477–486, (2007)P. Lochmatter, G. Kovacs, S.Michel, Sensors and ActuatorsA, vol. 135, 748–757, (2007)P. Lochmatter, PhD Thesis ETHZ No 17221 (2007)

Research ProgramAdaptiveMaterial Systems

Fig.1: Inspired agonist-antagonist configuration driven bysoft dielectric EAP.

Fig. 2: Experimental implementation of uniaxial bending actuatorsbased on a core structure composed of hinged elements.

Agonistic-antagonisticmuscles

Supportstructure

Hinge

P

H H/2

Deactivated (U = 0)

Deactivated (U = 0)

Activated (U > 0)

Tendon Bones

Joint

Agonistic-antagonisticstacks of DE films

Long term reliability of Active Fiber Composite(AFC) sensors/actuators

Active Fiber Composite (AFC) based on piezoelec-

tric fibers allow the development of thin devices

for actuation and sensing applications. The cur-

rent project focuses on studying the reliability of

AFC as elements in smart material systems. This

work includes experiments conducted for the fa-

tigue behavior and strain performance of AFC in-

tegrated into fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) lami-

nates.

Smart materials are able to interact with their oper-ating environments via sensing and actuation. Thisenablesmaterialswhich can be used for applicationssuch as health monitoring, structural actuation, orvibration damping. These applications require ro-bust reliable sensor/actuator devices which are in-tegrated into structural materials. AFC made withLead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) fibers and interdigi-tated electrodes (IDE) printed on Kapton can be eas-ily integrated into laminate materials in the designof smart material systems.

Testing of glass (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforcedplastic (CFRP) laminates with integrated AFC hasshown that AFC display good electrical-mechanicalproperties till strains of 0.20%. The AFC perform-ance decreases at strains above 0.20% due to frag-mentation in the fiber layer but recovery is seen atlower strains due to cracks closure as illustrated inthe damage model presented in Figure 1.



31

Mark Melnykowycz,

Rolf Paradies,

Michel Barbezat,


Prof. Paolo Ermanni,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:R. Paradies, M.Melnykowycz, J. of Intelligent MaterialSystems and Structures, 18, 963–972 (2007)


Material Systems

Fig.1: Damage model of AFC integrated in GFRP laminates withoutpre-stress.

Fig. 2: Processing of AFC with pre-stressed CFRP.

Investigation of tested specimens revealed that thedevelopment of cracks in the PZT fibers is linkedexclusively to the position of the electrode fingersof the IDE patterns. This is caused by the inhomo-geneous polarizations, which affects the materialproperties of the fibers, and therefore stress con-centrations in the PZT-fibers occur near the IDEedges.

AFC

Sens

itiv

ity

Strain [%]

Stable Zone

Gap Extension Crack Saturation

Opening

NewCrack Form

ation

1

24

3

5

0.05

Initial

Intermediate

Saturation

0.20 0.40 0.50

+F +F

Post-CureCooling

-F -F

CFRP

AFC

To improve upon the tensile strain limit of the AFC,different interface materials were used to packagethe AFC before integration in GFRP laminates. AFCwere processedwith silicon, CFRP andpre-tensionedCFRP interfaces. These packaging methods enabledstrain and force shielding of the AFC in response toglobal laminate loads. By processing the AFC withpre-tensioned CFRP, the PZT fibers could be placedunder a compressive state as shown in Figure 2.Testing revealed that the onset of fiber fragmenta-tion in the AFC could be extended by approximate-ly 50% using a CFRP pre-tensioned interface.

Links: www.empa.ch/abt117> Aktive Strukturen

Gypsum board in fire: A thermo-physicalinvestigation including a parametric studyCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Karim Ghazi Wakili,

Luc Wullschleger,

Erich Hugi

Gypsum boards are commercially widespread in

the building industry (5.6 billion m2 produced in

2000) and praised as fire resisting materials. This

is due to endothermic reactions caused by dehy-

dration and decomposition of their constituents.

The influence of these reactions on the thermal

properties, hence on the fire resistance of gypsum

boards has been investigated by thermo physical

methods (TGA, DSC) enabling comparison of nu-

merical simulation results with those of fire tests.

This leads to a new and correct allocation of the

processes occurring in commercial gypsumboards

when going up to 900 °C, neglected or falsely in-

terpreted in the open literature.

Gypsum boards are the main constituents of thewidespread light-weight wall constructions (timberor steel stud) and therefore of major importance inassessing their reaction to fire. These are not purehydrated calcium sulfate but a mixture of differentsulfates and carbonates. The present study aims ata better understanding of the gypsum board itself.For this, a commercially widespread gypsum boardsubjected to the standard fire ISO 834 was investi-gated. The temperature evolution was measured atdifferent depths in the sample and the result usedto validate a numerical model (Fig.1) based on den-sity, thermal conductivity and effective heat capac-ity of the gypsum board, all functions of tempera-ture.

32

The effects of dehydration and decomposition onthese properties were determined by using thermo-gravimetric analysis (Fig. 2), conductivity measure-ments after different heat loads, and differentialscanning calorimetry under air flow.

Additionally, a parameter study was carried out toquantify the influence of quantities such as positionandwidth of the reaction peaks on the effective heat

Contact: [email protected]:K.Ghazi Wakili, E. Hugi, L.Wullschleger, Th. Frank,J. Fire Sci. 25, 267–282 (2007)L.Wullschleger, K.Ghazi Wakili, Fire Mater.,available online (2007)

Fig.1: Comparison ofmeasured (M) and calculated(C) temperatures within thegypsum board (M12 and C12are identical as M12 is usedas a boundary temperature onthe hot side, M0 is the coldside).

Fig.2: Thermo gravimetric analysis of gypsum in dry air.

Fig. 3: Influence of the peak position on the calculated temperatureevolution on the cold side of the gypsum board.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 5 10 15 20 25Time [min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

Fire

M12mm

C 12mm

M 8mm

C 8mm

M 4mm

C 4mm

M 0mm

C 0mm

heating rate 20°C/min

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 200 400 600 800Temperature [°C]

Wei

ght

loss

[mas

s-%

/°C

]

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

deri

v.w

eigh

tlo

ss[m

ass-

%/°

C]

17% reduction 5.3%reduction

dehydration of CaSO4·2H2O

decomposition of CaCO3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 5 10 15 20 25Time [min]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

measuredTp = 130°CTp = 150°CTp = 170°CTp = 190°CTp = 210°C

specific heat

Temperature Tp

capacity, the thermal conductivity and the densityand hence on the outcome of the temperature evo-lution in the gypsum board (Fig. 3).

The investigation resulted in a correct simulation ofthe thermal behavior of gypsum boards under fireconditions, i.e. a correct quantification of the im-pact of sulfate dehydration and carbonate decom-position on retarding the heat propagation, and en-abling a future optimization ofmixtures used to pro-duce gypsum boards. Besides, the obtained insightwas beneficiary to tasks in the newly started EUproject “Integrated Safe & Smart Built Concept”.

Support: EU-FP6

Links: www.empa.ch/abt118> FIRESIM

Thaumasite formation

In concrete structures having contact with sul-

fate containing waters different sulfate contain-

ing expansive solids might form. This can pose a

serious threat to long-term durability. Sulfate in-

duced deterioration is caused by ettringite and

gypsum formation while thaumasite, due to its

slow precipitation kinetics, occurs at a late stage

of sulfate attack. Thaumasite formation is ob-

served at 8 °C and at 20 °C; its formation, how-

ever, proceeds much faster at 8 °C.

Sulfates present in groundwater can pose a seriousthreat to the long-term durability of concrete struc-ture. The interaction of mortar or cement pasteswith solutions containing sulfate leads to the for-mation of a reaction front within the porous mate-rial and to the precipitation of gypsum, ettringite andthaumasite (CaSiO3·CaCO3·CaSO4·15H2O) nearthe surface. Significant damage due to sulfate inter-action can result in the structural breakdown of theconcrete structure (Fig.1).



33

In a 3 year PhD project, the impact of sulfate ingres-sion, leaching, the role of limestone, porosity andtemperature has been investigated on cement pasteand mortar samples equilibrated with different so-lutions containing sodium sulfate. The mineralogi-cal analysis of these samples by X-ray diffractionand SEM/EDX shows that the interaction of mortaror paste with solutions containing sulfate leads tothe formation of a reaction front within the cemen-titious materials and to the precipitation of gypsumand ettringite near the surface. Further within thesample the depletion of portlandite as well as the

Barbara Lothenbach,

Thomas Schmidt,

Michael Romer,

Daniel Rentsch

Contact: [email protected]:T. Schmidt, PhD Thesis EPFL N° 3853 (2007)T. Schmidt, B. Lothenbach, M. Romer, K.L. Scrivener,D. Rentsch, R. Figi, Cem. Concr. Res., in press (2008)

Fig.1: Concrete damaged by thaumasite formation in theSan Bernardino tunnel, Switzerland.

Fig. 2: Thaumasite measured after 3 and 9 months of sulfateinteraction at 8 °C and 20 °C. Measured weight % refer to hydratedsamples without pore solution (exchanged with isopropanol;dried at 40 °C).

transformation of monocarbonate and/or monosul-fate into ettringite is observed. High sulfate con-centrations, as generally used in standard tests, leadto the precipitation of gypsum, while lower sulfateconcentrations, as present under field conditions,result in no or only very little gypsum precipitation.The formation of thaumasite is observed near thesurface of the samples only in a late stage in the al-ready strongly affected samples.

9 months3 months

8°C20°C

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

thau

mas

ite

mea

sure

d[w

t%]

Thaumasite is found to form in cement systems on-lywhere a source of carbonate is present and at highsulfate contents. Thaumasite precipitates at 8 °C andat 20 °C; its formation proceeds much faster at 8 °Cthan at 20 °C (Fig. 2). Thaumasite is observed in-dependently of the type of cement clinker (high andlow tricalciumaluminate (C3A) content) used. Leach-ing, i.e. the reduction of alkalis and portlandite, hasno significant influence on the stability of thauma-site.

Support: cemsuisse


numbers). Since there were no suitable microscop-ic tools available for this task, a new high resolutiontomography method (Cryo-FIB-nanotomography)and specific 3D-algorithms had to be developed.

The 3D-particle structure of a dispersed cement paste(after 6 minutes of hydration) is shown in Figure 1.The particles smaller than 500 nm (in yellow) canbe identified as ettringite crystals. The initially un-hydrated cement grains (blue, >500 nm) consistmainly of tricalciumsilicate and -aluminate. Due tothe high resolution of FIB-nanotomography, the topo-logy of interfaces at the particle contacts (shown inred) can be described quantitatively as well as par-ticle size distributions and surface area.

Figure 2 is a comparison of the particle size distri-butions in the cement paste (6 min) and in the un-hydrated cement powder (0 min). In the unhydrat-ed cement no particles smaller than 500 nm arepresent, whereas in cement paste the precipitated

Influence of superplasticizers on micro-structural development of fresh cement pastesCivil and Mechanical

Engineering


Lorenz Holzer,

Frank Winnefeld,

Beat Münch,

Anatol Zingg

The mechanisms of cement-superplasticizer (SP)

interactions are investigated by surface charac-

terization and geometrical quantification of the

particle contacts. The investigation of electro-

chemical surface potentials and their relationship

with the adsorption behaviour enables the for-

mulation of improved SP polymer-structures. In

addition, new cryo-microscopymethods for quan-

titative characterization of the 3D-particle struc-

tures open unique possibilities for the study of the

complex cement system at a fundamental micro-

structural level.

In order to enhance theworkability of fresh cement-based materials, superplasticizers (SP) are widelyused to prevent the systems from flocculation. Dueto the physico-chemical complexity of the system,the mechanisms of cement-superplasticizer interac-tions are still very controversial. A fundamental un-derstanding, similar to the research-standards in col-loidal science, is therefore considered as a basis forfurther improvements of the SP efficiency.

The basic theory of colloidal stability considers thetotal interaction forces between particles in suspen-sion, which can be obtained by the summation offorces at individual particle contacts. The forces atthe individual contacts are strongly depending onphysicochemical surface properties. Since cementpastes are very heterogeneous, surface potentials,adsorption efficiency and agglomeration behaviorhave to be investigated separately for the differentmineral- and polymer-constituents.

34

In addition, a quantitative description of the com-plex microstructures in cement paste is required forthe summation of the forces. This challenging taskincludes a geometrical description of the interfacialsurfaces and the quantification of particle interac-tions as a function of particle size (i.e. coordination

Fig.1: 3D-particle structurein a dispersed cement paste(6 min) analysed bycryo-FIB-nanotomography.Blue = particles > 500 nm,Yellow = particles < 500 nm,Red = Interfaces.

Fig. 2: Quantification based on 3D-data from FIB. Top: volumetricparticle size distribution, Middle: size distribution related to surfacearea, Bottom: size distribution of particle number density.

z

x

2µm14.6µm

y

0102030405060708090

100

0.1 1.0 10.0Particle Diameter [µm]

Vol

ume

frac

tion

[%]

6min

6min

0min

0min

< 1µm: 10vol% < 500nm: 9vol%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500


Spec

ific

Surf

ace

Are

a[m

m2 /

mm

3 ]

< 500nm: 45%

0.0E+00

5.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.5E+10

2.0E+10

2.5E+10


Nr.

ofpa

rtic

les

per

mm

3 6min

0min

0.294 · 109

particles per mm3

20.55 · 109

particles per mm3

< 500nm:97% of all particles



35

nanoparticles represent 9 vol% (Fig. 2 top). The ini-tial hydration reactions (dissolution, nucleation andprecipitation) lead to a significant increase of thesurface area by a factor of 2.5 (Fig. 2 middle). Themicrostructural changes are even more impressivewhen comparing the particle number density (Fig. 2bottom). The cement suspension contains 20·109

particles/mm3. 97% are represented by the smallettringite precipitates. Consequently, the precipita-tion of a large number of nanoparticles leads to asignificant increase of the number of contacts andinterfacial surface area, which have a strong impacton viscosity and yield stress.

Nevertheless, interaction forces are acting at veryshort distances in the lower nm-range, which cannot be resolved by FIB-nanotomography. Higherresolution imaging can be achieved by cryo-SEM.Figure 3 represents a close-up of the fine particlestructure in a dispersed cement paste. The unhy-drated tricalciumsilicate grain (Fig. 3 right) is cov-ered with a thin rim consisting of densely inter-grown ettringite and silicate-hydrate. The ettringiteforms short hexagonal prisms (ca. 200 nm) that arealso dispersed in the pore solution. As can be ob-served in many cryo-samples, agglomeration of et-tringite appears to be triggered by co-precipitationwith silicate-hydrates that are forming very fine fi-bres (<50 nm). The agglomeration behaviour is thusstrongly depending on the specific surface proper-ties of the different phases.

Contact: [email protected]@empa.ch

References:L.Holzer, Ph.Gasser, A. Kaech, M.Wegmann, A. Zingg,R.Wepf, B.Münch: Journal of Microscopy, 227, 216–228(2007).F.Winnefeld, S. Becker, J. Pakusch, T.Götz:Cement and Concrete Composites, 29, 251–262 (2007).A. Zingg, L. Holzer, A. Kaech, F.Winnefeld:Cement and Concrete Research, in press (2007).RC Purdy-Award:Our microstructural research was elected by the AmericanCeramic Society as the “most valuable contribution toceramic technical literature of the year”.

Fig. 4: Left: Adsorption iso-therm of PCE superplasticizer onettringite and tricaliumsilicate,Right: Change of zeta-poten-tials as a function of theadded amount of PCE super-plasticizer.

Fig. 3: High resolution cryo-SEM image of a fresh cement paste(6 min) with 0.7% superplasticizer.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5PCE added / wt.-% of solid phase

PCE

ads.

/w

t.-%

ofso

lidph

ase

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5PCE added / wt.-% of solid phase

zeta

pote

ntia

l/m

V

ettringitetricalciumsilicate

ettringitetricalciumsilicate

These surface properties can be influenced by theaddition of SP. Figure 4 illustrates the adsorptionbehaviour of SP on ettringite and tricalciumsilicateand the corresponding surface potentials in pore so-lution. The adsorption of SP is much stronger on et-tringite than on tricalciumsilicate (Fig. 4 left). Sincethe adsorbed polymers induce a change of the sur-

face potential, this change is much stronger for et-tringite. Correspondingly, the zeta-potential decreas-es from -14 to -4 mV (Fig. 4 right) due to the addi-tion of SP. In contrast, the potential of tricalcium-silicate remains nearly unchanged.

Due to the negative surface potential, the ettringitecrystals do not form agglomerates with themselves.However, in mixed cement pastes, silicate hydrates(+7mV) and ettringite (-14 mV) have opposite sur-face potentials and therefore tend to flocculate. Theadsorption of SP on ettringite reduces the electro-static potential between the two phases. In addition,SP induces steric repulsion forces between the neigh-bouring particles, which is considered as the mainfluidization effect. In our studies we found that theimpact of SP is depending on its polymer structureand dosage but also on the chemical composition ofthe particular cement. The adsorption behaviour iscontrolled by the charge density of the polymer.More anionic sites on the “backbone” of the mole-cule improve the adsorption efficiency. The amountof adsorbed polymer can be directly linked to rhe-ological parameters andhydration kinetics of the ce-ment paste.

Support: BASF AG


Hydrationrim

200 nm

Poresolution:pH13

Silicatehydrate:ζ-Pot +4

Ettringite:ζ-Pot -14

Unhydrated clinkertricalciumsilicate:

ζ-Pot +4

Emission of hazardous compounds fromtar-containing recycled asphalt pavementsduring reconstruction



Martin Hugener,

Lukas Emmenegger,

Peter Mattrel

Emissions of hazardous compounds such as poly-

cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emitted dur-

ing construction of pavements with tar-containing

hot recycled asphalt were investigated. Emissions

of critical compounds were in all cases below the

limit values foroccupational health.Hence, the cur-

rent recommended maximum value of 5000 ppm

for EPA-PAH* in the binder of RAP may be consid-

ered as adequate.

Hot recycling in pavement construction leads to theemission of hazardous compounds when tar-con-taining recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is used.This is due to the relatively high content of sub-stances such as phenols and polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAH) in tar. The latter are of specialinterest because some PAHs have carcinogenicand/ormutagenic properties. Switzerland does cur-rently not consider a complete ban on RAP in hotrecycling for economical and ecological reasons.Since RAP may always contain some tar, a scientif-ically sound limit for the maximum tar content andpavement temperature is required.

36

Contact: [email protected]:M.Hugener, L. Emmenegger, P.Mattrel. Journal ofEnvironmental Science and Health, Part A-Toxic/HazardousSubstances and Environmental Engineering, No 42,2–247 (2007)

Research ProgramNatural Resourcesand Pollutants

Different test parameters such as temperature, PAH-content and viscosity were varied in the laboratorytest program to investigate their influence on theresulting emissions. In a second phase, three fieldtests were carried out with RAP containing up to5600 ppm EPA-PAH. Occupational health data fortheworkmenwere collectedwith personal samplersand the total mass flow from the three main sourceswas determined.

The laboratory studies showed that temperature isthe major factor determining the emissions in the140 to 240 °C range. A temperature increase of 12°Cdoubled the emissions of total particulate matter(TPM) but led only to 25% higher EPA-PAH emis-

Fig.1: Paver with installationsfor emission measurements.

Fig. 2: Temperature dependent emissions of a tar-containing binderwith 5100 mg/kg EPA-PAH.

sions. However, emissions of PAH in the fume re-leased during paving increased proportionally withthe PAH concentration in the RAP.

The field tests disclosed that concentrations ofBenzo(a)pyrene, which is often used as lead com-pound for PAH, were in all cases below the occu-pational health limit value of 2 µg/m3 by at least afactor of three. However, TPM emissionswere closeto the occupational health limit value for bitumenfume (10 mg/m3).With up to 85mass-%, the screedarea was the most important source of emissions.

This study indicates that the current recommendedmaximum value of 5000 ppm for EPA-PAH in thebinder of RAP together with a maximum pavementtemperature of 160°C may be considered as ade-quate. However, conditions in the field trials did notinclude a worst case scenario and the gap to certainoccupational health limit values is small.With theseconclusions, Empa has contributed decisively to thesolution of a conflict between economical and en-vironmental interests.

*EPA-PAH: List of 16 PAHs defined by the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency EPA

Support: ASTRA


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

120 140 160 180 200 220Temperature [°C]

TPM

,EPA

-PA

H[m

g/m

3 ]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

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200

BaP

[µg/

m3 ]

TPM (Total Particulate Matter)Total EPA-PAHBenza(a)pyrene (BaP)

Detection of chlorides and moisture in concretestructures with Ground Penetrating Radar

A laboratory experiment has been carried out to

study the feasibility of the detection of chlorides

and moisture in bridge decks using Ground Pen-

etrating Radar. Results show a clear relationship

between chlorides and moisture on the one hand

and radar amplitudes on the other hand.

Corrosion within reinforced concrete is a majorproblem in countries where salt is applied to roadsfor de-icing. Concrete structures are periodically in-spected in order to monitor possible damage causedby chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcement.However, bridge decks covered with asphalt pave-ments are not accessible for visual inspection andprobing is limited. As a result, the planning of re-habilitation of bridge decks is usually based on asmall number of probes. Consequently, the condi-tion of bridge decks can only be assessed with lowcertainty. Therefore, amethod enabling to study theconditions of concrete bridge decks covered by as-phalt pavements is desirable.



37

Johannes Hugenschmidt,

Roman Loser

Contact: [email protected]:J. Hugenschmidt, R. Loser, Materials and Structures,accepted, available currently on SpringerLink,Online First (2007)

Fig.1: Radar measurements, transmitter and receiver antennas(white boxes) above concrete specimen.

Fig. 2: Quotient of reflection amplitudes (concrete surface/aluminiumsheet) obtained on different specimens.

3570

90 0

0.4

1

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

rel. humidity %ch

lorid

ead

ditio

n%

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been used byEmpa and other institutions formapping zoneswithincreased chloride and moisture contents on bridgedecks. Empa’s approach is based on the assumptionthat the presence of chlorides and moisture resultsin an increased electrical conductivity reducing thereflection amplitudes at the top layer of reinforce-ment. Although this is highly plausible, the magni-tude of this effect was unknown. Therefore, a labo-ratory experiment was carried out to validate thisassumption.

Nine concrete specimens were produced. Three dif-ferent amounts of chlorides (0%, 0.4%, 1.0%)wereadded to themixture, and the specimenswere storedat three different (35%, 70%, 90%) relative humidi-ties. Radar measurements were carried out 99 daysafter the production of the specimens with the samepair of horn antennas that is usually used for the in-spection of bridge decks (Fig.1). An aluminumsheetbeneath the specimens represented the top layer ofreinforcement.

Results showed a clear reduction of reflection am-plitudes at the aluminum sheet and an increase ofreflection amplitudes at the concrete surface forincreased contents of moisture and chlorides. Thequotient of the reflection amplitudes at the concretesurface and the aluminum sheet of the 90%-rel.hu-midity/1%-chlorides specimenwasmore than twicethe quotient of the 35%-rel.humidity/0%-chloridesspecimen (Fig. 2). Therefore, the quotient approachis likely to provide stable results on real bridges,where additional factors may influence the results.

Support: Canton Vaud, ASTRA

Links: www.empa.ch/abt113> Non-Destructive Testing

Compliant solutions for industrial productsCivil and MechanicalEngineering


Flavio Campanile,

Alexander Hasse

Compliant systems are a peculiar class of mechan-

ical systems designed to produce controllable

large deformations by exploiting structural flexi-

bility. They can be seen as a blend between struc-

tures (elastically deformable, but only up to a lim-

ited extent) andmechanisms (large deformations,

but produced by means of localized sliding ele-

ments like bearings and hinges and not by elas-

tic deformations). In close collaboration with in-

dustrial partners Empa is investigating compliant

solutions for products of several industrial sectors

(e.g. surgery instrumentation, sport articles, eye

glasses and prostheses).

Compared to conventional mechanisms, compliantsystems offer large advantages including absence ofwear and backlash, reduced noise, absence of par-ticle release, easiermaintenance andmanufacturing,better scalability and accuracy. Even if compliantsolutions are state of the art in small-scale, preci-sion equipment, they are strongly underrepresent-ed in other application fields, mainly due to their in-herent complexity in analysis and design. Our mainmotivation is closing this gap by developing an ad-vanced methodology in analysis and design with

38

special focus on so called distributed compliancemechanisms (Fig. 2), essential consisting of mutu-ally interacting bending elements. A key aspect ofcompliant systems is the fact that motion is gener-ated within the material. Mechanisms evolve froma heterogeneous collection of separate devices to-ward highly integrated and optimized material sys-tems. Material aspects are therefore essential to thisnew class of products: cycling loading, high strainsand nonlinear behavior generate new challengingtasks for analysis and development.

Compliant systems are subjected to several con-flicting requirements like conciliating the definedamount of desired deformation with the range of al-lowable material strain. Furthermore, certain stiff-ness is required to carry external loads whereas onthe other hand flexibility helps keeping actuationforces low. This leads to a highly complex designtask, which in the framework of this project is ap-proached by means of numerical optimization. Thecompliant system is analyzed as a beam truss. Bychanging the position of the nodes and the thick-ness distribution of the beams the optimizer search-es for a proper design which fulfills the above men-tioned requirements of deformability, stiffness andlow activation energy. Further specifications likedesign domain extension,manufacturing constraintsand actuator locations can be taken into account bythe optimization procedure.

The described method was applied to a grippingmechanism used for the actuation of laparoscopicsurgery instruments (Fig.1). Different compliant de-sign solutions are shown in Figure 2. Several mate-rial options were considered for prototype and se-ries production, like glass fiber reinforced plasticsand thermoplastics.

Support: Gebert-Rüf-Stiftung, Paul Peschke GmbH,Huber+Suhner AG

Links: www.empa.ch/abt119> Smart Structures

Contact: [email protected]:L.F. Campanile, in: Adaptive Structures:Engineering applications, (Ed: D.J.Wagg, M.I. Friswell,I.P. Bond, P.M.Weaver), John Wiley & Sons, 89–135 (2007)

Research ProgramAdaptiveMaterial Systems

Fig.1: Conventional grippingmechanism for laparoscopicsurgery.

Fig. 2: Design of compliant grippers with motion plot.


39























Empa Activities 2007Materials and Systems for Protection

and Wellbeing of the Human Body

support material

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Mission

Protection and wellbeing of the human body areimportant factors in our society, with potentiallysignificant economic consequences. In thedepartment we work with materials that can beused for protection and wellbeing in and aroundthe human body. This research calls upon theextensive knowledge and experience of our staffin areas ranging from material science, chemistry,biology and engineering to textile research.

Activities

Our multiscale research work on the interactionof the human body with artificial materials, e.g.implant interfaces, medical technology, has beenexpanded to include studies on the effects ofnanoparticles on human cells. Underpinning thiswork we have developed new methods to assesscell behavior, and in this context collaborativework with the University of Berne has beenextended. With financial support from the federalgovernment and strong collaboration with thefederal agencies for health and for the environ-ment (BAG and BAFU) we have created an actionplan to evaluate the opportunities and risksassociated with synthetic nanomaterials.

Empa’s work in biotechnology has primarilyfocused on “white” biotechnology. This involvesresearch on biological processes to manufacturechemicals and active agents using enzymes ormicroorganisms.

A typical example of transfer projects to industryis the plasma process developed at Empa tometallize fibers and threads. The patent coveringthis novel technology has been licensed to anindustrial partner who also took over the pilotmanufacturing plant. Licensing agreements withother industrial partners have also been signedin areas such as protection from heat and flamesand adaptive thermal insulation. We cooperatewith international companies for the develop-ment of bio-films as well as for mechanical shockabsorbing material systems.

As a result of our research on materials for sportsapplication we have developed close ties withathletes and sports associations. In conjunctionwith industrial partners we have been workingon the development of materials with the aim ofenhancing the human body’s capabilities andperformance. And finally we have initiated apartnership with Swiss Olympic, in which Empawill lend support by developing novel functionalmaterials for the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.

Markus Rüedi, Department Head

Cyto-compatible and antibacterialnano-composite coatings

Bacterial colonization remains a major problem

for human beings because it is mostly followed

by illness, disease and cost expansions. An alter-

native to antibiotics is the use of Silver, which acts

antimicrobial when Ag ions are released. There-

fore, a single-step plasma coating technique is

investigated for the incorporation of Ag nanopar-

ticles within a functional plasma polymer, which

allow to combine antimicrobial activity with cyto-

compatibility according to the ISO 10993-5 norm.

Due to the increasing prevalence of resistance ofbacteria to antibiotics and antiseptic methods, newstrategies to prevent colonization of biomaterialsare required. Due to its high antimicrobial activityand relatively low toxicity to human cells, silver(Ag) releasing surfaces are a promising and oftenused strategy to prevent bacterial colonization.However, for applications within a biological envi-ronment the release kinetics and the amount of sil-ver used play important roles in order to avoid cyto-toxicity.

Materials and Systemsfor Protection

and Wellbeing of theHuman Body


43

In order to obtain biomolecule-adhesive and bacte-rial-resistant surfaces, we investigated silver-con-taining functional plasma polymer coatings. Theamount of embedded silver nanoparticles had tobe precisely controlled to induce an adapted Ag ionrelease, which shows antimicrobial activity, yetpermits cell growth. A combined plasma polymer-ization/co-sputtering process allows the incorpora-tion of Ag nanoparticles during plasma polymergrowth. An asymmetric plasma reactor with a sil-ver cathode as sputtering target was used for thesingle-step process. As plasma polymer matrix anamine-functional hydrocarbon (Ag/a-C:H:N) layerthat shows a nanoporous structure was chosen.Low Ag contents were investigated with the aim toeffectively prevent bacterial colonization (P. aerug-

Peter Wick,

Stefanie Lischer,

Enrico Körner,

Dawn Balazs,

Dirk Hegemann


References:D.J. Balazs, M.M.Hossain, E. Brombacher, G. Fortunato,D.Hegemann, Plasma Process and Polymers 4, S380 (2007)

Research ProgramMaterials for Health

and Performance

Fig.1: Scheme of a nanoporous structure with in situ processedAg particles.

Fig. 2: Two 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell cultures of six days on a-C:H:N(2:1) without (top) and with 15 ppm Ag content (bottom) which showno differences in cell morphology indicating no sever effect resultedby the coating. Scale bar 100 µm.

support material

Ag

AgAg

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

inosa and E. coli), while not hindering cell growth(murine fibroblast cell line 3T3) supported by amine-functional groups.

A range of Ag/a-C:H:N coatings having various Agcontent (containing 2.0% to7.5%Ag) are testedwiththe mentioned biological assays, while an atomicpercentage between 3% and 4% Ag was proven tobe optimum. The understanding of Ag release kinet-ics and dosing will provide a processing window todevelop new bactericidal and cyto-compatible coat-ings with Ag release that is tailored for specific ap-plications such as for example implant surfaces orwound dressings.

Support: KTI

Links: www.empa.ch/abt272www.empa.ch/abt274

100 μm

100 μm

search dealing with the potential health hazards ofCNTs and other nanoparticles has focused on cellsand tissues that are likely to get in contact with air-borne particles.

Nanomaterial – cell interaction:The presence of nano-sized materials affectcell physiology in vitro

Materials and Systemsfor Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body


Peter Wick,

Harald Krug,


ETH Zurich (CH),

Research Center

Karlsruhe (DE)

The unique physical and chemical properties of

nanosized materials such as carbon nanotubes or

catalytically active nanoparticles suggest enor-

mous potential formany areas of research and ap-

plications. Thewidespread projected use of nano-

materials makes it important to understand their

potential harmful effects for a sustainable use of

nanotechnologies. The elucidation of the mecha-

nisms how biopersistent materials interact with

different types of cells is one focus of the current

research at Empa.

Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) orcatalytic nanoparticles are among the most inter-esting materials developed and produced within thelast decade.

SinglewalledCNTs (SWCNT)arepure carbonmacro-molecules consisting of graphene sheets rolled seam-less to a cylinder. Multi walled CNTs (MWCNT) re-sult from a coaxial assembly of two or more graphenesheets. Due to the unique properties in e.g. elasticmodulus, shear strength, thermal conductivity,CNTs have become a key material in nanoscienceand nanotechnology and are used in many applica-tions on an industrial scale.

However, despite their increasing use and bulk pro-duction, the effect of the biopersistent CNTs andtheir contaminants such as metal catalysts or amor-phous carbon, on the environmental and humanhealth are largely unknown. Most of the recent re-

44


Fig.1: Triple stained human epithelial cells (A549). Blue: nucleus;green: actin filaments; red: vinculin, a member of the focal adhesioncomplex.

Fig. 2: TEM of CNT-agglomerates with 10 to 20 parallel orientatedsingle walled CNT. Scale bar: 200 nm.

The Materials-Biology Interactions Laboratory atEmpa and Molecular Environmental Toxicology atthe Research Center in Karlsruhe evaluated severalhuman primary cells and cell lines as e.g. humanepithelial cell line A549 (Fig.1) representing a sim-plified airway wall model system, to assess biolog-ical effects in vitro. Extensive efforts were made insuspending the hydrophobic CNT without usingtoxic solvents and characterization of the nanoma-terial at all different steps of the procedure which isdone in close collaboration with Functional MaterialsLaboratory ETH Zurich. We found that polysorbate80, a non-ionic surfactant, is suitable to disperseCNTs for cytotoxicological studies without affectingthe used human cells. TEM analysis of the polysor-bate 80 suspended SWCNT elucidated not the pres-ence of single tubes but parallel agglomerated bun-dles of 10 to 20 tubes (Fig. 2). Different qualities ofCNTs provoke changes of the cell behavior (cellmorphology, proliferation, cytoskeleton organiza-tion and cell adhesion) in a time and concentrationdependent way. An early key factor in the NP-cellinteraction is the formation of reactive oxygenspecies (Fig. 3). Critical features that seem to deter-mine CNT toxicity are the presence of carbonaceousmaterial, residues of catalysts and the degree of CNTdispersion. Nevertheless, the high bio-persistenceof CNTs implies further investigation especially onlong term and clinical relevant research.

20 μm

200 nm




45


References:L.Belyanskaya, P.Manser, P. Spohn, A. Bruinink, P.Wick,Carbon, 45, 2643–2648 (2007)A.Helland, P.Wick, A. Köhler, K. Schmid, C. Som,Environ. Health Perspect, 115 (8)1125-31 (2007)J.P. Kaiser, P.Wick, P.Manser, P. Spohn, A. Bruinink,J Mater Sci: Mater Med, in press (2007)L.K. Limbach, P.Wick, P.Manser, R.N.Grass, A. Bruinink,W.J. Stark Environ Sci & Technol 41(11)4158-63 (2007)K. Pulskamp, S.Diabaté, H.F. Krug, Toxicol. Lett., 168,58–74 (2007)K. Pulskamp, J.M.Wörle-Knirsch, F. Hennrich, K. Kern,H.F. Krug, Carbon, 45, 2241–2249 (2007)P.Wick, P.Manser, L.K. Limbach, U.Dettlaff-Weglikowska,F. Krumeich, S. Roth, W.J. Stark, A. Bruinink, Toxicol. Lett.168, 121–131 (2007)

Fig. 3: Effect of four different qualities of SWCNT on the formationof reactive oxygen species in human lung cells after 120 minutes oftreatment.

Fig. 4: Scheme of reactive oxygen species production of catalyticparticles in human lung cells.

ROS formation after 120min (10µg/mℓ)

0

500

1000

1500

CNT rawmaterial

CNT bundles carboneousresidues

CNTagglomerates

rela

ctiv

ity

[%of

cont

rol]

Besides biological effects the chemical and physicalproperties of CNTs may influence the measurementsand methods used by themselves. Thus, viabilitytests based on dyes and colorimetrically measured,appliedvery oftenwith regard to the toxicity of nano-materials, have to be validated very carefully. Wehave investigated the applicability of these cytotoxi-city tests in more detail to prevent false positive orfalse negative results.

In summary, all these studies underline the need foran in-depth material characterization prior to toxi-cological studies and a careful validation of themethods applied.

The chemical and catalytic activity of nanoparticleshas strongly contributed to the current tremendousinterest in engineered nanomaterials and often servesas a guiding principle for the design of functionalmaterials. Since it has become evident that such ac-tive materials can enter into cells or organisms, thepresent study investigates the level of intracellularoxidations after exposure to different heavy metalcontaining silica particles and the correspondingpure oxides in vitro.

In collaboration with the Functional Materials Lab-oratory ETH Zurich elaborated results indicate thatthe particles could efficiently enter the cells by aTrojan-horse type mechanism which provokes anup to eight timeshigher oxidative stress (Fig. 4) com-pared to reference cultures exposed to aqueous so-lution of the same metal.

In summary, it could be shown that the chemicalcomposition of nanoparticles is a most decisive fac-tor determining the formation of reactive oxygenspecies in exposed cells rather then the physicalproperties.

Support: EU-6FP, BAG, BAFU, KTI,NanoCare, NanoHealth


50 μm

50 nm

TiO2/SiO2

nanoparticles

cultured humanlung cells (A549)

catalyticsurface

OH•, H2O2 , HO•2

O2

O•−2

Nanostructured plasma coatingsdemonstrate a permanent hydrophilic effectMaterials and Systems

for Protectionand Wellbeing of theHuman Body


Dirk Hegemann,

Sébastien Guimond

With a combination of polar functional groups and

nano-texturing of (textile) polymer surfaces the

wettability can be improved, while the effect of

hydrophobic recovery (i.e. an aging mechanism)

is strongly reduced. Rivaling deposition /etching

conditions in a plasma process were chosen to

deposit a nano-structured coating exhibiting an

extraordinary long-lived hydrophilic surface.

A good wettability of material surfaces is requiredfor many industrial applications. Wettability facili-tates important processes like printing, dyeing, lam-ination, bonding, and adhesion. On flat surfaces thewettability is chiefly related to the surface energy,which depends on the material’s surface chemistry –including contaminations. The hydrophilicity ofpolymer surfaces is generally determined by polarfunctional groups. Most standard (hydrophobic)polymers exhibit advantageous bulk properties (e.g.polyolefines and polyesters) yet lack surface polargroups and, therefore, have a low wettability. Sur-face treatments can be used to enhance the wet-tability of these polymers. Unfortunately, most ofthe conventional surface hydrophilization methodsare prone to aging effects due to restructuring andcontaminant adsorption, an effect known as hydro-phobic recovery. It is not surprising that such treat-ed polymer surfaces normally have a very limitedshelf life.

46

Two strategies can normally reduce the aging effectof hydrophilized polymer surfaces: (i) incorpora-tion of polar functional groups within a cross-linkedstructure to lower re-orientation effects and (ii) im-provement of wettability by surface structuring(roughness) to increase the contact area.

Here, we investigated thin plasma polymer coatingswith the goal to achieve the incorporation of polarfunctional groups into a nanometer thick, cross-linked film. An elegant way to deal with this chal-

Contact: [email protected]:D.Hegemann, M.M.Hossain, E. Körner, D.J. Balazs,Plasma Process. Polym. 4, 229 (2007)M.M.Hossain, D.Hegemann, G. Fortunato, A.S.Herrmann,M.Heuberger, Plasma Process. Polym. 4, 471 (2007)M.M.Hossain, PhD Thesis, University of Bremen (DE), 2008


Fig. 2: Aging of a polyester foil in three situations:untreated reference, conventional plasma activation and thenew nano-structured plasma coating.

Fig.1: A repellent textile sur-face (hydrophobic, right side)shows complete wetting afterplasma coating (hydrophilic,left side).

lenge is the mixing of a network-forming (polymer-izable) monomer with a reactive gas, which enablesthe formation of functional groups in competitionwith simultaneous etching processes during filmgrowth. The resulting surfaces are nano-structuredand exhibit (super-)hydrophilic characteristics atnoticeably reduced aging effects during storage.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30aging [days]

wat

erco

ntac

tan

gle

[°] PET untreated

PET plasma-activated

PET plasma-coated

Theplasmadepositionmechanism is basedon chem-ical etching during film formation and requires filmsputtering (physical degradation) to be suppressed.Therefore, a fine tuning of the plasma parametersto control both, the gas phase reactions and the sur-face reactions, is required. We developed an em-pirical model to describe plasma polymerizationprocesses based on macroscopic kinetics. This mod-el also allows us to predict the best design for theup-scaling of plasma polymerization, which wasdemonstrated between a lab-scale plasma reactorand a pilot-scale web coater.

The nano-structured plasma coatings are shown tobe completely wetted (wicking) by water on textilefabrics, an effect which is still present after morethan one year of storage in ambient air, which isan unprecedented result. Our wish is to transfer thedeveloped plasma process into industry.

Support: KTI


hydrophilic hydrophobic

6.3m

0.0m

x: 10.0µmy: 10.0µm

deflection fiber

movement scanner

deflection cantilever

substrate

fiber

cantilever

Fiber analytics using the AFM

Fiber Development relies on knowledge of rele-

vant quantities starting with the shape, the struc-

ture, aswell as themechanical and chemical prop-

erties of fibers. Production parameters influence

the molecular crystallinity, the incorporation of

particles, or, the topography. The Atomic Force

Microscopy (AFM) was used to gain additional

information on the fiber on a local scale and to

directly test the mechanical properties of single

fibers in a novel bending experiment.

The AFM offers the unique possibility to acquirequantitative information under environmental con-ditions locally on single fibers. Today, different op-eration modes of the AFM allow to simultaneouslyobtain a wealth of information on the morphology,conductivity, magnetic property, adhesion and lo-cal elastic moduli. As an example we investigated apolyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber surface afterchemical treatment with an alkaline aqueous solu-tion (Fig.1A, left). As extracted by statistical analy-sis of the height distribution from the untreated andtreated PET fiber surfaces, the average roughnessincreased by a factor of 4. This can be explained bya faster hydrolysis of the amorphous regions com-pared to the more crystalline regions. After removalof the hydrolyzate even the distribution of embed-ded titanium dioxide particles can be visualized asdark spots in thephase contrast image (Fig.1A,right).This contrast is generated by their higher stiffness,which results in lower energy dissipation during tip-surface interaction.

Besides established nano-indentation experimentswith the AFM, the longitudinal shape of fibers offersan elegant way of extracting intrinsic mechanicalproperties such as the elastic modulus. Therefore,a nanoscaled bending test (Fig. 1B, left) was devel-oped, which can also be applied to nanofibers (Fig. 2,left), allowing an individual measurement with en-suing statistical evaluation. This technique was ap-plied to melt-spun core/sheath bicomponent fiberswith different draw rations (polyphenylene sulfide(PPS) and PET). Our results, which were assignedthe “MFC Paul Schlack prize” in 2007, show a cleardependency of the elastic modulus on the draw-ratio(Fig. 1B, right). A higher orientation of the macro-molecules along the fiber axis, resulting in highercrystallinity, were also confirmed by differentialscanning calorimetry. Namely, the change fromspherulitic to fibrillar structure in the drawn fibercan be correlated with the local mechanical responsein liquids or gaseous media.




47

New applications of the AFM on fibers aim at study-ing the morphology and mechanical properties ofelectrospun fibers, the particle distribution and ori-entationwithinplasma-deposited layers (Fig. 2, right)and the local mechanisms of adaptive polymer sys-tems in textiles.

Jörn Lübben,

Rudolf Hufenus,

Manfred Heuberger

Contact: [email protected]:S.Houis, M. Schmid, J.F. Lübben, Journal of Applied PolymerScience 106(3): 1757–1767 (2007)J.F. Lübben et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 61:4 (2007)


and Performance

Fig.1: A: Topographical (left) and phase contrast (right) images of a hydrolyzated PET fiber surface.B: AFM bending test on a single fiber (left). Force-displacement curves of two- and four-times drawnPPS/PET core/sheath bicomponent fibers (right).

Fig. 2: Left: Electrospun PA-nanofibers. Right: Ag-particle distribution in a plasma-layer visualized inphase contrast mode.


0 µm X* 1.99 µm

0µm X* 12.4 µm

Topography – Scan forward

Topography – Scan forward

0µm

Y*1.99

µm0µm

Y*6.19

µm

Topography

range

Parabolafit49.6nm

Topo

graphy

range

Line

fit39

7nm

A

B

-1000 -500 0 500 1000

0

50

100

150

200

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e[n

N]

scanner displacement [nm]

PPS

PET

2× drawn: 2.1GPa4× drawn: 7.9GPa

0 µm X* 1.99 µm

Phase – Scan forward

0µm

Y*1.99

µm

Phaserange

Rawdata

90.4°

Enhanced adhesion of metal filmon synthetic fibers for wearable electronicsMaterials and Systems



Martin Amberg,

Dirk Hegemann,

Manfred Heuberger

Conductive fibers with unchanged textile charac-

ter are key to the development of wearable elec-

tronics. For an optimal integration into the com-

plex textile production chain, a conductive fiber

must allow weaving, knitting and embroidering;

formarket acceptance, it has to bewashablemany

times. In this research project, an industry-rele-

vant plasma sputtering process was systemati-

cally scrutinized to identify the relevant factors

of metal-fiber adhesion.

The full integration of electronic components intotextiles has attracted considerable attention – world-wide. Leading international companies are focusingtheir efforts onto innovative products such as wear-able communication devices, wearable computing,or, wearable medical monitoring. To realize newproducts, the integration of conventional electron-ic components is already highly advanced, namelyas sensors, keyboards, buttons, switches, micro-phones, antennas, temperature sensors, skin elec-trodes and the like. All of these new developmentscall for an electrical point-to-point connection inte-grated into the textile to transmit analog and digitalsignals or deliver the necessary power to the com-ponents.

48

Empa has developed a plasma sputtering processwhich deposits a nanometer thick metal film ontosynthetic fibers in a continuous process. The film isthin enough to preserve the textile character of thefiber, yet also thick enough to guarantee low enoughelectrical resistance. This processwas recently trans-ferred into industrial production. Since textile fibersalways come with a spin finish oil or avivage on theirsurface a thorough pre-cleaning is necessary toachieve optimal adhesion and wash permanency.

Contact: [email protected]:D.Hegemann, D.J. Balazs, in “Plasma technologies for tex-tiles”, ed. R. Shishoo, Woodhead (Cambridge), p.158 (2007)


Fig.1: Metallized fiber bobbin exhibiting a low electric resistance anda high reflectance characteristic for this high-quality coating.

Fig. 2: Residual spin finish oil and silver uptake as a function ofprocess speed. This graph illustrates the cleaning efficiency of areactive plasma on synthetic fiber. The reduced uptake of silver athigher speeds is due to both, to an oil-induced smaller stickingcoefficient and to a smaller exposure to silver at higher speeds.With pre-cleaned fibers a processing speed of some 400 m/min isreadily possible.

0 20 40 60 80 100

2.0

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4

0.0

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Mas

sA

gon

Fibe

r[m

g/m

]

Speed [m/min]

Res

idua

lOil

[%w

]

Ag Mass on FiberPES 150f48Residual Oil after RF Cleaning

Interestingly, our thin metal films sustain a higherstrain on fibers under tension than expected for thebulk metal equivalent. Due to the noticeable advan-tage of the enhanced elongation at break of bondedfilms, an optimization of washability via enhancedadhesion is possible. In this work we establishedthe quantitative relationship between reminiscentoil on the surface and the properties of the metalcoating. Furthermore, we could identify the bestconditions for fiber pre-cleaning in a reactive plas-ma zone prior to the metallization. Analysis of themechanisms of film failure allowed us to catalog anumber of important correlations betweenpre-clean-ing, film thickness andadhesion.Anexample of sucha result is shown in Figure 2. In an iterative course,the plasma process was hence optimized to such anextent that it yielded a superior wash- and sterili-zation cycles performance.

Support: KTI


PES 150f48el. resistance: 10 Ω/cmsilver mass: 1.3 mg/m

Tribology of human skin in contactwith textiles

Prolonged pressure, friction and shear forces, as

well as humidity at the skin-textile interface are

decisive physical factors in the development of

wounds such as decubitus. The mechanical con-

tact at the skin-textile interface was investigat-

ed, and a textile friction test method was devel-

oped for the objective tribological assessment

of fabrics, in connection with decubitus preven-

tion.

In order to study the mechanical contact at the skin-textile interface, contact pressures were measuredbetween supine persons and a hospital foam mat-tress. Interface pressure distributions were record-ed in the pelvic and femoral regions, areas knownfor high risk of decubitus formation. Maximum con-tact pressures ranged up to 9.2 kPa (Fig.1).

Using these results, laboratory test methods weredeveloped to study friction contacts under clinicallyrelevant conditions. In particular, a tribometer wasconstructed to monitor friction and normal forces,and to simulate reciprocating motions between hu-man skin and fabrics, using a mechanical skin mod-el. The textile friction device allows the systematic




49

characterization of the frictional behavior of fabricswith a high measurement resolution and over a widerange of test parameters.

Fabrics made of various natural and synthetic yarnswere investigated to be used as possible fabric sub-strates for medical textiles. Fabrics were rubbedagainst the skin-simulating material, and static aswell as dynamic friction coefficients (COFs) weredetermined. The dynamic COF of the investigatedfabrics ranged from 0.13 to 0.33, and static COFvaried between 0.15 and 0.38 (Fig. 2). For both co-efficients, a factor of about 2.5 was found betweenthe fabric with the lowest and the highest COF. Forthe cotton-polyester hospital fabric (medical refer-ence textile), a static COF of 0.33 and a dynamicCOF of 0.29 was found. Due to their hairiness, fab-rics made of natural yarns tend to have greater COFsthan those with synthetic fibers. Lower frictional re-sistance at the skin surface is expected to reduce therisk of superficial abrasion and tissue distortion indeeper skin layers.

Measurements using the textile friction device areused to develop novel medical textiles with im-proved clinical performance for wound prevention.

Lutz-Christian Gerhardt,

Niklaus Mattle,

Gerhard Ulrich Schrade,

Siegfried Derler,


Nicholas D. Spencer,

ETH Zürich (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:L.-C.Gerhardt et al., Skin Res Technol 14: 77–88 (2008)S.Derler et al., Wear 263: 1112–1116 (2007)


and Performance

Fig.1: Examples for the contactpressure distribution in supinepersons: contours of the pelvis(left) and a local pressureconcentration in the trochantericarea (right).

Fig. 2: Friction coefficients of selected fabrics with various textileconstructions and fiber materials.

Support: KTI


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

PTFE PET CO / PES Wool Viscose

Coe

ffici

ent

offr

icti

on[-

]

Static COF Dynamic COF

15 cm

kPa

Steam burns – moisture managementin firefighters’ protective clothingMaterials and Systems



Corinne Keiser,

René Rossi

While working in a fire environment, firefighters

are exposed to a hot and very moist environment.

A large amount of the produced sweat remains in

the clothing layers and strongly affects the heat

transfer through the garment. The aim of this the-

sis was to analyze the absorption /evaporation

and the transfer of moisture within the clothing

layers and its effects on the heat transfer.

The distribution of moisture in the layers of a fire-fighter protective clothing system (usually 3 layersof firefighter protective clothing plus the underwearand a work wear) was studied first. The locationand amount of moisture in the protective clothingaffects the ability of hot steam to arise and also tomove through the clothing layers towards the body.The moisture content of a single layer was found tobe not only dependent on its material properties butmainly on properties of the other layers of the com-bination. Especially the layer next to the underwearproved to be of high importance for the moisturedistribution.

50

Contact: [email protected]:C. Keiser, PhD Thesis ETHZ No. 17406 (2007)C. Keiser, C. Becker, R.M. Rossi, Textile Res. J.,accepted (2007)C. Keiser, R.M. Rossi, Textile Res. J., accepted (2007)


Fig.1: Temperatures between thelayers during the measurementswith 1 g water located in thethermal barrier.

20

60

100

140

180

220

0 120 240 360 480 600Time [s]

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Thermal barrier 2

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Underwear

I II III IV V

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

In a next step, the evaporation rate and vapor dif-fusion through the layers was determined. As hu-midity sensorswere too slow tomeasure fast changesof humidity inside the clothing layers, temperaturechanges were used to analyze the evaporation ofmoisture. The temperature courses can be dividedinto five different phases and mainly consists of twosuperimposed curves (Fig.1): first the curve of thetextile including a moist layer from which the mois-ture was evaporating (Phases I and II) and secondthe curve of heating up the dry textiles after all mois-ture had evaporated. The end of the evaporation wasclearly visible as the point at which the tempera-tures quickly rose after a phase with constant tem-peratures (Phase III). As soon as all moisture hadevaporated, the temperature increase followed ex-actly the curves of the measurements of dry sam-ples (Phases IV and V).

The heat fluxes calculated from the temperaturegradients were not higher in the wet combinationsthan in dry ones. Therefore, water or water vaportransfer and condensation of moisture on the skincontribute to steam burns, apart from the higherheat transfer in wet conditions.


Development and characterisation of carbonnanotube-reinforced polyurethane foams

Flexiblepolyurethane (PU) foamswith loading frac-

tions of up to 0.2 wt% multi-wall carbon nano-

tubes (MWCNT) were synthesized. Electronmicro-

scopy (SEM) revealed an open cellular structure

and homogeneous dispersion of the MWCNT. The

incorporation of MWCNT affected the foam cel-

lular structure, as observed by image analysis. The

compressive response of the foams shows an im-

provement of more than 40% at low loading frac-

tions (<0.1 wt%).

Carbon nanotubes provide a novel means to enhancepolymer structures where conventional fiber fillerscannot be accommodated. We report on MWCNT-reinforced PU foams, which have potentially widerelevance as PU is one of the six most-sold plasticsworldwide and, in particular, because PU foams arewidely used in body protectors.




51

Synthesis and SEM of MWCNT and the compos-ite were carried out at Imperial College. AlignedMWCNT were grown by the CVD injection method(C. Singh et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 372, 860, 2003).After oxidation, the MWCNT were mixed with poly-ol, upon which surfactant, catalyst and distilled wa-ter, and finally isocyanate were added to the mixture.Foaming occurred in an open, cylindrical mold. SEMshows an anisotropic structure with cells elongatedparallel to the foaming direction (Fig.1a), whereasthe perpendicular structure appears more isotropic(Fig.1b). Inspection of the fracture surface revealsa good dispersion of MWCNT (Fig.1c). Optical and

Rolf Stämpfli,

Paul Brühwiler,

Safer Mourad,


Raquel Verdejo,

Milo Shaffer,

Imperial College (UK)

Contact: [email protected]:R. Verdejo, R. Stämpfli, M.Alvarez-Lainez, S.Mourad,M. Rodriguez-Perez, P.A. Brühwiler, M. Shaffer,Compos. Sci. Technol, submitted (2007)


Fig.1: Representative images of the PU/MWCNT foam samples:a) SEM images of surfaces obtained by cutting parallel andb) perpendicular to the foaming direction; c) MWCNT dispersion(0.1wt% loading fraction); d) progressive grey scale of the samples:0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2wt%.

Fig. 2: Relative yield strength as a function of MWCNT loadingfraction for different sample sets.

Mechanical effects of MWCNT on polyurethane foam

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2MWCNT concentration [wt%]

rela

tive

yiel

dst

reng

th

Sample set 3

Sample set 1Sample set 2

MWCNT specially driedbefore dispersion in polyol

mechanical characterization was carried out atEmpa. Samples were carefully cut in a custom-builtapparatus. Image analysis of the cellular structureindicated that the mean cell size initially increaseswith the addition of MWCNT, decreasing again athigher loading fractions. The quasistatic compres-sive response (EN ISO 3386-1) exhibited an im-provement of more than 40% at low loading frac-tions (Fig. 2). Parallel to this, the specific Young’smodulus generally decreased at higher loading frac-tions. Possible strategies to improve the mechani-cal strength would be functionalizing or grafting ofthe MWCNT.

The results indicate that the MWCNT-reinforced PUfoams have the potential to improve energy absorp-tion in light-weight foams without increasing thedensity. If these results can be extended to dynamicimpacts, this will be an attractive development foruse in body protectors.


a) b)

c)

d)

MWCNT

500 µm 500 µm

1 µm

1 cm

Preparation of chiral (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids(RHAs) from bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoatesMaterials and Systems



Qun Ren,

Katinka Ruth

An efficient process for production of (R)-hydro-

xycarboxylic acids (RHAs) from bacterial polyhy-

droxyalkanoates (PHAs)wasdeveloped. It involved

the synthesis of PHA in bacteria, followedby bring-

ing the culture broth to a pH optimum for in vivo

degradation of PHA. The optimal pH was further

maintained to allowmaximal release of RHAs. Us-

ing this process, almost 90% (weight/weight) PHA

was degraded into RHAs in 15 hours. The obtained

RHAs could be further separated and purified to

a purity of over 95%.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are accumulated bymany bacteria as intracellular storage materials.When bacterial cells are under carbon starvation,the accumulated PHAs can be degraded via intra-cellular PHA depolymerase to monomers, namelyR-hydroxycarboxylic acids (RHAs). The monomers

52

can be further re-utilized by the bacteria as a carbonand energy source. All of the PHA monomers areenantiomerically pure and in R-configuration. RHAscan be used as starting materials for the synthesisof antibiotics, vitamins, flavours and other valuablecompounds. The goal of this study is to develop anefficient method to produce RHAs from PHAs.

Pseudomonas putida GPo1 was cultivated in achemostat under dual (carbon and nitrogen) nutri-ent limited conditions for PHA accumulation. Theculture broth at the steady state was collected andadjusted to different pH values to investigate PHAdegradation and RHA release. The optimal pH wasfound to be between 9.5 and 10.5. With the initialpH of 10.0 at room temperature an exponential PHAdegradation pattern was observed (Fig. 1A). 60% ofthe originally accumulated PHA was degraded in 12hours. Further incubation of up to 24 hours did notlead to a better yield (Fig. 1A). It was also observedthat the pH of the culture broth dropped in a simi-lar manner to that of PHA degradation during theincubation, namely froman initial pHof 10.0 to about8.0 after 12 hours (Fig. 1A). This suggested that therelease of monomeric acids constantly lowered theenvironmental pH of the culture broth, resulting inless favorable conditions for PHA degradation. Thus,we investigated whether a better yield of RHA pro-duction could be achieved by keeping the pH of thecell broth constant at the level optimal for PHAdegra-dation. The culture broth was collected, and adjust-ed to and maintained at pH 10.0 by a pH controller.The degradation of PHAs and the release of RHAswere followed for 24 hours (Fig. 1B). A linear PHAdegradation pattern was observed in the first 9 hours.After 15 hours almost 90% (w/w) of the total PHAwas degraded.

We further designed a process for continuous RHApreparation using chemostat (Fig. 2). The culturebroth was continuously directed from the chemo-stat to a stirred tank reactor where the pH value wasadjusted to and controlled at 10.0 by adding NaOH(Fig. 2). To enhance PHA degradation and RHA pro-duction, a plug flow (PF) reactor was applied (Fig. 2).The culture broth was delivered from the tank re-actor to the PF tube by a pump. The pumping flowrate was the same as the flow rate of the chemostat.After the cells had an average residence time of 10


Fig.1: Preparation of RHA monomers via in vivo degradation ofbacterial PHAs. P. putida GPo1 cells were cultivated in continuousculture and the culture broth was collected after reaching the steadystate. The pH of the cell broth was adjusted to 10 by adding NaOH,then either was not further controlled (A) or was controlled at 10 (B).Degradation of PHA and release of RHAs under both conditionswere followed for 24 hours.

Incubation time [hours]

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hours in the tank reactor with a set pH of 10, theyfurther degraded PHA and released RHAs inside thePF tube. After 6 hours in the PF reactor almost 90%(w/w) of the originally accumulated PHA was de-graded. This productivity is similar to that achievedby batch preparation of RHAs. However, when achemostat is used, a PF reactor is a more efficientmeans for production of RHAs because it avoidstime delays in cell collection, change of equipmentand readjustment of parameters, thus enabling acontinuous production process.

The obtained RHAs (e.g. 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid)were purified by reversed phase semi-preparativecolumn chromatography and subsequent solvent ex-traction. The purified 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid wasconfirmed to have exclusively R-configuration bychiral GC analysis (Fig. 3). The developed processprovides an economical system to obtain enantiomer-ically pure hydroxycarboxylic acids, which is thefirst step towards a large scale production of chiralsynthons from PHAs for industrial applications.

Support: Eawag





53

Contact: [email protected]:K. Ruth, A.Grubelnik, R.Hartmann, Th. Egli, M. Zinn,Qun Ren, Biomacromolecules, 8:279–286 (2007)Qun Ren, K. Ruth, L. Thöny-Meyer, M. Zinn,Macromol. Rapid Commun. 28:2131–2136 (2007)Qun Ren, E. Pletscher, M. Zinn, L. Thöny-Meyer, Patent:PCT/CH2007/000156, applied for (2007)

Fig. 2: Schematic representation of a continuous process for production of RHAs from bacterial PHAs.

Fig. 3: Chiral GC analysis of purified (R )-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid(R3HO): a, racemic (R,S )-3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl esters;b, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid methyl ester prepared from R3HO purifiedin this study; c, mixture (1/1 vol %) of the racemic standard andpurified R3HO methyl esters.

*) open system where sterilization is not necessary.

Production of RHAsProduction of PHA

Bacteria accumulate PHA inintracellular granules

Depolymerization of PHA leads to excretion ofRHAs into supernatant

Collection & purification of RHAs

RHAs can be purified via column chromatographyand solvent extraction

Medium

Carbonsource

Fermentor

Air

NaOH

NaOH

Base tank reactor

*

Harvest tank

Centrifugation

Solventextraction

Acidification Columnchromatography

*

Plug flow reactor *pH

pH

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5

a

b

c

Inte

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V]

Retention time [min]

Detection of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)in biomass using gaschromatographyMaterials and Systems



Patrick Furrer,

Roland Hany,

Daniel Rentsch,

Andreas Grubelnik,

Katinka Ruth,

Manfred Zinn,


Sven Panke,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Standard chromatographicmethods for the quan-

tification of bacterial poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)

(PHA) proved to be inappropriate for the analysis

of medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA). Transes-

terification catalyzed by protic acids is not quan-

titative formcl-PHAunder common conditions due

to slow reaction kinetics and formation of side-

products in case of functionalized side-chains. To

circumvent these limitations, an improvedmethod

for the quantification of mcl-PHA by GC-FID was

developed. Boron trifluoride (BF3) inmethanolwas

successfully applied toquantitativelymethanolyse

different mcl-PHA (recovery > 94%). This novel

method is well-suited for the analysis of purified

mcl-PHA as well as for mcl-PHA in biomass.

PHAs are produced by microorganisms under spe-cial growth conditions and stored inside the cell. Inorder to control PHA production, different methodshave been applied to determine the content of PHAin biomass and to analyze the monomeric composi-tion of PHA-copolymers using gaschromatographycombined with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).

The original propanolysis method by Riis was quan-titative for the transesterification of poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing a low amountof hydroxyvalerate. Nearly 100% of the polymerwas recovered as propylester. However, for PHBVwith a high amount of hydroxyvalerate and for PHAswith longer side-chains the reaction yield fell below50%; e.g. for PHA produced from 10-undecenoicacid (PHU).

54

Contact: [email protected]:P. Furrer, R.Hany, D. Rentsch, A.Grubelnik, K. Ruth, S. Panke,M. Zinn, J. Chromatography A 1143:199–206 (2007)


Fig. 2: GC-FID-chromatograms of PHU transesterified withthe adapted HCl-propanol method of this work (a) and withBF3-methanol (b).

Fig.1: Side-reactions of PHU during transesterification withHCl-propanol. A) Cyclisation of propyl 3-hydroxy-6-heptenoate (C7:6).B) Water addition to unsaturated side-chains (m = 1–3).

The C7:6-monomer was suspected to excessivelyundergo side-reactions during propanolysis and toform the side-products observed by GC. To confirmthis hypothesis and to elucidate the structure of theside-products, 3-hydroxy-6-heptenoic acid producedby fermentation and separated by column chroma-tography was propanolysed for 2 days with HCl-propanol at 100 °C to quantitatively convert it intoside-products. LC-MS measurements showed thatthese products had identical retention times andmass spectra as the dominant side-products fromPHU obtained by transesterification with HCl-propa-nol. NMR experiments revealed that the two mainproducts were (2-S, 5-R) and (2-R, 5-R) diastereomersof (5-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-acetic acid propylester as shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, water ad-dition to the terminal double bonds of C7:1, C9:1and C11:1 propylesters was observed.

The formation of these side-products was avoidedby using the Lewis-acid BF3 in a water-free solvent.Transesterification with BF3-methanol was appliedsuccessfully to all mcl-PHA investigated and pro-duced at Empa. This novel method is well suitedfor the detection of mcl-PHA in biomass where oth-er analytical methods fail. In comparison with theadapted HCl-propanol transesterification, only a fewnon-interfering additional peaks from other lipids ofbiomass appeared in the spectrum, which simplifiesthe analysis of data considerably (Fig. 2).

Links: www.empa.ch> Biomaterials

O

O

nHO

O

O

O

O

O

H

H+, ΔT

-H+

n-propanol

A)

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n

m

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H2O, ΔT

-H+

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.]

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Internalstandard


55























Empa Activities 2007Information, Reliability

and Simulation Technology

b

ba

c

Absolute differencein NOx emissions(t/year)

22–35

11–21

4–10

(-3)–3

(-10)–(-4)

(-21)–(-11)

(-35)–(-22)

R

Mission

The development of advanced materials andsystems requires novel measuring, modeling,simulation and information technologies.Data and image processing are of importance inthe acquisition, transfer and presentation ofdata. Non-destructive evaluation and imagingtechniques ensure adequate reliability and safetyof systems and structures from the macro to thenanometer scale. The transformation of techno-logical progress into quality of life of current andfuture generations requires interdisciplinaryresearch on the opportunities and risks oftechnological developments for humans and theenvironment, especially in the application ofICT, nanotechnology and energy technologies.

Activities

Experimental research, physical modeling andsimulations in the field of the reliability, safetyand security of materials, devices and systems arethe focus of our work. Sensors, measurementdevices and procedures are being developed; andexperimental facilities for micro- and nanotechnol-ogy such as a focused-ion-beam (FIB) instrument,optical full field methods and X-ray tomographyare in operation at our facilities and at the synchro-tron light source SLS at the Paul Scherrer Institute.The objective is to enable and support the devel-opment and application of new materials, devicesand processes. Thus, a method for 3-D imaging ofbone cells with the FIB has been developed, andFIB has also been successfully applied to structur-ing photonic crystals. A novel ultrasonic methodallows strain measurements to be made in con-nection with the fixation of broken bones in thelaboratory environment.

Noise emissions by components and systemshave a significant environmental impact. Emparesearch substantially contributes to selectedtopics in the field of noise abatement and noisereduction. In a CTI project, a model is beingdeveloped to predict the characteristics of and soimprove the design of large windows with highsound attenuation. Research on environmentalnoise prediction from aircraft and rail traffic hasculminated in the finalization of two PhD theseson related topics. Our staff has also made impor-tant contributions to the Zurich Flight Noise Index(ZFI) which represents an important part of thefoundation for the new flight regime of the Zurichairport.

Quality of color reproduction in the printingindustry involves a complex interaction of print-ing technology, pigments and paper. Based onan understanding of the scattering of light nearto the surface layer of printing paper, Empahas, in a CTI project, developed a procedurewhich produces better quality, less misprints andimproved productivity.

Analyzing emerging technologies embedded insocial processes, focusing on the interactionsbetween technology, the environment and oursociety aims to support the development oftechnologies that are beneficial and acceptable tosociety. Projects dealt with include such variedtopics as the assessment of traffic emissions inChilean cities and life cycle assessment compar-isons of internal combustion engine vehiclesand all-electric vehicles.

Xaver Edelmann, Department Head

Superspeckles – super-resolution filtersapplied to speckled light

Liquid crystal arrays allow manipulating the

phase and amplitude of a laser beam. If they are

properly used in combination with a lens, sharp-

er images can be obtained. We applied such a su-

per-resolution lens to a laser speckle pattern in-

terferometer to prove experimentally that the

measurement range of the interferometer is dou-

bled without compromising lateral resolution.

Laser light that is reflected from a rough object sur-face forms a speckle pattern, i.e. a random variationof phase and intensity in space. In Digital SpecklePattern Interferometry (DSPI) a CCD-camera is usedto record the interference pattern from the super-position of a speckle pattern and a reference wave.This allows measuring deformations of an objectwith a resolution of 10 nm. The measurement rangeof DSPI is limited by the size of the speckles at thedetector. This size is given by the diffraction limit-ed point spread function of the imaging system.Hence, stopping down the lens increases both thespeckle length and width. However, increasing thewidth of the point spread function decreases the lat-eral resolution in the image.

Information,Reliability and

Simulation Technology


59

In a PhD Thesis performed in collaboration withEPFL applications of liquid crystal arrays to speck-led laser light were studied. A design methodologyfor super-resolution filters was developed and ver-ified experimentally by using programmable liquidcrystal arrays. Such a super-resolution lens can im-prove the lateral resolution by up to 40%. If a su-per-resolution lens is introduced into the imagingsystem of a speckle pattern interferometer (Fig.1),the speckle width decreases correspondingly. In ad-dition, “superspeckles” are created that are muchlonger in size than originally. We noted that the in-crease in speckle length increases the measurementrange of the interferometer accordingly. An increasein DSPI measurement range by nearly a factor oftwo was successfully proven by experiment. Figure2 illustrates the experimental results. The tilt of anobject was measured by DSPI giving rise to a set ofparallel correlation fringes. If the object is movedaway from the interferometer by more than a speck-le length, these fringes vanish. However, when us-ing “superspeckles” the fringes are clearly visible atthe same distance. This proves the usefulness ofcombining a super-resolution filter with a DSPI in-terferometer.

Erwin Hack,

Phanindra N.Gundu

Contact: [email protected]:P.N.Gundu, PhD Thesis EPFL No 3873 (2007)P.N.Gundu, E.Hack, P.K. Rastogi, Opt. Commun. 278,382–386 (2007)


Material Systems

Fig.1: DSPI interferometer withsuper-resolution lens. BS: beamsplitter; LCD: liquid crystal array

Fig. 2: Left: Correlation fringeswithout super-resolution filter at0.0mm (a) and 0.5mm (b).Right: Correlation fringes with“superspeckles” at 0.0mm (c)and 0.5mm (d).

Laser

Beam expander BS Mirror

Object BS Lens LCD BS

CCD

(a) (c)

(b) (d)

Monte Carlo simulation of a cone-beamCT system for industrial applicationsInformation,

Reliability andSimulation Technology


Alice Miceli,

Raphaël Thierry,

Alexander Flisch,

Jürgen Hofmann,

Urs Sennhauser,


Franco Casali,

University of Bologna (IT)

A Monte Carlo model based on the simulation

toolkit GEANT4was developed to simulate a high

resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) sys-

temequippedwith an industrial 450 kVX-ray tube

and an area detector. The full simulation of the

X-ray tube, object and detector was considered.

The validation of the model with experimental

data showed a good agreement. The developed

CT simulation is an indispensable tool to opti-

mize the design of the CT system and to evaluate

the contribution of the scattered radiation to the

image.

The main problem connected to cone beam (CB)CT systems for industrial applications employing450 kV X-ray tubes is the high amount of scatteredradiation generated by the investigated object thatis added to the primary radiation (signal). This strayradiation leads to significant degradation of imagequality. A better understanding of the scatter in theCT system and methods to reduce the scattered ra-diation to improve the quality of the image aretherefore necessary.

Methods to reduce the scattering can be classifiedin two groups, mechanical and numerical. The me-chanical method consists of employing an anti-scat-ter grid of absorbing material that prevents most of

60

the scattered radiation to reach the detector. The nu-merical method consists in the subtraction of thenumerically evaluated scattered radiation from theacquired image.

Contact: [email protected]:A.Miceli, R. Thierry, M. Bettuzzi, A. Flisch, J. Hofmann,U. Sennhauser, F. Casali, Nuclear Inst. and Methods inPhysics Research, A, Vol. 580, 123–126 (2007)A.Miceli, R. Thierry, A. Flisch, U. Sennhauser, F. Casali,M. Simon, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research,A, Vol. 583, 313–323 (2007)

Fig.1: Hollow Al cylinder of outer diameter 200 mm, inner diameter50 mm and height 200 mm. Simulated images of the energy deposit-ed by (a) total radiation, (b) primary radiation, (c) 1st, (c) 2nd, and(e) higher order of scattered radiation. (f) Profiles extracted from theimages along the line AA’. (g) Scatter to primary ratio calculatedfrom the profiles.

Fig. 2: Simulated total and scattered profiles of the cylinder ofFigure 1 with and without anti-scatter grid.

1

0 0A A'

-150-100-500

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50100150

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tion

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m]

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(a) (b) (c)

(e)

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(d)

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50100150

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tion

y[m

m]

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tion

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m]


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tion

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tion

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Position x [mm]-50-100-150 0 50 100 150

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TotalPrimaryS1S2SH2

SH2

S1S2

100

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10-2

10-1

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m

Position x [mm]-50-100-150 0 50 100 150

Total with gridScatter with gridTotal without gridScatter without grid

An accurate way to evaluate the scattering and tooptimize the parameters of the anti-scatter grid isthe use of the Monte Carlo (MC) method. Figure 1illustrates the contribution to the image of the pri-mary radiation, first-order (S1), second-order (S2),and higher order of scattering (SH2) calculated us-ing a Geant4-based MC simulation. The scatter toprimary ratio (SPR) of the SH2 was found to be 1.5in the region of maximum path length. Determinis-tic simulations focusing exclusively on the calcula-tion of the first-order scattering are therefore notsuitable to simulate CB CT systems. The model wasalso used to optimize the parameters of a 1D anti-scatter grid. Figure 2 shows the improvement in thereduction of the scattering obtained by using theanti-scatter grid. In presence of the anti-scatter grid,the scattered radiation is 30%of the value in absenceof the grid.

Support: SBF, EU-FP6


Theoretical investigationof silicon dioxide breakdown

The essential limitations on gate insulators are

related to the exponentially increasing gate cur-

rent as the thickness of the oxide is reduced to

1–2 nm, and the effect of this current on both the

functionality and reliability of devices and cir-

cuits. Quantum mechanical models (ab inito cal-

culations) can be used to simulate the formation

of atomic defects of a realistic material structure.

Density Functional Theory has been used to mod-

el and study the properties of crystalline alpha

quartz and amorphous SiO2 in presence of differ-

ent species of defects.

Soon after the invention of the metal-oxide-semi-conductor-field-effect-transistor (MOSFET), it wasrecognized that the silicon dioxide gate oxide playsa critical role in device reliability and scaling. Thethickness of early silicon dioxide gate insulationswas a few hundred nanometers. Today, a thicknessof about 2 nm is reached.




61

The degradation of gate oxides is attributed to thecreation of defects such as electron traps, interfacestates, etc. Once the concentration of defects reach-es a critical value, the insulating properties of theoxides fail. Several statistical models have been de-veloped to explain the breakdown mechanism whichoccurs in ultrathin gate oxides. All these models as-sume a critical average density of defects that leadto an irreversible degradation of the oxide. No as-sumptions are made on the nature of defects whichaffect silicon dioxide.

In order to shed light upon the atomistic scale mech-anisms involved in the generation of defects in crys-talline and amorphous silica the methods of com-putational quantum mechanics have been used.

Matteo Farnesi Camellone,

Urs Sennhauser,

Louis Schlapbach

Contact: [email protected]:M.Farnesi Camellone, J.C. Reiner, U. Sennhauser,L. Schlapbach, Phys. Rev B 76, 125205 (2007)M. Farnesi Camellone, J.C. Reiner, U. Sennhauser,L. Schlapbach, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter;submitted (2007)


A mechanism for the formation of electron traps inamorphous silica (Fig.1) has been proposed. The ef-fects of adding an electron to a disordered silica net-work has been investigated. The energy required forelectron localization was found to be 0.23 eV. Thebehavior of this defect in presence of atomic hy-drogen has been simulated, confirming that the pres-ence of hydrogen atoms in silicon dioxide can affectthe generation of charge traps. Other important re-sults concern the study of self-trapped holes (STHs)in amorphous silicon dioxide. The structures of theSTHs (Fig. 2), which were experimentally observedtwo decades ago have been theoretically reproducedand studied by performing self interaction correct-ed (SIC) DFT calculations. To this end Born-Oppen-heimer molecular dynamics (10 ps) has been per-formed on a silica network containing a hole. Theirproperties have been compared to existing experi-mental data.

Support: KTI

Links: www.empa.ch/abt173> Electronics/Metrology

The behavior of silicon dioxide in the presence ofdifferent hydrogen charge states and the family ofoxygen vacancies have been simulated. Formationenergies, diffusion barrier and electronic density ofstates of these defects have been computed usingab initio density functional theory (DFT).

Fig. 2: STH1 defect, the spin density of the hole localizes on a singlebridging oxygen.

Fig.1: Disordered silica network used in the simulation of electrontraps in silica (yellow atoms are silicons, red atoms are oxygens).

Connection availability analysis ofoptical transport networksInformation,



Ling Zhou,

Marcel Held,

Urs Sennhauser,


Armin Wittneben,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Highly reliable and available telecommunication

networks are a prerequisite for the information

based society. Future possibly all-optical net-

works will provide the pathways to transport da-

ta at rates up to terabit/s for a variety of servic-

es. The allocation of resources must be optimized

in order to provide services fulfilling different

quality of service requirements under total cost

consideration.

Availability of telecommunication networks is cru-cial due to the increasing amount of lost data andthe consequential high economic losses in case oftechnical fault or attack. Networks are designedphysically survivable for single span failures (e.g.a cable cut) by various protection or restorationstrategies. However, these strategies focus on theminimization of spare capacity disregarding the ef-fects of dual failures on overall network availabili-ty. Moreover, the design of survivable networksprovides only the amount of the required spare ca-pacity but no allocation and routing rule in case ofcapacity contention. The difficulty is that the dualfailure case of mesh-restorable networks with wide-ly distributed and interdependent spare capacity can-not be modeled sufficiently with traditional avail-ability analysis methods.

62

Therefore, new restoration-aware methods for avail-ability assessment were developed in a PhD thesis.They consider the network topology, traffic matrix,the allocation of working and spare capacity, thefailure sequence, and the implemented restorationdynamics. A key approach is the implementation ofallocation rules for connections competing for re-maining spare capacity. The outcome is the exactcombination of spare capacity allocation and rout-

Contact: [email protected]:L. Zhou, PhD Thesis ETHZ No 17191 (2007)L. Zhou, M.Held, U. Sennhauser, IEEE/OSA Journal ofLightwave Technology, 25, 5 1111–1119 (2007)

Fig.1: Pan-European networkwith 28 nodes and 41 spans.

Fig. 2: A dual-span failure scenario can cause traffic loss with SharedBackup Path Protection SBPP due to spare capacity sharing.

Dublin

Oslo

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Rome

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ing information to all traffic demands that are af-fected by a failure scenario. Based on this approachcomputation models are built and validated by sim-ulation and analytical approaches for the four mostpromising survivability strategies at present, i.e.dedicated automatic protection switching, sharedbackup path protection, span restoration and pre-configured protection cycles. New unavailability-re-lated measures are defined, e.g. average expecteddowntime or traffic loss per year of all connectionsfor an assessment of the overall network perform-ance and some composite measures enabling thecomparison of networks with different survivabili-ty strategies, like the ratio of the average connec-tion availability to the network redundancy. It hasbeen shown that performance measures are of thesame order of magnitude for the investigated strate-gies though the scheme of shared backup path pro-tection shows the best performance with the mostefficient capacity design.

This work supports designers in the optimization ofnetworks by combining the allocation of resourcesand exact availability performance. Results werepresented to interested telecommunication partiesin international conferences and in COST action 270Reliability of Optical Components and Devices inCommunication Systems and Networks.

Support: SBF

Links: www.sckcen.be/cost270

Environmental impact assessment ofbio-fuelled mobility versus all-electric solutions

Variousmobility options for Switzerland based on

alternative fuels are compared with all-electric

systems. The assessment of the environmental im-

pacts embraces a “cradle to grave” perspective,

i.e. from production (feedstock /electricity gener-

ation) to consumption (driven car kilometers) and

includes the required infrastructure (cars, roads,

etc.). Results show high efficiency and low envi-

ronmental impact for the all-electric photovoltaic

(PV) system.

Converting and storing solar energy by photosyn-thesis in biomass and converting it to biofuels is justone possibility for moving cars. All-electric (plug-in) or hybrid drive systems show improved tank towheel efficiencies. However, to conclude on a broad-er basis whether the electric drive train is favorablecompared to conventional drive trains (with inter-nal combustion engines adapted for biofuels), theentire pathways including electricity generation andagricultural production need to be assessed.

The objective of this study is to evaluate and com-pare the environmental impact and more specifi-cally the land use of a variety of mobility solutions.Fossil fuel and biofuel based mobility have beencompared with all-electric solutions using the samecar body (Golf class) with different drive trains ac-cording to the propelling energy carrier, i.e. eitheran internal combustion engine or an electric motorwith battery and inverter.

The required land area to propel a car for 10 000 kmis shown in Figure 1. Based on the annual yieldthe option using the smallest area is PV (37m2/10 000 km/a). The 2nd in the area-ranking is bio-diesel from palm oil produced in Malaysia (1276 m2/10 000 km/a, 34 times more than PV) and the mostarea-demanding pathway is biodiesel from Swissrape seeds with 5 265m2/10 000 km/a (142 timesmore than PV). The differences are mainly a resultof the much higher conversion efficiency of photo-voltaic compared to photosynthesis.

However, for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsper driven km shown in Figure 2, the PV option isranking second lowest after the biogas option frommanure. The good performance of the latter optioncan be explained by the fact that some methanewould be produced out of manure naturally andreach the atmosphere as a very potent GHG. By us-ing biogas in an internal combustion engine the GHGemission can be reduced drastically.




63

In summary, the comparison of the required landareas for the studied energy pathways shows a clearlowest demand for the all-electric PV system. Thecomparison of the GHG emissions per driven kilo-meter shows high values for the fossil fuel optionsand the lowest values for biogas from manure justfollowed by the PV system.

Rolf Widmer,

Marcel Gauch,

Rainer Zah

Contact: [email protected]:R.Widmer, M.Gauch & R. Zah, Proceed. EET-2007European Ele-Drive Conference, pp. 6 (2007)

Research ProgramNatural Resources

and Pollutants

Fig.1: Comparison of the land areas for various energy systems.

Fig. 2: Comparison of the GHG emissions for various energy systems.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Methane Manure / Car Methane

Methane Biowaste / Car Methane

Methane Wood SynGas / Car Methane

Ethanol Sugar Cane BR / Car Ethanol

Ethanol Biomass CH / Car Ethanol

Ethanol Corn US / Car Ethanol

Veg. Oil (used) ME CH / Car Methylester

PalmME MY / Car Methylester

RapeME CH / Car Methylester

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Gasoline / Car Gasoline

Diesel / Car Diesel

Electricity UCTE-mix EU / Car Electric

Electricity CHP NatGas / Car Electric

Electricity Photovoltaics / Car Electric

Area required per car @ 10'000 km/yr [m2]

m2 for 10'000km

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Methane Biowaste / Car Methane

Methane Wood SynGas / Car Methane

Ethanol Sugar Cane BR / Car Ethanol

Ethanol Biomass CH / Car Ethanol

Ethanol Corn US / Car Ethanol

Veg. Oil (used) ME CH / Car Methylester

PalmME MY / Car Methylester

RapeME CH / Car Methylester

Natural Gas / Car NatGas

Gasoline / Car Gasoline

Diesel / Car Diesel

Electricity UCTE-mix EU / Car Electric

Electricity CHP NatGas / Car Electric

Electricity Photovoltaics / Car Electric

well-to-wheel, GHG-emissions [kg CO2-eq./km]

Infrastructure Car/RoadOperation

Fuel

“Reverse engineering” uses published data and ad-ditional knowledge to produce auxiliary source da-ta sets for IMAGINE. The US Federal Aviation Au-thority maintains aircraft data in the form of “Noise-Power-Distance” (NPD) tables for their “IntegratedNoise Model”. These NPD tables provide only sin-gle, A-weighted sound levels, which results from thelevel integration over a whole flyover in ten differ-ent distances. Reverse engineering estimates thesource spectrum, such that a subsequent simulatedflyover produces again the original NPD value. Asthe 1/3 band octave spectrum contains 24 values,this task can only be solved with additional preex-isting knowledge on spectrum and on directivity.That is where the expertise of Empa was needed.General information on spectral shapes and repre-sentative directivities was extracted at Empa fromits FLULA data base. The method and a sample pro-gram for reversed engineering were developed atEmpa and were described in the deliverable 10 ofIMAGINE: “Default source description and methodsto assess source data”.

Empa’s aircraft noise expertisesupports EU researchInformation,



Rudolf Bütikofer

The European research Program IMAGINE requires

a concise description of aircraft sound emission.

The existing expertise at Empa contributed con-

siderably to the successful termination of the top-

ic on aircraft noise calculation in the IMAGINE

project.

There exist individual noise calculation programsfor road, train, industry and aircraft noise, whichhave evolved from historical roots. The new con-cept for harmonized noise evaluation in the Euro-pean Union Member States proposes a standardizedcalculation program with individual noise sourcedescriptions for road, train, industry and aircraft.This was put forward in the EU6 program IMAGINE(Improved Methods for the Assessment of theGeneric Impact of Noise to the Environment). Thenew model requires much more detailed data of thesound source than previous programs. For aircraftnoise it is difficult to get specific noise data for thefollowing reasons: manufacturers usually have in-formation but keep it undisclosed for reasons ofcompetition. On the other hand, independent, wellcontrolled measurements are feasible but very cost-ly. An intermediate solution may be to use “reverseengineering” to generate the required data fromspare, published data.

Empa has developed and maintains the sophisticat-ed aircraft calculation program FLULA and – basedon own measurements and tedious data reduction –Empa also has a large fundus of source data andthe expertise in processing it. These are good rea-sons for the IMAGINE consortium to involve the lab-oratory of acoustics of Empa in the research project.

An aircraft has many sources of sound emission. Fortake-off the engine noise dominates with the maincomponents: compressor noise radiating in forwarddirection and the jet noise radiating to the side andthe back. The aircraft is sufficiently far away to bemodeled acoustically as a point source with one-third octave band sound spectra that vary in shapeand level with the emission angles. For each aircrafttype and for each operational condition IMAGINEneeds such a spherical one-third octave band dataset. Empa was involved in both activities to providesource data: measurement and reverse engineering.

To illustrate the steps involved in extracting sourcedata from measurements, IMAGINE made one se-ries of measurements with a small jet airplane. Af-

64

ter data normalization the measurements were fit-ted at Empa in each 1/3 octave band with sphericalharmonics. As an example, Figure 1 shows spectraldata converted to A-weighted levels in function ofthe longitudinal and lateral emission angles. If soundemission were equal in all directions, Figure 1 wouldshow a plane. The angle dependent variation insound emission is called directivity.

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Fig.1: Three dimensional directivity of Cessna Citation II (Lp,A (1m))Axis to the right: longitudinal angle from 10° to 170°Axis to the left: lateral angle from -90° to 0° to +90°Spacing of the niveau-lines: 2.5 dB




65

Contact: [email protected]:R. Bütikofer, Acta Acustica united with Acustica,93,253–262 (2007)

Fig. 2: Spectra of 8 propeller driven aircraft. Fig. 3: Spectra of 10 modern jet aircraft.

Fig. 4: Longitudinal directivity for6 groups of aircraft.

Figure 2 shows the spectral shape of propeller driv-en civil aircraft. The tonal components below 250 Hzare clearly visible, whereas in Figure 3 the spectralshapes of civil jet aircraft are rather smooth. Thelongitudinal directivity depends mainly on the en-gine type. The most important aircraft types weregrouped into six classes and the level variations fordepartures in function of the longitudinal angle areshown in Figure 4. The group “d1” represents oldengines with low fan noise and high jet noise. Group“d2” has increased fan noise. Group “d3” is for mod-ern engines with low jet noise and low fan noise,and group “d4” is for the modern Boeing and Air-bus aircraft with high fan noise and low jet noise.

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]

Group “d prop” is for propeller driven aircraft withmaximum sound emission in the propeller plane.Finally, group “d m” is for departure of military air-craft with very pronounced jet noise.

Research is concluded. It is now up to political EUbodies to decide on the future implementation ofthe proposed IMAGINE model and to launch mea-surements for improvingandcompleting theacousticaircraft data base. The IMAGINE model would beeven more sophisticated than the well established,precise Empa model FLULA, provided the acousticdata could be available.

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d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d prop d m

Support: Imagine, EU-FP6

Links: www.empa.ch/akustikwww.imagine-project.org(WP4: aircraft noise)

NanoRisk – life cycle thinking forapplications of CNTInformation,



Claudia Som,

Bernd Nowack,

Andreas Köhler,

Aasgeir Helland,

Fadri Gottschalk,

Peter Wick,


Kaspar Schmid,

Institut de Santé au

Travail, Lausanne (CH)

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are expected to be used

in a wide range of applications. An interdiscipli-

nary review study of potential side effects of CNT

showed that CNT cannot be considered a uniform

group of substances and that potential side ef-

fects depend on real-life exposure scenarios. We

therefore studied possible scenarios of CNT re-

lease throughout the life cycle of consumer prod-

ucts. The results suggest that a release can occur

in all life cycle phases of CNT applications.

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are considered one of themost promising materials in nanotechnology, withattractive properties for many technological appli-cations (Fig. 1–3). Their expected widespread usemakes it important to understand the potential sideeffects at an early stage of technology development.

66

An interdisciplinary review on the effects of CNT onhuman health and the environment revealed that a)CNT cannot be treated as a uniform group of sub-stances regarding potential impacts; b) there is evi-dence indicating that CNT are likely to accumulatealong the food chain due to their low solubility,lipophilic nature, and low biodegradability; c) thelarge surface area of CNT could enhance their en-vironmental impacts; and d) there is a wide rangeof empirical results that depend upon factors suchas CNT physical and chemical characteristics (seealso the article by P.Wick, page 44).Viewed togeth-er, these findings indicate potential side effects forhuman health and the environment which dependon exposure scenarios.


Fig.1: Scanning electron micrograph of a multi-walled carbonnanotube carpet on a silicon wafer. The CNT have been grown usingchemical vapor deposition and their diameter range between 20and 30 nm.

Fig. 2: 3D representation of a scanning tunneling microscopy imageof three single-walled carbon nanotubes with atomic resolution.The diameter of the tubes is roughly 1 nm.

Fig. 3: Collage of an experimental scanning tunneling microscopyimage (middle) with model representations (left and right) of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The diameter of the tubes is roughly 1 nm.

In a subsequent technology foresight study on ap-plication areas for CNT, we investigated possiblesources of CNT release throughout the life cycle oftwo types of consumer products containing CNT:lithium-ion secondary batteries and synthetic tex-tiles (Fig.4).

In batteries, the CNT are rather loosely embeddedin a porous matrix, but as the matrix is sealed in acasing, CNT release appears relatively unlikely dur-ing use. However, if the battery casing is damaged,a release of CNT is possible. Composite textiles, onthe other hand, contain dispersed CNT without anyprotective sealing, but they are anchored in a tightpolymer matrix. Mechanical stress in combinationwith water and UV-radiation may degrade the poly-mer matrix such that single or aggregated CNT arereleased. Mechanical abrasion by wear and tear

14 nm

7 nm

2 μm




67

In order to approach the relevance of engineerednanoparticles (Np), studies on the occurrence, be-haviour and effects of Np in the environment werereviewed. Although CNT are considered as engi-neered Np, they have close relatives in the environ-ment. In contrast to these natural CNT, engineeredCNT are often functionalized. Compared to conven-tional or other emerging contaminants, Np posesome specific challenges. Due to the limited knowl-edge regarding the side effects of CNT, their diligentapplication and handling throughout the life cycleis a prerequisite for safe and successful CNT-basedinnovation.

Contact: [email protected]:A.Helland, P.Wick, A. Koehler, K. Schmid, C. Som,Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 8,1125–1131 (2007)A. Koehler, C. Som, A.Helland, F.Gottschalk,Journal of Cleaner Production, accepted (2007)B.Nowack, T.D. Bucheli, Environ. Pollut., 150, 5–22 (2007)

Fig. 4: Life cycle of CNT-basedproducts.

may uncover CNT on the surface of the matrix ma-terial or may release CNT either as parts of micron-sized polymer particles or in dispersive nanopartic-ulate state. The form in which CNT may actually bereleased from products is an issue which should beaddressed by experimental studies.

The results suggest that a release can occur in theproduction, use and disposal phase of CNT-basedmaterials. Likelihood and form of release depend onthe way the CNT are incorporated into the materi-al. Once released, functionalised CNT may undergofurther modification by environmental conditionssuch as water and chemical substances, corrosion,UV radiation and heat. Thus, the environmentalhealth impacts of exposure to CNT originating fromtechnical applications may significantly differ fromthe impacts of pristine CNT as used in toxicologicalstudies.

Furthermore, CNT may be introduced into othermaterials due to down cycling and cross contami-nation. In contrast to primary manufacturers, recy-clers and secondary manufactures may not be awareof the CNT content in the products and may neglectoccupational health and safety measures.

A major part of the CNT may enter the municipalsolid waste stream, where only incineration above850 °C is thought to eliminate them. As controlledincineration of waste is not common in most coun-tries, final disposal can cause CNT-emissions intothe environment over the long term.

Biota (Flora, Fauna) Humans (Toxic Effects)

Life cycle of CNT- based products

Life

cycl

eof

CN

T

Production

AirSolid WasteIncineration

WastewaterTreatment

Soil

Np Production

IntermediateProduction

RecyclingProduct Use

CNT modified under uncontrolled environmental conditions

Technosphere(potentialcross-productcontamination)

Logistics (Transport, Storage)

Final Disposal

Water

Heterogenous CNT (size, shape, functionalization)

Support: BAFU, BAG, KTI

Links: www.empa.ch/tsl

Visualization: Measuring the perceived qualityin volume renderingInformation,



Peter Zolliker,

Eva Schuberth

Traditionally, algorithms are analyzed along per-

formance directions like speed or memory con-

sumption. In visualization, anotherdirectionname-

ly the perceived quality of the computed results

is equally important. Nevertheless, a systematic

analysis of the perceived quality for visualization

methods is oftenmissing. Here,we introduce con-

joint analysis – a preference measuring method-

ology that originated in psychology and is now

widely used in market research – as a robust tool

to measure perceived quality in volume rendering

from user feedback that is fast and easy to ob-

tain.

The main purpose of visualization is to produce im-ages that allow users to gain more insight into theillustrated data. This is a complex issue, dependingon many factors of the visualization system, start-ing from human-computer interaction, to renderingspeed, to rendering style and algorithm, and final-ly human perception and cognition. A techniquecalled conjoint analysis allows us to give a quanti-tative answer to these design goals. We made thistechnique accessible to visualization researchersand their specific domain setting. Visualization re-searchers are faced with the task that a large num-ber of algorithms need to be compared. However,the number of algorithms is too large for a singleuser to compare/rank all of them in reasonabletime.

68

Here, we present results on a conjoint study basedon data elicitated from visitors at an exhibition thattook place to celebrate the 25th anniversary of theComputer Science Department at ETH Zürich. 786visitors of the exhibition participated in our study.For our study we used two data sets. The first dataset FOOT is meant to cover the medical applicationdomain, whereas the second data set ENGINE cov-ers the engineering applications area. For each ob-ject we used a data set of more than 2000 imagesshowing renderings of its 3D-data. The visualiza-tion of each object can be described in terms of theparameters ObjectColor, Rendering, Viewpoint, Res-

olution, StepSize and BackColor. Perceived qualityitself was measured along different directions. Wemade this more explicit by asking two different ques-tions: Which image do you like best? (AESTETHICS)and Which image shows more details? (DETAILS).From the participants we collected the following da-ta: age, gender and color vision.

A main contribution of this paper is the developmentof a conjoint analysis technique as an extension ofThurstone’s method of comparative judgment. It isbased on some assumptions on parameter correla-tion and additivity but it has the advantage thatthese assumptions can be tested by statistical tests.In the case when additivity turns out not to hold,the two parameters with n and m levels, can be com-bined to one new parameter with n∙m levels. Themodel assumptions allow us to derive robust pref-erence estimates from sparse data, i.e., every userneeds to “explore” only a small fraction of the largeparameter space.

Based on the outcome of the additivity test we hadto combine the parameters Rendering and StepSize

into a single new parameter. For the FOOT data setthere was also a need to combine the parametersObjectColor and BackColor. The relative importanceof each parameter is given in Table 1 for all fourstudies. The best and the worst 10 images for theDETAILS question are shown in Figure 1 and 2respectively. Another result is that our conjointanalysis method can help to resolve trade-off deci-sions. In particular for some rendering modes it isnot necessary to go down to the smallest used step

Table 1: Rank order of the parameters used in our four studies. The rank order is derived from estimatedvariances.

Aestethics Details

Foot Rendering/StepSize 0.31 Rendering/StepSize 0.52

ObjectColor/BackColor 0.30 ObjectColor/BackColor 0.35

Viewpoint 0.14 Viewpoint 0.12

Resolution 0.05 Resolution 0.08

Engine Rendering/StepSize 0.56 Rendering/StepSize 0.77

BackColor 0.19 Resolution 0.09

Resolution 0.12 Viewpoint 0.08

Viewpoint 0.09 BackColor 0.05

ObjectColor 0.05 ObjectColor 0.01




69

prising but we also found that in this experimentwe cannot predict an individual’s preferences fromthe socio-demographic data available to us (age andgender).

We have demonstrated that conjoint analysis canbe a useful and efficient tool to gauge influences ofa rich set of rendering parameters on human per-ception in visualization tasks. It offers a sophisti-cated framework in which crucial user studies canbe done more efficiently and thoroughly.

Contact: [email protected]:J. Giesen, K.Mueller, E. Schuberth, L.Wang, P. Zolliker.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,13 (6), 1664–1671 (2007)E. Schuberth, PhD Thesis ETHZ No 17434 (2007)

size. An intermediate step size gives equally goodresults. That is, it is often not worth spending theextra time required by smaller step size (time-qual-ity trade off). If time is important, then one canalso lower the resolution since our data show thatthe influence of the resolution on the perceivedquality is low. With a detailed error analysis we ob-tained insights beyond gauging of preferences byscale values: we were able to conclude from thecomputed experimental errors that preferences de-pend on the individual, which in itself is not so sur-

Fig.1: Best ten renderings (ranking decreasing from left to right) for the DETAILS question.

Fig. 2: Worst ten renderings (ranking decreasing from left to right) for the DETAILS question.

Links: www.empa.ch/medientechnik

Simplified assessment of traffic emissions inLatin American cities using GISInformation,



Margarita Ossés,

Rainer Zah

Analysis was conducted on the spatial accuracy

of traffic emissions maps, which were obtained

with a simplified method for disaggregating the

emissions over the urban area upon the density

of the street network. The method evaluated on

seven mid-sized Chilean cities showed the most

accurate results in compact cities with a simple

street network and a single centre. For this type

of cities, such simplified method can be used as

an alternative to resource-demanding models to

get an overview on the spatial distribution of the

emissions generated by traffic.

Most Latin American cities are facing serious pol-lution problems due to the air emissions generatedby traffic. Their environmental authorities need toproperly assess these emissions in order to generateadequate pollution prevention and control meas-ures. The most accurate option to assess the emis-sions generated by traffic in a city is to estimate theemissions at street or even street section level witha traffic model coupled with an emission model. Thisis called a “bottom-up” approach.

70

However, most Latin American cities cannot affordsophisticated traffic and emission models and needinstead simplified approaches. A simplified approachfor determining the spatial distribution of traffic emis-

Contact: [email protected], [email protected]:D. Tuia, M.Ossés et al., Atmospheric Environment 41(17):3658–3671 (2007)M.Ossés, R. Zah, et al., Atmospheric Environment,in press (2007)


III

b

c

a ba

cb

a

c


22–35

11–21

4–10

(-3)–3

(-10)–(-4)

(-21)–(-11)

(-35)–(-22)

Relative differencein NOx emissions (% of the reference)

above 1000

101–300

51–100

11–50

(-9)–10

(-49)–(-10)

(-100)–(-50)

sions in a city consists in dividing the urban area insquare cells of e.g. 1 km2 and disaggregating the to-tal values of emissions over the urban area (e.g de-rived from fuel consumption) according to the streetdensityper cell. This is calleda“top-down”approach.However, the results of such simplified approachesneed to be evaluated in order to establish if they areaccurate enough for the intended use.

In this study the spatial accuracy of top-down traf-fic emission inventory maps for CO, NOx, NH3, N2O,CH4, HC and particulate matter, obtained with thesimplified disaggregation method based on streetdensity was assessed in seven mid-sized Chileancities. Each top-down emission inventory map wascompared against a reference, namely a more ac-curate bottom-up emission inventory map from thesame study area. The comparison was carried outusing a combination of numerical indicators and vi-sual interpretation (Fig.1). The analysis was con-ducted with the support of Geographic InformationSystems (GIS).

Statistically significant differences were found bet-ween the cities with regard to the spatial accuracyof their top-down emission inventory maps. In com-pact cities with a simple street network and a singlecentre, a good accuracy of the spatial distributionof emissions was achieved with correlations higherthan 0.8 with respect to the bottom-up emission in-ventory of reference. In contrast, the simplified dis-aggregation method is not suitable for complex citiesconsisting of interconnected nuclei, resulting in cor-relation values lower than 0.5.

Although top-down disaggregation of traffic emis-sions generally exhibits low accuracy, the accuracyis significantly higher in compact cities and mightbe further improved by applying a correction factorfor the city centre. Therefore, the method can beused by local environmental authorities in citieswith limited resources and with little knowledge onthe pollution situation to get an overview on thespatial distribution of the emissions generated bytraffic activities.

Fig.1: Example of difference maps applied for the visual evaluation of the top-down emission inventorymaps. Air emissions of NOx in the city of Antofagasta are considered in the example. (I) and (II) show theabsolute and relative differences, respectively, between the emissions at cell level in the top-downemission inventory map and the same emissions in the bottom-up emission inventory map (reference).Grid cell size: 1 km x 1km. The following areas were underestimated in the top-down emission inventorymap: (a) the city center, (b) the eastern city access and (c) the industrial area. (Source of the satelliteimages: Google-Earth).


71























Empa Activities 2007Mobility, Energy and Environment

Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02 N

Mission

The aim of our research work is to increase theenergy efficiency of technical systems – in particulartransport systems – and to reduce the emissionsof anthropogenic air pollutants they cause whichare relevant to climate change, human health, eco-systems and materials. The focal points are thedevelopment of materials for specific energy tech-nologies such as thermoelectric converters andhydrogen storage devices and the use of low carbonfuels for internal combustion engines. We are alsoworking on understanding the formation of airpollutants within technical systems, the character-ization of the emission, the transport of pollutantsinto and within the atmosphere, and the develop-ment of methods to reduce these emissions.

Activities

The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions callsnot only for a substantial increase of energy effi-ciency in pursuing mobility-based activities butalso for the broad introduction of low carbon fuelslike methane, hydrogen and specific biofuels.Pure hydrogen is a very clean energy carrier andcan be used in fuel cells or in combustion engines.Metallic hydrides offer a way to store hydrogenwithout the use of cryogenic temperatures andwith a higher volumetric density than compressedgas. Empa is investigating the structure andthermodynamic characteristics of these hydridesto optimize their storage capacity.

Natural gas and processed biogas derived fromorganic waste are especially suited for use in in-ternal combustion engines due to their high knockresistance and excellent emission characteristics.Besides their recognized efficiency and emission

potential, these fuels have an inherent limitagainst overpowering and over-sizing of vehiclesdue to the low energy density of the fuel. Carmanufacturers are therefore forced to developefficient gas vehicles if their vehicles are toachieve a practical range.

The polluting constituents of combustion engineexhaust must be removed before the gas stream isvented to the atmosphere. Perovskite-type mixedoxides doped with noble metals applied to a foamstructured carrier show great potential for reducingthe required amount of these noble metals com-pared to that of conventional catalysts.

The quantification of pollutant fluxes into theatmosphere is not only essential for the assessmentof emission sources but is also important for theimplementation of international regulations.In cooperation with academic and industrialpartners, Empa has built a cryogenic free quantumcascade spectrometer for the measurement of thethree most important stable CO2 isotopologues.This allows the separate determination of thefluxes of CO2 respiration and assimilation, whichis important for understanding the carbon storagebehavior of the biosphere.

Another central question is whether biocides usedto protect building façades from microbial colo-nization can be replaced by nanoparticles. In acooperation between Eawag and Empa the emis-sion mechanisms and the fluxes of nanoparticlesand biocides from façades into the environmentare being investigated.

Peter Hofer, Department Head

Synthesis, crystal structureand physical-chemical properties ofnovel oxynitride-perovskites

Oxynitride-perovskites with the general composi-

tion AB(O,N)3, (A = lanthanide, rare earth, B = tran-

sition metal) were recently identified as a prom-

ising new class of inorganic materials suitable for

diverse physical (novel electronics, pigments) and

chemical (heterogeneous catalysis) applications.

Oxynitride-perovskites and their reoxidation in-

termediates are as well a potentially interesting

alternative to the known nitride catalysts for the

atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Therefore, innova-

tive synthesis procedures are developed at Empa

to synthesize perovskite-type oxynitrides, such as

titanates, tantalates, niobates, vanadates, tungsta-

nates, and molybdates with useful properties.

Up to now only Mo containing oxynitride perovskiteswith a low nitrogen content such as SrMoO2.5N0.5,SrMoO2.6N0.4 were known. The purpose of the pres-ent study was to investigate whether a higher levelof nitrogen substitution in the SrMo(O,N)3 systemis achievable and if it is possible to synthesize newMo-containing oxynitride perovskites.

AMoO4 (A=Ca, Sr) precursors have been preparedeither by a precipitation from the A(NO3)2 and(NH4)2MoO4 aqueous solutions or by a citrate (com-plex-polymerization) method. AMoO3 oxide precur-sors have been synthesized by reduction of the cor-responding AMoO4 oxides.

Both AMoO4 and AMoO3 oxides were treated withNH3 at 800 K<T<1100 K. Crystallographic andmicrostructural studies on the starting oxides andthe resulting oxynitrides were done by X-ray- (XRD),neutron diffraction (ND), X-ray absorption spectros-copy (XAS), transmission- (TEM)and scanning (SEM)electron microscopy.

Ex-situ XRD study revealed that for both A cations(A=Ca, Sr) novel oxynitride-perovskites can be pre-pared. It was found that SrMo(O,N)3 can be syn-thesized by ammonolyzing SrMoO4, while the re-duced AMoO3 oxide precursor is required to yieldin CaMo(O,N)3.

XRD and Neutron diffraction studies confirm cubicsymmetry (Pm3m) for SrMo(O,N)3. From the diffrac-tiondata it couldbe further concluded that thearrange-ment of O2- and N3- -ions is not ordered in the struc-ture. The refined anionic content of the material cor-responds to the composition SrMoO1.89(5)N1.11(5).Thus, the level of O2- substitution with N3- is twice



75

higher than the results of previous studies. XAS re-veals that molybdenum coordination polyhedra islikely to be distorted.

Until now no Ca containing perovskite-type molyb-date oxynitride was known. Thus, the discovery ofCaMo(O,N)3 as a new member of the Mo-contain-ing oxynitride family opens the door to new usefulfunctionalities. TEM reveals orthorhombic symme-try (Pbnm) for that material and a complex micro-structure represented by twin domains of differenttypes. Neutron data refinement in the Pbnm spacegroup results in a composition CaMoO1.68(7)N1.32(7)

with a disordered anionic arrangement.

Studies on the thermal reoxidation stability/reac-tivity, thermoelectric and catalytic properties of thesynthesized materials are the purpose of furtherwork.

Dmitry Logvinovich,

Andrey Shkabko,

Paul Hug,

Anke Weidenkaff

Contact: [email protected]:D. Logvinovich et al., Prog. Solid State Chem. 35281–290(2007)R. Aguiar et al., Dyes and Pigments. 7670–75 (2008)D. Logvinovich et al., J. Solid State Chem.180 2649–2654(2007)


and Pollutants

Fig.1: Crystal structures of A. SrMoO1.89(5)N1.11(5) (Pm3m); B. CaMoO1.68(7)N1.32(7) (Pbnm).

Support: DFG, SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/ssc

c

b

c

b

Sr2+

Mo+5/+6O2-/N3-

Ca2+

Structure and microstructure characterizationof nanoscopic domains inthermoelectric perovskite-type materials



Myriam H.Aguirre,

Rosa Robert,

Laura Bocher,

D. Logvinovich,

Matthias Trottmann,

Anke Weidenkaff

The crystal structure and the microstructure

of LaMn1-xCoxO3±δδ (with x = 0.05, 0.10) and

LnCo0.95Ni0.05O3 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Dy)

compounds were studied as potential candidates

for thermoelectric applications. For this purpose,

submicrocrystalline powder samples have been

synthesized by a chimie douce process. This low

synthesis temperature method allows to control

the morphology of particles by applying an ap-

propriate thermal decomposition process. Syn-

chrotron and laboratory X-ray diffraction data

were refined in the Pbnm space group (SG). The

orthorhombic symmetry has been confirmed by

transmission electron microscopy and by the ap-

propriate theoretical simulation of the structure.

The PrCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and LaMn1-xCoxO3±δδ com-

pounds present a three-dimensional micro -

domain texture of twin defects. The orientation

of the real unit cell, i.e., √2apx√2apx2ap (where ap

is the lattice parameter of the aristotype Pm3–

m

perovskite, noted with a “p” subscript), alternates

in each domain in one of the three space direc-

tions.

Lanthanum cobaltates are ABO3-type perovskitesthat show interesting catalytic, magnetic, and semi-conducting properties for industrial applications.They are considered for use as cathode materials infuel cells due to their high electrical and ionic (O2-)conductivities, as oxygen permeable membranes,

76

as catalysts for the oxidation of the CO, for NOx de-composition, and for the combustion of methaneand propane. As some complex cobalt oxides showhigh thermopower, the perovskite-type cobaltatesalso attracted attention in the field of sustainableand renewable energy due to their high thermaland oxidizing stability at medium and high work-ing temperatures. Since the thermal and electronictransport properties of TE oxides are interrelated,the reduction of the heat conduction without af-fecting the power factor is a challenge to enhancethe Figure of Merit. Low thermal conductivity canbe obtained by reducing the particle size to a sub-micrometer level and/or enhance the grain bound-ary scattering by means of adding suitable scattercenters that disturb the mean free path of phonons.

Our previous studies showed the effect of Ni for alow substitution level into the LaCoO3 system. Asubstantial decrease of electrical resistivity, whilethe large Seebeck coefficient values were kept, wasobserved. The room-temperature crystal structureof LaCoO3 was reported as the rhombohedral R3– c

SG and LnCoO3 (Ln = other rare earth or yttriumcations) in the orthorhombic Pbnm SG. The syn-theses by soft chemistry routes using citrate com-plexes are very suitable for the production of tran-sition metal oxides phases with high surface areaand diverse composition, especially for low levelsubstitution which cannot be obtained by a classi-cal solid-state reaction synthesis. The combinationof synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SPXRD) and trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) showed to bevery powerful characterization techniques to in-vestigate subtle structural variations and the mi-crostructure of the perovskite materials. Structuralparameters obtained by Rietveld refinement fromSPXRD data are used to perform theoretical simu-lation of the electron diffraction (ED) and high-res-olution electron microscopy (HREM) image. Thecomparison of the experimental image and ED withthe theoretical simulation by JEMS software allowsanalyzing the validity of the structural model andavoiding the influence of the microstructure on thespace group assignment.


Fig.1: An example of SPXRD pattern for GdCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and Riet veldrefinement. Vertical tick marks indicate the position of allowed Braggpeaks in the Pbnm space group. A model of the structure designedby ATOMS software can be seen inserted in the pattern.

8×104

10 202Θ°

30 40

YobsGdCo0.95Ni0.05O3Ycal

Inte

nsit

y (a

.u.)

Yobs - Ycal

Bragg_position

7×104

6×104

5×104

4×104

3×104

2×104

1×104

0

-1×104

The SPXRD data as well as laboratory X-rays show a single phase for LaMn1-xCoxO3-δ andLnCo0.95Ni0.05O3 (Ln = Nd, Pr, Sm, Gd, and Dy, seethe example in Fig.1). The reflections can be in-dexed, similar to the series LnCoO3, in an or-thorhombic unit cell (noted with “o” subscript inevery vector) with Pbnm SG, and with parametersap√2xap√2x2ap. Parts a) and b) of Figure 2 show EDand HREM images for the Gd compound of [101]o

and [010]o zone axes, respectively. High resolutionimage simulations inserted into the micrographspresent good agreement with the experimental im-age. This complementary information from TEM data supports the correctness of the atomic modelextracted from Rietveld refinement obtained bySPXRD with orthorhombic structure.

The analysis by TEM of the PrCo0.95Ni0.05O3 andLaMn1-xCoxO3-δ (with x = 0.05 and 0.10) compoundspresent a special characteristic that distinguishesthem from the rest of the described compounds.These compounds have the same structure asLnCoxM1-xO3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Dy, M=Ni,Mn) compounds, i.e. orthorhombic structure, Pbnm

SG, with unit cell parameters ap√2xap√2x2ap. Thenoticeable difference, seen only by TEM in ED patterns and in HREM images, is the presence of nanotwin domains (see Figure 3) appearing inPrCo0.95Ni0.05O3 and LaMn1-xCoxO3-δ compounds.Micro-domains are observed in which the long c-axis (c ≈ 7.8 Å ≈ 2ap) alternates at random in dif-ferent regions of the crystal, along the three spacedirections (Fig. 3d). Figure 3c shows the global dif-fraction pattern; it is in fact the sum of the two pat-terns in Figures 3a and 3b. The high resolution im-age in Figure 3c enables us to properly interpretthese patterns as showing the presence of three-di-mensional inter-growth of micro-domains. Thepresence of twin domains in this compound is at-tributed to the special relationship between the unitcell parameters, the buckling angle distortion (O-Metal-O), and the small distortion from the cubicperovskite structure.

The twinning microstructure is responsible for the low thermal conductivity in these materials(K<0.125 W/m*K for T<600 K),which is one of theimportant parameters to get an efficient thermo-electric conversion. The microstructure acts as scat-ter center for the phonons which are responsible forthe thermal conductivity in oxide materials.



77

Support: BFE


Contact: [email protected]:M.H.Aguirre et al., Inorganic Chemistry. 46, 2744–2750.(2007)


Fig. 2: ED, HREM, and theoretical image simulation inset for Gd compound. a) [101]o Zone axis, condition simulation thickness = 8 nm, ∆f = 10 nm; b) [111]o Zone axis, condition simulation thickness = 5 nm, ∆f = -2 nm.

a)

a) b) c)

d)

b)

Fig. 3: a) and b) and c) FFT calculated from high resolution image ind), representing the calculated diffraction pattern of the structuresfound in A and B region, and in the complete micrograph, respectively.a) Typical [1-10]o => [100]p ED pattern or b) [1-10]o =>[010]p, c) global pattern of the full micrograph below, d) HRTEM image ofthe intergrown domains.

Theoretical and empirical modeling of complex hydridesMobility, Energy

and Environment


Zbigniew Łodziana,

Andreas Züttel

Theoretical models for new complex hydrides are

developed and applied for the calculation of the

electronic structure as well as the thermodynam-

ic properties. Furthermore, the catalyzed hydro-

gen sorption mechanism is investigated by iden-

tifying the most stable forms of the catalyst in the

host lattice.

Synthesis of novel complex metal hydrides is an ex-perimental challenge. Theoretical methods are pro-viding valuable insight into the stability and ther-modynamic properties of those materials. One in-teresting class of complex hydrides consists of ma-terials that are liquid but very volatile at ambientconditions, like Al(BH4)3. The class of these materi-als with central atom at third oxidation state (Al, Fe,Ga, Sc, Y, V, Ti) was studied within quantum me-chanical approach. We have shown that these mate-rials posses very weak bonding, therefore, in most cas-es, they are liquids at room temperature. Thermo -dynamic stability is determined by stronger M – BH4

bonding. Differences of the electron distribution onAl(BH4)3 and Ti(BH4)3 are shown in Figure 1.

78

Hydrogen storage properties of known complexmetal hydrides can be improved by use of catalysts.In the case of sodium alanate it is well establishedthat addition of titanium significantly improves thereversibility of the hydrogen sorption process. How-ever, the mechanism of this catalytic activity is notknown on the microscopic level, consequently thereis no systematic way for improvement of catalystor application of similar catalysts to other complexmetal hydrides. The light hydride LiBH4 is a reversiblehydrogen storage material with a stability similar toMgH2. We have proposed a model for the catalyticactivity of Ti in sodium alanate, and on this basismade prediction about possible catalysts for lithiumborohydride. Our studies provide evidence that Tications at high oxidation states (Ti3+ and Ti4+) canbe incorporated into the bulk of NaAlH4. It is alsoshown that neutral hydrogen interstitial vacancies,or AlH4 vacancies are less stable in the bulk thantheir charged counterparts. Both positively and neg-

Contact: [email protected]:K.Miwa, N.Ohba, S. Towata, Y.Nakamori, A. Züttel, S.Orimo; J. of Alloys and Compounds, in Press, available online (2007)H.-W. Li, S.Orimo, Y.Nakamori, K.Miwa, N.Ohba, S. Towata, A. Züttel; J. of Alloys and Compounds, in Press,available online (2007)Z. Łodziana, A. Züttel, J. of Alloys and Compounds, submitted (2007)Z. Łodziana et al., submitted (2007)


Research ProgramMaterials forEnergy Technologies

Fig.1: The electron density distribution for aluminum andtitanium borohydrides.

Fig. 2: Local densities of states and electron distribution around Ti catalyst in lithium borohydride (a) and sodium alanate (b).

atively charged defects are stable, but their presenceinduces very large lattice relaxation. As a conse-quence, diffusion of these species must occur on the time scales related to the lattice vibrations ofNaAlH4. Electronic state of Ti catalyst in LiBH4 andNaAlH4 is shown in Figure 2.

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

2.5

0.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.01.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

E - EF (eV)

Ldos

(arb

. uni

ts)

Theoretical models provide an opportunity to studyvarious chemical and structural modifications of ex-isting materials. Theoretical insight into microscop-ic processes can be confronted to selected samplesthat are synthesized. Understanding of the materi-al’s stability obtained in that way leads to designof novel materials or catalysts that tune the com-pounds performance. Double-cation borohydridesMLim–n(BH4)m (M = Zn, n = 2; M = Al, n = 3;M = Zr, n = 4; n ≤ m) or transition metal additivesare examples of those studies.

The electron density distribution and the local den-sity of states have been calculated successfully forvarious complex hydrides; therefore, the bondingcharacter is defined. These results allow us to pre-dict the properties of new, not yet existing complexhydrides.

Support: EU-FP6, NEDO

Links: www.empa.ch/h2e

AI(BH4)3 Ti(BH4)3

Seeing hydrogen in materials

Optical spectroscopy gives a scientific insight in-

to the physical processes accompanied with the

release and uptake of hydrogen in metals.

In order to investigate new hydrogen-storage mate-rials bulk samples are usually synthesised and vol-umetric or gravimetric techniques are applied toanalyse the hydrogenation reaction and to recordpressure concentration isotherms (pc-isotherms).The stability of the metalhydride is determined fromthe equilibrium pressure in the isotherms.

The fact that hydrogen absorption in metals leadsto significant changes of their optical properties isthe basis of a new combinatorial method called “hydrogenography”. Hydrogenography is a thin filmtechnique using a film with a composition gradient.The isotherms are measured optically and the en-thalpy of the hydride formation is calculated. In Fig-ure 1 the hydrogen pressure around a thin Mg-Tigradient film is slowly increased while the opticaltransmission is monitored continuously at a tem-perature of 363 K; some characteristic isothermscorresponding to selected values of y in MgyTi1–y

are shown in Figure 1b. By repeating the same meas-urements for several temperatures (Fig. 1c), we de-termined the temperature dependence of the plateaupressures and constructed Van ‘t Hoff plots for allcompositions in the gradient sample.

The optical setup requires a good accessibility of thesample, which enables us the measurement of theimpact of electric fields on the hydrogen absorptionprocess. We could demonstrate that an electric cur-rent and the thereby induced heat and electromi-gration of H

_ions can start and control the absorp-

tion of hydrogen in Mg thin films.

Optical spectroscopy requires samples with sur-faces which are flat and perfect on the scale of aboutone tenth of the wavelength. Thus, thin films as usedin the above described examples are optimal. Onthe other hand, properties of thin films can signifi-cantly vary from those of the corresponding bulkmaterials. Thus, we develop optical methods to in-vestigate bulk samples under high hydrogen pres-sure and temperatures. Heart of such methods is anoptical microscope which collects the light irradi-ated from the samples to be analyzed by a UV/VISor Raman spectrometer. As an illustrative example,Figure 2 shows micrographs taken during heatingof a Li[BH4] crystal in inert atmosphere. During heat-



79

Andreas Borgschulte,

Philipp Mauron,

Andreas Züttel,


Robin Gremaud,

Bernard Dam,

Ronald Griessen,

Vrjie Universiteit

Amsterdam (NL)

Contact: [email protected]:R.Gremaud, C.P. Broedersz, D.M. Borsa, A. Borgschulte, P.Mauron, H. Schreuders, J.H. Rector, B. Dam, R.Griessen,Adv. Mater. 19, 2813–2817 (2007)A. Borgschulte, J.H. Rector, H. Schreuders, B. Dam, R.Griessen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 071912 (2007)


Research ProgramMaterials for

Energy Technologies

ing, LiBH4 releases hydrogen as demonstrated by themass change shown in Figure 2. The colour changesindicate the formation of defects during desorption,which vanish with melting.

Fig.1: Pressure-optical-transmission isotherms of a thin MgyTi1–y filmwith a continuous gradient in an alloy composition. a) Logarithm ofthe optical transmission plotted in false colours as a function of thehydrogen pressure and Mg atomic fraction y during hydrogenation at363 K. b) Pressure-optical-transmission isotherms for the representa-tive Mg-Ti alloy compositions indicated by coloured vertical lines in(a). c) Pressure-optical-transmission isotherms for Mg0.85Ti0.15 at fivedifferent temperatures. The transmission T is normalized to the trans-mission in the metallic state T0.

Fig. 2: Micrographs and mass loss during heating of a LiBH4 crystal ininert atmosphere at 1°C/min.

a)

102

103

102

103

105

104

103

102

101

100

b)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

log(T/T0)

log(T)

[a.u

.]

p(H

2) [P

a]

p(H

2) [P

a]

c)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

log(T/T0)

470K

413K

363K

313K

295K

Mg0.85Ti0.150.890.850.800.750.700.650.60

y of MgyTi1-y

y of MgyTi1-y

0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.890.85

0

50 100 150 200 250temperature [°C]

m [m

ass

%]

300 350 400 450

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

-14

phas

e tr

ansf

orm

atio

n

mel

ting

Support: ACTS Sustainable Hydrogen Program


ly with the nucleus of the atom that corresponds tothe position of the atom. Moreover, the combina-tion of X-rays and neutrons allows the determina-tion of the structure and charge density maps ofcomplex hydrides. Structural information about thealkali and earth alkali tetrahydroboranates is sum-marized in Table 1.

For the application of complex hydrides, e.g. for mo-bile applications, the stability (enthalpy of reaction∆Hr for the absorption reaction) of the material is a crucial parameter. The stability defines the equi-librium hydrogen pressure at a given temperatureand is determined by pressure, concentration –isotherms (pcI). The logarithm of the equilibriumplateau pressure peq divided by the standard pres-sure p0 is plotted as a function of the inverse tem-perature 1/T, and according to the van ‘t Hoff equa-tion the enthalpy ∆Hr and entropy of reaction ∆Sr

can be determined:

pc-isotherms of the decomposition reaction ofLi[BH4] (Li[BH4] —> LiH+B+3/2 H2) were meas-ured at different hydrogen flow rates and tempera-tures. The results are shown in the van ‘t Hoff plotin Figure 1. By fitting a straight line to the equilib-rium values at zero flow (filled circles) and usingthe van ‘t Hoff equation the following values for thedesorption reaction can be found: ∆Hr=-74 kJ mol-1

H2 and ∆Sr=-115 J K-1 mol-1 H2. The desorbed prod-ucts can be rehydrogenated at elevated temperature(600 °C) and pressure (155 bar) as demonstrated bythe X-ray diffraction pattern in Figure 2.

Alkali tetrahydroborates are usually prepared bywet chemical methods, e.g. by the reaction of themetal hydride with diborane in a solvent (2 LiH+B2H6 —>2 Li[BH4] in tetrahydrofurane). In this study,Li[BH4] and Li[BD4] were successfully synthesizeddirectly and solvent free from the elements, whichwas demonstrated by X-ray diffraction. For the syn-thesis of the Li[BH4] two methods were used: 1) adirect method where B and Li (stoichiometric ratioLi/B of 1.6) was ground and heated to 700 °C at apressure of 150 bar hydrogen. In method 2), an in-termediate compound as LiB3 or Li7B6 was prepared(by heating the Li and B mixture in Ar) and then al-so heated up in hydrogen. Depending on the methodused, the reaction kinetics and mechanism varies(Fig. 3). With the formation of LiB3 and Li7B6 the re-

Physical properties of new tetrahydroboratesMobility, Energyand Environment


Philippe Mauron,

Andreas Borgschulte,

Oliver Friedrichs,

Tomoya Matsunaga,

Florian Buchter,

Michael Bielmann,

Arndt Remhof,

Andreas Züttel

The tetrahydroborates represent a class of com-

plex hydrides with the largest gravimetric and vol-

umetric hydrogen density of hydrogen. Therefore,

these compounds are potential hydrogen storage

materials for mobile applications. The main phys-

ical parameters, e.g. structure and stability, are

discussed. Particular emphasis is laid on the syn-

thesis of alkali tetrahydroborates.

Due to the fact that tetrahydroborates are composedof the lightweight elements boron and hydrogenwhere a substantial number of the electrons partic-ipate in the bonds the structure determination by X-ray diffraction where only the electrons are seen isrepresented by the position of the center of the elec-tron density. Neutron diffraction leads to the posi-tion of the atoms since the neutrons interact main-


Table 1: Structural data of selected alkali and earth alkali metal tetrahydroborates.

Fig.1: Van ‘t Hoff plot of the plateau pressures for the desorption of Li[BH4]. ln(pdes/p0) is plotted as afunction of the inverse temperature 1/T.

Complex Space group a (nm) b (nm) c (nm)

Li[BH4] Pnma (#62) (<381 K) 0.7178 0.4437 0.683P63mc (#186) (>391 K) 0.4276 0.6948

Na[BH4] P42/mnc (#137) (<190 K) 0.4332 0.5949F-43m (#216) (>190 K) 0.6148

K[BH4] P42/mnc (#137) (<197 K) 0.4684 0.6571Fm-3m (>197 K) 0.6727

Mg[BH4]2 P-3m1 (#164) 1.359 1.651Fm-3m 1.55

Ca[BH4]2 Fddd (#70) 0.8791 1.3137 0.75

Al[BH4]3 C2/c (#15) 2.2834 0.6176 2.2423Pna21 (#33) 1.8021 0.6138 0.6199

( )

( )

525 500 475 450 425 400 375

1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.451/T [1000/K]

Temperature [°C]

TPD measurement: maximum of desorption onset of desorption

pcT measurement: flow = 2sccm flow = 1sccm flow = 0.1sccm extrapolation to equilibrium (flow = 0sccm)

In(p

des/

p 0)

Pres

sure

[bar

]

1.50 1.55 1.60

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

20

10

543

2

1

0.50.40.3

0.2

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5



81

action to Li[BH4] takes place at a lower temperatureof approximately 550 °C than without the formationof a LixBy compound because the formation of a pas-sivation layer of LiH on the Li hinders the reactionat a temperature below the melting point of LiH,which is around 690 °C.

Among the large variety of possible complex hy-drides only few exhibit a large gravimetric hydro-gen density and stability around -40 kJ/ (mol–1 H2)suitable for mobile applications. Based on theoret-ical approaches Mg[BH4]2 is a complex hydride withan equilibrium hydrogen pressure of approximately1 bar at room temperature and a hydrogen contentof 14.9 mass%. The reaction of Li[BH4] with MgCl2at elevated temperatures was investigated as a pos-sible route to synthesize Mg[BH4]2. Li[BH4] reactswith MgCl2 at a temperature > 250 °C at a pressureof 100 bar of hydrogen, where the product containsLiCl and Mg[BH4]2. The desorption pc-isotherm of the product obtained at 350 °C shows two flatplateaus which indicates that the decomposition ofthe product consists of a two-step reaction. Theproducts of the first and the second decompositionreaction were analyzed by means of X-ray diffrac-tion and found to be MgH2 and Mg respectively.

Contact: [email protected]:A. Züttel, A. Borgschulte, S.I. Orimo, Scripta Materialia 56,823–828 (2007)Ph.Mauron, F. Buchter, O. Friedrichs, A. Remhof, M. Bielmann, C.N. Zwicky, A. Züttel, Phys. Chem. B 112, 906–910 (2008)O. Friedrichs, F. Buchter, A. Borgschulte, A. Remhof, Ch. Zwicky, Ph.Mauron, M. Bielmann, A. Züttel, Acta Materialia, in pressT.Matsunaga, F. Buchter, Ph.Mauron, M. Bielmann, Y.Nakamori, S.Orimo, N.Ohba, K.Miwa, S. Towata, A. Züttel, J. of Alloys and Compounds, in pressS.Orimo, Y.Nakamori, J.R. Eliseo, A. Züttel, C.M. Jensen,Chem. Rev. 107, 4111–4132 (2007)


Fig. 2: XRD pattern of a) Li[BH4] from Aldrich, b) desorbed Li[BH4] and c) rehydrogenated Li[BH4].The gray spectra correspond to an empty glass capillary. Stars and plus signs correspond to thestrongest LiH and LiBH4 peaks respectively.

40×103

30

20

Inte

nsit

y [c

ount

s]

10

0 20 40 60 800

rehydrogenated LiBH4

(+: LiBH4 , *: LiH)

desorbed LiBH4

(*: LiH)

LiBH4 (Aldrich)

The enthalpy for the first decomposition reactionwas determined to be ∆H=–39.3 kJ mol–1 H2 by thevan ’t Hoff plot of the equilibrium measurementsbetween 290 and 350 °C, which is significantly low-er than that for pure Li[BH4] (∆H=-74 kJ mol–1 H2).Furthermore, the second reaction step (MgH2 —>Mg+H2) is reversible at the condition up to 350 °Cat 100 bar of hydrogen.

Support: EU-FP6, FuncHy, NEDO


Fig. 3: Synthesis of Li[BH4] with a) the reaction of Li and B via LiH toLi[BH4] and b) via the formation of an LiB3 or Li7B6 compound.

a) Direct synthesis with Li and B

b) Synthesis via LixBy compound

Principles of Design of Experiments (DoE) havebeen applied for combustion optimization withEGR. Specific combinations of the engine calibra-tion parameters have been used for the set-up of ameasurement matrix to be performed on the enginedynamo meter. The measurement results are usedfor building a model for each optimization target(engine efficiency and raw emissions). With themodels the identification of underlying trends andthe prediction of optimal values are possible. In thevicinity of the emerged optimal settings severalmeasurements have been performed for verificationpurposes.

Combustion characteristics of hydrogen-methane mixtures in passenger car engines



Panayotis Dimopoulos,

Christian Bach

Comprehensive combustion study of various hy-

drogen (H2) and methane (CH4) fuel blends in a

passenger car methane engine was the main focus

of this study. Increasing hydrogen content of the

fuel accelerates combustion leading to efficiency

improvements. Combustion analysis showed that

increasing burning rates mainly affect the initial

combustion phase. In addition, optimal combina-

tions of spark timing and Exhaust Gas Recircula-

tion (EGR) rate lead to efficiency increase with

substantially lower engine-out NOx while total un-

burned hydrocarbons and CO-engine-out emis-

sions are not affected. Investigations using Design

of Experiments (DoE) algorithms provided a com-

plete picture of the entire parameter space. Two

efficiency optimal combustion domains have been

identified: Low EGR and late spark timing with

high engine-out NOx emission, as well as high

EGR and early spark timing with very low engine-

out NOx.

EGR in modern engines is used for reducing engine-out NOx emissions as well as for improving fuel con-sumption in low loads. The fuel consumption im-provement is due to three factors: (1) reduced pump-ing work, since for the same brake load less throt-tling is required, (2) reduced heat loss to the wallsbecause of reduced burn gas temperature, and (3)reduced dissociation of burned gases during thehigh temperature combustion parts. However, EGRalso reduces the combustion rate which counteractsthe beneficial effects leading to elongated combus-tion and/or inefficiently large spark timing advance.In combination with the relatively slow-burningCH4 and slow “pancake” shaped combustion cham-bers often in low-price automotive applications thiscounter effect can be detrimental. In the recent past,our laboratory demonstrated the potential of a nat-ural-gas optimized engine vehicle with the CleanEngine Vehicle project. The objectives of the recentwork have been further reduction of CO2 by in-creasing the engine efficiency, while meeting themost stringent emissions standards and reducingsystem costs. One effective method for solving theproblem of the slow-burning velocity of CH4 is tomix CH4 with hydrogen, which has very high burn-ing velocity. Possible combinations with high EGRhave the potential to lead to improved thermal effi-ciencies with low pollutants.

82

Apart from pure CH4, three hydrogen-CH4 blendshave been examined. Since each fuel blend has adifferent heating value no fuel consumption com-parisons are appropriate. Therefore, instead of fuelconsumption we strictly report engine fuel conver-sion efficiency data.

The first step was optimizing combustion withoutEGR. This was performed by several experimentson the engine dynamometer (Fig.1). Figures 2 and3 present the maximal fuel conversion efficienciesand the NOx emissions for each fuel blend at twotypical engine loads (2 and 4 bar respectively) andtwo engine speeds (2000 and 3000 RPM). Efficien-cy gains of approx. 2% can be achieved by increas-ing the H2 content of the fuel up to 10 vol%. Addi-tional increase of the H2 in the fuel results in slightefficiency increase at the low load (Fig. 2), while inefficiency losses at the higher load (Fig. 3). Heat lossanalysis revealed high wall heat losses indicatingthat further efficiency gains require specific com-bustion chamber design. Engine-out NOx are onlyslightly affected by the H2 content of the fuel at thelow load (Fig. 2). In contrary, at the higher load(Fig. 3) engine-out NOx increase steadily with theH2 richer fuels.



Fig.1: View of engine and dynamometer.



83

Hydrogen produced by regenerative sources can beblended with natural gas. Using the existing infra-structure, the fuel can be distributed to the publicwith relatively low effort. Specific combustion cham-ber design can even improve the advantages re-ported here. Not surprisingly several automotive in-dustries have considered this option seriously andhave expressed interest for this work.


Contact: [email protected]:P.Dimopoulos, C. Rechsteiner, P. Soltic, C. Laemmle, K. Boulouchos, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3073–3083 (2007)P.Dimopoulos, K. Boulouchos, C. Rechsteiner, P. Soltic, R. Hotz, SAE Paper 2007-24-0065 (2007)


Fig. 2: Engine fuel conversion efficiency and engine-out NOx emissionsat 2 bar engine load and maximal efficiency spark timing (no EGR).

Fig. 3: Engine fuel conversion efficiency and engine-out NOx emissionsat 4 bar engine load and maximal efficiency spark timing (no EGR).

Fig. 4: Engine fuel conversion efficiency at 2000 RPM and 2 bar engine load.

Fig. 5: Engine-out NOx emission at 2000 RPM and 2 bar engine load.

Figures 4 and 5 are summarizing the most impor-tant findings. With pure CH4, EGR should only slight-ly increase the efficiency of the engine according to the predictions. The verification measurementsshowed even a slight deterioration. With hydrogenmixed in the fuel, substantial higher efficiencies areachievable. The highest fuel conversion efficiencyof 20.75% is obtained with the H2 richest fuel andaround 12.5mass% EGR. The increase of maximalefficiency without EGR achieved with the H2 rich-est fuel is 2%, while adding optimal EGR increasesthe maximal efficiency for additional 1.5%. On theother hand, EGR strongly reduces engine-out NOx.In the optimal configuration, engine-out NOx are al-most halved, without affecting unburned hydrocar-bons or CO emissions.

18.8

19.2

19.6

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Fuel

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v. E

ff. [

%]

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pm]

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Particulate emissions of different internal combustion engines conceptsMobility, Energy

and Environment


Martin Mohr,

Daniel Schreiber

Exhaust particle emissions of internal combustion

engines significantly contribute to ambient fine

particle concentrations. Herein, we present exper-

imental results on particle characterization of en-

gines that vary in size, concept and fuel quality.

The results show that, although the total amount

of released particles varied by several orders of

magnitude between the engines, the overwhelm-

ing fraction of particles are emitted in the size

range below 300 nm in all cases, demonstrating

the high relevance of exhaust particles for human

health due their unimpeded access to the respi-

ratory system.

All internal combustion engines convert chemicalenergy bound in the fuel into mechanical work byallowing the produced heat energy to increase thepressure of a medium that performs work as it ex-pands. The release of the medium in the end is of-ten accompanied by particle emissions that attractincreasing intense scrutiny due to health-related

84

concerns and climate impact. However, there arelarge differences in concepts of the engines and inthe fuels, and not only on-road vehicles are respon-sible for traffic-related particle emissions. For in-stance, the world fleet annual PM emission fromships is estimated at 1.64 Tg PM10 (Corbett andKoehler, 2003). These particles may act as cloud con-densation nuclei and in this way affect the earth’sradiation budget.

In this study, two extremes of combustion enginesand fuels were investigated. On the one hand, astate-of-the-art turbocharged common rail two-stroke marine diesel engine of 11 m in height wasmeasured at the test bed engine of Wärtsilä Switzer-land Ltd. in Winterthur. Such engines generallypower vessels intended for economical and reliabletransportation of goods on long distances, e.g.tankers. They are usually operated on bunker fuels,which are basically waste products from refineryprocesses for high quality fuel. This so-called heavyfuel oil (HFO) has to be heated to become liquid toallow an injection in the cylinder.

On the other hand, we investigated 34 passengercars from series production powered by modern 4-stroke engines on one of Empa’s chassis dynamo -meter. The vehicle collection included diesel en-gines with and without wall-flow particle traps(DPF), gasoline fuelled engines with conventional(MPI) and direct injection (DI) and three spark ig-nition engines modified for compressed natural gas (CNG) combustion. CNG, mainly consisting ofMethane (CH4), can be regarded as the “cleanest”carbon-containing fuel.

The results on the particle emissions presented herewere determined by measuring the number con-centration and the number size distribution of theparticles based on electrical mobility classification.By feeding the diluted aerosol sample optionallythrough a heated tube the fraction of volatile parti-cles could be evaluated. The same instrumentationwas generally used for all engines to allow for com-parison of the results. The presented particle com-positions are based on extraction and ion chro-matography of filter samples.

Figure 1 shows the number size distribution asmeasured for a constant operation mode.



Table 1: Technical details of internal combustion engines and fuel specification.

Engine specifications2-stroke marine 4-stroke VW 4-stroke Opel

Type diesel engine 1.91 TDI 1.6 CNG

Application Tanker Passenger Car Passenger Car

Injection system DI DI CNG

Cylinder 4 4 4

Bore mm 580 79.5 79

Piston stroke mm 2416 95.5 81.5

Piston disp. l 640 1.896 1.598

Power kW 8500 66 71

Speed 1/min 105 4150 6200

bmep bar 19 15.5

Weight t ca.230 0.15

Height m 11

Major fuel specificationsMarine diesel Heavy fuel Diesel CNG

oil (MDO) oil (HFO) oil

Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s 3.21 858 2.6

Density at 15°C g/ml 0.8508 1.0006 <0.845 0.71 kg/m3

(101.3 kPa, 0 °C)

Sulfer content %m 0.155 0.6 0.0047

Ash content %m <.01 0.014 0.0005

Asphaltenes %m 6.1

Total sediment %m 0.03

Methan %m 94.1

Heat values Hu kWh/kg 42.7 42.7 43.1 45.1 kWh/kg

The results show drastic higher particulate numberemissions for the low-speed marine diesel enginethan for the fast-speed 4-stroke engines as used incars. The CNG SI engines together with the wall-flow filter equipped Diesel engines show very lowemissions converging towards the background lev-el for this constant operation mode. Nethertheless,the mean diameters of the particles is smaller for theship engine than for the fast-speed 4-stroke engines.In contrast to the fast-speed 4-stroke engines, anaerosol conditioning at 400 °C evaporates the ma-jority of the marine particles demonstrating their semi-volatility and thus their different consistency.

The particle nature of the marine diesel engine driv-en with marine diesel oil (MDO) or heavy fuel oil(HFO) is also displayed by the composition as shownin Figure 2. The majority of the particulate matterconsists of organic soluble material, which can beattributed to the poor fuel quality. In comparison,particles exhausted by diesel road vehicles typical-ly comprise 80% soot.



85

Contact: [email protected]:A.Kasper, S. Aufdenblatten, A.M. Forss, M.Mohr, H. Burtscher, Aerosol Science and Technology 41(1): 24–32 (2007)D. Schreiber, A.M. Forss, M.Mohr, P. Dimopoulos, SAE technical paper, 2007-24-0123


Fig.1: Number size distribution of particles emitted from differentinternal combustion engine concepts; solid line: non-volatileparticles only, dotted lines: all particles.

Fig. 2: Particle mass emissions separated in chemical components asextracted from filters sampled at 100% load with HFO and with fuelof higher quality (MDO), respectively.

Fig. 3: Average non-volatile particle number emission of the investi-gated powertrain technologies on the NEDC cycle. The bars representthe variation among the vehicles within the same category.

Particle number size distribution from diverse internal combustion engines

1E+0

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

1E+6

1E+7

1E+8

1E+9

10 100 1000Electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]

dN/d

log

dp [1

/cm

3]

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HFO, without vol.comp.

Diesel, total

Diesel, w/o vol.comp.

CNG, without vol.comp.

Diesel with catalyzedDPF, total

0

0.1

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100% Load; MDO 100% Load; HFO

abso

lute

mas

s [g

/kW

h]

soot + ash

sulfate

water soluble fraction

organic soluble fraction

1E+9

1E+10

1E+11

1E+12

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1E+14

1E+15

CNG MPIGasoline

DIGasoline

w/oDPF Diesel

withDPF Diesel

part

icle

num

ber

[1/k

m]

Figure 3 summarizes the average tailpipe numberemission of non-volatile particle per km for the dif-ferent car propulsion concepts measured during theofficial transient European driving cycle (NEDC).For both low-emitter concepts the high spread in thedata reveals great variation between vehicles in thesame category caused by different filter technolo-gies (pore size and face velocity design) and enginecontrol strategies at high loads (fuel-air enrichment),respectively. In contrast to that, improvement of thefuel quality is the key to lower the particle emissionsfrom large marine diesel engines.

Support: Wärtsilä Switzerland Ltd., BAFU, EU-FP6


We conducted a tunnel study in Gubrist Tunnel(Switzerland) to determine road vehicle emissionfactors for H2 (and CO and CO2) under highwaydriving conditions. Mean emission factors for H2

were found to be 49.7 (±16.5) mg km–1 and wereenhanced for congested traffic. The results of thestudy were extrapolated to yearly traffic-related H2

emissions for Switzerland (5.0 – 6.6 Gg), and on aglobal basis (4.2 – 8.1 Tg) using different, nearly in-dependent approaches. It also showed a downwardtrend in H2 emissions over the next years, which isattributed to improved exhaust-after-treatment tech-nology (Fig. 2).

Anthropogenic emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) to the atmosphere: From a fossil fuel to an H2 energy economy



Martin K. Vollmer,

Martin Weilenmann,

Martin Steinbacher,

Stefan Reimann,

Brigitte Buchmann,

Christian Bach,

Matthias Hill,

Andrea Fischer,

Steven W. Bond

A future hydrogen-based (H2) energy economy is

likely to change our atmosphere – hopefully to a

cleaner one. Concerns are raised related to the

budget of atmospheric H2 which may change with

unknown consequences for the chemistry of the

atmosphere. We analyse current anthropogenic

H2 emissions, particularly from the traffic sector,

and assess future emissions on regional and glob-

al scales. These today fossil-fuel based H2 emis-

sions need to be balanced against the emissions

of a “leaky” H2 economy to better understand fu-

ture atmospheric H2 changes. For hydrogen vehi-

cles, diffusive leakage of gaseous H2 during stor-

age and propulsion, in both parking and running

mode, is a significant loss, and therefore its quan-

tification is crucial for the overall loss estimates.

We have developed a method to estimate overall

system emissions of H2. The method is applicable

for any climate-controlled test cells with chassis

dynamometers.

Molecular Hydrogen (H2) is one of the most abun-dant trace gases in the atmosphere. Surprisingly, itsatmospheric budget had received little attention inthe past until recently when interest was stimulat-ed by discussions on the use of H2 as an energy car-rier in a potential future energy economy. The con-sequences of such a shift to the chemistry of the at-mosphere are largely unknown but depend mainlyon the leakage rates of H2 to the atmosphere and onthe energy sources to produce H2.

86

Current anthropogenic emissions of H2 are mainlyrelated to incomplete combustion processes and arepredominantly caused by road traffic. We measuredatmospheric H2 quasi-continuously over a period of more than 2 yrs in Dubendorf, Switzerland, tostudy its sources and sinks in a suburban environ-ment. The measurements show pollution levels ofH2 up to ~1500 ppb (parts-per-billion, 10-9), whichequals to ~3 times the levels of the “unpolluted”troposphere. H2 also correlated strongly with car-bon monoxide (CO), another combustion product(Fig.1). With pollution events removed, no signifi-cant long-term trend of atmospheric H2 could be detected, a result that adds to the current debate ona potential trend in atmospheric H2 over the pastdecade. The Dubendorf timeseries nicely shows asummer and early fall drawdown in H2 due to sea-sonal enhancement of two major sinks, the tropos-pheric OH activity, and the yet poorly understoodsoil sink.



Fig.1: Four-day high resolution H2 and CO at the suburban Dubendorf site.

Fig. 2: Trend of yearly global H2 emissions from road traffic in Tg (10–12 g).

1000

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500

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100

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thu

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mix

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rati

o [p

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[Tg

yr-1

]



87

Support: EU-FP6, CCEM



References:M.K. Vollmer, N. Juergens, M. Steinbacher, S. Reimann, M.Weilenmann, B. Buchmann, Atmospheric Environment,doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.037 (41),8355–8369 (2007)M. Steinbacher, A. Fischer, M.K. Vollmer, B. Buchmann, S. Reimann, C.Hueglin, Atmospheric Environment, (41),2111–2124 (2007)M.Weilenmann, C. Bach, P. Novak, A. Fischer, M.Hill, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, accepted (2007)


Fig. 3: Test cell configurationfor system emission measure-ment in a ventilated climatechamber chassis dynamometer.

Fig. 4: Chamber concentration (left) and calculated vehicles emissions(right). The different colors highlight the sensitivity analysis. The experiment was divided into an initial parking phase, followedby a driving phase and a second parking phase.

In a future H2-fueled traffic fleet, diffusive H2 emis-sions from vehicles may occur during startup, driv-ing, shutdown and parking of the vehicles and theyalso depend on the propulsion and tanking system.In addition to the exhaust emissions, these diffusiveemissions account for a large loss of H2 to the at-mosphere. For this reason, and also for economicalloss and safety reasons, it is important to under-stand these diffusive emissions. Thus, single vehiclediffusive emissions from H2-fueled cars are meas-ured on a chassis dynamometer test stand, and amethod is developed by which these emissions canbe quantified (Fig.3). While the pipe exhaust is vent-ed outside the dynamometer chamber, the air ven-tilation rate of the chamber is measured along withthe H2 concentrations in the ventilation inflow andthe chamber. Assuming complete mixing in thechamber, the diffusive H2 losses can then be deter-mined based on the measured H2 time series in thechamber air. It was shown, that diffusive vehicleemissions in the range of one mg/min can be meas-ured with an accuracy of ±10%. First tests showednegligible diffusive emissions during a first parkingphase, moderate emissions during a driving phase(0.3 mg/min), and large emissions (up to 40 mg/min)during the following second parking phase (Fig.4).These large emissions are presumably due to a leak-age of un-reacted H2 from the various system com-ponents.

Chassis dynamometer

Drivers aidAirstream ventilator

Internal ventilation, airconditionning heat exchanger

V*air,vent_in

V* intake

V*exhaust

V* leakage

V*air,vent_out

Max. flow: 100’000m3/h

0 2000 4000 6000 8000500

1000

1500

2000Hydrogen concentration

Con

c (H

2) [p

pb]

Time [s]0 2000 4000 6000 8000

−2

0

2

4

6×10−3 Massflow hydrogen from car

Mas

sflow

H2

[g/m

in]

Time [s]

Parkingphase I

Parkingphase II

Drivingphase

Bias of conventional nitrogen oxide measurement techniques in the atmosphereMobility, Energy

and Environment


Martin Steinbacher,

Christoph Hueglin

Measured results of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the

atmosphere are often upper limit estimates due

to interferences of the measurement principle to

other nitrogen compounds. These effects were

quantified using long-term NO2 measurements

collocated with artefact-free instruments at two

Swiss sites. The interferences have to be consid-

ered for model validations and when using such

data for ground-truthing of satellite information.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) largely controltropospheric ozone production. In-situ observationsgive information about the regional NOx distribu-tion and provide useful data for the validation ofchemical transport models and satellite-borne ob-servations. Currently, most NO2 instruments forground-based measurements use molybdenum (Mo)converters to convert NO2 to NO and subsequentanalysis of NO. However, the conversion is not spe-cific to NO2 since oxidized nitrogen compounds suchas nitric acid, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and otherorganic nitrates – mainly products of photochemi-cal activity in the atmosphere – may also be reducedto NO. Nevertheless, such NO2 data are often mis-interpreted as “real” NO2. Alternatively, NO2 spe-cific photolytic converters are nowadays applicablealso for long-term use.

Collocated NO2 measurements with a Mo convert-er (NO2

mo) and a photolytic converter (NO2ph) were

performed from 1995 to 2001 (at Taenikon) and from2002 to 2005 (at Rigi). These first long-term inter-comparisons in the atmosphere allow estimatingthe diurnal, seasonal and meteorological influenceof interfering compounds on NO2

mo. A statisticalmodel was applied to quantify the interferences andto provide a tool to retrieve “real” NO2 mixing ratiosfrom NO2

mo observations for other sampling sites.

Figure 1 shows annual cycles of NO2ph, NO2

mo,∆NO2 (=NO2

mo - NO2ph) and PAN mixing ratios.

On a relative scale, NO2mo overestimates NO2 most

during spring/summer due to prevalent photo-chemistry. On a monthly basis, only 70% to 88% ofNO2

mo can be attributed to “real” NO2 at the ruralsite Taenikon and even less (43% to 76%) at the ru-ral and elevated site Rigi. These differences are sub-stantial and were already considered in our satellitevalidation activities.

88

The results from the statistical approach for Taenikonwere applied to Payerne, another rural site on theSwiss Plateau. The good agreement of the correct-ed data (NO2

corr) with results from photolytic con-verter data for 2006 verifies our developed conver-sion model (Fig.2).

Contact: [email protected]:M.Steinbacher, C. Zellweger, B. Schwarzenbach, S. Bugmann, B. Buchmann, C.Ordonez, A.S.H. Prevot, C.Hueglin, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D11307, doi:10.1029/2006JD007971 (2007)



Fig.1: Annual cycles at Taenikon (a) and at Rigi (b). Numbers on topdenote the monthly mean NO2

ph / NO2mo ratios.

Fig. 2: Monthly mean NO2mo, NO2

ph and calculated NO2 mixing ratios (NO2

corr) when applying the results of the multiple linear modelat Payerne for 2006.

15

10

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Month

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2 [p

pb]

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pb]

∆NO

2 [p

pb]

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∆NO2

∆NO2

PAN

NO2ph

NO2mo

NO2ph

NO2moa) Taenikon

b) Rigi

15

10

5

0J F M A M J J A S O N D

Month

NO

2 [p

pb]

NO2ph

NO2mo

NO2corr

Support: BAFU


Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols in ambient air

Ambient aerosols have a harmful impact on hu-

man health. The organic aerosol (OA) plays a key

role as it contains toxic substances. Most of the

organics are typically found in PM1 (particulate

matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than

1 µm), potentially reaching the pulmonary alveoli.

A detailed understanding of the sources of or-

ganic PM1 is required for the development of ef-

ficient abatement strategies. In this project, main

sources of OA were identified by analysis of high-

time resolution data from an aerosol mass spec-

trometer (AMS) using recently developed model-

ing techniques. We have quantified directly emit-

ted OA (POA) from combustion sources (mainly

wood and traffic) as well as secondary OA (SOA)

formed in the atmosphere through gas-phase re-

actions.

Submicron aerosol (PM1) was characterized in sum-mer 2005 and winter 2006 at an urban backgroundsite of the Swiss Air Pollution Monitoring Network(NABEL) during three-week measurement cam-paigns. Highly time-resolved mass spectra (2–5 min.averages) of non-refractory aerosol (i.e. volatile at600 °C) were analyzed with an Aerodyne AMS(Fig.1).

For the summer campaign (including summer smogepisodes), positive matrix factorization (PMF) wasused for organic aerosol mass spectra to identify themain components of the total organic aerosol andtheir sources. Only a small (<10%) fraction of or-ganic PM1 originated from freshly emitted traffic ex-haust (Fig. 2). More important POA emissions werefound to be due to charbroiling (10–15%) and woodburning (~10%), while the highest fraction of themeasured organic aerosol mass was SOA (60–69%).

A model that allows for incorporation of a priori

known source composition was developed to re-solve aerosol sources in wintertime. Directly emit-ted particles represented less than 50% of the sub-micron OA. Wood burning particles accounted for80% of POA on average. Our results also show thatthe major component of the particulate organic massduring the winter period was SOA (52–57%). Radio-carbon (14C) measurements indicated that 69% ofSOA originated from non-fossil sources dominatedby wood burning; a smaller fraction (31%) was at-tributed to fossil sources (traffic, oil heating etc.).



89

Thus, the reduction of wood burning emissions willbe the key to mitigate organic PM levels in winter-time.

Valentin Lanz,

Christoph Hüglin,


André Prévôt, PSI,

Sönke Szidat,

University of Bern (CH)


References:V. A. Lanz et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1305 –1322 (2007)V. A. Lanz et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 214–220 (2008)



and Pollutants

Fig.1: Schematic of an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS)(adapted from John Jayne, Aerodyne Inc.).

Fig. 2: The calculated contributions of secondarily built (blue), woodburning (orange) and traffic-related organic aerosol (red) to organicPM1 as summer and winter averages (left) and during a temperatureinversion in Zürich in January 2006 (right).

Particle BeamGeneration

ParticleComposition

ThermalVaporisation

&ElectronImpact

Ionisation

AerodynamicLens

(2 Torr)

TurboPump

Particle Inlet (1 atm)

Chopper

TOFRegion

TurboPump

TurboPump

QuadrupoleMass Spectrometer

Aerodynamic Sizing

Support: BAFU

Links: www.empa.ch/abt134 > Pollutant source identification

7%

17%

38%10%

7%

55%

66%

0

2

4

6

8

10

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orga

nic

PM1

[μg

m-3

]

SOA

traffic-related (POA)

wood burning (POA)

other POA (mainly charbroiling)

The atmospheric CO2 is composed of various isotopologues. The most abundant species is12C16O16O, while other important stable isotopo-logues include 13C16O16O and 12C18O16O. Isotoperatios of CO2 are a proven tool to probe mechanismsthat control carbon cycling, because the involvedrelevant chemical reactions and biochemical process-es lead to characteristic isotopic fractionation. Forexample, the distinct isotopic signatures of the high-ly important respiration and photosynthesis of plantscan be used to study their respective flux. Further-

Quantum cascade laser based measurements of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide isotope ratios



Lukas Emmenegger,

Joachim Mohn,

Bela Tuzson

Laser spectrometry based on room temperature

quantum cascade lasers (QCL) is a novel, power-

ful tool to determine sources and sinks of green-

house gases. We developed two mobile spectro -

meters for specific applications using tailor-made

QCLs emitting at distinct wavelength regions.

One spectrometer was designed for the simulta-

neous, high-precision measurement of carbon

dioxide, nitrous oxide and water vapor with a

time resolution of 5 Hz. Its successful application

above grassland and forest gave valuable insight

into the biosphere-atmosphere exchange within

these ecosystems. To study the isotopic signature

of processes such as photosynthesis and respira-

tion of plants, a second spectrometer was devel-

oped to yield the highest possible precision for

CO2 isotope ratios. Due to its unprecedented pre-

cision below 0.1 ‰ this method creates new pos-

sibilities for the allocation and quantification of

natural and anthropogenic CO2 sources.

The increase of infrared active gases in the earth'satmosphere is a major contribution to global warm-ing and climate change. Its ecological and econom-ical impacts are widely recognized and have led tothe ratification of the Kyoto protocol. Carbon diox-ide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), andnitrous oxide (N2O) are the four most importantgreenhouse gases. Analytical tools with adequateprecision, selectivity and time resolution to studytheir sources and sinks are thus of great scientific,political and economic interest. Most challengingare continuous flux measurements of greenhousegases at the biosphere-atmosphere interface. An ex-cellent concept to give such flux data is the eddy co-variance approach. This is a statistical method toanalyze high-frequency wind and concentration da-ta series, yielding fluxes of a surface area upwindof the measurement point.

We have developed a quantum cascade laser basedinstrument, which is suitable for eddy covariancemeasurements of CO2, H2O, CH4 and N2O, togeth-er with Aerodyne Research, a US industrial partner.QC lasers are a new generation of infrared lightsources with tremendous potential for laser spec-troscopic methods based on the characteristic rota-tional-vibrational transitions of molecules in themid-infrared range. This spectral region containsthe fundamental and thus strongest absorption

90

lines, which is a key element to obtain high preci-sion measurements. Our spectrometer can be oper-ated without cryogenic cooling of both laser and de-tectors. Thus, it is well suited for long-term field de-ployments. With a single laser up to three sub-stances, such as CO2, H2O and N2O at a wavelengthof approximately 2241 cm-1 or CH4 and N2O at 1275 cm-1, can be analyzed. The absorption of veryshort, 5–10 ns, laser light pulses takes place at apressure of about 60 mbar in a 76 m astigmatic mul-tipass cell with a continuous gas flow of up to 10liters per minute. Due to the high laser power andfast electronics, several thousand absorption spec-tra are measured per second, which are then aver-aged, analyzed and converted to very precise atmos-pheric concentrations with a time resolution of 5 Hz.In combination with an ultrasonic anemometer, itwas possible to detect unexpected N2O release abovea mixed forest and to link these fluxes to meteoro-logical conditions. Furthermore, very low fluxes ofboth release and uptake of N2O were observed overgrassland in one of the first applications of eddy co-variance for such small but frequent and thus sig-nificant events.



Fig.1: Optical alignment of a quantum cascade laser absorptionspectrometer.



91

Support: NCCR, SBF, BAFU


Contact: [email protected]:E.W. Eugster, K. Zeyer, M. Zeeman, P.Michna, A. Zingg, N. Buchmann, L. Emmenegger, Biogeosciences (4), 1–13, (2007)B. Tuzson, M.J. Zeeman, M.S. Zahniser, L. Emmenegger, Infrared Physics & Technology, in press doi:10.1016/ j.infrared.2007.05.006 (2007)A.Neftel, C. Flechard, C. Ammann, F. Conen, K. Zeyer, L. Emmenegger, Tellus B 59 (3), 470–482, (2007)D.D.Nelson, J.B.McManus, S.C.Herndon, M.S. Zahniser, B. Tuzson, L. Emmenegger, Applied Physics B, accepted(2007)J.Mohn, R.A.Werner, N. Buchmann, L. Emmenegger, Journal of Molecular Structure 834–836, 95–101 (2007)


Fig. 2: 30 minutes N2O flux aver-ages (green) and cumulative N2Oflux (red) at the Lägeren forestflux tower during a 4-week periodin autumn 2005. Senescing leaves at high moistureare likely to be responsible for themeasured N2O emissions.

Fig. 3: Top: measured (dots) and simulated (line) spectra of CO2

isotopologues. Bottom: corresponding absorption lines and their linestrength weighted for the natural abundance of each iso-topologue.

Fig. 4: Optical layout of the QCL spectrometer for stable CO2 isotope ratio measurements.

Oct 12

400

x0.

02N

2O F

lux

[nm

olm

-2s-

1 ]

N2O

Flu

x Su

m [µ

mol

m-2

]

0

-200

200

Oct 15 Oct 18 Oct 21 Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30 Nov 02 Nov 05

more, the relative concentrations of stable CO2 iso-topologues can be used to allocate CO2 sources. Thecurrent standard analytical method, isotope ratiomass spectrometry (IRMS), is time consuming, ex-pensive and not suited for continuous in-situ meas-urements.

In collaboration with our partners Alpes-Lasers,University of Neuchatel, ETH Zurich and AerodyneResearch, we have also developed a novel, cryo-genic free and highly precise QCL spectrometer forthe simultaneous measurement of the three mostimportant stable CO2 isotopologues. The respectiveisotope ratios can be measured at a wavelength of2311 cm-1 with an unprecedented precision below0.1‰ during continuous field measurements, whichis expected to create fundamentally new researchoptions at the biosphere-atmosphere interface.

1.00

0.95

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smit

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e [%

]

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ngth

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olec

ule

·cm

-2]

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16O12C16O 16O13C16O16O12C18O

spectrum

fit

Multi-pass Cell (reference)

Multi-pass Cell (sample)

Reflector

Ge-Etalon

QC Laser

TEC IR-Detector(reference)

TEC IR-Detector(sample)

Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust



Daniela Wenger,

Andreas C. Gerecke,

Norbert V. Heeb,

Markus Zennegg,

Martin Kohler,


Hanspeter Naegeli,

University of Zurich,

Renato Zenobi,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Diesel exhaust contains numerous toxic sub-

stances including compounds acting as endocrine

disruptors. These compounds interfere with the

hormone systems of humans and animals and,

thereby, lead to adverse health effects. We com-

bined biological and chemical methods to deter-

mine the concentration of two groups of en-

docrine disruptors present in diesel exhaust: com-

pounds that bind and activate the aryl hydrocar-

bon receptor (AhR; “dioxin receptor”) and those

recognizing the estrogen receptor (ER). Our study

shows that the two tested catalytic diesel partic-

ulate filters lower emissions of AhR and ER lig-

ands by up to 90 and 70%, respectively.

Diesel engines emit a wide range of toxic com-pounds and appreciable numbers of fine (<2.5 µm)and ultrafine (<0.1 µm) particles into the air. In thisstudy, we focused on emissions of hormone-likecompounds and we assessed effects of two catalyticdiesel particulate filters on the endocrine-disruptingpotential of diesel exhaust. The tested wall-flow fil-ters, which force the diesel exhaust through a poroussubstrate, decrease the number of diesel particlesby >95% and burn the trapped particles with theaid of catalytic fuel additives.

92

In vitro cell bioassays were used to detect and quan-tify AhR and ER ligands (Fig.1). These biologicalmethods were combined with chemical analysis bygas chromatography/mass spectrometry to esti-

Contact: [email protected]:N.V.Heeb et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 41,5789–5794 (2007)D.Wenger et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., in press (2008)D.Wenger et al., Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, in press (2008)



Fig.1: Mode of action of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-basedbioassay.

Fig. 2: Concentrations of AhR and ER ligands in filtered and unfiltereddiesel exhaust.

PCDD/Fs

PAHs

AhR

?

AhR

AhRAhR

DNA

RNA

Luciferase

Light

Cell nucleus

Cytoplasm

Addition ofluciferin

Luciferase gene

mate the contribution of known AhR ligands, in-cluding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)and dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), to the totalconcentration of AhR ligands.

In unfiltered exhaust, we determined an AhR ligandconcentration of 60 ng 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents/m3, whereas we foundonly 6–7 ng TCDD equivalents/m3 in two samplesof filtered exhaust (Fig. 2). Thus, the diesel partic-ulate filters reduced emissions of AhR ligands by90%. Six carcinogenic PAHs and 17 PCDD/Fs con-tributed <1% to the total concentration of AhR lig-ands. For ER ligands, we found 1.6 ng 17ß-estradi-ol (E2) equivalents/m3 in the unfiltered exhaust and0.6–0.7 ng E2 equivalents/m3 in filtered exhaust,corresponding to a reduction of 50–70%. Concen-trations of AhR and ER ligands in diesel exhaustwere 3–5 orders of magnitude higher than found inambient air, indicating that diesel engines are an im-portant source of endocrine disruptors.

This study demonstrates that catalytic diesel par-ticulate filters are a promising technology to reducethe endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust.In Switzerland, diesel particulate filters have be-come mandatory at workplaces such as tunnel con-struction sites (e.g.,NEAT).This technology will alsohelp to improve ambient air quality in urban areas.

Support: SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/analytik

Diesel exhaust

ng T

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ER ligands

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Brominated flame retardants in Lake Thun: a model predicts impact of new chemicals and effectiveness of regulatory measures

A tailor-made local scale mass balance model was

developed to study the environmental fate of

brominated flame retardants in the ecosystem of

Lake Thun. Based on direct measurements of the

occurrence of these chemicals in the environment,

the model was validated and enabled to predict

the impact of new chemicals on environment and

humans and to probe the effectiveness of regula-

tory measures.

Every year, more than 70 000 t of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as additives to pro-tect electric equipment, textiles, and construction ma-terials from fire. However, PBDE are slowly releasedfrom flame-retarded products, leading to exposureof humans and environment. This is of concernsince PBDE are able to interfere with the hormonesystem and may cause developmental disorders.

While direct measurements of the occurrence ofpersistent chemicals in the environment are essen-tial to assess the current situation, computer mod-els can substantially enhance the identification ofprocesses that are responsible for the transfer ofthese chemicals to the environment. In close collab-oration with ETHZ, a tailor-made multimedia massbalance model was designed for Lake Thun servingas the study ecosystem. Mass balance equations wereset up, and relevant transformation processes wereconsidered (Fig.1).



93

Specifically designed analytical methods allowedmeasuring PBDE at ultra trace levels in various en-vironmental compartments of Lake Thun. Measuredconcentrations in the atmosphere and in tributary

Christian Bogdal,

Martin Kohler,

Peter Schmid,

Heinz Vonmont,


Markus Bläuenstein,

Martin Scheringer,

Konrad Hungerbühler,

ETH Zurich (CH)

Contact: [email protected]:Ch. Bogdal, M. Kohler, P. Schmid, M. Scheringer, K.Hunger-bühler, Organohalogen Compounds 69, 441–444 (2007)M. Bläuenstein, Diploma Thesis, ETHZ (2007)



and Pollutants

Fig.1: Compartments and processes in the mass balance model ofLake Thun.

Fig. 2: Total PBDE mass relative to 2006 in Lake Thun, assuming different input scenarios.

air

aerosols

pore water

suspended particles

fish

water

output (wind)degradation

degradation

diffusionresuspensionsedimentation

diffusionrainwashout

dry wet

particle deposition

degradationsediment burial

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sediment

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l PB

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rivers served to define the input of PBDE into theLake Thun ecosystem. Calculations assuming con-stant PBDE input revealed that the atmosphere isthe main input pathway for PBDE into Lake Thun.Water and sediment contain the largest inventoryof PBDE, and finally, PBDE are buried in the sedi-ment. In a second step, dynamic calculations en-abled us to test different hypothetical scenarios ofPBDE usage. Figure 2 illustrates the evolution of thetotal PBDE mass in Lake Thun under different fu-ture input scenarios. After an immediate stop of in-put (scenario 1), it would take more than a decadefor the PBDE mass to decrease below 10%. If thereis a decrease of PBDE input by 1% every month(scenario 2), after 10 years the mass in the modeledecosystem would still remain above 80% of the ini-tial mass. If the input remains unchanged (scenario3), the mass would still increase for more than 10years.

The model can also be extended to other existing ornewly developed chemicals. Thus, it is an effectivecomplementary tool to the complex and demandingdirect measurements of chemicals in the environ-ment providing a significant contribution to a com-prehensive risk assessment.

Support: SNF

Links: www.empa.ch/analytikwww.sust-chem.ethz.ch

Spatially, time resolved and element-specific in-situ corrosion investigations using a novelonline microflow-capillary FI-ICP-MS set-up



Nadzeya Homazava,

Andrea Ulrich,

Fabian Eckermann,

Patrick Schmutz,


Urs Krähenbühl,

University of Bern (CH)

Corrosion processes often initiate on weakest

microstructural features such as inclusions, grain

boundaries or specific surface crystal orienta-

tions. The investigation of these processes is a

core activity in corrosion science at Empa. Spa-

tially resolved methods are required for the char-

acterization of the local chemistry controlling the

corrosion mechanisms. Hence, a novel micro-ana-

lytical technique is developed, which allows an el-

ement-specific, spatially and time resolved in-situ

investigation of dissolution processes.

The technique is based on an adjustable online mi-croflow-capillary set-up especially designed for localin-situ experiments. The capillary is connected viaflow injection analysis system FIAS to an inductive-ly coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS. FIASallows a transient sample introduction, whereasICP-MS is designed for highly sensitive multi-ele-ment quantification.

94

Initially, materials for the microflow-capillary wereevaluated with respect to minimized contaminationas a precondition for ultra-trace analysis. Further-more, possible flow strategies were developed to en-sure a transient monitoring of corrosion processes.

The coupling to FI-ICP-MS required an evaluationof alternative micro-flow sample introduction sys-tems and a careful optimization of the ICP-MSmethod. High salt matrix of the corrosion solutionprobes, spectral and non-spectral interferences andlimited sample volumes represented particular chal-lenges in the method development.

During this development stage, the principle anddetection capability of the novel micro-analyticaltechnique is demonstrated with capillaries down toa lateral resolution of 250 µm by investigating thetransition from uniform corrosion processes at lowpH to localized corrosion phenomena at neutral pHsfor several commercial Al alloys. The influence ofthe Al microstructure on the dissolution was furtherinvestigated by comparison to SEM-EDX measure-ments. Quantitative data for different elements re-leased during corrosion experiments were achieved.This information is especially valuable for alloyingelements present in the alloy in sub-percent quan-tities, which could also be detected in very low con-centrations in the solution as presented in Figure 1.

In a next set-up optimization step, an implementa-tion of the electrochemical device to measure andcorrelate chemical and electrochemical in-situ char-acterization at once will be performed. Moreover, afurther reduction of the micro-capillary size downto 50 µm is planned to improve capabilities of thesystem to clarify the role of microstructural inho-mogeneities in localized corrosion processes. Fig-ure 2 shows a schematic configuration of the final-ly planned set-up.

Support: SNF



References:N.Homazava, A.Ulrich, M. Trottmann, U. Krähenbühl, J Anal Atom Spectrom, 9, 1122–1130 (2007)



Fig.1: Time resolved dissolution of Mn and Cu in AA 6111 at differentpH (corrosive medium 0.1 M NaCl).

Fig. 2: Principle of the novel microflow-capillary set-up.

Potentiostat

FIAS

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Referenceelectrode

Working-electrode

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] 0.90

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0.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00

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Synchrotron radiation for sensitive elementalanalysis of ambient air particles

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectro-

metry (SR-XRF) has been applied as a powerful

fit-for-purpose tool for the detection of a broad

range of trace elements. For the first time, hourly

concentration levels of antimony in urban ambi-

ent air have been determined and assigned to car

brake pad abrasion particles.

Air pollution by particulate matter below 10 micro -meter (PM10) is of public concern both in the areaof legal regulations for PM10 reduction and nano -technology risk assessments. The analysis of thetrace elements contained in PM10 is of particular in-terest because some of them show a potential foradverse health effects. In addition to their naturalabundance they are emitted into the atmosphere byindustry and traffic in typical element patterns whichcan be used for the apportionment of PM10 to spe-cific sources. Temporal changes in emissions andtheir atmospheric dilution occur on a time scale ofhours. Therefore, time-resolved monitoring of traceelements in ambient air is highly important and re-quires novel devices for representative sampling andextremely sensitive analytical techniques.



95

A size-specific particulate matter sampler was con-structed and optimized for subsequent trace ele-ment analysis. The Rotating Drum Impactor (RDI)collects ambient aerosol on an hourly basis in threesize ranges that are relevant for human exposure(2.5–10 µm, 1–2.5 µm and 0.1–1 µm) on a thin poly -propylene substrate film. As shown in Figure 1, thehourly aerosol samples exhibit a bar-code like dep-osition pattern. The total aerosol mass collected dur-ing an hourly sample interval is lower than 10 µg

Nicolas Bukowiecki,

Peter Lienemann,

Christoph Zwicky,

Matthias Hill,

Robert Gehrig

Contact: [email protected]:N.Bukowiecki, R. Gehrig, M.Hill, P. Lienemann, C.N. Zwicky,B. Buchmann, E.Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 878–889 (2007)



and Pollutants

Fig.1: Aerosol sampler (Rotating Drum Impactor).

Fig. 2: Hourly concentration levels of PM10 and antimony (Sb) in ambient air, measured in Zurich (Switzerland).

and contains trace elements in the nanogram massrange. Trace element analysis is performed usingsynchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence spec-trometry (SR-XRF). Synchrotron generated X-ray ra-diation shows a very high photon flux density andis sharply focused. This, together with the non-scat-tering behavior of the substrate holder system, al-lows for the highly sensitive detection of trace ele-ments.

The unique set-up has been successfully applied forthe characterization of railway emissions (Buko -wiecki et al., 2007) and is now applied to study thecontribution of road traffic abrasion particles to over-all PM10 burdens. Figure 2 shows hourly concen-tration levels of antimony (Sb) measured in Zurich(Switzerland), and illustrates the formation of an inversion weather situation after a rainfall period.The measurements revealed a significant enrich-ment of antimony at the road site during traffic-richperiods. These emissions of antimony and othertrace elements were found to origin from brake padabrasion.

Support: ASTRA, BAFU


50010001500

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Antimony

Street canyon Urban background

Street canyon Urban background

Light duty vehicles Heavy duty vehicles

mas

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Sample Loading:

1 bar = 1 hour

~10 µg total aerosolmass per bar

1 wheel = 4 days

























Empa Activities 2007Marketing, Knowledgeand Technology Transfer

Mission

Our main focus is to support Empa’s role inlinking the generation of scientific knowledge andits applications in industry and society. Our aimis to deliver highly professional services to ourinternal and external “clients”, offering them awide spectrum of functions exceeding thetraditional definition of technology transfer.

Activities

With its “Portal” Empa offers a single point ofcontact for potential partners seeking suitableresearch contacts or those looking for advancedservices, linking them with the correspondinglabs and scientists within Empa. The portal thusoffers a simple and convenient means of accessto Empa’s broad offering in application-orientedresearch and knowledge. Additionally, portal staffactively address the market to keep it informedof Empa’s research activities, to scout for newindustrial partners and to facilitate Empa’sconsulting activities by bringing interdisciplinaryteams together to meet with potential industrialpartners.

The Technology Transfer Office supports Empascientists and external partners in all stages of thetechnology transfer life cycle, from researchcontracts to protecting the results of its research(in particular in the form of patents) to theexploitation of intellectual property rights, e.g.by licencing.

With the support of business incubators like teboin St.Gall, Empa actively fosters entrepreneurshipand helps to create a supporting environment forspin-offs and start-up companies alike. We aimto help closing the gap in the value chain of knowl-edge and technology transfer by providing well-equipped and affordable space and infrastructureas well as offering consultation and assistanceto boost R&D collaborations and facilitate accessto seed money.

The Academy plays a pivotal role in Empa’sknowledge transfer process, offering seminars,courses and lectures at Empa’s sites or “on theroad”. This not only gives people inside andoutside Empa a forum for sharing and discussingthe results of Empa’s research but also accessto continuing training in Empa’s fields of special-ization.

Gabriele Dobenecker, Section Head

Technology Transfer@Empa

Interactions with economic and public partners inresearch collaboration create an interesting and in-spiring environment for the laboratories and theiremployees. From such research collaborations allpartners profit in several ways: from the exchangeof knowledge, the use of high-tech infrastructure andthe possibility of state funding of the research proj-ect to generate new jobs and products in industry.

TheTT-Office@Empa teamsup closelywith the sci-entists, negotiates research contracts with third par-ties, supports and manages actively the economicexploitation of research results. In the last years ef-ficient and flexible procedures have been establishedto manage the various aspects of technology trans-fer projects.

No lack of transfer projects

In 2007, the TT-Office handled more than 180 newcases, and overall worked on more than 320 proj-ects. It was responsible for the drafting, negotiationand/or quality management of the research con-tracts, patent application process and the exploita-tion of research results. 17 new patent applicationswere filed that resulted from Empa’s institutionalresearch or from research collaboration with thirdparties. Currently, the license portfolio consists of27 licenses of which nine new license agreementswere signed within the last year.

Technology Transfer


101

TT-Highlights and Empa Innovation Award

One successfully transferred technology project runin the area of “metal fibers” where the new technol-ogy comprises an improved method and a new ap-paratus for coating yarnwith a thinmetal layer. Fab-ric made of metal-coated yarn exhibits a whole setof uncommon properties which can be exploited toobtain e.g. clotheswith highUVprotection, improvedthermal conductivity, anti-bacterial surfaces, includ-ed woven sensors or more. The new technology de-veloped at Empa in a long term collaboration withtwo partners from industry within in a CTI-projectis much more environmental-friendly and far moreefficient in transferring the coatingmaterial. For thisEmpa’s initiators and leaders of the project receivedthe Empa Innovation Award 2007.

Marlen Müller

Contact: [email protected]

Fig.1: Technology Transfer Activities at Empa.

Fig. 2: Fabric (left) made of silver-coated yarn (right).

TT projects and contracts

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99

Fig. 3: Martin Amberg (left)and Manfred Heuberger,two out of three laureates ofthe Empa Innovation Award2007 on the occasion of theceremony. Their colleagueDirk Hegemann was preventedfrom participating.

Technology Transfer


102

Another example of a successful transfer to an in-dustrial partner is “Thermo-active Wall and CeilingElements”. The technique details special wall andceiling elements which can be installed in rooms toachieve temperature balance. Regulation is per-formed with a phase-changing material which ab-sorbs excessive heat bymelting and conversely emitslatent heat through solidifying when room temper-ature is below target value.No external power sourceis required to operate the regulation process.

A third example is the “Anchorage Device for High-Performance Fiber Composite Cables”, a technolo-gy transferred to a company internationally wellrecognized in the field of stay cable and related con-struction engineering. Carbon-fiber reinforced ten-sion bars are more and more used in bridge con-struction replacing steel cables due to their superi-or properties like low weight and no corrosion. Thetechnology describes a system specially suited to re-liably anchor fiber-reinforced cables in such a man-ner, that the high static strengths and fatigue re-sistances can be exploited optimally.

List of Patents

Patents granted

High Performance Höland, Wolfram/Apel, E./ Dentalglas, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie dessen 10 2005 051 387Ceramics Vital, Andri/ Zürcher, Simone/ Verwendung

Graule, Thomas/Van't Hoen, Ch./Rheinberger, V./Burtscher

Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker/ Elektrofilter für eine Feuerungsanlage 10 2004 039 124.6-09Engines Rauch, Stephan

Patents applied for:

Advanced Fibers Nazarov, Dmitry/ Permanent flame retardant treatment for cellulose fibers or EP 07 022 567.7Schmid, Hansruedi/Ritter, Axel/ fabrics and other polymeric materialsVasnev, Valerii/Izmailov, B.

Ritter, Axel/Schmid, Hansruedi/ Synthesis and application of new phosphorus containing flame EP 07 405 235.8Nazarov, Dmitry retardant substances

Air Pollution/ Graf, Peter/Hüglin, Christoph Procédé et dispositif pour l'analyse d'une atmosphère gazeuse CH 01677/07Environmental Technology

Biomaterials Ren Zulian, Qun/Pletscher, Ernst/ Method for the production of R-hydroxycarboxylic acids WO PCT/CH2007/000156Zinn, Manfred/Thöny-Meier, Linda

Center for Synergic Crettol, René/Luchsinger, Rolf Faltbarer pneumatischer Träger CH 01781/07Structures

Electronics/ Thierry, Raphaël/Miceli, Alice/ Verfahren zur Streukorrektur von röntgentomografischen Daten EP 07 012 409Metrology/Reliability Sennhauser, Urs/Flisch, Alexander

High Performance Mattmann, Corinne/ Recognizing upper body postures using textile strain sensors US 60/976806Ceramics Tröster, Gerhard/Clemens, Frank

Internal Combustion Soltic, Patrik/Bach, Christian Fluidbetriebener Ventiltrieb EP 07 022 717.8Engines

Mechanical Systems Weisse, Bernhard/ Proof-Test für keramische Hüftgelenkskugeln DE 102007056973.6Engineering Affolter, Christian/Stutz, Alex

Empa Academy –a platform for knowledge transfer

As an institution for continuing education in the areaof materials science, the Empa Academy’s rangeof courses once again attracted a large number ofscientists and representatives of industry and soci-ety at large in 2007. The almost 100 training eventsstaged by the Empa Academy – comprising 27 con-ferences and 24 courses lasting a total of 55 days aswell as 48 lecture-based events – reached well over6000 people.

Continuing the “Tour de Suisse”

In spring 2007, Empa continued its “Empa Unter-wegs” road show with stops at the universities ofapplied sciences in Buchs and Biel. Empa also ac-cepted an invitation from the Swiss engineers’ andarchitects society, SIA, to give a presentation inZurich to a broad public as part of the “Zwischenden Disziplinen’ (Between the Disciplines) event.The last venue of Empa’s “Tour de Suisse” was theFribourg College of Engineering and Architecture inearly autumn. Altogether, close to 700 experts frombusiness, politics and science visited “Empa Unter-wegs” events.

National and international cooperation

With 3 out of 26 stalls Empa held a prominent po-sition in the first Swiss “Nacht der Forschung” (Re-searcher’s Night) that took place at the banks ofLake Zurich in late September and attracted morethan 5000 visitors.

Empa Academy


103

Cooperation with Swissmem and the TechnologyTransfer Consortium W6 was equally fruitful: indus-try representatives met scientists from Empa, PSIand ETH Zurich in four workshops under the head-ing “Micro and nanotechnology for the MEM indus-tries”. The participants took advantage of the op-portunity for in-depth discussions with the expertsand built up contacts with colleagues in their respec-tive fields.

Anne Satir

Contact: [email protected]

The cooperation with the Haus der Technik (Houseof Technology, a branch of the RWTH Aachen Uni-versity in Germany), which kicked off very success-fully in 2006 with two seminars, continued in 2007,when no less than five joint events were held.

And end of November, R&D experts from GermanandSwiss companies attended the first BionicsWork-shop to be organized at Empa. In addition to Empaexperts, the Academy was pleased to welcome asspeakers renowned researchers and experts fromthe German biomimetics network.

International conferences –

scientific exchange at Empa

For the second time Empa organized theSwiss Nanoconvention in Berne that pre-sented a wide area of topics and speakersranging from a member of the Swiss Fed-eral Council to international renowned sci-entists, industry representatives, insuranceand finance experts as well as lawyers,philosophers and ethicists. About 300 per-sons accepted Empa’s invitation to discussthe “key technology of the 21st Century”,and its effects on science, economy, health,environment and society.

Around 200 scientists and experts working in indus-try and government agencies from 34 countries metin Dübendorf in September for the 8th Internation-al Conference on Emissions Monitoring (CEM). Fol-lowingGreat Britain, theNetherlands,Denmark, Italyand France, this year it was the turn of Empa andSwitzerland to play host to the “CEM community”.

Empa Academy


Courses– Führungsseminar – “Research Management”– Sputter Deposition– Flammenhemmende Textilien– Intensive course: Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites– Führen von verteilten Teams– CAS Akustik– How to write good scientific publications– Erfolgreiches Wissenschafts- und Institutsmarketing– Empa Summer School – Basics in Management– Kurs Feuerungskontrolle– SNF-Anträge erfolgreich verfassen– Mikro- und Nanotechnologie für die MEM-Industrie– Deutsches und Schweizer Vertragsrecht– Magnetwerkstoffe und ihre Anwendungen– Titan-Anwenderseminar– Authentic and Convincing Presentations– Growth of Self-assembled Nanostructures– Application of Thermodynamics– ESDFOS durch Prozessmaschinen in Fertigung und Verarbeitung vonMikro- und Nanostruktur-Chips

– Bionik-Workshop

Conferences– FRP Reinforcement– Externally Bonded Reinforcement– Netzwerk Holz– Inaugural Symposium Hydrogen and Energy– SGO – Fachtagung Hartstoffschichten– Surface Analysis of Polymers– Leicht – Licht – Visionär– Schliessung von Stoffkreisläufen – vom frommen Wunsch zurdringenden Notwendigkeit?

– Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems– Empa unterwegs – Interstaatliche Hochschule für Technik Buchs– Empa unterwegs – Berner Fachhochschule Biel – Technik und Informatik– Thermopower– Asphaltverstärkungen mit Einlagen– Oberflächen und Schichtenseminar– Sino-Swiss Scientific Workshop– Tribologiemeeting– Swiss NanoConvention 2007– Plasmatechnologie und Textilien: heute und morgen– Feinstaub– Nano-Coatings– Textil: Innovation Day– Empa unterwegs: Zwischen den Disziplinen, SIA Zürich– R’07 World Congress– CEM 2007 – 8th International Conference on Emissions Monitoring

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Training for young scientists

Also for the second year running, the Empa “Basicsin Management” summer school took place in July.14PhD students fromEmpa and Eawag spent aweeklearning how to combine their scientific know-howwith basicmanagement skills,whichwill equip them

to pursue a career in industry following their grad-uation.Thus, Empagives its PhDstudents the chanceto build up their knowledge in areas outside theirspecialization and to improve their chances on thejob market.

– Cement Research at Large-Scale Facilities– LTBP Seminar– Neue Schweizer Norm für den OP-Bereich – Technische Innovationenfür Spitäler

– Empa unterwegs, Ecole d’ingenieurs et d’architectes Fribourg– Final Conference COST Action 535– Symposium “Indoor Air”– Low-Noise Road Surfaces– NanoSafe Textiles– Empa PhD Symposium– General Assembly GEOMON

Colloquia– Innovation in the Field of Solar Thermal Energy Systems– Bioreactors for Scaffold-Based Skeletal Tissue Engineering– Damage Accumulation and Crack Development at High Temperatures– Manufacturing Process and Properties of Bio-Nanocomposites based onCellulose Whiskers

– Adaptronics – Current Research Results and Visions– Cellular Engineering: The Biogenesis of Proteins and Enzymes– Climate Change: Gentle or Abrupt?– Dynamic Force Microscope Atomistic Simulations: A Magnifying Glass intoMaterials Science

– Success at any Cost? Doping in Sports and Society– Electricity Supply Options in Focus: Sustainability and Perspectives forthe Future

– Industrial Roads to Electronic Materials– Use the Air: The New Light-Weight Structure Tensairity– Initio Modeling of Cement Phases– Biofilm Formation of Members of the Genus Burkholderia– Fuel Cells – A Challenge for European Research– The Growth of Carbon Nanotubes and their Electronic Applications– Hydrogenography: A Combinatorial Thin Film Approach to Hydrogen StorageProperties

– Electrochemistry of Solids: Is there more than Batteries and Fuel Cells?– Impact of Nanoparticle Surface Reactivity on Pulmonary Health Effects– Oxides as Potential Thermoelectric Elements– Expression and Amplification of Molecular Chirality at Metal Surfaces– Structural Analysis of Proteins and Protein Complexes Using a Robotic– Emission Control for Automotive Applications– Optics at the Nanoscale– Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Testing in Combination with Modeling– Nanofabrication with Polymers– Molecular Electronics: The Limits of Miniaturization– Bioplastics: Technology and Market Development– Superconducting Electronics: New Physics and New Devices– DegraPol – Recent Developments– Interfaces in Fibre Reinforced Composites

Courses, Conferences and Colloquia in 2007

Business Incubators@Empa

Business incubation is an important part of Empa’sknowledge and technology transfer activities. Start-up businesses benefit from proximity to Empa’s sci-entists, its outstanding infrastructure, far-reachingnetwork as well as coaching and advice offers.

And it is not just the start-up companies that bene-fit from Empa’s business incubators. The institute’sstaff will increasingly encountering entrepreneurialmindsets. This arouses understanding for industri-al partners in joint R&Dprojects and at the same timeit also sharpens the scientists’ own perception of thehidden business potential of their research work.

Since 1996 young companies in the Technologie-

zentrum für die Euregio Bodensee (Lake Constancecross-border technology center, or tebo) have beenable to commence business activities at Empa St.Gal-len. Figure 1 shows tebo’s healthy growth over re-cent years. As a result of tenant fluctuation, 13 com-panies employing about 30 people left tebo duringthe same period.

Technology Center


105

Peter Frischknecht,

Mario Jenni


Fig.1 and 2: Number of tebo-companies (left) and employees bybusiness sector and year.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Number ofCompanies

Year

tebo-Companies

Industrial SectorTotal Number of CompaniesCorporate Services(market-oriented)Corporate Services(technology-oriented)R&D-ServicesTextile IndustryApparatus EngineeringSoftware EngineeringFood Production

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Another business incubator will be set up at Düben-dorf in 2008. Mario Jenni, its designated manager,started carrying out the necessary preparatory worksince November 2007. The plan is to base the start-up companies on the Empa site. The business in-cubator, in conjunction with Empa Dübendorf as itsleading house, is intended to form a regional tech-nology centre offering good conditions

• to facilitate the creation of sustainable workplacesfor the benefit of the economy,

• to use the potential that exists within Empa as aresearch institution to maximum effect, and in sodoing to assist the process of renewal in the econ-omy, and

• to bolster Empa’s reputation and regional pres-ence.

As at St.Gallen, the target groups include not onlyspin-offs fromEmpa, but also external start-up com-panies related to Empa, the outsourced researchunits of major companies and public-private part-nerships.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60tebo-Employees

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Number ofCompanies

Year

Industrial SectorTotal Number of CompaniesCorporate Services(market-oriented)Corporate Services(technology-oriented)R&D-ServicesTextile IndustryApparatus EngineeringSoftware EngineeringFood Production

107

9 109 Awards

111 PhD Theses

122 Patents

123 Teaching Activities

128 Publications

128 Advanced Materials and Surfaces

138 Civil and Mechanical Engineering

145 Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

150 Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology

155 Mobility, Energy and Environment

164 Conferences

164 Advanced Materials and Surfaces

168 Civil and Mechanical Engineering

172 Materials and Systems for Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

174 Information, Reliability and Simulation Technology

176 Mobility, Energy and Environment

182 Organizational Chart 2007

Empa Activities 2007Appendix

109

EMPA Activities 2002Conferences

Advanced Fibers Amberg, Martin/Hegemann, Innovation Award EmpaDirk/Heuberger, Manfred

Houis, S., Schmid, M., Paul Schlack Man-Made Fibres Prize, Chemiefasertagung Dornbirn (AT)Lübben, Jörn Felix

Hufenus, Rudolf/Rüegger, R./ One of the two best papers published in Geotextiles and Geomembranes 2006Banjac,R./Mayor, P./Springman, S./Brönnimann, Rolf

Hufenus, R./Rüegger, R./Flum, D./ One of the two best papers published in Geotextiles and Geomembranes 2005Sterba, I.

Zimmermann, J./Reifler, Felix/ Best Poster Award Textiles Applications, NanoEuropeFortunato, Giuseppino/Gerhardt, L.C./Barbadoro, Pierluigi/Seeger, S.

Air Pollution/ Schaub, Daniel ACP Award, Atmosphärenchemie und -physikEnvironmental Technology

Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, Christian/Kohler, M./ Otto Hutzinger Student Presentation Award, Dioxin 2007 – International Symposium onSchmid, Peter/Scheringer, M./ Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Tokyo (JP)Hungerbühler, K.

Gerecke, Andreas/Heeb, Norbert/ Auszeichnung für exzellentes Paper der Zeitschrift Environmental Science & TechnologyKohler, Martin 40, 3679–3688, 2006

Homazava, Nadzeya/ Posterpreis, European Winter Plasma Conference, Taormina (IT)Ulrich, Andrea/Krähenbühl, U.

Ulrich, Andrea/Wichser, Adrian Best Poster Award, CANAS Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie, Konstanz (DE)

Biomaterials Ruth, Katinka Best Poster Price, Swiss Molecular Microbiology SWIMM

Concrete/Construction Münch, Beat Charles E. Ives Award, Society for Imaging Science and TechnologyChemistry

Functional Polymers Fardel, Romain Young Scientist Award of the European Materials Research Society E-MRS, Spring meeting

High Performance Weiher, Christian APi-Preis der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (Anstrichstoffe und Pigmente)Ceramics

Joining and Interface Gelder, Natalie Beste Diplomarbeit, Preis Familie Ziegler StiftungTechnology

Liu, Chunlei Research Award Empa

Sivasubramaniam, Venkatesh Best Presentation, PhD Symposium Empa

Materials-Biology Born, Anne-Kathrin/Rottmar, First Poster Price, European Cells and Materials ECM VIII Conference, Dr Robert MathysInteractions Markus/Maniura-Weber, Foundation

Empa Activities 2007Awards

110

Empa Activities 2007Awards

Katharina/Bruinink, ArieKrug, H./Brand-Saberi, B. Forschungspreis für «Ersatz- und Ergänzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch», Landesregierung von

Baden-Württemberg (DE)

Materials Technology Müller, Olivier Beste Diplomarbeit, Fachhochschule Yverdon

Mechanical Systems Ramos, Antonio PhD Thesis and Exam with Summa Cum LaudeEngineering

nanotech@surfaces Mäder, Ruben Prize for Outstanding Student Presention, International Conference «Quasicrystals – The SilverJubilee», Tel Aviv (IS)

Treier, Matthias Best Poster Award, Annual Swiss Light Source SLS user meeting

Road Engineering/ Partl, Manfred Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists AAPT Award of RecognitionSealing Components

Solid State Chemistry Ferri, Davide Posterpreis, Catalysis Applied to Fine Chemistry CAFC-8, Verbania-Pallanza (IT)and Catalysis

Structural Engineering Motavalli, Masoud/ Best Paper Award, Conference Composites and PolyconCzaderski, Christoph

Technology and Gauch, Marcel/Widmer, Rolf/ Best Paper Award-Prof Gaston Magetto, EuropeanElectric Vehicle Drive Conference, Brussels (BE)Society Zah, Rainer

Hischier, Roland Best Paper Award, Ciclo de Vida CILCA Conference, Sao Paulo (BR)

Wood Bordeanu, Nico/Eyholzer, Best Poster Award, NanoEuropeChristian/Zimmermann, Tanja/Richter, Klaus

Zimmermann, Tanja BDH-Bund Deutscher Holzwirte-Preis: excellent achievement in the PhD Theses

Joint Awards

Advanced Fibers, Körner, Enrico/Balazs, Dawn/ Best Poster Award Medicals, NanoEuropeMaterials-Biology Hegemann, Dirk/Fortunato,

Interactions Giuseppino/Lischer, Stefanie/Wick, Peter

Electronics/Metrology, Rotach, Lukas/Toggweiler, Sven/ Jugendförderpreis Firma Haba, «Messen für die Weltmeister von morgen»Reliability, Zumofen, Livia/Vollenweider,

Solid State Chemistry and Marco/Stiefel, MichaelCatalysis,

Building Technologies

High Performance Holzer, Lorenz/Münch, Beat/ RC Purdy Award of the American Ceramic Society: Contribution to Ceramic Technical Literature inCeramics, Wegmann, Markus 2006Concrete

Construction Chemistry

Wood, Gülzow, Arne/Steiger, René/ Förderpreis, Ideenpool holz21Structural Engineering Gsell Daniel

111


Acoustics/Noise Awietjan, Stefan Filip Manufacture, structure and properties of magnetorheological elastomers 2 PhD School Warsaw (PL)Prevention Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stanislaw Pietrzko

Thomann, Georg Mess- und Berechnungsunsicherheit von Fluglärmbelastungen und 1 ETH Zurich,ihre Auswirkungen Landscape and

Environmental Planning

Wunderli, Jean Marc Quellenseparation bei fahrenden Zügen mit Hilfe von Schalldruck- und 1 Technical University BerlinSchallschnellemessungen (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Kurt Heutschi Dept. of Rail Vehicles

Advanced Fibers Hossain, Mohammad Plasma Technology for Deposition and Surface Modification 1 Fiber Inst. Bremen,Mokbul Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dirk Hegemann Bremen (DE), University,

Germany

Körner, Enrico Multifunctional antibacterial plasma polymer coatings 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dirk Hegemann Dept. Material Science

Nazarov, Dmitry Synthesis and Development of new reactive flame retardants for textile 2 Moscow University, M.V.fibers on the basis of phosphorus compounds (RU) Dept. of PolymerCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Axel Ritter Synthesis

Salimova, Viktoriya Studies on Pyrolysis Chemistry of Cellulose in the Presence of Phosphorus 2 ETH Zurichand Synergistic Additives Dept. Chemistry andCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Manfred Heuberger Applied Biosciences

Thapliyal, Ratnesh Fabrication and Characterization of Piezo-Electric thinfilms on wafers and 1 University of Basel,on fibers Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Giuseppino Fortunato

Air Pollution/ Balzani, Jacob Carbonyls and PANs at the Jungfraujoch and the related Oxidation 1 ETH Zurich,Environmental Technology Processes at the Boundary Layer / Free Troposphere Interface Insitute for Atmospheric

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stefan Reimann and Climate Science

Bond, Steven Sources and Sinks of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere during Transition to 2 PSI, VilligenHydrogen-based Transportation General EnergyCo-Supervisor Dr. Stefan Reiman/Dr Martin Vollmer/Dr Martin Steinbacher Research Department

Lanz, Valentin Atmospheric transformation and source attribution of reactive organic 2 ETH Zurich,compounds (AMS, receptor model) Insitute for AtmosphericCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Christoph Hüglin and Climate Science

Legreid, Geir Emissions of Non-regulated Oxidised Volatile organic Compounds in the 1 ETH Zurich,Polluted Troposphere by advaced GC- MS technology Insitute for AtmosphericCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stefan Reimann and Climate Science

Lorenzo, Ronny Sources and properties of fine and unltrafine particles 1 University of FribourgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Robert Gehrig

Schrade, Sabine Emissions of PM10 and Ammonia from open bovine barns 2 Christian-Albrechts-Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Lukas Emmenegger University of Kiel (DE)

Empa Activities 2007PhD Theses

1 = submitted in 20072 = in progress

112


Zhou, Yipin Satellite Chartography of Air Quality over Switzerland (SCHOQO-CH) 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Dominik Brunner Insitute for Atmospheric

and Climate Science

Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, Christian Brominated flame retardants and other endocrine disrupting chemicals in 2 ETH Zurichthe ecosystem of Lake Thun - environmental fate and correlation tobiological effectsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Kohler

Homazava, Nadzeya Development of a micro-analytical technique for spatially resolved and 2 University of Bernelement specific in-situ analysis of micro corrosion processesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andrea Ulrich

Iozza, Saverio POPs in alpine regions 2 University of BaselCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Schmid

Wenger, Daniela Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Air. Bioassay-Based Investigation 2 ETH Zurichof the Endocrine Disrupting Potential of Airborne Samples.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Gerecke

Biomaterials Furrer, Patrick Optimization of PHA production for medical applications 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Manfred Zinn Dept. Mechanical and

Process Engineering(MAVT)

Ruth, Katinka Biotransformation of PHA to RHAs 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Qun Ren Zulian Inst. for Environmental

Science

Building Technologies Artmann, Nikolai Passive cooling by night-time ventilation using climate responsive 2 University Aalborg (DK)elements Hybrid Ventilation CentreCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Heinrich Manz

Funk, Max Hysteresis of moisture storage in porous building materials 2 Technical University,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karim Ghazi Wakili Dresden (DE)

Architektur, Inst. fürBauklimatik

Carsten, Ludwig Glasverstärkte Kunststoffprofile unter hoher thermischer und 2 University of Stuttgartmechanischer Beanspruchung (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Erich Hugi/Dr Karim Ghazi Wakili Inst. für Tragkonstruktio-

nen und KonstruktivesEntwerfen

Center for Synergetic Teutsch, Uwe Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen des Tragverhaltens von 2 ETH Zurich,Structures Tensairity Trägern unter Biegelast Insitute of Structural

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rolf Luchsinger Engineering

Concrete/Construction Eberhardt, Arnd Bernd Schwindreduzierende Zusatzmittel in selbstverdichtenden Mörteln und 2 Bauhaus Universitiy ofChemistry Betonen Weimar (DE)

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Josef Kaufmann FingerInst. fürBaustoffkunde

Matschei, Thomas Hydrate assemblages. 2 University of AberdeenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach (UK)

Chemistry Dept.

Möschner, Göril A thermodynamic approach to cement hydration: The role of retarding 1 ETH Zurich;admixtures and Fe-minerals during the hydration of cements. Environmental SciencesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach Dept.

Schmidt, Thomas Sulfate interaction, formation of thaumasite and physical consequences. 1 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Barbara Lothenbach School of Engineering,

Inst. of Materials

Zingg, Anatol Wirkmechanismen von Betonfliessmitteln. 2 EH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Winnefeld/Dr Lorenz Holzer Nonmetallic Inorganic

Materials Dept.


113


Corrosion andMaterials Intergrity Barna, Elisabeth Entwicklung kratzfester 2-Komponenten-Transparenzlacke durch Einbau 2 University of Basel

und gezielte Anbindung von oxidischen NanopartikelnCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule/Oliver von Trzebiatowski

Eckermann, Fabian Micro- and nanoscopic aspects of cor-rosion initation of aluminium alloys 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Schmutz Materials Science Dept.

Pawelkiewicz, Unified description of mass transport and reactions in lead-free 2 Technical UniversityMagdalena solder joints during their formation and service (oxidation) Warsawa (PL)

Co.Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch, PhD-SchoolDr Patrik Schmutz

Ura, Ewa CorQuasi 2 Technical UniversityCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Schmutz Warsawa (PL)

PhD-School

v.Trzebiatowski, Oliver Scanning Electro-chemical Nanocapillary 2 University of ErlangenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr: Thomas Suter (DE)

Electronics/ Callegari, Victor Nanotechnology / Photonics 2 ETH Zurich,Metrology/Reliability Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept.

Farnesi, Matteo Reliability and degradation physics of ultrathin dielectrics 1 EPF Lausanne,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach Microengineering Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser

Gattiker, Felix Biosensor 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Mechanical and Process

Engineering Dept.

Iwaniuk, Daniel Adaptive control of laser speckle fields in microscopy 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Erwin Hack/ Dr Urs Sennhauser School of Architecture,

Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering (ENAC)

Miceli, Alice A new generation CT for high energy 2 Unversity of Bologna (IT)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser Applied Physics

Mooser, René 6D-deformation analysis from CT data sets 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept.

Schmid, Emanuel SNOM 2 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser

Zhou, Ling Reliability and Availability of Networks 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Urs Sennhauser IT Dept

Functional Polymers Araùjo de Castro, Applications of organic semiconductors: from nanostructured solar cells 1 University of São Paulo,Fernando to ionizing radiation dosimeters Ribeirão Preto, (BR)

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Roland Hany Physics and MathematicsDept.

Fan, Bin Cyanine based organic solar cells! 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roland Hany Dept. Chemical Sciences

and Engineering

Fardel, Romain Patterned polymer multilayer light-emitting device fabrication using laser 2 PSI, Villigeninduced forward transfer Allgemeine Energie,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Frank Nüesch Laser-Materialstruk-

turierung

Kuster, Simon Soluble polymeric NIR cyanine dyes ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Thomas Geiger Dept. für Polymere HCI

114


Molberg, Martin Silicone-Composite for Low-Voltage Dielectric Elastomer Actuator 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Christiane Löwe Laboratory of Composites

and Polymer Technology

High Performance Barna, Elisabeth Entwicklung kratzfester 2-Komponenten-Transparenzlacke durch Einbau 2 University of BaselCeramics und gezielte Anbindung von oxidischen Nanopartikeln

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Thomas Graule

Bayraktar, Defne Modelling and operation analysis of dens ceramic oxygen separation 1 EPF Lausannetubes, used in partial oxidation of natural gas to synthesis gas Materials Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Castillo, Nikolaos Photocatalytic cleaning and sterilasation applications by doped TiO2 and 2 EPF Lausannenovel photoactive materials under visible lightCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Thomas Graule

Dittmann, Rainer Nanostrukturierte TiO2-Keramiken - Entwicklung von nanoskaligem 1 Technische UniversityTitandioxid für Bioimplantate of München (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Medizinaltechnik

Duval, Sophie Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells based on Ceramic Proton 1 Technische University ofConducting eEectrolytes München (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Erat, Selma Investigation of the driving forces of metal-insulator transitions in 2 ETH ZurichLaSrFeNi-oxides: Correlation of crystallographic structure, electronic,structure and transport propertiesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Artur Braun

Karageorgakis, Nikolaos Formation and Characterisation of thin films for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 2 ETH Zurich(SOFC) and sensorsCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule

Michalov, Katarzyna Flame Spray Synthesis and characterization of doped TiO2 nanoparticles 2 AGH University of Sciencefor photoelectric, photocatalytic and photochromic applications and Technology,Co-Supervisor Empa: Andri Vital Cracow (PL)

Michen, Benjamin Aquatische Virenfiltration durch physikalisch-chemische Adsorption 2 Technische UnversitätCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Freiberg (DE)

Richter, Jörg Ceramic materials for high temperature electrolysis cells 1 ETH ZurichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Ried, Peter Charakterisierung von Kathodenmaterialien für Festelektrolyt- 2 Montan Universitybrennstoffzellen für den Niedertemperatur-bereich um 600 °C (SOFC 600) of Leoben, (AT)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Holtappels

Rojas Ismael, Marina Co-Extrusion of Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials 2 Universität KarlsruheCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Frank Clemens (DE)

Vasic, Srdan Mechanism of activated infiltration for alumina-steel MMCs 1 University of Fribourg,Co-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler Géo-Science Dept.

Wittig, Daniela Three-dimensional interconnecting networks of ceramics and metals 2 Technische UniversityCo-Supervisor Empa: Jakob Kübler of Freiberg (DE)

Wozniak, Maciej Nanopowder processing for microreactor development 2 AkademieCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Thomas Graule Gorniczo-Hutnicza (AGH)

Cracow (PO)

Hydrogen & Energy Buchter, Florian Experimental and theoretical study of the structure and electronic charge 2 University of Fribourgdensity of p-element complex deuterides. Physics Dept.Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte

Kato, Shunsuke Physical Properties of Complex Hydrides e.g. Mx+[BH4]x, and Hydrogen 2 University of Fribourg,Sorption Mechanism Physics Dept.Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte


115


Martelli, Pascal Electronic and Atomic structure of Complex Hydrides 2 University of Fribourg,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas Züttel Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte

Matsunaga, Tomoya Stability and Sorption Mechanism of Complex Hydrides 2 University of FribourgSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte

Pendolino, Flavio Hydrogen Mobility in Complex Hydrides 2 University of Fribourg,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas Züttel Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte

Thiele, Doreen Carbon nanotube supported perovskite catalyst for oxygen reduction 2 University of Fribourg,reaction Physics Dept.Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Andreas ZüttelCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Borgschulte

Internal Combustion Egli, Reto Numerical and experimental optimisation of the combustion process and 2 ETH Zurich,Engines exhaust gas treatment of a direct injected natural gas engine Labor für

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Soltic Aerothermochenie undVerbrennungssysteme

Sundström, Olle Optimal control of a parralel hybrid prowertrain with a turbocharged 2 ETH Zurich,internal combutsione engine Inst. für Mess- undCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrik Soltic Regeltechnik

Weimer, Silke Evaluation of aerosol road traffic emissions by dynamometric tests and 2 ETH Zurich,chasing experiments Inst. für Atmosphäre undCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Martin Mohr Klima

Joining and Bissig, Vinzenz Principles of brazing with nanostructured filler metals 2 Technical UniversityInterface Technology Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Warsawa (PL)

PhD-School

Duarte, Liliana Fe-Ni-Ti-aluminides 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Klotz/ Dr Christian Leinenbach Inst. of Metals

Galli, Matteo The Constitutive Response of Brazing Alloys and the Residual Stresses in 1 EPF LausanneCeramic-Metal Joints Mechanical EngineeringCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Dept.

Liu, Chunlei Characterization and modelling of interface reactions between diamond 1 ETH Zurich,and active brazing filler metals Material Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ulrich Klotz

Pawelkiewicz, Unified description of mass transport and reactions in lead-free soldering 2 Technical UniversityMagdalena during their formation and service Warsawa (PL)

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch, Dr P. Schmutz PhD-School

Sivasubranamian, Lead-free Solders 2 EPF Lausanne,Venkatesh Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jolanta Janczak-Rusch Mechanical Engineering

Dept.

Materials-Biology Agabi, Osh Development of Neural Implant for a functional arm prosthesis - a direct 2 ETH Zurich,Interactions thought based ar prosthetic Physic Dept.

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Arie Bruinink

Born, Anne-Kathrin Fluoreszenzproteine für die Entwicklung eines Biosensors 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Katharina Maniura-Weber Materials Dept.

Fischer, Kathrin Genotoxicity of nanomaterials 2 Universität KarlsruheSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Harald Krug ((DE) KIT)

Moczulska, Maryla Development of Textile Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering 2 Warsaw UniversityCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Arie Bruinink of Technology, Faculty of

Materials Science and En-gineering (PL)

116


Müller, Martin Entwicklung eines Rechners: Messunsicherheit für beliebige physikalische 2 ETH Zurich,und biologische Experimente Inst. for ComputationalCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Matthias Rösslein Science

Niemeier, Nicole Uptake of nanomaterials into living cells 2 Universität KarlsruheSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Harald Krug ((DE) KIT)

Pulskamp, Karin Biological effects of carbon nanotubes 2 Universität KarlsruheSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Harald Krug ((DE) KIT)

Rottmar, Markus Studies of cells in 3D-microwells 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Katharina Maniura-Weber Materials Dept.

Wolf, Marco Expertensystem: Messunsicherheiten aus verschiedenen Messstrategien 2 ETH Zurich,mit geringen Datenmengen Inst. for ComputationalCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Matthias Rösslein Science

Materials Processing Dubach, Alban Nanoscale characterization of mechanical properties in bulk metallic 2 ETH Zurichand Characterization glasses

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Kilian Wasmer

Marot, Guillaume Caractériser l’adhéerence de revetments projetés thermiquement par des 1 Unversité de Lille (F)nouvelles methods et l’influence des contraintes résiduellesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stephan Siegmann

Unifantowicz, Paulina Growth mechanisms and morphology of adamantine SiC) thermal 2 University of Warsaw (PL)bridges in diamond powder compacts Technology Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Sébastien Vaucher

Mechanical Systems Abouhossein, Alireza Simulation des menschlichen Bewegungsapparates 2 University of Bern,Engineering Co-Supervisor Empa: Bernhard Weisse/Dr Gabor Kovacs MEM-Center

Birchmeier, Marcel Multifunctional use of AFC elements 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Andreas Brunner Inst. forr mechanical

Systems

Jordi, Christa Entwicklung und Bau eines Pralluftschiffes mit undulatorischem Antrieb 2 ETH Zurich,basierend auf elektroaktiven Polymeren Inst. for mechanicalCo-Supervisor Empa: Silvain Michel Systems

Melnykowicz, Mark Reliability of AFC actuators and sensors 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Michel Barbezat Inst. for mechanical

Systems

Ramos Garrido, Antonio Experimentelle Gültigkeitserklärung eines neuen statistischen Modells für 2 University Oviedo (ES)Auswertung der ErmüdungdatenCo-Supervisor Empa: Roland Koller

Ruiz-Rippol, Maria Luisa Verallgemeinerung des Weibull-Modells auf unterschiedliche 2 Università de CantabriaMittelspannungen zur statistischen Auswertung von Wöhlerversuchen (ES)Zeit- und DauerfestigkeitsbereichCo-Supervisor Empa: Roland Koller

Wissler, Michael Modeling of dielectric electro active polymer actuators and their 1 ETH Zurich,experimental verification Inst. forr mechanicalSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Edoardo Mazza SystemsCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Mehdi Farshad/Dr Gabor Kovacs

Mechanics of Barisone, Elisa Pulsed RF GD analysis of non-conductive thin films 2 UPS Universite PaulMicro-Materials and Sabatier, Toulouse (FR)

NanostructuresBernau, Laurent Mikromechanik von DNA-Molekülen 2 EPF Lausanne

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Dr Ivo Utke

Bidiville, Adrien Characterisation and modelling of subsurface defects induced in ultra- 2 EPF Lausannethin silicon wafer due to mulit-wire saw cuttingCo.Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler


117


Friedli, Vinzenz Nanorobot controlled focussed e-beam deposition and etching in a 2 EPF Lausanneconventional SEMCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler/Dr Ivo Utke

Hoffmann, Samuel Mechanical and Electronic Properties of Silicon Nanowires 2 University of NeuenburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Miyazoe, Hiroyuki Development of UHF microplasma assisted electron beam induced 2 Universitiy of Tokyo (JP)depositionCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Ivo Utke

Oestlund, Fredrik Size effects of compression of micro- to nanosized pillars 2 University of UppsalaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler (SE)

Radice, Simona Electrophoretic deposition of novel bioactive ceramic coatings for 2 ETH Zurichenhanced osteo-integrationCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler/Dr Philippe Kern

Rzepiejewska, Karolina Biomimetic layers for the controlling the adhesion that enables safe 2 University of Warsaw (PL)movement on flat, vertical and slippery surfaces Technology Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Johann Michler

Mechanics for Binda, Luca Advanced Creep Damage Assessment 2 ETH ZurichModelling and Simulation Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Edoardo Mazza

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stuart Holdsworth

Hasse, Alexander Optimized solutions for compliant systems 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile

Jähne, René shape memory adaptive structures 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile

Radosavljevic, Marko Creep-fatigue Assessment of High Temperature Steam Turbine Rotors 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Edoardo MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Stuart Holdsworth

Schmidt, Arne realibity of electroactive polymers 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile

Thwapiah, Ghalib Aeroelastic effects and adaptive wings 2 ETH ZurichSupervisor Empa: Dr. Eduard MazzaCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Flavio Campanile

Media Technology Baranczuk, Zofia Gamut Mapping as Optimization Problem Universität Bonn (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Peter Zolliker Informatics Dept.

Schuberth, Eva Perceived Quality of Multimedia Algorithms 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Klaus Simon Informatics

Sormaz, Milos Modellierung von Lichtstreuung 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Klaus Simon Fluiddynamik

Nanoscale Materials Bauert, Tobias Modification of surfaces with bowl-shaped molecules 2 University of BaselScience Supervisor Empa. Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug

Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karl-Heinz Ernst

Equey, Sébastien Interaction of Lubricant Additives with Diamond-like Carbon 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rowena Crockett/Dr Roland Hauert Materials Science

Pelésson, Aude Optically Transparent Hard Coatings 2 University of BaselSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef HugCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Jörg Patscheider

Pilet, Nicolas magnetism on the nanometer scale 1 University of BaselSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug

118


Roba, Marcella Advanced Surfaces for Artificial Hip Joints 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rowena Crockett Materials Science

Roth, Christian Supramolecular Chiral Surfaces 2 University of BaselSupervisor Empa. Prof Dr Hans Josef HugCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Karl-Heinz Ernst

Stickar, Pablo G. Versatile magnetic pathways for kinesin driven molecualr shuttles 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Miguel Augusto Marioni Materials Science

Thai, Quang Thanh Scanning Force Microscopy Analysis of mechanical Properties of Single 2 University of BaselMoleculesSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug

Thapliyal, Rathnesh Plasma Assisted Piezoceramic Coatings for Textile Applications ? University of Basel,Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Hans Josef Hug Physics Dept.

nanotech@surfaces Addou, Rafik Electronic Structure of Complex Metallic Alloys 2 Université de Nancy (FR)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr. Oliver Gröning

Buchs, Gilles Modification and Characterisation of the Electronic Strucutre of Carbon 2 University of Basel,Nanotubes Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Oliver Gröning

Canas Ventura, Martha Fabrication and characterisation of supramolecular architectures on 2 EPF Lausanne,nanostrucutred template surfaces Physics Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roman Fasel/Dr Pascal Ruffieux

Mäder, Ruben Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Photoelectronemission Spectroscopy 2 ETH Zurich,investigations of Quasicrystalline and Approximant Surfaces Material Science Dept.Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Oliver Gröning/Dr Roland Widmer

Treier, Matthias Understanding the adsorption behavior of large organic molecules 2 University of ZürichCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Roman Fasel/Dr Pascal Ruffieux

Protection and Bertaux, Emilie Sports textiles for the minimizing of mechanical skin irritations 2 University of ValenciennesPhysiology Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi/Dr Siegfried Derler (FR)

Bogerd, Cornelis Peter Parameterizing the effects of motorcycle helmets on cognitive functioning 2 ETH Zurich,and comfort Dept. of BiologyCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Paul Brühwiler

Gerhardt, Lutz Christian Decubitus – Tribological interaction between human skin and textiles 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Siegfried Derler Materials Dept.

Jack, Andreas Influence of textiles on the thermoregulation and influence of the 1 University of Bayreuthphysical performance (DE), Sport MedicineCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi and Sport Physiology

Keiser, Corinne Moisture Management of Protective Clothing 1 EPF Lausanne,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis Schlapbach/Dr René Rossi Physics Dept.

Kocjan, Nina Enhancening sport performance with pre-cooling 2 Vrije Universiteit,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Rossi Amsterdam, (NL)

Psikuta, Agneszka Development of an «Atrificial Human» to determine the dynamic 2 DeMontfort Universitythermo-physical proprties of clothing under real-life conditions Leicester (UK)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Mark Richards

Road Engineering / Arraigada, Martin Effect of Vehicle-Road Dynamic Interaction on Road Damage 2 University of RosarioSealing Components (working title) (AR)

Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl

Aybike, Ongel Open Graded Mixes 2 University in Davis,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl CA (USA)

Ferrotti, Gilda Interlayer Bond of Asphalt pavements 1 Università PolitecnicaCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl delle Marche, Ancona (IT)


119


Poulikakos, Lily D. A Fundamental Investigtion of Interfacial Moisture Content and Adhesive 2 Univ Illinois ChicagoDeterioration of Bitumen Aggregate Bond in Porous Asphalt (USA)Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl

Raab, Christiane Influence of Water and Climate on the Interlayer Bond of Asphalt 2 Carleton UniversityPavements (CAN)Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Manfred Partl Ottawa

Solid State Chemistry Bocher, Laura Thermoelectric oxides for geothermal heat conversion 2 University of Augsburgand Catalyses Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik

Eyssler, Arnim Perovskite-type exhaust gas catalysts 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff, Dr Davide Ferri (DE), Inst. für Physik.

Korsak, Oxana In situ spectroscopy of three-way catalysts 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff, Dr Davide Ferri (DE), Inst. für Physik.

Logvinovich, Dmitry Oxide nitride perovskites development for photocatalysts and pigments 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik

Robert, Rosa Materials development for solar thermoelectric power generators 1 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik

Shkabko, Andrey Plasma enhanced anionic substitutions for the generateion of perovskite 2 University of Augsburgphases with different properties (DE), Inst. für PhysikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff

Tomes, Petr Development of a Thermoelectric Oxide Module 2 University of AugsburgCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Anke Weidenkaff (DE), Inst. für Physik

Structural Aram, Mohammad Reza Fluxural streng-thening of pre-tensioned RC bridge girders using 1 University of Tehran (IR)Engineering unstressed and prestressed CRFP plates

Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud MotavalliCo-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski

Barrot, François Sensors based on magnetic bearings for seismic and structural health 2 EPF Lausanne,monitoring in civil engineering Systèmes robotiquesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin/Jonas Meyer

Bergamini, Andrea Electrostatic modification of the bending stiffness of structural elements 2 EPF LausanneSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Louis SchlapbachCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli

Boston, Charles Active Vibration Control Using Low-Cost Actuators 2 ETH Zurich, Inst. fürCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Felix Weber Mess- und Regeltechnik

Czaderski, Christoph Post-Strengthening of RC and PC Members by Prestressed FRP 2 ETH Zürich,Reinforcement Inst. für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli und Konstruktion

Gülzow, Arne Zerstörungsfreie Ermittlung der Steifigkeits- und Dämpfungs- 2 ETH Zurich,eigenschaften von Massivholz-Platten Inst. für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Steiger/Dr Daniel Gsell und Konstruktion

Hejll, Arvid Fault detectin by curvature estimation with fiber optic sensors 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin University of Lulea (SE)

Janke, Lars Anwendungen von Formgedächt-nislegierungen in konstruktivem 2 Bauhaus UniversityIngenieur-Bau Weimar (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski/Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli

Mahjood, Darush A theoretical investigation on the seismic retrofitting of historical 2 University of Tehran (IR)masonry buidlings using FRP post-tensioned systemsSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud MotavalliCo-Supervisor Empa: Christoph Czaderski

Sajja, Shravan Kumar Distributed Mitigation of Wind-Induced Vibrations in Long-Span Bridges 2 EPF LausanneCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Glauco Feltrin/Dr Daniel Gsell Systems Research Group

120


Schubert, Sandy Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Erkennung von Holzfäule in Bäumen 1 ETH Zurich,mittels Wellenausbreitung (Schall, Radar) HolzwissenschaftenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Daniel Gsell

Ullner, Robert Verbund von Spanngliedern 1 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Masoud Motavalli/ Christoph Czaderski Structural Engineering

Technology and Althaus, Hans-Jörg Impact Assessment Method for Traffic Noise in Generic LCA 2 ETH Zurich,Society Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty Human Environment

Systems

Asgeir, Helland Risk Management of Nanotechnology from a life cycle perspective 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Hans Günter Kastenholz Human Environment

Systems

Caduff, Marloes Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Scale Up Effects 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Hans-Jörg Althaus ESD

Gottschalk, Fadri Quantitative risk assessment of nanoparticles in the environment: 2 ETH Zurich,Exposure modeling and ecotoxicological considerations Dep.Co-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Bernd Nowack Umweltwissenschaften

Hischier, Roland Prospective LCA of nanotechnology applications in the ICT industry 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty Environmental PhD

programme

Knoeri, Christof Decision support and recommendations for a sustainable construction 2 University of Zürichmaterial managementCo-Supervisor Empa: Hans-Jörg Althaus/Dr Patrick Wäger

Ossés, Margarita Method for the rapid assessment of environmental impacts in Latin- 2 University of BernAmerican citiesCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Rainer Zah

Schwyzer, Irène Solubilization of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes in natural waters 2 ETH Zurichunder environmental conditions Dep.Co-Supervisor Empa: PD Dr Bernd Nowack Umweltwissenschaften

Sinha-Khetriwal, E-waste management strategy - a decision support tool for policy 2 University of St. Gallen,Deepali makers in emerging economies IfB-HSG

Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Lorenz Hilty

Steubing, Bernhard Agent-based modelling of biomass availability for 2nd generation 2 EPF LausannemethanationCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Patrick Wäger

Wood Eyholzer, Christian Cellulose fibrils: Isolation, characterisation and reinforcing potential for 2 Skellefteå Campus, Luleåbiodegradable polymers University of TechnologyCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Tanja Zimmermann

Gülzow, Arne Zerstörungsfreie Ermittlung der Steifigkeits- und Dämpfungs- 2 ETH Zurich,eigenschaften von Massivholz-Platten Inst. für BaustatikCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr René Steiger/Dr Daniel Gsell und Konstruktion

Landmesser, Helge Pilze an Holzfassaden mit Oberflächen-behandlung 2 University of FreiburgSupervisor Empa: Prof Dr Francis Schwarze (DE)

Professur für Forstbotanik

Lehringer, Christian Examination of different methods to enhance wood properties on 2 Georg-August-Universitätbioincised wood of Picea abies Karst. and Abies alba Mill. GöttingenCo-Supervisor Empa: Dr Klaus Richter

Skyba, Oleksandr Sustainability through new technologies for enhanced wood durability 2 ETH Zurich,Co-Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Francis Schwarze Inst. für Baustoffe

Spycher, Melanie Holzmodification durch Pilze zur Verbesserung der akustischen 1 University of FreiburgEigenschaft von Klanghölzern (DE)Supervisor Empa: Prof Dr Francis Schwarze Professur für Forstbotanik


121


Zimmermann, Tanja Cellulose fibrils in wood cell walls and their potential for technical 1 University of Hamburgapplications (DE)Co-Supervisor Empa: Dr Klaus Richter

122


Patents applied for:

Advanced Fibers Nazarov, Dmitry/Schmid, Permanent flame retardant treatment for cellulose fibers or EP 07 022 567.7Hansruedi/Ritter, Axel/ fabrics and other polymeric materialsVasnev, Valerii/Izmailov, B.

Ritter, Axel/Schmid, Synthesis and application of new phosphorus containing flame EP 07 405 235.8Hansruedi/Nazarov, Dmitry retardant substances

Air Pollution/ Graf, Peter/Hüglin, Christoph Procédé et dispositif pour l'analyse d'une atmosphère gazeuse CH 01677/07Environmental Technology

Biomaterials Ren Zulian, Qun/Pletscher, Ernst/ Method for the production of R-hydroxycarboxylic acids WO PCT/CH2007/000156Zinn, Manfred/Thöny-Meier, Linda

Center for Synergic Crettol, René/Luchsinger, Rolf Faltbarer pneumatischer Träger CH 01781/07Structures

Electronics/ Thierry, Raphaël/Miceli, Alice/ Verfahren zur Streukorrektur von röntgentomografischen Daten EP 07 012 409Metrology/Reliability Sennhauser, Urs/Flisch, Alexander

High Performance Mattmann, Corinne/ Recognizing upper body postures using textile strain sensors US 60/976806Ceramics Tröster, Gerhard/Clemens, Frank

Internal Combustion Soltic, Patrik/Bach, Christian Fluidbetriebener Ventiltrieb EP 07 022 717.8Engines

Mechanical Systems Weisse, Bernhard/ Proof-Test für keramische Hüftgelenkskugeln DE 102007056973.6Engineering Affolter, Christian/Stutz, Alex

Patents granted:

High Performance Höland, Wolfram/Apel, E./ Dentalglas, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie dessen 10 2005 051 387Ceramics Vital, Andri/ Zürcher, Simone/ Verwendung

Graule, Thomas/Van't Hoen, Ch./Rheinberger, V./Burtscher

Internal Combustion Schmatloch, Volker/ Elektrofilter für eine Feuerungsanlage 10 2004 039 124.6-09Engines Rauch, Stephan

Empa Activities 2007Patents

123


Swiss Federal Architecture Eggenschwiler, K. RaumakustikInstitute of Technology, Frank, Th./Ghazi-Wakili, K./ Special Issues on Building Physics

Zürich (ETH) Simmler, H./Hugi, E.

Manz, H. Building Physics

Richner, P. Baustoffkunde II Polymere Werkstoffe

Richner, P. Grundlage des nachhaltigen Bauens und Bauphysik

Richter, K. Baustoffkunde II: Holz

Richter, K. Nachhaltiges Bauen I

von Trzebiatowski, O. Baustoffkunde II: Metallische Werkstoffe

von Trzebiatowski, O. Baustofftechnologie I: Metallische Werkstoffe

Winnefeld, F. Grundlages des nachhaltigen Bauens und BauphysikTeil 1 minerasische Baustoffe

Biology Rossi, R. Thermophysiologie des menschlichen Körpers

Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Kohler, M. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Zinn, M. Bioprocess Engineering

Civil Engineering Steiger, R. Holz und Holzwerkstoffe

Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Brunner, A. Werkstoffe IIIEngineering

Motavalli, M. Fibre composite material in structural Engineering

Partl, M. Bituminous Materials

Computer Sciences Simon, K. Farbe im Digitalen Publizieren

Environmental Sciences Brunner, D. Einführung in die Chemie und Physik der Atmosphäre

Frischknecht, R. Bachelor course on LCA

Frischknecht, R. Master course on LCA

Hofer, P. Luftreinhaltung 1 & 2a

Kastenholz, H. Vorlesung zur Fallstudie II und III «Nutzen und Risiken derNanotechnologie»

Nowack, B. Gesellschaftlicher Umgang mit aktuellen Umweltrisiken

Empa Activities 2007Teaching Activities

124


Geomatics Engineering Eggenschwiler, K. Lärmbekämpfung

Humanities, Social and Political Simon, K. Technik des Digitalen PublizierensSciences

Information Technology and Heutschi, K. Akustisches KolloquiumElectrical Engineering

Heutschi, K. Akustik 1 und 2

Sennhauser, U./Grossmann, G. Physik der Ausfälle und Ausfallanalyse elektronischerSchaltungen

Sennhauser, U./Held, M. Zuverlässigkeit von Geräten u. Systemen

Materials Engineering Graule, Th. Herstellungsverfahren keramischer Rohstoffe

Materials Science Clemens, F. Advanced Composite and Adaptive Material Systems

Clemens, F. Verbundwerkstoffe

Ernst, K.-H. Biomineralization

Graule, Th. Integrity of Materials and Structures

Graule, Th. Keramik I

Heuberger, M. Biomaterial Surfaces: Properties and Characterization

Heuberger, M. Surfaces and Interfaces

Keller, B. Biomaterial Surfaces: Properties and Characterization

Keller, B. Surfaces & Interfaces

Kübler, J. Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

Maniura-Weber, K./Wick, P./ Biocompatible Materials I und II Frontiers in NanotechnologyKrug, H.F.

Mayerhofer, K. E. Biomaterial Surfaces: Properties and Characterization

Meier, U. Advanced Composite and Adaptive Material Systems

Meier, U. Verbundwerkstoffe

Patscheider, J. Hard Coatings

Roth, M. Integrity of materials and structures

Schmutz, P. Corrosion and durability of engineering

Materials Science and Engineering Nüesch, F. Organic Semiconductors

Nüesch, F. Thermodynamique

Michler, J. Materials Selection

Siegman, St./Vaucher, S. Materials Selection

Mechanical and Process Campanile, F. AeroelastikEngineering

Campanile, F. Methoden der Strukturanalyse

Hack, E. Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics

Heuberger, M. Material Properties and Characterization

Koller, R. Betriebsfestigkeit

125


Kovacs, G. Seilbahntechnik

Mazza, E. Kontinuumsmechanische Probleme des Ingenieurs

Mazza, E. Mechanik I und II

Meier, U. Engineering Design with Polymers and Advanced FibrousComposites

Weilenmann, M. Messtechnik

Swiss Federal Institute Science et Génie des Matériaux Lüthi, Th. Non-destructive Evaluation Methodsof Technology, Lausanne

(ETH)

Ecole Nationale Rossi, R. Introduction à la Physiologie d'habillementSupérieure des Arts et

Industries Textiles(ENSAIT), Roubaix

Haute Ecole Arc Arts Institut de Microtechnologie Keller, B. SIMSappliqués (HE-ARC), AppliquéesLa Chaux-de-Fonds

Höhere Fachschule für Hischier, R. ÖkologieTechnik und Managementder graphischen Industrie,

Wallisellen

Swiss Technical Halbeisen, M. FaserstofflehreSchool for Textiles, St. Gall

Halbeisen, M. Funktionelle Fasern und Flächen

Halbeisen, M./Hufenus, R. High-Tech Textilien

Technical College Partl, M. BaustoffkundeTSH Pfäffikon

Technische Universität Verfahrens- und Umwelttechnik Graule, Th. Nano- und BiokeramikFreiberg (D)

Technische Universität Timber engineering Richter, K. Gluing TechnologyGraz (A)

Technische Universität Maschinenbau & Verfahrenstechnik Leinenbach, Ch. Biowerkstoffe - Metallische ImplantatwerkstoffeKaiserslautern (D)

UNIS, Longyearbyen, Arctic Technology Reimann, S. Measurements of air pollutants within the Arctic environmentSpitzbergen (NO)

Université Joseph ESONN'2005, Grenoble Hug, H.J. Scanning Force MicroscopyFourier, Grenoble (F)

University of Applied Institute of Environmental Eggenschwiler, K./Studer, M. Messpraktikum Umweltakustik/BauakustikSciences, Basel Technology

University of Applied Nanotechnik Schwaller, P. Mikro/NanomechanikSciences, Bern

University of Applied Physikalische Chemie Schmid, M. Basics about PlasticsSciences, Buchs

University of Applied Materials Science Graule, Th. Nanopowders and NanocompositesSciences, Dornbirn (A)

University of Applied MNT Kurs Fachhochschule Bruinink, A. MNT Master's degree programSciences, Dornbirn (A), Vorarlberg, Euregio Bodensee

Buchs, Winterthur

126


Faller, M. Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis

Fasel, R./Ruffieux, P./Widmer, R. Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy

Gröning, P. Atom and Quantum Physics

Gröning, P. Chemical Surface Analysis

Gröning, P. Tribology

Hauert, R. Master-Weiterbildungs-Studiengang in«Mikro- und Nanotechnik»

Hug, H.J. Rasterkraftmikroskopie

Mayerhofer, K.E. Master-Weiterbildungs-Studiengang in«Mikro- und Nanotechnik»

Sennhauser, U./Jacob, P./ Micro- and NanomanipulationBrönnimann, R./Hack, E.

University of Applied Materials Science Graule, Th. NanopowdersSciences, Geneva

University of Applied Civil Engineering Dorer, V. Natural and Hybrid VentilationSciences, Lucerne

Frank, Th./Ghazi-Wakili, K./ Applied Physics in Building / Energy IIISimmler, H./Hugi, E.

Loser, R. Beton und Bindemittel

Piskoty, G. Statik und Baustoffe der Tragwerke: Metallische Baustoffe

Emrich, F. Bauphysik und Baustoffe

University of Applied Civil Engineering Manz, H./Simmler, H. Applied Physics in BuildingSciences, Rapperswil

Mechanical Engineering Weilenmann, M. Messtechnik

Weilenmann, M. Regelungstechnik 3

University of Applied Technik Gauch, M./Hischier, R./Wäger, P. Umwelt- und RessourcenmanagementSciences, St. Gall

University of Applied – Sennhauser, U. Experte SignalverarbeitungSciences, Windisch

University of Applied Chemistry Brunner, S. Industrielle ChemieSciences, Winterthur

Lienemann, P. Röntgenfluoreszenz-Spektrometer

Nagel, M. Organische Chemie

Mechanical Engineering Koebel, M. Chemistry for engineers

University of Applied Technik, Informatik und Faller, M. Master of Engineering in Packaging Technology, ModulSciences, Winterthur and Naturwissenschaften Corrosion

Konstanz (D) incollaboration with IPI,

NeuhausenMaster Course Hischier, R. Ecology

University of Applied Civil Engineering Loser, R. Beton und BindemittelSciences, Zürich

Raab, Ch. Materialtechnologie A&B

Zimmermann, T. Materialtechnologie Holz

127


University of Weidenkaff, A. Physik und Materialwissenschaften erneuerbarerAugsburg (D) Physics Energietechnologien

University of Basel Chemistry Iozza, S. Übungen Infrarotspektroskopie und Massenspektrometrie

Physics Hug, H.J. Nanoscience

Hug, H.J. Physik III und IV

University of Berne – Bruinink, A. Standards of biocompatibility

Chemie und Biochemie Meyer, V. Messunsicherheit in der analytischen Chemie-

Meyer, V. Chromatographic Analysis

University of Erlangen Kunststofftechnik Schmid, M. Ringversuche zur Unterstützung der täglichen Laborpraxis(D)

University of Freiburg Forest Sciences Schubert, M. Dendrologie(D)

Schwarze, F. Holzschutz I und II

Schwarze, F. Holzpathologie

Mineralogisch-Geochemisches Vogt, U. Materialien für die Energie- und UmwelttechnologieInstitut

University of Fribourg Physics Züttel, A. Hydrogen

Züttel, A. Physik im Alltag

Umweltwissenschaften Züttel, A. Ressourcen

University of Chemie und Biowissenschaften Krug, H.F. Apoptose und Zellzyklus, PraktikumKarlsruhe (D)

Krug, H.F. Umweltbiochemie II

University of Dept. für allgemeine, analytische Rösslein, M. Mess- und ErgebnisunsicherheitLoeben (A) und physikalische Chemie

Rösslein, M. Prozessanalytik und Prozessfähigkeit

University of Tehran Civil Engineering Motavalli, M. Application of Polymer Composite Materials in StructuralEngineering

University of Vienna Physics Lodziana, Z. Scientific challenges for hydrogen based energy(A)

University of Zurich – Hilty, L. Informatik und Gesellschaft


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Empa staff publish in many national and international scientific andtechnical journals as well as in daily press and other special organs.Please note that the list below represents, on the one hand, the fullnumber of SCI/E publications, but only a selection of all otherpublications or public relations activities on the other hand.


Farnesi, C.M./Reiner, J. C./ Formation of electron traps in amorphous silica. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter andSennhauser, U./Schlapbach, L. Materials Physics 2007, 76(12) (joint paper) �

Weidenkaff, A./Robert, R./ Nanostructured thermoelectric oxides with low thermal conductivity. Physica status solidi (RRL)Aguirre, M. H./Bocher, L./ Rapid Research Letters 2007, 1(6), 247–249 (joint paper) �Schlapbach, L.

Stoltz, D./Bielmann, M./ Tunneling evidence for spatial location of the charge-density-wave induced band splitting inBovet, M./Schlapbach, L./ 1T-Ta Se2. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2007, 76(7) (joint paper)Berger, H. �

Corrosion and Affolter, C./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Fatigue in the shell of a conveyor drum. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC. ISS.),Materials Integrity Zgraggen, M./Rütti, T. F. 1038–1052 (joint paper) �

Barna, E./Rentsch, D./ Surface modification of nanoparticles for scratch resistant clear coatings. KGK Kautschuk GummiBommer, B./Vital, A./ Kunststoffe 2007, 60(1–2), 49–51 (joint paper) �Von Trzebiatowski, O./Graule, T. J.

Gusev, A. A./Guseva, O. Rapid mass transport in mixed matrix nanotube/polymer membranes. Advanced Materials 2007,19(18), 2672–2676 �

Hochstrasser-Kurz, S./Müller, Y./ Analytical characterization of the corrosion mechanisms of WC-Co by electrochemical methodsLatkoczy, C./Virtanen, S./ and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Corrosion Science 2007, 49(4), 2002–2020 �

Schmutz, P.

Hodges, S./Laycock, N. J./ A microelectrochemical investigation of alloy C22 in chloride solutions below the critical pittingKrouse, D. P./Virtanen, S./ temperature. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007, 154(2) �Schmutz, P./Ryan, M. P.

Kucera, V./Tidblad, J./ UN/ECE ICP materials dose-response functions for the multi-pollutant situation. Water, Air, andKreislova, K./Knotkova, D./ Soil Pollution: Focus 2007, 7(1–3), 249–258 �

Faller, M./Reiss, D./Snethlage, R./Yates, T./Henriksen, J./Schreiner, M./Melcher, M./Ferm, M./Lefèvre, R.- A./Kobus, J.

Trüllinger, S./Zgraggen, M./ An examination of damage to a POM cap nut. Praktische Metallographie/Practical MetallographyVon Trzebiatowski, O. 2007, 44(2), 84–90 �

Empa Activities 2007Publications

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Winkler, R./Piskoty, G./ Lack of quality and the tragic consequences, with a broken child's swing suspension as example.Zgraggen, M. Praktische Metallographie/Practical Metallography 2007, 44(4), 193–196 (joint paper) �Wullschleger, L./Rütti, T. F./ Structural collapse of a freestyle ski-jump. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(8 SPEC. ISS.),Zgraggen, M./Piskoty, G. 1512–1525 (joint paper) �

Functional Polymers Akurati, K. K./Vital, A./ Flame synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity. Solid State Sciences 2007,Fortunato, G./Hany, R./Nüesch, F./ 9(3–4), 247–257 (joint paper) �Graule, T. J.

Barna, E./Rentsch, D./Bommer, B./ Surface modification of nanoparticles for scratch resistant clear coatings. KGK Kautschuk GummiVital, A./Von Trzebiatowski, O./ Kunststoffe 2007, 60(1–2), 49–51 (joint paper) �Graule, T. J.

Benmansour, H./Castro, F. A./ Ionic Space Charge Driven Organic Photovoltaic Devices, Chimia, 61, 787–791 �

Nagel, M./Heier, J./Hany, R./Nüesch, F.

Castro, F. A./Graeff, C. F. O./ Interface morphology snapshots of vertically segregated thin films of semiconductingHeier, J./Hany, R. polymer/polystyrene blends. Polymer 2007, 48(8), 2380–2386 �

Castro, F. A./Silva, G. B./ Influence of doping on spin-dependent exciton formation in Alq3 based OLEDs. OrganicNüesch, F./Zuppiroli, L./ Electronics: physics, materials, applications 2007, 8(2–3), 249–255 �

Graeff, C. F. O.

Fardel, R./Feurer, P./Lippert, T./ Laser ablation of aryltriazene photopolymer films: effects of polymer structure on ablationNagel, M./Nüesch, F./Wokaun, A. properties. Applied Surface Science 2007, 254(4), 1332–1337 �

Fardel, R./Nagel, M./Nüesch, F./ Fabrication of organic light-emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer. AppliedLippert, T./Wokaun, A. Physics Letters 2007, 91(6), 061103 (3pp) �

Fardel, R./Nagel, M./Nüesch, F./ Laser forward transfer using a sacrificial layer: influence of the materials properties. AppliedLippert, T./Wokaun, A. Surface Science 2007, 254(4), 1322–1326 �

Furrer, P./Hany, R./Rentsch, D./ Quantitative analysis of bacterial medium-chain-length poly([R]-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by gasGrubelnik, A./Ruth, K./Panke, S./ chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1143(1–2), 199–206 (joint paper) �Zinn, M.

Heier, J./Fernando, A. C./ Interface control in organic heterojunction photovoltaic cells by phase separation processes.Nüesch, F./Hany, R. Proceedings of SPIE, Vol.6656, Organic Photovoltaics VIII, 2007, San Diego, California, USA, Paper

665060P, 10 pp

Kuang, D./Walter, P./Nüesch, F./ Co-sensitization of organic dyes for efficient ionic liquid electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solarKim, S./Ko, J./Comte, P./ cells. Langmuir 2007, 23, 10906–10909 �

Zakeerudding, S. M./Nazeerudding, M. K./ Grätzel, M.

Nagel, M./Hany, R./Lippert, T./ Aryltriazene photopolymers for UV-laser applications: Improved synthesis and photodecomposi -Molberg, M./Nüesch, F./ tion study. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2007, 208(3), 277–286 �

Rentsch, D.

Nüesch, F. Sonnige Aussichten dank Polymersolarzellen. Plastics.Now! 2007, 4(2), 12–14

Raina, V./Hauser, A./Buser, H. R./ Hydroxylated metabolites of β- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane: Bacterial formation, stereochemicalRentsch, D./Sharma, P./Lal, R./ configuration, and occurrence in groundwater at a former production site. Environmental ScienceHolliger, C./Poiger, T./ and Technology 2007, 41(12), 4292–4298 �

Müller, M. D./Kohler, H. -P E.

Schmidt, T./Lothenbach, B./ Conditions for Thaumasite formation. 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,Scrivener, K. L./Romer, M./ Montréal, Canada, 12 pp (joint paper)Rentsch, D./Figi, R.

Sonar, P./Benmansour, H./ Thiophene-based dendronized macromonomers and polymers. Polymer 2007, 48(17), 4996–5004Geiger, T./Schlüter, A. D. �

Xu, J./Liu, J./Cui, D./Gerhold, M./ Laser-assisted forward transfer of multi-spectral nanocrystal quantum dot emitters.Wang, A. Y./Nagel, M./ Nanotechnology 2007, 18(2), 025403 (6pp) �Lippert, T. K.

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Yum, J. H./Jang, S. R./ Efficient co-sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films by organic sensitizers. ChemicalWalter, P./Geiger, T./Nüesch, F./ Communications 2007, 4680–4682 �

Kim, S./Ko, J./Grätzel, M./Nazeeruddin, M. K.

Yum, J. - H/Walter, P./Huber, S./ Efficient far red sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films by an unsymmetrical squaraine dye.Rentsch, D./Geiger, T./Nüesch, F./ Journal of the American Chemical Society 2007, 129(34), 10320–10321 �

De Angelis, F./Grätzel, M./Nazeeruddin, M. K.

High Performance Akurati, K. K./Vital, A./ Flame synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles with high photocatalytic activity. Solid State Sciences 2007,Ceramics Fortunato, G./Hany, R./ 9(3–4), 247–257 (joint paper) �

Nüesch, F./Graule, T. J.

Barna, E./Rentsch, D./ Surface modification of nanoparticles for scratch resistant clear coatings. KGK Kautschuk GummiBommer, B./Vital, A./ Kunststoffe 2007, 60(1–2), 49–51 (joint paper) �Von Trzebiatowski, O./Graule, T. J.

Bayraktar, D./Clemens, F./ Production and properties of substituted LaFeO3-perovskite tubular membranes for partialDiethelm, S./Graule, T. J./ oxidation of methane to syngas. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(6), 2455–2461Van Herle, J./Holtappels, P. �

Beffort, O./Long, S./Cayron, C./ Alloying effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of high volume fraction SiC-particleKübler, J./Buffat, P. A. reinforced Al-MMCs made by squeeze casting infiltration. Composites Science and Technology

2007, 67(3–4), 737–745 (joint paper) �

Blugan, G./Kübler, J./Bissig, V./ Brazing of silicon nitride ceramic composite to steel using SiC-particle-reinforced active brazingJanczak-Rusch, J. alloy. Ceramics International 2007, 33(6), 1033–1039 (joint paper) �

Blugan, G./Morawa, K./ Development of a tape casting process for making thin layers of Si3N4 and Si3N4 + TiN. JournalKoebel, S./Graule, T. J./Kübler, J. of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(16), 4789–4795 �

Braun, A./Mun, B. S./ Carbon speciation of diesel exhaust and urban particulate matter NIST standard referenceHuggins, F. E./Huffman, G. P. materials with C(1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(1),

173–178 �

Braun, A./Wang, H./Shim, J./ Lithium K(1s) synchrotron NEXAFS spectra of lithium-ion battery cathode, anode and electrolyteLee, S. S./Cairns, E. J. materials. Journal of Power Sources 2007, 170(1), 173–178 �

Bruehlmann, S./Novak, P./ Three-way-catalyst induced benzene formation: A precursor study. Applied Catalysis B:Lienemann, P./Trottmann, M./ Environmental 2007, 70(1–4), 276–283 (joint paper) �Gfeller, U./Zwicky, C. N./Bommer, B./Huber, H./Wolfensberger, M./Heeb, N. V.

Clemens, F. Thermoplastic extrusion for ceramics. In: Anonymous Extrusion in Ceramics, EngineeringMaterials and Processes, Springer, 2007, 323–344

Clemens, F./Heiber, J./ The influence of the sintering atmosphere and the fibre geometry on the piezoelectric properties ofIsmael, M. R./Paradies, R./ PZT single fibres and AFC structures. International Symposium on Piezocomposite ApplicationsGraule, T. J./Piechowiak, M./ (ISPA 2007), Dresden, Germany, 10 pp (joint paper)Kozielsk, L./Czekaj, D.

Clemens, F./Wallquist, V./ Silicon carbide fiber-shaped microtools by extrusion and sintering SiC with and without carbonBuchser, W./Wegmann, M./ powder sintering additive. Ceramics International 2007, 33(3), 491–496 �

Graule, T. J.

Duval, S. B. C./Holtappels, P./ Electrical conductivity of the proton conductor BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ obtained by high temperatureVogt, U./Pomjakushina, E./ annealing. Solid State Ionics 2007, 178(25–26), 1437–1441 �

Conder, K./Stimming, U./Graule, T. J.

Eblagon, F./Ehrle, B./Graule, T. J./ Development of silicon nitride/silicon carbide composites for wood-cutting tools. Journal of theKübler, J. European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(1), 419–428 �

Farshad, M./Clemens, F./ Magnetoactive polymer composite fibers and fabrics – Processing and mechanical characteriza-Le Roux, M. tion. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2007, 20(1), 65–74 (joint paper) �

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Guo, Z. Development of Si3N4-based composites for high temperature sensor application. Dissertation,University of London, UK, 2007, 165 pp

Guo, Z./Blugan, G./Graule, T. J./ The effect of different sintering additives on the electrical and oxidation properties of Si3N4-MoSi2Reece, M./Kübler, J. composites. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(5), 2153–2161 �

Guo, Z./Blugan, G./Kirchner, R./ Microstructure and electrical properties of Si3N4-TiN composites sintered by hot pressing andReece, M./Graule, T. J./Kübler, J. spark plasma sintering. Ceramics International 2007, 33(7), 1223–1229 �

Guo, Z./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ The influence of the grain boundary phase on the mechanical properties of Si3N4-MoSi2Blugan, G./Graule, T. J./ composites. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(8), 2875–2884 (joint paper) �Reece, M. J./Kübler, J.

Healy, T./Papadas, C./Venios, N./ Electronically functional fibre technology development for ambient intelligence. In: Streitz, N.,Clemens, F./Wegmann, M./ Kameas, A., Mavrommati, I. (Eds.), The Disappearing Computer, Lecture Notes in ComputerWinkler, D./Ullsperger, A./ Science 4500, Springer, Berlin, 2007, 255–274Hartmann, W./O'Neill, B./Donnelly, J./Kelleher, A. M./Aldermann, J./ Mathewson, A.

Heiber, J. Einige Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung der Struktur und der Eigenschaften von PZT-Keramik-Fasern. Dissertation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany, 2007, 172 pp

Heiber, J./Clemens, F./Helbig, U./ Properties of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 fibres with a radial gradient structure. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(19),de Meuron, A./Soltmann, Ch/ 6499–6506 �

Graule, T. J./Hülsenberg, D.

Herzog, A./Woetting, G./Vogt, U. Short-fibre-reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) by precursor route: Processing andproperties. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2007, 27(12), 3561–3572 �

Holzer, L./Gasser, P./Käch, A./ Cryo-FIB-nanotomography for quantitative analysis of particle structures in cement suspensions.Wegmann, M./Zingg, A./ Journal of Microscopy 2007, 227(3), 216–228 (joint paper) �Wepf, R./Münch, B.

Katsikis, N./Zahradnik, F./ Thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nano- and microcomposites as investigatedHelmschrott, A./Münstedt, H./ by dynamic-mechanical experiments. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2007, 92, 1966–1976 �

Vital, A.

Kübler, J./Blugan, G./Jelitto, H./ Structural micro-layered ceramics with surfaces under tension and compression with increasingSchneider, G. A./Dobedoe, R. apparent fracture toughness. Key Engineering Materials 2007, 336–338 III, 2564–2568

Kübler, J./Blugan, G./Lugovy, M./ Development of failure tolerant multi-layer silicon nitride ceramics: Review from macro to microSlyunyayev, V./Orlovskaya, N./ layered structures. Key engineering materials 2007, 333, 117–126Dobedoe, R. S.

Lemster, K./Delporte, M./ Activation of alumina foams for fabricating MMCs by pressureless infiltration. CeramicsGraule, T. J./Kübler, J. International 2007, 33(7), 1179–1185 �

Mach, A./Herzog, A./ CERPOR – Optimised ceramic components for the porous burner technology. Interceramv.Issendorff, F./Kanka, B./ Refractories manual 2006, 48–54Krieger, R./Pritzkow, W./Schäfer, J./Schmidt, J./Schmücker, M./Schneider, H./Stark, J./Trimis, D./Vogt, U./zur Megede, D.

Manukyan, K. V./Kharatyan, S. L./ Combustion synthesis and compaction of Si3N4-TiN composite powder. Ceramics InternationalBlugan, G./Kübler, J. 2007, 33(3), 379–383 �

Reifler, F. A./Ritter, A./ Towards a photocatalytic fiber for degradation of malodor. Davis, CA, USA, 2007, 2 pp (jointFortunato, G./Vital, A./ paper)Akurati, K. K./Hufenus, R.

Rosten, R./Swanson, M./ Characterization of (La0.9Sr0.1) 0.95Cr0.85Mg0.1Ni0.05O3 perovskite ceramics for a perovskiteKübler, J./Kapat, J./ related membrane reactor. 117–122Orlovskaya, N.

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Tangtrakarn, N./Swanson, M./ Sintering behavior and phase characterisation of composite perovskite/fluorite ceramics forMoran, P./Kübler, J./Kapat, J./ intermediate temperature SOFCs and oxygen separation membranes. 187–192Orlovskaya, N.

Thünemann, M./Beffort, O./ Aluminum matrix composites based on preceramic-polymer-bonded SiC preforms. CompositesKleiner, S./Vogt, U. Science and Technology 2007, 67(11–12), 2377–2383 (joint paper) �

Vasić, S./Grobéty, B./Kübler, J./ X-ray computed micro tomography as complementary method for the characterization of activatedGraule, T. J./Baumgartner, L. porous ceramic preforms. Journal of Materials Research 2007, 22(5), 1414–1424 �

Vital, A./Angermann, A./ Highly sinter-active (Mg-Cu)-Zn ferrite nanoparticles prepared by flame spray synthesis. ActaDittmann, R./Graule, T. J./ Materialia 2007, 55(6), 1955–1964 �

Töpfer, J.

Vital, A./Richter, J./Figi, R./ One-step flame synthesis of ultrafine SiO2-C nanocomposite particles with high carbon loadingNagel, O./Aneziris, C. G./ and their carbothermal conversion. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2007, 46(12),Bernardi, J./Graule, T. J. 4273–4281 (joint paper) �

Vogt, U./Györfy, L./Herzog, A./ Macroporous silicon carbide foams for porous burner applications and catalyst supports. JournalGraule, T. J./Plesch, G. of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2007, 68(5–6), 1234–1238 �

Wegmann, M./Brönnimann, R./ Barium titanate-based PTCR thermistor fibers: Processing and properties. Sensors and Actuators,Clemens, F./Graule, T. J. A: Physical 2007, 135(2), 394–404 (joint paper) �

Joining and Interface Affolter, C./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Fatigue in the shell of a conveyor drum. Engineering FailureTechnology Zgraggen, M./Rütti, T. F. Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC. ISS.), 1038–1052 (joint paper) �

Bissig, V./Janczak-Rusch, J./ Selection and design of brazing fillers for metal-ceramic joints. Materials Science Forum 2007,Galli, M. 539–543(4), 4008–4012

Blugan, G./Kübler, J./Bissig, V./ Brazing of silicon nitride ceramic composite to steel using SiC-particle-reinforced active brazingJanczak-Rusch, J. alloy. Ceramics International 2007, 33(6), 1033–1039 (joint paper) �

Cugnoni, J./Botsis, J./ Experimental and numerical studies on size and constraining effects in lead-free solder joints.Sivasubramaniam, V./ Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 2007, 30(5), 387–399 �

Janczak-Rusch, J.

Galli, M. The constitutive response of brazing alloys and the residual stresses in ceramic-metal joints.Dissertation 3869, EPF Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, 217 pp

Janczak-Rusch, J. Charactérisation de la dureté des matériaux. In: Degallaix, S., Ilschner, B. (Eds.), Vol.2Charactérisation Expérimentale des Matériaux I: Propriétés physiques, thermiques etméchaniques, Le Traité des Matériaux 2, PPUR, Lausanne, 2007, 173–186

Janczak-Rusch, J. Design, brazing and characterization of metal-ceramics joints. Inzynieria Materialowa 2007,157–158(3–4), 547–551

Klotz, U. E./Liu, C./ Experimental investigation of the Cu-Ti-Zr system at 800 °C. Intermetallics 2007, 15(12),Uggowitzer, P. J./Löffler, J. F. 1666–1671 �

Leinenbach, C./Al-Badri, A./ Coatings for valves and blades in steam turbines. Poster presented at the Jahrestagung zumRoth, M./Hadad, M./ Energieforschungsprogramm Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke (Kraftwerk 2020), Ittigen, Switzerland,Siegmann, S./Scarlin, B./ 2007, 1 pp (joint paper)Staubli, M./Hitzek, R./Bürgler, P./Nicoli, A./Damani, R./Reisel, G.

Leinenbach, C./Lehmann, H./ Mechanisches Verhalten und Fehlerempfindlichkeit von Hartlötverbindungen. MP MaterialsSchindler, H. J. Testing 2007, 49(4), 149–156

Pini, N./Busato, S./Elsener, H. -R/ In situ growth of interdigitated electrodes made of polypyrrole for active fiber composites.Ermanni, P. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2007, 18(3), 249–253 �

Piskoty, G./Klotz, U. E./ Analysis of a tragic accident on a summer toboggan run. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007,Kovacs, G./Weisse, B./Rütti, T. F./ 14(6 SPEC. ISS.), 1083–1092 �

Stutz, A.

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Plevachuk, Y./Mudry, S./ Viscosity and electrical conductivity of liquid Sn-Ti and Sn-Zr alloys. Journal of Materials ScienceSklyarchuk, V./Yakymovych, A./ 2007, 42(20), 8618–8621 �

Klotz, U. E./Roth, M.

Rütti, T. F./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Optimised design of mandrels after fatigue failure. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC.Wullschleger, L./Michel, S. A. ISS.), 1103–1113 (joint paper) �

Wullschleger, L./Rütti, T. F./ Structural collapse of a freestyle ski-jump. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(8 SPEC. ISS.),Zgraggen, M./Piskoty, G. 1512–1525 (joint paper) �

Materials Processing Battabyal, M./Beffort, O./ Heat transport across the metal-diamond interface. Poster presented at the 8th Europeanand Characterization Kleiner, S./Vaucher, S./Rohr, L. Conference on Diamond, Diamond-like Materials, Carbon Nanotubes, and Nitrides, Berlin,

Germany, 2007, 1 pp

Beffort, O./Long, S./Cayron, C./ Alloying effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of high volume fraction SiC-particleKübler, J./Buffat, P. A. reinforced Al-MMCs made by squeeze casting infiltration. Composites Science and Technology

2007, 67(3–4), 737–745 (joint paper) �

Bolot, R./Coddet, C./ Modeling of an inductively coupled plasma for the synthesis of nanoparticles. InternationalSchreuders, C./Leparoux, M./ Thermal Spray Conference, Global Coating Solutions, Beijing, China, May 14–16, 2007, 179–184Siegmann, S.

Castellero, A./Uhlenhaut, D.I./ Critical Poisson ratio for room-temperature embrittlement of amorphous Mg85Cu5Y10.Moser, B./Löffler, J.F. Philosophical Magazine Letters 2007, 87(6), 383–392 (joint paper) �

Duraiselvam, M./Galun, R./ Study of liquid impact erosion in B2-NiTi and Ti3Al based intermetallic matrix composites on laserSiegmann, S./Wesling, V./ alloyed Ti-6Al-4V. Advanced Engineering Materials 2007, 9(3), 171–176 �

Mordike, B. L.

Duraiselvam, M./Galun, R./ Investigation of hydroabrasive erosion of laser alloyed nickel and titanium based intermetallicSiegmann, S./Wesling, V./ matrix composites with TiC reinforcement. Surface Engineering 2007, 23(6), 425–430 �

Mordike, B. L.

Hadad, M./Hitzek, R./Buergler, P./ Wear performance of sandwich structured WC-Co-Cr thermally sprayed coatings using differentRohr, L./Siegmann, S. intermediate layers. Wear 2007, 263(1–6 SPEC. ISS.), 691–699 �

Hadad, M./Marot, G./ Adhesion tests for thermal spray coatings: correlation of bond strength and interfacial toughness.Démarécaux, P./Chicot, D./ Surface Engineering 2007, 23(4), 279–283 �

Lesage, J./Rohr, L./Siegmann, S.

Hadad, M./Siegmann, S./Rohr, L./ Mechanical and tribological investigations of new and locally refurbished WC-Co-Cr coatingsHitzek, R./Bürgler, P. (patent pending). Poster presented at the International Thermal Spray Conference & Exposition,

ITSC 2007, Beijing, China, 2007, 1 pp

Hadad, M./Siegmann, S./Rohr, L./ Mechanische und tribologische Untersuchungen an neuen und lokal aufgearbeiteten WC-Co-CrHitzek, R./Bürgler, P. Beschichtungen. Poster presented at the KTI / CTI Medtech Event 2007, Bern, Switzerland, 2007,

1 pp

Jäggi, C./Leparoux, M./ Thermally sprayed open porous titanium coatings: Process stability and in-vivo response. PosterSiegmann, S. presented at the KTI/CTI Medtech Event, 2007, Bern, Switzerland, 2007, 1 pp

Kern, P./Zinger, O. Purified titanium oxide with novel morphologies upon spark anodization of Ti alloys in mixedH2SO4/H3PO4 electrolytes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research – Part A 2007, 80(2),283–296 (joint paper) �

Leconte, Y./Leparoux, M./ Structural study of SiC nanoparticles grown by inductively coupled plasma and laser pyrolysis forPortier, X./Herlin-Boime, N./ nanostructured ceramics elaboration. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings,Siegmann, S./Rohr, L./Reynaud, C. Vol. 981, Paper 0981-JJ06-01, 6 pp

Leinenbach, C./Al-Badri, A./ Coatings for valves and blades in steam turbines. Poster presented at the Jahrestagung zumRoth, M./Hadad, M./Siegmann, S./ Energieforschungsprogramm Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke (Kraftwerk 2020), Ittigen, Switzerland,Scarlin, B./Staubli, M./Hitzek, R./ 2007, 1 pp (joint paper)Bürgler, P./Nicoli, A./Damani, R./Reisel, G.

Leparoux, S./Diot, C./Dubach, A./ Synthesis of silicon carbide coating on diamond by microwave heating of diamond and siliconVaucher, S. powder: A heteroepitaxial growth. Scripta Materialia 2007, 57(7), 595–597 �

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Nelis, T./Aeberhard, M./Rohr, L./ A simple method for measuring plasma power in rf-GDOES instruments, Analytical andMichler, J./Belenguer, P./ Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007, 389(3), 763–767 (joint paper) �Guillot, P./Thérèse, L.

Pittini-Yamada, Y./Daneshvari, D./ Effect of PEG Number on dielectric properties of paraffin base-PEG polymers at microwaveLeparoux, S./Vaucher, S./ frequencies. Symposium on Heating by Electromagnetic Sources, Padua, Italy, 2007 (joint paper)Ritter, A./Rohr, A./Leuenberger, H.

Schmid, H./Leparoux, M./ Nano-particle characterization by means of SEM and quantitative image analysis. Poster presentedSchreuders, C./Dvorak, M. at the POWTECH with PARTEC Congress, 2007, Nürnberg, Germany, 2007, 1 pp

Siegmann, S./Kern, P./Rohr, L./ Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystalline Coatings,Bandyopadhyay, P. P. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 2007, DOI 10.1007/s11666–007-9117-5, Page 7 (joint paper) �

Siegmann, S./Kern, P./Rohr, L./ Tribological and corrosion behavior of vacuum plasma sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystalline coatings.Bandyopadhyay, P. P. International Thermal Spray Conference, Global Coating Solutions, Beijing, China, 2007, 931–936

Thünemann, M./Beffort, O./ Aluminum matrix composites based on preceramic-polymer-bonded SiC preforms. CompositesKleiner, S./Vogt, U. Science and Technology 2007, 67(11–12), 2377–2383 (joint paper) �

Vaucher, S./Unifantowicz, P./ On-line tools for microscopic and macroscopic monitoring of microwave processing. Physica B:Ricard, C./Dubois, L./Kuball, M./ Condensed Matter 2007, 398(2), 191–195 �

Catala-Civera, J. -M/Bernard, D./Stampanoni, M./Nicula, R.

Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./Pouvreau, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part II.Schulz, D./Michler, J. Cleavage operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �

Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./Pouvreau, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part I.Schulz, D./Michler, J. Scratching operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �

Mechanics of Micro- Becker, M./Sivakov, V./Andrä, G./ The SERS and TERS effects obtained by gold droplets on top of Si nanowires. Nano Letters 2007,Materials and Geiger, R./Schreiber, J./ 7(1), 75–80 �

Nanostructures Hoffmann, S./Michler, J./Milenin, A. P./Werner, P./Christiansen, S. H.

Brescia, R./Schreck, M./Michler, J./ Interaction of small diamond islands on iridium: A finite element simulation study. Diamond andGsell, S./Stritzker, B. Related Materials 2007, 16(4–7 SPEC. ISS.), 705–710 �

Castaldi, L./Kurapov, D./Reiter, A./ High temperature phase changes and oxidation behavior of Cr-Si-N coatings. Surface and CoatingsShklover, V./Schwaller, P./ Technology 2007, 202, 781–785 (joint paper) �Patscheider, J.

Castellero, A./Uhlenhaut, D. I./ Critical Poisson ratio for room-temperature embrittlement of amorphous Mg85Cu5Y10.Moser, B./Löffler, J. F. Philosophical Magazine Letters 2007, 87(6), 383–392 (joint paper) �

Christiansen, S. H./Becker, M./ Signal enhancement in nano-Raman spectroscopy by gold caps on silicon nanowires obtained byFahlbusch, S./Michler, J./ vapour-liquid-solid growth. Nanotechnology 2007, 18(3) �Sivakov, V./Andrä, G./Geiger, R.

Friedli, V./Santschi, C./Michler, J./ Mass sensor for in situ monitoring of focused ion and electron beam induced processes. AppliedHoffmann, P./Utke, I. Physics Letters 2007, 90(5), Art. No.: 053106 �

Gassilloud, R. Metallic nanopatterning by electrochemical deposition on prescratched semiconductors

Gassilloud, R./Schmuki, P./ Electrochemical trench etching of silicon triggered via mechanical nanocontacts. ElectrochimicaMichler, J. Acta 2007, 53(2), 758–762 �

Hoffmann, S./Östlund, F./ Fracture strength and Young's modulus of ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology 2007, 18(20) �Michler, J./Fan, H. J./Zacharias, M./Christiansen, S. H./Ballif, C.

Kern, P. /Zinger, O. Purified titanium oxide with novel morphologies upon spark anodization of Ti alloys in mixedH2So4/H3PO4 electrolytes, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 80A(2), 283–296(joint paper) �

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Kern, P./Veh, J./Michler, J. New developments in through-mask electrochemical micromachining of titanium. Journal ofMicromechanics and Microengineering 2007, 17(6), 1168–1177 �

Kern, P./Widmer, R./Gasser, P./ Local tuning of conductivity in amorphous titanium oxide films by selective electron beamMichler, J. irradiation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111(37), 13972–13980 (joint paper) �

Michler, J./Wasmer, K./Meier, S./ Plastic deformation of gallium arsenide micropillars under uniaxial compression at roomÖstlund, F./Leifer, K. temperature. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(4), Art. No.: 043123 (joint paper) �

Moser, B./Wasmer, K./Barbieri, L./ Strength and fracture of Si micropillars: A new scanning electron microscopy-based micro-Michler, J. compression test. Journal of Materials Research 2007, 22(4), 1004–1011 �

Nelis, T./Aeberhard, M./Rohr, L./ A simple method for measuring plasma power in rf-GDOES instruments, Analytical andMichler, J./Belenguer, P./ Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007, 389(3), 763–767 (joint paper) �Guillot, P./Thérèse, L.

Philippe, L./Kacem, N./Michler, J. Electrochemical deposition of metals inside high aspect ratio nanoelectrode array: Analyticalcurrent expression and multidimensional kinetic model for cobalt nanostructure synthesis. Journalof Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111(13), 5229–5235 �

Philippe, L./Peyrot, I./Michler, J. Yield stress of monocrystalline rhenium nanowires, Applied Physics Letters 2007, 91, Page 3 �

Pouvreau, C. Projekt Fundamentals of Nano-scaled Crack Propagation for Processing of Semiconductor Devices

Radice, S./Kern, P./Bürki, G./ Electrophoretic deposition of zirconia-bioglass® composite coatings for biomedical implants.Michler, J./Textor, M. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research – Part A 2007, 82(2), 436–444 �

Radice, S./Kern. P./Dietsch, H./ Methods for functionalization of microsized polystyrene beads with titania nanoparticles forMischler, S./Michler, J. cathodic electrophoretic deposition, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, in press. �

Schwaller, P./Philippe, L./ Determination of complete stress-strain curves of UV-Liga materials from nanoindentationBürki, G./Michler, J. experiments. 2nd Vienna International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Technology

(Viennano '07), Vienna, Austria, 249–255

Siegmann, S./Kern, P./Rohr, L./ Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystalline Coatings,Bandyopadhyay, P. P. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 2007, DOI 10.1007/s11666-007-9117-5, Page 7 (joint paper) �

Utke, I./Friedli, V./Purricker, M./ Resolution in Focused Electron- and Ion-Beam Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition, Journal ofMichler, J. Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 2007, 25(6), in press.

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Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part I.Pouvreau, C./Schulz, D./Michler, J. Scratching operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �

Wasmer, K./Ballif, C./ Dicing of gallium–arsenide high performance laser diodes for industrial applications: Part II.Pouvreau, C./Schulz, D./Michler, J. Cleavage operation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2007, in press. (joint paper) �

Wasmer, K./Moser, B./ An overview of nanomaterial testing using in-situ nanoindenter. COST Action E54, Riga, Latvia,Pouvreau, C./Michler, J. 2007, 44–47

Wasmer, K./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ Plastic deformation modes of gallium arsenide in nanoindentation and nanoscratching. AppliedGassilloud, R./Pouvreau, C./ Physics Letters 2007, 90(3), 3 pp (joint paper) �Tharian, J./Michler, J.

Nanoscale Materials Behzadi, B./Ferri, D./Baiker, A./ Adsorption mode of the chiral modifier cinchonidine on Au(1 1 1). Applied Surface Science 2007,Science Ernst, K. H. 253(7), 3480–3484 �

Belle, B. D./Schedin, F./Pilet, N./ High resolution magnetic force microscopy study of e-beam lithography patterned Co/Pt nanodots.Ashworth, T. V./Hill, E. W./ Journal of Applied Physics 2007, 101(9) �Nutter, P. W./Hug, H. J./Miles, J. J.

Callegari, V./Nellen, P. M./ Surface chemistry and optimization of focused ion beam iodine-enhanced etching of indiumYang, T./Hauert, R./Müller, U./ phosphide. Applied Surface Science 2007, 253(22), 8969–8973 (joint paper) �Hernández-Ramiárez, F./Sennhauser, U.

Castaldi, L./Kurapov, D./Reiter, A./ High temperature phase changes and oxidation behavior of Cr-Si-N coatings. Surface and CoatingsShklover, V./Schwaller, P./ Technology 2007, 202, 781–785 (joint paper) �Patscheider, J.

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Ernits, K./Brémaud, D./ Characterisation of ultrasonically sprayed InxSy buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. ThinBuecheler, S./Hibberd, C. J./ Solid Films 2007, 515(15 SPEC. ISS.), 6051–6054 �

Kaelin, M./Khrypunov, G./Müller, U./Mellikov, E./Tiwari, A. N.

Ernits, K./Kaelin, M./Brémaud, D./ Ultrasonically Sprayed In2S3 Films for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells, Proceedings of 21st EuropeanMeyer, T./Müller, U./Tiwari, A.N. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden 2006, 1853–1856 �

Ernst, K. H. Scanning probe microscopies beyond imaging. Angewandte Chemie – International Edition 2007,46(29), 5469 �

Ernst, K. H. Scanning probe microscopies beyond imaging. Angewandte Chemie 2007, 119(29), 5565 �

Ernst, K. H. Expression and amplification of molecular chirality at metal surfaces, Habilitationsschrift 2007,Universität Zürich (reviewed by seven international referees)

Ferri, D./Behzadi, B./ Probing the interface in vapor-deposited bimetallic Pd-Au and Pt-Au films by CO adsorption fromKappenberger, P./Hauert, R./ the liquid phase. Langmuir 2007, 23(3), 1203–1208 �

Ernst, K. H./Baiker, A.

Gassner, G./Mayrhofer, P. H./ Thermal stability of nanocomposite CrC/a-C:H thin films. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515(13),Patscheider, J./Mitterer, C. 5411–5417 �

Gassner, G./Patscheider, J./ Tribological properties of nanocomposite CrCx /a-C:H thin films. Tribology Letters 2007, 27(1),Mayrhofer, P. H./Sturm, S./ 97–104 �

Scheu, C./Mitterer, C.

Geiser, A./Fan, B./Benmansour, H./ Poly(3-hexylthiophene) / C60 Heterojunction Solar Cells: Implication of Morphology onCastro, F./Heier, J./Keller, B./ Performance and Ambipolar Charge Collection, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2007, inMayerhofer, K.E./Nüesch, F./ print �Hany, R.

Guo, Z./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ The influence of the grain boundary phase on the mechanical properties of Si3N4-MoSi2Blugan, G./Graule, T. J./ composites. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(8), 2875–2884 (joint paper) �Reece, M. J./Kübler, J.

Hoffmann, R./Baratoff, A./ Mechanical manifestations of rare atomic jumps in dynamic force microscopy. NanotechnologyHug, H. J./Hidber, H. R./ 2007, 18(39) �Lohneysen, H. V./Güntherodt, H. -J.

Lantz, M. A./Hoffmann, R./ Site-specific force-distance characteristics on NaCl(001): Measurements versus atomisticFoster, A. S./Baratoff, A./ simulations. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2006, 74(24) �Hug, H. J./Hidber, H. R./Güntherodt, H. -J.

Medun̆a, M./Novák, J./Bauer, G./ In situ investigations of Si and Ge interdiffusion in Ge-rich Si/SiGe multilayers using x-rayHolý, V./Falub, C. V./Tsujino, S./ scattering. Semiconductor Science and Technology 2007, 22(4), 447–453 �

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Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Buckybows on metal surfaces: symmetry mismatch and enantiomorphism of corannulen anGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ Cu(110). Angewandte Chemie – International Edition 2007, 46(45), 8258 (joint paper) �Schillinger, R./Greber, T./Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.

Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Korbförmige Kohlenwasserstoffe auf Metalloberflächen: Symmetrieunverträglichkeit undGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ Enantiomorphie von Corannulen auf Cu(111). Angewandte Chemie 2007, 119(43), 8406Schillinger, R./Greber, T./ (joint paper) �Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.

Pélisson, A./Parlinska-Wojtan, M./ Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-N transparent hard coatings deposited byHug, H. J./Patscheider, J. magnetron sputtering. Surface & coatings technology 2007, 202, 884–889 �

Pilet, N./Ashworth, T. V./ Effect of ion irradiation on domain nucleation and wall motion in Ni films. Journal of MagnetismMarioni, M. A./Hug, H. J./ and Magnetic Materials 2007, 316(2 SPEC. ISS.) �Zhang, K./Lieb, K. P.

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Schmid, I./Kappenberger, P./ The Role of Uncompensated Spins in Exchange Biasing, Phys. Ref. Lett. 2007, in print �Hellwig, O./Carrey, M./Fullerton, E. E./Hug, H. J.

Singh, A./Sürgers, C./ Spin-polarized current versus stray field in a perpendicularly magnetized superconducting spinHoffmann, R./Löhneysen, H. V./ switch. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 91(15) �Ashworth, T. V./Pilet, N./Hug, H. J.

Thapliyal, R./Péllison, A./ PZT films on wafers and fibers for MEMS application. IEEE International Symposium ApplicationsLogvinovich, D./Amberg, M./ of Ferroelectrics, 2006. ISAF '06, Sunset Beach, NC, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006, 4 ppHug, H. J./Fortunato, G. (joint paper)

Zhang, K./Lieb, K. P./ Ion-induced magnetic texturing of Ni films: Domain structure and strain. Nuclear Instruments andMerkel, D. G./Uhrmacher, M./ Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2007,Pilet, N./Ashworth, T. V./Hug, H. J. 257(1–2 SPEC. ISS.), 379–382 �

nanotech@surfaces Aït-Mansour, K./Dentel, D./ Original Ge-induced phenomena on various SiC(0001) reconstructions. Journal of Physics D:Kubler, L./Diani, M./Derivaz, M./ Applied Physics 2007, 40, 6225–6241 �

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Aït-Mansour, K./Ruffieux, P./ Nucleation and growth of C60 overlayers on the Ag/Pt(111) dislocation network surface. Journal ofXiao, W./Fasel, R./Gröning, P./ Physics: Conference Series 2007, 61(1), 16–21 �

Gröning, O.

Barranco, A./Aparicio, F./ Optically active thin films deposited by plasma polymerization of dye molecules. Chemical VaporYanguas-Gil, A./Gröning, P./ Deposition 2007, 13(6–7), 319–325 �

Cotrino, J./Gonzalez-Elipe, A. R.

Berner, S./Corso, M./Widmer, R./ Boron nitride nanomesh: Functionality from a corrugated monolayer. Angewandte Chemie 2007,Gröning, O./Laskowski, R./ 119, 5207–5211 �

Blaha, P./Schwarz, K./Goriachko, A./Over, H./Gsell, S./Schreck, M./Sachdev, H./Greber, T./Osterwalder, J.

Berner, S./Corso, M./Widmer, R./ Boron nitride nanomesh: Functionality from a corrugated monolayer. Angewandte Chemie – InterGröning, O./Laskowski, R./ national Edition 2007, 46(27), 5115–5119 �

Blaha, P./Schwarz, K./Goriachko, A./Over, H./Gsell, S./Schreck, M./Sachdev, H./Greber, T./Osterwalder, J.

Buchs, G./Krasheninnikov, A. V./ Creation of paired electron states in the gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes by correlatedRuffieux, P./Gröning, P./ hydrogen adsorption. New Journal of Physics 2007, 9, article no. 275, 7 pp �

Foster, A. S./Nieminen, R. M./Gröning, O.

Buchs, G./Ruffieux, P./Gröning, P./ Creation and STM/STS investigations of hydrogen ions induced defects on single-walled carbon.Gröning, O. nanotubes. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2007, 61(1), 160–165 �

Buchs, G./Ruffieux, P./Gröning, P./ Scanning tunneling microscopy investigations of hydrogen plasma-induced electron scatteringGröning, O. centers on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(1), Art. No.: 013104�

Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, M./ Rational design of supramolecular nanostructures: Bi-component wires and ribbons. PosterWasserfallen, D./Müllen, K./ presented at the Summer School Correlated Electron Materials, Zuoz, Switzerland, 2007, 1 ppBarth, J. V./Brune, H./Fasel, R.

Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, W./ Nanostructured template surfaces and specific end-group functionalities for the guided self-assemRuffieux, P./Aït-Mansour, K./ bly of supramolecular architectures. Pico – Omicron nanotechnology newsletter 2007, 2 ppTreier, M./Gröning, O./Gröning, P./Fasel, R.

Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Xiao, W./ Self-assembly of periodic bicomponent wires and ribbons. Angewandte Chemie – InternationalWasserfallen, D./Müllen, K./ Edition 2007, 46(11), 1814–1818 �

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Delort, E./Szöcs, E./Widmer, R./ STM vizualization of thiol-containing peptide dendrimers on Au(111). Macromolecular BioScienceSiegenthaler, H./Reymond, J. -L 2007, 7(8), 1024–1031 �

Gröning, P. Nanotechnolgy: an approach to momic natural architectures and concepts. Digital Encyclopedia ofApplied Physics EAP 2007, 16 pp DOI: 10.1002/3527600434.eap653


Klappenberger, F./ Conformational adaptation in supramolecular assembly on surfaces. ChemPhysChem 2007, 8(12),Cañas-Ventura, M. E./Clair, S./ 1782–1786 �

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Papadopolos, Z./Gröning, O./ Clusters in F-phase icosahedral quasicrystals, Book Chapter in. «Models, Mysteries and Magic ofWidmer, R. Molecules» Edited by Jan C. A Boeyens and John F. Ogilvie, Springer 2007 ISBN: 978-1-4020-5940-7

Parschau, M./Fasel, R./Ernst, K. H./ Buckybows on metal surfaces: symmetry mismatch and enantiomorphism of corannulen anGröning, O./Brandenberger, L./ Cu(110). Angewandte Chemie – International Edition 2007, 46(45), 8258 (joint paper) �Schillinger, R./Greber, T./Seitsonen, A. P./Wu, Y. T./Siegel, J. S.

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Passerone, A./Muolo, M. L./ Liquid metal/ceramic interactions in the (Cu, Ag, Au)/ZrB2 systems. Journal of the EuropeanNovakovic, R./Passerone, D. Ceramic Society 2007, 27(10), 3277–3285 �

Ruffieux, P./Palotàs, K./ Site- and orientation-selective anchoring of a prototypical molecular building block. Journal of theGröning, O./Wasserfallen, D./ American Chemical Society 2007, 129(16), 5007–5011 �

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Widmer, R./Berner, S./Gröning, O./ Electrolytic in situ STM investigation of h-BN-Nanomesh. Electrochemistry Communications 2007,Brugger, T./Osterwalder, J./ 9(10), 2484–2488 �

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Building Technologies Artmann, N./Manz, H./ Parametric study on the dynamic heat storage capacity of building elements, 2nd PALENC Confer-Heiselberg, P. ence, 28 th AIVC Conference on Building low Eneergy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technolo-

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Artmann, N./Manz, H./ Climatic potential for passive cooling of buildings by night-time ventilation in Europe. AppliedHeiselberg, P. Energy 2007, 84(2), 187–201 �

Brunner, S./Simmler, H. In situ Performance Assessment and Service Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) in Buildings,8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium (IVIS), Würzburg, 2007

Burkhardt, M./Kägi, R./ Nanopartikel auf Fassaden erforschen, Push Thema Umwelt 2007, 2, 12–13 (joint paper)Simmler, H/Ulrich, A./Boller, B.

Dorer, V. Review on existing residential cogeneration systems performance assessments and evaluations.IEA/ECBCS Annex 42 Report. 2007. ISBN No. 978-0-662-46950-6 Catalogue No. M154-14/1-2007E-PDF Available online: www.cogen-sim.net

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Frank, T. Climate change impacts on building indoor environment and energy demand. InternationalScientific Conference CISBAT 2007, Renewables in an Changing Climate – Innovation in the BuiltEnvironment, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2007, 5 pp

Frank, T./Güttinger, H./ Thermal comfort measurements in a hybrid ventilated office room. Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors,Velsen van, S. Helsinki, Finland, 2007

Frank, T./Manz, H./ Validation procedures for transient temperature, load and energy calculations in buildingLoutzenhiser, P.G. simulation codes. 12th Symposium for Building Physics, Dresden, Germany, March 29–31, 2007, 8

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Ghazi Wakili, K./Simmler, H./ Experimental and numerical thermal analysis of a balcony board with integrated glass fibreFrank, T. reinforced polymer GFRP elements. Energy and Buildings 2007, 39(1), 76–81 �

Ghazi Wakili, K./Hugi, E./ Gypsum board in fire – Modeling and experimental validation. Journal of Fire Sciences 2007,Wullschleger, L./Frank, T. 25(3), 267–282 �

Gwerder, M./Tödtli, J./ Control of thermally activated building systems.Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland,Lehmann, B./Renggli, F./Dorer, V. 2007, 8 pp

Hugi, E./Wuersch, M./Risi, W./ Correlation between charring rate and oxygen permeability for 12 different wood species. JournalGhazi Wakili, K. of Wood Science 2007, 53(1), 71–75 (joint paper) �

Lehmann, B./Dorer, V./ Application range of thermally activated building systems tabs. Energy and Buildings 2007, 39(5),Koschenz, M. 593–598 �

Loutzenhiser, P. G./ Manz, H./ An empirical validation of the daylighting algorithms and associated interactions in buildingMaxwell, G. M. energy simulation programs using various shading devices and windows. Energy, 2007, 32, 10,

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Loutzenhiser, P. G./Manz, H./ An empirical validation of modeling solar gain through a glazing unit with external and internalFelsmann, C./Strachan, P. A./ shading screens. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007, 27(2–3), 528–538 �

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Loutzenhiser, P. G./Manz, H./ Empirical validation of models to compute solar irradiance on inclined surfaces for buildingFelsmann, C./Strachan, P. A./ energy simulation. Solar Energy 2007, 81(2), 254–267 �

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Renggli, F./Gwerder, M./Tödtli, J./ Effect of the hydraulic piping topology on energy demand and comfort in buildings with tabs.Lehmann, B./Dorer, V. Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland, 2007, 8 pp

Tödtli, J./Gwerder, M./ Integrated design of thermally activated building systems and of thei control. Clima 2007Lehmann, B./Renggli, F./Dorer, V. WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland, 2007, 8 pp

Zimmermann, M. 2000 Watt-Gesellschaft: Nicht nur die Heizung zählt, 13. Internationales Holzbau-Forum, 2007

Zimmermann, M. IEA Annex 50 – Lösungsansätze für die bewohnte Baustelle, Ökosan Tagung, Graz/Weiz, Oktober10–12.2007

Zimmermann, M. Vacuum Insulation – Challenges and Opportunities for Becoming a Standard InsulationTechnology, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Würzburg, 2007

Zimmermann, M./Dettli, R./ Environmental Effects of Energy Standards, International Passive House Conference, Bregenz, 2007Baur, M./Philippen, D./Frischknecht, R./Faist, M.

Center for Synergetic Breuer, J./Ockels, W./ An inflatable wing using the principle of Tensairity. 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC ConferenceStructures Luchsinger, R. H. on Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials, Hawaii, 2007, 12 pp

Luchsinger, R. H./Crettol, R. Synergetic structures and tensairity. Tensinet Symposium, Ephemeral Architektur – Time andTextiles, Milano, Italy, 2007, 10 pp

Luchsinger, R. H./Crettol, R./ Tension, air and integrity. International Conference on Textile Composites and InflatableFarahani, J. N./Plagianakos, T. S. Structures, Barcelona, Spain, 2007, 4 pp

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Luchsinger, R.H./ Crettol, R./ Tensairity: The new structure for a new architecture. International Assosiation of Shell and SpatialFarahani, J./Plagianakos, T. Structures 2007, Venice, Italy, 2007, 6 pp

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Hoffmann, C./Leemann, A. Recycled concrete and mixed rubble as aggregates: influence of variations in composition on theconcrete properties. Sustainable Construction materials and Technologies, Coventry, UK, 2007,60–72

Holzer, L./Gasser, P./Käch, A./ Cryo-FIB-nanotomography for quantitative analysis of particle structures in cement suspensions.Wegmann, M./Zingg, A./ Journal of Microscopy 2007, 227(3), 216–228 (joint paper) �Wepf, R./Münch, B.

Kaufmann, J./Hesselbarth, D. High performance composites in spun-cast elements. Cement and Concrete Composites 2007,29(10), 713–722 �

Kaufmann, J./Lübben, J.F./ Mechanical reinforcement of concrete with bi-component fibers. Composites Part A: AppliedSchwitter, E. Science and Manufacturing, 2007, 38, 9, 1975–1984 (joint paper) �

Leemann, A./Winnefeld, F. The effect of viscosity modifying agents on mortar and concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites2007, 29(5), 341–349 �

Loser, R./Leemann, A. Chloride resistance of conventionally vibrated concrete and self-compacting concrete. 5th Interna-tional RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Ghent, Belgium, 2007, 747–752

Loser, R./Leemann, A. Effects of curing time and drying behaviour of SCC in case of restrained shrinkage deformations.5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Ghent, Belgium, 2007, 539–544

Lothenbach, B./Gruskovnjak, A. Hydration of alkali-activated slag: Thermodynamic modelling. Advances in Cement Research 2007,19(2), 81–92 �

Lothenbach, B./Schmidt, T./ Influence of limestone additions on sulfate ingression. RILEM Workshop on Performance ofRomer, M. Cement-based Materials in Aggressive Aqueous Environments, Ghent, Belgium, 2007, 50–55

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Matschei, T./Lothenbach, B./ The AFm phase in Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37(2), 118–130 �

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Möschner, G./Lothenbach, B./ Solubility of Fe-ettringite (Ca6[Fe(OH)6]2(SO4)3 26H2O). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007,Rose, J./Ulrich, A./Figi, R./ (joint paper) �Kretzschmar, R.

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Yang, T./Holzer, L./Kägi, R./ In situ nanomanipulators as a tool to separate individual tobermorite crystals for AFM studies.Winnefeld, F./Keller, B. Ultramicroscopy 2007, 107(10–11), 1068–1077 �

Zurbriggen, R./Herwegh, M./ The influence of organic additives on the microstructural development and properties of mortars.Jenni, A./De Gasparo, A./ ZKG International 2007, 60(2), 62–73 �

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Mechanical Systems Affolter, C./Piskoty, G./Koller, R./ Fatigue in the shell of a conveyor drum. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14(6 SPEC. ISS.),Engineering Zgraggen, M./Rütti, T. F. 1038–1052 (joint paper) �

Barbezat, M./Brunner, A. J./ Integrated active fiber composite elements: Characterization for acoustic emission and acousto-Huber, C./Flüeler, P. ultrasonics. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2007, 18(5), 515–525 �

Barbezat, M./Brunner, A. J./ Fracture behaviour of GFRP laminates with nanocomposite epoxy resin matrix. Paper 030.Necola, A./Rees, M./Terrasi, G. P. 6th International Symposium on Advanced composites (COMP07), Corfu, Greece, 2007, 9 pp

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Farshad, M./Clemens, F./ Magnetoactive polymer composite fibers and fabrics -Processing and mechanical characterization.Le Roux, M. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2007, 20(1), 65–74 (joint paper) �

Kovacs, G./Lochmatter, P./ An arm wrestling robot driven by dielectric elastomer actuators. Smart Materials and StructuresWissler, M. 2007, 16(2), S306–S317 �

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Michel, S./Bernasconi, M./ Feasibility studies for a bionic blimb with a fish-like propulsion systems. 7th AIAA AviationBormann, A./Zobel, M./Fink, E. Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO), Belfast, Northern Ireland, 2007, 12 pp

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Piskoty, G./Klotz, U. E./Kovacs, G./ Analysis of a tragic accident on a summer toboggan run. Engineering Failure Analysis 2007, 14Weisse, B./Rütti, T. F./Stutz, A. (6 SPEC. ISS.), 1083–1092 �

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Terrasi, G. P. Prefabricated thin-walled structural elements made from high performance concrete prestressedwith pultruded carbons wires. 8th International Symposium on Fiber-Reinforced PolymerReinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Patras, Greece, July 16–18, 2007, 10 pp

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Road Engineering/ Arraigada, M./Partl, M.N./ Determination of Road Deflections from Traffic Induced Accelerations �Sealing Components Angelone, S.M.

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Ferrotti, G./Santagata, F.A./ Experimental Characterisation of Interlayer Shear Resistance in Flexible PavementsCanestrari, F. (Tutor)/Partl, M.N.

Hugener, M./Emmenegger, L./ Emissions of tar-containing binders: A laboratory study. Journal of Environmental Science andMattrel, P. Health – Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 2007, 42(3), 241–247

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Valtorta, D./Poulikakos, L. D./ Rheological properties of polymer modified bitumen from long-term field tests. Fuel 2007, 86(7–8),Partl, M. N./Mazza, E. 938–948 (joint paper) �

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Czaderski, C./Hack, E./Aram, M./ Stable debonding at discontinuity. 8th International Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced PolymerMotavalli, M. Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Patras, Greece, 2007, 10 pp (joint paper)

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Czaderski, C./Steiger, R./ Tests and calculations on 3-layered cross-laminated solid wood panels supported at all edges. HolzHowald, M./Olia, S./Gülzow, A./ als Roh- und Werkstoff 2007, 65(5), 383–402 (joint paper) �Niemz, P.

Gsell, D./Feltrin, G. Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressable leaf-springs. International Conference onExperimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES'07), Porto, Portugal,October 24–26, 2007, 559–567

Gsell, D./Feltrin, G./Motavalli, M. Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressable leaf-springs. Journal of Intelligent MaterialSystems and Structures 2007, 18(8), 845–851 �

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Burkhardt, M./Kupper, T./ Biocides used in Building Materials and their Leaching Behavior to Sewer Systems. Water Sci.Hean, S./Haag, R./Schmid, P./ Technol. 2007, 56, 63–67 (joint paper) �Kohler, M./Boller, M.

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Heeb, N. V./Schweizer, W. B./ Solid-state conformations and absolute configurations of (+) and (-) α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyMattrel, P./Haag, R./Gerecke, A. C./ clododecanes (HBCDs). Chemosphere 2007, 68(5), 940–950 (joint paper) �Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Zennegg, M./Wolfensberger, M.

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Möschner, G./Lothenbach, B./ Solubility of Fe-ettringite (Ca6[Fe(OH)6]2(SO4)3 26H2O). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007,Rose, J./Ulrich, A./Figi, R./ (joint paper) �Kretzschmar, R.

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Schmidt, T./Lothenbach, B./ Conditions for Thaumasite formation. 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement,Scrivener, K. L./Romer, M./ Montréal, Canada, July 8–13, 2007, 12 pp (joint paper)Rentsch, D./Figi, R.

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Zennegg, M./Kohler, M./ The historical record of PCB and PCDD/F deposition at Greifensee, a lake of the Swiss plateau,Hartmann, P. C./Sturm, M./ between 1848 and 1999. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9), 1754–1761 (joint paper) �Gujer, E./Schmid, P./Gerecke, A. C./Heeb, N. V./Kohler, H. P. E./Giger, W.

Air Pollution/ Alfarra, M. R./Prevot, A. S. H./ Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions.Environmental Technology Szidat, S./Sandradewi, J./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5770–5777 (joint paper) �

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Bukowiecki, N./Gehrig, R./Hill, M./ Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zürich (Switzerland):Lienemann, P./Zwicky, C. N./ Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(4),Buchmann, B./Weingartner, E./ 878–889 (joint paper) �Baltensperger, U.

Cavegn, A. Optimierung und Validierung der EC/OC-Bestimmung mittels der Thermo-Optischen MethodeMASTERARBEIT ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2007, 64 pp

CollaudCoen, M./Weingartner, E./ Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal ofNyeki, S./Cozic, J./Henning, S./ Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(13) �Verheggen, B./Gehrig, R./Baltensperger, U.

Derwent, R. G./Simmonds, P. G./ The phase-in and phase-out of European emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under theGreally, B. R./O'doherty, S./ Montreal Protocol: Evidence from observations at Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch,McCulloch, A./Manning, A./ Switzerland from 1994 to 2004. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(4), 757–767 �

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Emmenegger, C./Reinhardt, A./ Evaporative light scattering: A novel detection method for the quantitative analysis of humic-likeHüglin, C./Zenobi, R./Kalberer, M. substances in aerosols. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(7), 2473–2478 �

Eugster, W./Zeyer, K./Zeeman, M./ Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade laserMichna, P./Zingg, A./ spectrometery over a Swiss forest. Biogeo Sciences 2007, 4(5), 927–939 �

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Fenner, K./Lanz, V. A./ Relating atrazine degradation rate in soil to environmental conditions: Implications for global fateScheringer, M./Borsuk, M. E. modeling. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(8), 2840–2846 �

Fierz, M./Kaegi, R./Burtscher, H. Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of a Portable Electrostatic TEM Sampler. Aerosol Scienceand Technology 2007, 41(5), 520–528 �

Fierz, M./Vernooij, M. G. C./ An improved low-flow thermodenuder. Journal of Aerosol Science 2007, 38(11), 1163–1168 �

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Gehrig, R./Hill, M./Lienemann, P./ Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. AtmosphericZwicky, C. N./Bukowiecki, N./ Environment 2007, 41(5), 923–933 (joint paper) �Weingartner, E./Baltensperger, U./Buchmann, B.

Greally, B. R./Manning, A. J./ Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–Reimann, S./McCulloch, A./ 2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research D:Huang, J./Dunse, B. L./ Atmospheres 2007, 112(6) �Simmonds, P. G./Prinn, R. G./Fraser, P. J./Cunnold, D. M./O'Doherty, S./Porter, L. W./Stemmler, K./Vollmer, M. K./Lunder, C. R./Schmidbauer, N./Hermansen, O./Arduini, J./Salameh, P. K./Krummel, P. B./Wang, R. H. J./Folini, D./Weiss, R. F./Maione, M./Nickless, G./Stordal, F./Derwent, R. G.



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Kaiser, A./Scheifinger, H./ Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere WatchSpangl, W./Weiss, A./Gilge, S./ stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), SonnblickFricke, W./Ries, L./Cemas, D./ (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia). Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9273–9287. �Jesenovec, B.

Krankowsky, D./Lämmerzahl, P./ Stratospheric ozone isotope fractionations derived from collected samples. Journal of GeophysicalMauersberger, K./Janssen, C./ Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(8) �Tuzson, B./Röckmann, T.

Lanz, V. A./Alfarra, M. R./ Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analyticalBaltensperger, U./Buchmann, B./ modelling of aerosol mass spectra. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(6), 1503–1522 �

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Legreid, G. Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOCs) in Switzerland: From the Boundary Layer to theUnpolluted Troposphere DISS 16982, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 2006, 138 pp

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Legreid, G./Reimann, S./ Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a Swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transportSteinbacher, M./Staehelin, J./ emissions. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(20), 7060–7066 �

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Liu, L./Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S./ A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the PoKeller, J./Ordóñez, C./ basin. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112, article no. D22303, 16 pp �

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Lorenzo, R. Sources and characteristics of fine and ultrafine particles in ambient air. Dissertation 1556,Universität Freiburg, Switzerland, 2007, 111 pp

Lorenzo, R./Kaegi, R./Gehrig, R./ A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine particlesScherrer, L./Grobéty, B./ for microscopic analysis. Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, 41(10), 934–943 �

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Mohn, J./Werner, R. A./ High-precision δ13CO2 analysis by FTIR spectroscopy using a novel calibration strategy. Journal ofBuchmann, B./Emmenegger, L. Molecular Structure 2007, 834–836(SPEC. ISS.), 95–101 �

Neftel, A./Flechard, C./ Experimental assessment of N2O background fluxes in grassland systems. Tellus, Series B:Ammann, C./Conen, F./ Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2007, 59(3), 470–482 �

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Ordóñez, C./Brunner, D./ Strong influence of lowermost stratospheric ozone on lower tropospheric background ozoneStähelin, J./Hadjinicolaou, P./ changes over Europe. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34(7) �Pyle, J. A./Jonas, M./Wernli, H./Prévot, A. S. H.

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Reynolds-Henne, C. E./ Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino,Siegwolf, R. T. W./Treydte, K. S./ Switzerland). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2007, 21, article no. GB4009, 12 pp �

Esper, J./Henne, S./Saurer, M.

Schaub, D./Brunner, D./ SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 over Switzerland: estimates of NOx lifetimes and impact of theBoersma, K. F./Keller, J./Folini, D./ complex Alpine topography on the retrieval. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(23): 5971–5987. �Buchmann, B./Berresheim, H./Staehelin, J.

Schnadt, P. C./Staehelin, J./ A UT/LS ozone climatology of the nineteen seventies deduced from the GASP aircraftBrunner, D./Thouret, V./ measurement program. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(22): 5917–5936. �Mohnen, V.

Steinbacher, M./Fischer, A./ Perennial observations of molecular hydrogen (H2) at a suburban site in Switzerland. AtmosphericVollmer, M. K./Buchmann, B./ Environment 2007, 41(10), 2111–2124 �

Reimann, S./Hüglin, C.

Steinbacher, M./Zellweger, C./ Nitrogen oxide measurements at rural sites in Switzerland: Bias of conventional measurementSchwarzenbach, B./Bugmann, S./ techniques. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 2007, 112(11) �Buchmann, B./Ordóñez, C./Prevot, A. S. H./Hueglin, C.

Steinle, P./Lorenzo, R. Messung von ultrafeinen Aerosolen an Schweissarbeitsplätzen. Schweisstechnik 2007, 96(4),12–15

Stemmler, K./Folini, D./Ubl, S./ European emissions of HFC-365mfc, a chlorine-free substitute for the foam blowing agentsVollmer, M. K./Reimann, S./ HCFC-141b and CFC-11. Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(4), 1145–1151 �

O'Doherty, S./Greally, B. R./Simmonds, P. G./Manning, A. J.

Tanimoto, H./Mukai, H./Sawa, Y./ Direct assessment of international consistency of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy andMatsueda, H./Yonemura, S./ implementation toward metrological traceability network in Asia. J. Environ. Monit. 9(11): 1183–Wang, T./Poon, S./Wong, A./ 1193. �Lee, G./Jung, J. Y./Kim, K. R./Lee, M. H./Lin, N. H./Wang, J. L./Ou-Yang, C. F./Wu, C. F./Akimoto, H./Pochanart, P./Tsuboi, K./Doi, H./Zellweger, C./Klausen, J.

Vollmer, M. K./Juergens, N./ Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) from a tunnel study. AtmosphericSteinbacher, M./Reimann, S./ Environment 2007, 41(37), 8355–8369 (joint paper) �Weilenmann, M./Buchmann, B.

Wohltmann, I./Lehmann, R./ A process-oriented regression model for column ozone. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 112(D12). �Rex, M./Brunner, D./Mader, J. A.

Zanis, P./Ganser, A./Zellweger, C./ Seasonal variability of measured ozone production efficiencies in the lower free troposphere ofHenne, S./Steinbacher, M./ Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(1), 223–236 �

Staehelin, J.

Hydrogen & Energy Borgschulte, A./Bösenberg, U./ Enhanced hydrogen sorption kinetics of magnesium by destabilized MgH2 d. Catalysis Today 2007,Barkhordarian, G./Dornheim, M./ 120, 262–269 �

Bormann, R.

Borgschulte, A./Rector, J. H./ Electrohydrogenation of MgH2 -thin films. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90(7) �Schreuders, H./Dam, B./Griessen, R.

Bösenberg, U./Doppiu, S./ Hydrogen sorption properties of MgH2–LiBH4 composites. Acta Materialia 2007, 55, 3951–3958�

Mosegaard, L./Barkhordarian, G./Eigen, N./Borgschulte, A./Jensen, T. R./Cerenius, Y./Gutfleisch, O./Klassen, Th./Dornheim, M./Bormann, R.

160


Gremaud, R./Broedersz, C. P./ Hydrogenography: An optical combinatorial method to find new light-weight hydrogen-storageBorsa, D. M./Borgschulte, A./ materials. Advanced Materials 2007, 19(19), 2813–2817 �

Mauron, P./Schreuders, H./Rector, J. H./Dam, B./Griessen, R.

Li, H. -W./Orimo, S./Nakamori, Y./ Materials designing of metal borohydrides: Viewpoints from thermodynamical stabilities. JournalMiwa, K./Ohba, N./Towata, S./ of Alloys and Compounds 2007, 446–447, 315–318 �

Züttel, A.

Miwa, K./Ohba, N./Towata, S. - I./ First-principles study on thermodynamical stability of metal borohydrides: Aluminum borohydrideNakamori, Y./Züttel, A./ Al(BH4)3. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2007, 446–447, 310–314 �

Orimo, S. - I.

Orimo, S. I./Nakamori, Y./ Complex hydrides for hydrogen storage. Chemical Reviews 2007, 107(10), 4111–4132 �

Eliseo, J. R./Züttel, A./Jensen, C. M.

Riktor, M. D./Sørby, M. H./ In situ synchrotron diffraction studies of phase transitions and thermal decomposition ofChłopek, K./Fichtner, M./ Mg(BH4)2 and Ca(BH4)2, Journal of Materials Chemistry 2007, 17, 4939–4942 �

Buchter, F./Züttel, A./Hauback, B. C.

Rongeat, C./Llamas-Jansa, I./ Determination of the heat of hydride formation/decomposition by high-pressure differentialDoppiu, S./Deledda, S./ scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC). Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2007, 111, 13301–13306 �

Borgschulte, A./Schultz, L./Gutfleisch, O.

Stoltz, D./Bielmann, M./Bovet, M./ Tunneling evidence for spatial location of the charge-density-wave induced band splitting in 1T-TaSchlapbach, L./Berger, H. Se2. Physical Review B – Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 2007, 76(7) (joint paper) �

Zbigniew, L. Surface Verwey transition in magnetite. Physical Review Letters 2007, 99, article no. 206402, 4 pp�

Züttel, A. Hydrogen storage and distribution systems. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for GlobalChange 2007, 12(3), 323–345

Züttel, A./Borgschulte, A./ Tetrahydroborates as new hydrogen storage materials. Scripta Materialia 2007, 56(10), 823–828 �

Orimo, S. I.

Internal Combustion Dimopoulos, P./Bach, C./ Ceramic Foams as Catalyst Substrates: Pre-catalyst Application Homogenising the Exhaust FlowEngines Vogt, U. F./Herrmann, K. upstream of Aftertreatment Devices. SAE Technical Paper Series 2007-24-0097. 8th International

Conference on Engines for Automobile ICE2007, Capri, Naples, Italy, 2007

Alfarra, M. R./Prevot, A. S. H./ Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions.Szidat, S./Sandradewi, J./ Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 41(16), 5770–5777 (joint paper) �Weimer, S./Lanz, V. A./Schreiber, D./Mohr, M./Baltensperger, U.

Alvarez, R./Favez, J. Y./ Tracing of road traffic emissions. Measurement data completion on reference year 2000. GasolineWeilenmann, M. passenger cars Euro-4. Standard program. Empa Untersuchungsbericht 203270g, Dübendorf, 2007,

55 pp

Bach, Ch. Emissionsvergleich verschiedener Antriebsarten in aktuellen Personenwagen – Untersuchung derEmissionen von aktuellen Personenwagen mit konventionellen und direkt-eingespritzten Benzin-motoren, Dieselmotoren mit und ohne Partikelfilter, sowie Erdgasmotoren. Empa Studie, 2007

Bae, M. S./Demerjian, K. L./ Intercomparison of real time ammonium measurements at urban and rural locations in New York.Schwab, J. J./Weimer, S./Hou, J./ Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, 41(3), 329–341 �

Zhou, X. L./Rhoads, K./Orsini, D.


Dimopoulos, P./Boulouchos, K./ Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures in Passenger Car Engines. SAERechsteiner, C./Soltic, P./Hotz, R. Technical Paper Series 2007-24-0065. 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobile

ICE2007, Capri, Naples, Italy, 2007

SCI = �

SCIE = �

SSCI = �

161


Dimopoulos, P./Rechsteiner, C./ Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-naturalSoltic, P./Lämmle, C./ gas mixtures: A thermodynamic analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32(14),Boulouchos, K. 3073–3083 �

Drewnick, F./Schneider, J./ Measurement of ambient, interstitial, and residual aerosol particles on a mountaintop site inHings, S. S./Hock, N./Noone, K./ central Sweden using an aerosol mass spectrometer and a CVI. Journal of Atmospheric ChemistryTargino, A./Weimer, S./ 2007, 56(1), 1–20 �

Borrmann, S.

Kasper, A./Aufdenblatten, S./ Particulate emissions from a low-speed marine diesel engine. Aerosol Science and TechnologyForss, A./Mohr, M./Burtscher, H. 2007, 41(1), 24–32 �

Messerer, A./Schmatloch, V./ Combined particle emission reduction and heat recovery from combustion exhaust-A novelPöschl, U./Niessner, R. approach for small wood-fired appliances. Biomass and Bioenergy 2007, 31(7), 512–521 �

Rüdy, C./Weimer, S. Nachrüst-Partikelfilter für Diesel-Personenwagen. Empa Untersuchungsbericht 441179, Dübendorf,Schweiz, 2006, 17 pp

Salcedo, D./Onasch, T. B./ Technical Note: Use of a beam width probe in an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer to monitor particleCanagaratna, M. R./Dzepina, K./ collection efficiency in the field. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7(2), 549–556 �

Huffman, J. A./Jayne, J. T./Worsnop, D. R./Kolb, C. E./Weimer, S./Drewnick, F./Allan, J. D./Delia, A. E./Jimenez, J. L.

Schreiber, D./Forss, A. -M./ Particle Characterisation of Modern CNG,Gasoline and Diesel Passenger Cars. SAE Technical PaperMohr, M./Dimopoulos, P. Series 2007-24-0123. 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobile ICE2007, Capri,

Naples, Italy, 2007

Stilli, J./Weilenmann, M. Nachführung der Emissionsgrundlagen Strassenverkehr. Ergänzung der Messdaten auf dasBezugsjahr 2000, Diesel Personenwagen Euro-3, Standardprogramm. Empa Untersuchungsbericht203270f, Dübendorf, Schweiz, 2006, 59 pp

Vollmer, M. K./Juergens, N./ Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H2) from a tunnel study. AtmosphericSteinbacher, M./Reimann, S./ Environment 2007, 41, 8355–8369 (joint paper) �Weilenmann, M./Buchmann, B.

Solid State Chemistry Aguiar, R./Lee, Y./Domen, K./ Advances in oxynitride perovskites: synthesis and photocatalytic applications. In: Lin, P.B. (Ed.),and Catalysis Kalytta, A./Logvinovich, D./ Ceramic materials research trends. , Nova Publishers, 2007, 35 pp

Weidenkaff, A./Reller, A./Ebbinghaus, S. G.

Aguiar, R./Weidenkaff, A./ Synthesis and properties of oxynitrides (La,Sr)Ti(O,N)3 thin films. Progress in Solid StateSchneider, C. W./Reller, A./ Chemistry 2007, 35(2-4 SPEC. ISS.), 291–298 �

Ebbinghaus, S. G.

Aguirre, M. H./Robert, R./ Synthesis, crystal structure, and microstructure analysis of perovskite-type compoundsLogvinovich, D./Weidenkaff, A. LnCo0.95Ni0.05O3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Dy). Inorganic Chemistry 2007, 46(7),

2744–2750 �

Bocher, L./Aguirre, M. H./ Chimie douce synthesis and thermochemical characterization of mesoporous perovskite-typeRobert, R./Trottmann, M./ titanate phases. Thermochimica Acta 2007, 457(1–2), 11–19 �

Logvinovich, D./Hug, P./Weidenkaff, A.


Bukowiecki, N./Gehrig, R./Hill, M./ Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zu_rich (Switzerland):Lienemann, P./Zwicky, C. N./ Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(4), 878–Buchmann, B./Weingartner, E./ 889 (joint paper) �Baltensperger, U.

162


Canulescu, S./Lippert, Th/ The effect of the fluence on the properties of La-Ca-Mn-O thin films prepared by pulsed laserWokaun, A./Döbeli, M./ deposition. Applied Surface Science 2007, 253(19), 8174–8178 �

Weidenkaff, A./Robert, R./Logvinovich, D.

Canulescu, S./Lippert, Th./ Preparation of epitaxial La0.6Ca0.4Mn1-xFexO3 (x = 0, 0.2) thin films: Variation of the oxygenWokaun, A./Robert, R./ content. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 241–248 �

Logvinovich, D./Weidenkaff, A./Döbeli, M./Schneider, M.

Endrino, J. L./Palacín, S./ Determination of the local environment of silicon and the microstructure of quaternary CrAl(Si)NAguirre, M. H./Gutiérrez, A./ films. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(6), 2129–2135 �

Schäfers, F.

Endrino, J. L./Palacín, S./ Study of the effects of Si addition on the properties of hard nanocomposite thin film. Paper 0976-Gutiérrez, A./Aguirre, M. H./ EE03-18. 5 ppSchäfers, F.

Gehrig, R./Hill, M./Lienemann, P./ Contribution of railway traffic to local PM10 concentrations in Switzerland. AtmosphericZwicky, C. N./Bukowiecki, N./ Environment 2007, 41(5), 923–933 (joint paper) �Weingartner, E./Baltensperger, U./Buchmann, B.

Hannemann, S./Grunwaldt, J. -D/ Combination of flame synthesis and high-throughput experimentation: The preparation ofLienemann, P./Günther, D./ alumina-supported noble metal particles and their application in the partial oxidation of methane.Krumeich, F./Pratsinis, S. E./ Applied Catalysis A: General 2007, 316(2), 226–239 �

Baiker, A.

Heeb, N. V./Bernd Schweizer, W./ Crystal structure analysis of enantiomerically pure (+) and (-) β-hexabromocyclododecanes.Mattrel, P./Haag, R./Kohler, M. Chemosphere 2007, 66(8), 1590–1594 (joint paper) �

Heeb, N. V./Schweizer, W. B./ Solid-state conformations and absolute configurations of (+) and (-) α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyMattrel, P./Haag, R./ clododecanes (HBCDs). Chemosphere 2007, 68(5), 940–950 (joint paper) �Gerecke, A. C./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./Zennegg, M./Wolfensberger, M.


Homazava, N./Ulrich, A./ Micro-capillary system coupled to ICP-MS as a novel technique for investigation of micro-corrosionTrottmann, M./Krähenbühl, U. processes. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 2007, 22(9), 1122–1130 (joint paper) �

Lippert, T./Montenegro, M. J./ Perovskite thin films deposited by pulsed laser ablation as model systems for electrochemicalDöbeli, M./Weidenkaff, A./ applications. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 221–231 �

Müller, S./Willmott, P. R./Wokaun, A.

Logvinovich, D./Aguiar, R./ Synthesis, Mo-valence state, thermal stability and thermoelectric properties of SrMoO3-xNx (x>1)Robert, R./Trottmann, M./ oxynitride perovskites. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 2007, 180(10), 2649–2654 �

Ebbinghaus, S. G./Reller, A./Weidenkaff, A.

Logvinovich, D./Börger, A./ Synthesis and physical chemical properties of Ca-substituted LaTiO2N. Progress in Solid StateDöbeli, M./Ebbinghaus, S. G./ Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 281–290 �

Reller, A./Weidenkaff, A.

Louis-Schmid, B./Rais, P./ Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon-isotope record: A case study from a Late JurassicLogvinovich, D./ hemipelagic section. Terra Nova 2007, 19(4), 259–265 �

Bernasconi, S. M./Weissert, H.

SCI = �

SCIE = �

SSCI = �

163


Luster, J./Zimmermann, S./ Heavy metals in Swiss forest soils: modification of lithogenic and anthropogenic contents byZwicky, C. N./Lienemann, P./ pedogenetic processes, and implications for ecological risk assessment. In: Anonymous FunctionBlaser, P. of soils for human societies and the environment. Geological Society Special Publication 266,

2006, 63–77

Marozau, I./Döbeli, M./Lippert, T./ One-step preparation of N-doped strontium titanate films by pulsed laser deposition. AppliedLogvinovich, D./Mallepell, M./ Physics A: Materials Science and Processing 2007, 89(4), 933–940 �

Shkabko, A./Weidenkaff, A./Wokaun, A.

Robert, R. Synthesis, structure and thermoelectric properties of cobaltate phases. Dissertation, 2007

Robert, R./Aguirre, M. H./Hug, P./ High-temperature thermoelectric properties of Ln(Co, Ni)O3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd and Dy)Reller, A./Weidenkaff, A. compounds. Acta Materialia 2007, 55(15), 4965–4972 �

Robert, R./Bocher, L./Sipos, B./ Ni-doped cobaltates as potential materials for high temperature solar thermoelectric converters.Döbeli, M./Weidenkaff, A. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 2007, 35(2–4 SPEC. ISS.), 447–455 �

Weidenkaff, A./Aguirre, M./ The Development of Thermoelectric Oxides with Perovskite-Type Structures for Alternative EnergyBocher, L./Trottmann, M./ Technologies. The American Ceramic Society, Proceedings of the 31st International Conference onRobert, R. Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Daytona Beach, Florida, 2007, pp 501–509

Weidenkaff, A./Robert, R./ Nanostructured thermoelectric oxides with low thermal conductivity. Physica status solidi (RRL)Aguirre, M. H./Bocher, L./ Rapid Research Letters 2007, 1(6), 247–249 (joint paper) �Schlapbach, L.

Zennegg, M./Kohler, M./ The historical record of PCB and PCDD/F deposition at Greifensee, a lake of the Swiss plateau,Hartmann, P. C./Sturm, M./ between 1848 and 1999. Chemosphere 2007, 67(9), 1754–1761 (joint paper) �Gujer, E./Schmid, P./Gerecke, A. C./Heeb, N. V./Kohler, H. P. E./Giger, W.

164


Empa staff participate in many national and international scientificevents every year, either as organizers or guest speakers, or by presentingpeer-reviewed papers and/or peer-reviewed posters. Please note that the listbelow only represents a selection of these activities.


Corrosion and Eckermann, F./Uggowitzer, P. J./ In-Situ Microtomography of Locally Induced Current Controlled Corrosion on Aluminium Alloys,Materials Integrity Suter, T./Stampanoni, M./ 212th ECS Meeting, Washington, USA, 10-08 w

Schmutz, P.

Faller, M. Metalle und Umwelt – Verhalten von Blechen gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen, Spenglertag 2007,Suissetec, 03-14 w l

Faller, M. Nichtrostende Stähle für Sonderklimaten, 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung Befestigungsmittel imHochbau, gfkorr, Stuttgart, DE, 04-18 thru 19 n w l

Reiss, D. Is a rating of atmospheric zinc corrosion possible? 23rd Task Force meeting of ICP ECE WegMaterials, Paris, FR, 03-13 l

Schmutz, P. Corrosion Mechanisms and Protection of WE43 Alloy in «Biologically Relevant» Environments,212th ECS meeting, Washington, USA, 10-09 w l

Schmutz, P. Locally Resolved Characterization of Electrochemical Reactivity in Controlled nm thick ElectrolyteLayers, 212th ECS Meeting, Washington, USA, 10-09 w

Suter, T. Detection of Hydrogen in Ropes, OITAF-Meeting, Empa Dübendorf, 09-03 thru 04 w l

Suter, T./Eckermann, F./ Electrochemical Tools for Studies on the Micrometer and Submicrometer Level, InternationalStampanoni, M. Society of Electrochemistry, 58th Annual meeting, Banff, CA, 09-09 thru 14 w l

Zgraggen, M./Suter, T. Bewertung von Korrosion an Tragseilen, OITAF-Meeting, Empa, Dübendorf, 03-09 thru 04 w l

Functional Polymers Araujo de Castro, F./Borin, J./ Polymer-dye as a new low dose gamma radiation dosimeter, Euromat 2007, Nürnberg, DE, 09-10Geiger, T./Nüesch, F./ thru 13 w

Graeff, C. F. O.

Fardel, R./Nagel, M./Nüesch, F./ Influence of thickness on the laser ablation of a triazene polymer. E-MRS conference Strasbourg,Lippert, T./Wokaun, A./ FR, 05-28 thru 06-01 w

Lukyanchuk, B.

Heier, J. Strukturierung von Polymeren, Mikro- und Nano-technologie für die MEM-Industrie, EmpaWorkshopreihe Herbst 2007, 11-06 w l

Heier, J./Castro, F./Nüesch, F./ Interface control in organic heterojunction photovoltaic cells by phase separation processes, SPIEHany, R. Optics + Photonics, San Diego, USA, 08-26 thru 30 w

Löwe, Ch. Oxidation Induction Time Measurements on Polyethylen/Ethylenevinylacetate BlendsChemilumineszenz Symposium, Burgdorf, 11-20 w l

Empa Activities 2007Conferences

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

165


Nagel, M./Fardel, R./Feurer, P./ Photopolymer films as absorbing sacrificil layers applied for UV-laser-Induced forward transferNüesch, F./Lippert, T./Wokaun, A. (LIFT). COLA – 9th International Symposium on Laser Ablation, Tenerife, ES, 09-24 thru 28 w

Nagel, M./Fardel, R./Nüesch, F./ Novel applications of aryltriazene photopolymers as absorbing sacrificial layers for laser-assistedLippert, T. forward transfer of sensitive materials. IUPAC 3rd International Symposium on Novel Materials

and Synthesis (NMS-III) and 17th International Symposium on Fine Chemistry and FunctionalPolymers (FCFP-XVII), Shanghai, CN, 10-17 thru 21 w l

Nüesch, F. DSC approval- Testing benchmarks for reliable products, NanoEurope and DSC IC InternationalConference, St. Gallen, 09-11 thru 13 w l

Nüesch, F. Solar Cells based on Photographic Dyes, 3rd Plastic Electronics Conference, Frankfurt, DE, 09-29thru 30 w l

Nüesch, F. Photovoltaik an der Empa, Von heutigen zu zukünftigen Materialien, 7. Nationale PhotovoltaikTagung, Luzern, 11-09 w l

High Performance Barna, E. Effect of organosilane grafted nanoparticles on the nano scratch resistance of polyurethane clearCeramics coatings, ICCE15, 15th Annual Int. Conference on Composites/Nano Engineering, Haikou, CN,

07-06 thru 21 w

Bayraktar, D. Properties of B-site substituted La0.5Sr0.5FeO3-σ, perovskites for application in oxygen separationmembranes, Int. Conference on Electroceramics, Arusha, TZ, 07-31 thru 08-03 w

Blugan, G. Oxidation and Corrosion of Silicon Nitride at 1200°C and 1500°C, 5th China Int. Conference onHigh Performance Ceramics, Changsha, Hunan Province, CN, 05-10 thru 13 w

Braun, A. Impact on ferrocene on the structure of diesel soot, European Aerosol Conference, Salzburg, AT,09-09 thru 14 w

Clemens, F. Piezoelectric characterisation on PZT-single fibres and correlation with AFC-structures,International Symposium on Piezocomposite Applications (SPA 2007), Dresden, DE, 09-27 thru 28w l

Duval, S. Effect of minor element addition on the electrical properties of BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ, Conference SolidState Ionics SSI-16, Shanghai, CN, 07-01 thru 06 w

Graule, T. Synthesis of porous ceramic materials and their application in bacteria and virus filtration, ECers,10th Int. Conference, Estrel Convention Center, Berlin, DE, 06-17 thru 21 w l

Heel, A. Flame Spray Synthesis of Nanostructured Perovskite-Composites for Fuel Cell Applications,European Aerosol Conference 2007, Salzburg, AT, 09-09 thru 14 w

Heiber, J. Influence of varying the powder loading content on the homogenity and properties of extrudedpzt-fibres, 5th China Int. Conference on High Performance Ceramics, Changsha, Hunan Province,CN, 05-10 thru 13 w

Holtappels, P. Development of oxide ceramics for application in solid oxide fuel cells, IUPAC Conference onNovel Materials and Synthesis III and Fine Chemistry and Functional Polymers XVIII ((NMS-III &FCFP XVIII), Shanghai, CN, 10-17 thru 21 w l

Kübler, J. Development of ceramic composites for industrial wood cutting tools, 5th China Int. Conferenceon High Performance Ceramics, Changsha, Hunan Province, CN, 05-10 thru 13 w l

Kübler, J. Development of ceramic composites for industrial wood cutting tools, ECers, 10th Int. Conference,Estrel Convention Center, Berlin, DE, 06-17 thru 21 w l

Michalow, K. Flame Spray Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Wox-Tio2Nanoparticles, The 12th Interna-tional Conference on TiO2 Photocatalysis: Fundamentals & Applications, New York, USA, 09-24thru 27 w

Vogt, U. Nitrogen Bounded Silicon Carbide Foam Composites for High Temperature Porous Burner Systems,Conference High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (HTCMC), New Delhi, IN, 09-04 thru 07w l

Joining and Interface Dong, Z. Z./Klotz, U. E. Excellent shape recovery of Fe-Mn-Si based alloys with V(C,N) precipitation, SMST 2007, Tsukuba,Technology JP, 12-02 thru 05 w l

166


Duarte, L. I./Klotz, U. E./ Experimental study of the Fe-Ni-Ti system at 800°C and 1000°C, COST Action 535, Thalu FinalLeinenbach, C./Löffler, J. F. conference, Interlaken, 10-21 thru 24 w

Elsener, H. R./Klotz, U. E. Active brazing filler metals containing TiC nanoparticles formed by in-situ decomposition oforganic binder systems, Löt07 -8th International Conference on Brazing, High Temperature Brazingand Diffusion Welding, Aachen, DE, 06-19 thru 24 w

Janczak-Rusch, J. Design, brazing and characterization of metal-ceramic joints, XVIIIth Physical Metallurgy andMaterials Science Conference AMT 2007 (Advanced Materials and Technology), Jachranka, PL,06-19 w l

Janczak-Rusch, J. PhD programmes in material science: International PhD School for High Performance MaterialsAimed at Sustainable and Environmentally Compatible Applications, XII Workshop of PolishMaterials Society, Augustow, PL, 09-04 w l

Klotz, U. E./Elsener, H. -R./Liu, C./ Active Brazed Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride – Interfacial Nanostructure and Applications, IVKhalid, F. A. International Materials Symposium – A Materials Science Forum, Porto, PT, 04-01 thru 04 w l

Leinenbach, C./Gelder, N./ Shielding gas brazing of martensitic stainless steel with copper free silver based filler metals,Klotz, U. E. Löt07-8th International Conference on Brazing, High Temperature Brazing and Diffusion Welding,

Aachen, DE, 06-19 thru 24 w

Roth, M./Janzcak, J./Klotz, U. E./ New concepts in brazing technology, Forum of Technology – Turbine Forum 2007, Nizza,Leinenbach, C. FR, 04-17 thru 20 w l

Roth, M./Liu, C./Klotz, U./ Application of CALPHAD Modelling in Joining Technology, International Conference of Non-Leinenbach, C. ferrous Materials, Changsha, CN, 11-25 thur 30 w l

Sivasubramaniam, V./ Composite lead-free solders: design and process optimization, Euromat 2007, Nürnberg, DE, 09-10 w

Janczak-Rusch, J./Botsis, J.

Materials Processing Hadad, M. Wear performance of sandwich structured WC-Co-Cr thermally sprayed coatings using differentand Characterization intermediate layers, Wear of Materials WOM, Montréal, CA, 04-15 w l

Leparoux, M. Synthèse par plasma thermique de nanopoudres de carbures – SiC et TiCN, Science et Technologiedes Poudres & Poudres et Matériaux Frittes (STP2007), Ecole des Mines d'Albi, FR, 05-24 w

Siegmann, S. Synthesis of Phase and Size Controlled Nanopowders using RF Thermal Plasmas, InternationalPlasma Conference, Sharm El Sheikh, EG, 01-14 thru 18 w l

Siegmann, S. Tribological and Corrosion Behavior of Vacuum Plasma Sprayed Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystalline Coatings,International Thermal Spray Conference 2007, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, CN, 05-15 w

Siegmann, S. First Application and Case Studies of EN 15340 Shear Test in the Field of Automotive, Aircraft, andMedicine, AGV 7 Arbeitskreis, Berlin, DE, 10-25 w l

Vaucher, S. Real-time Temperature and Phase Transformation during Microwave processing of AluminiumCopper Iron by Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, 11th International Conference on Microwave andHigh Frequency Heating, Oradea, RO, 09-03 thru 06 w

Mechanics of Micro- Bidiville, A./Wasmer, K./ Towards the Correlation of Mechanical Properties and Sawing Parameters of Silicon Wafers, 22ndMaterials and Michler, J./Ballif, Ch./ European Photovoltaic Solar Energy & Exhibition, Mailand, IT, 09-03 thru 07 F

Nanostructures Van der Meer, M./Nasch, P.

Hohl, M./Nelis, T./Michler, J./ New tool for fast and precise chemical analysis of thin oxide layers: pulsed rf-glow-dischargeTanner, Ch./Gonin, M./Fuhrer, K. time-of-flight mass spectrometry, ECASIA 2007, Brüssel, BE, 09-09 thru 14 F

Miyazoe, H./Terashima, K./ Focused electron beam induced etching and in-situ monitoring: Fabrication of sub-beam sizedMichler, J./Utke, I. nanoholes, 20th International Microprocesses and Nanotechnology Conference, Kyoto, JP, 11-05

thru 08 F

Moser, B. Micromechanics Inside the SEM: What Can We Learn From In-situ Experiments?, MRS FallMeeting, Boston, USA, 11-26 w l

Nelis, T. Current state of pulsed analytical discharges and their future use for GD-OES and GD-MS, ECASIA07, Brüssel, BE, 09-13 w

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

167


Radice, S./Kern, P./Dittmann, R./ Bio-coatings with controlled porosity by electrophoretic deposition of TiO2-polystyrene compositeDietsch, H./Michler, J. particles, ESB 2007 – 21st European Conference on Biomaterials, Brighton, UK, 09-09 thru 13 F

Rzepiejewska-Malyska, K. Mechanical characterization of multilayer nitride coatings, The International Conference onMetallurgical Coatings and Thin Films ICMCTF, San Diego, USA, 04-23 thru 27 w

Rzepiejewska-Malyska, K. In-situ nanomechanical characterization of TiN/NbN, NbN/CrN and CrN/NbN coatings, MaterialsSociety Conference, Boston, USA, 11-26 thru 30 w

Schwaller, P. Determination of complete stress-strain curves of UV-LIGA materials from nanoindentationexperiments, 2nd Vienna International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Technology, Wien,AT, 03-14 thru 16 w

Schwaller, P. Determination of mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires by in-situ SEM experiments, Nanomech8 – 8th European Symposium on Nanomechanical Testing, Hückelhoven, DE, 09-03 thru 05 w

Utke, I./Friedli, V./Purrucker, M./ Scaling Laws for Resolution in FEB Induced Deposition, International Conference on Electron, Ion,Michler, J. and Photon Beams and Nanofabrication (EIPBN), Denver, USA, 05-30 thru 02-06 F

Wasmer, K./Bidiville, A./Michler, J./ Effect of Strength Test Method on Silicon Wafer Strength Measurements, 22nd EuropeanBallif, Ch./Van der Meer, M./ Photovoltaic Solar Energy & Exhibition, Mailand, IT, 09-03 thru 07 F

Nasch, P.

Nanoscale Materials Castaldi, L. E-MRS 2007, Strasbourg, FR, 05-31 w

ScienceEquey, S. Comparison of the behaviour of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and ashless additives on steel and

diamond-like carbon coatings, Leeds-Lyon Symposium, Lyon, FR, 09-07 w

Ernst, K. -H. Butandioc acid derivatives on Cu(110): Sergeants and soldiers, 2D enantiomorphism and surfaceexplosion / 233rd ACS National Meeting / Chicago, USA, 03-27 w l

Ernst, K. -H. World in a mirror: Chirality in the natural sciences, Habilitationsprobevorlesung, UniversityZurich, 05-24 w l

Hug, H. J. NIST, Washington, USA, 01-17 w l

Kappenberger, P./Schmid, I./ The Role of uncompensated spins in Exchange Bias, MMM 2007, Baltimore, USA, 09-01 w

Romer, S./Hug, H. J.

Keller, B. A. 1st Annual CCMX-Meeting, Fribourg, 20-03 w l

Marioni, M. A. INRIM, Torino, IT, 11-22 w l

Merz, L. et al. Reversible phase transition in buckybowl monolayers: STM study of corannulene on Cu(111),ECSCD-9, Vienna, AT, 09-03 w

Parlisnka-Wojtan, M. E-MRS Warschau, PL, 09-17 thru 21 n

Parschau, M. et al. Homochirality in racemic 2-dimensional organic crystals and the implication on 3-dimensionalchiral conglomerate formation, 3rd International Workshop on Surface Physics, Polanica Zdrój, PL,09-12 w

Patscheider, J. ICMCTF 2007, San Diego, USA, 04-23 n

Pélisson, A. ICMCTF 2007, San Diego, USA, 04-27 w

Roba, M. Lubrication of biomaterials used in hip implants, Nanotribology, Vietnam 2007, 03-26 w

Thai, Q./Dianoux, R./Hug H. J. ICNT+T 2007, Stockholm, Schweden, SE, 07-02 thru 06 w

nanotech@surfaces Cañas-Ventura, M. E. Exploiting template surface and end-group functionalities to guide the self-assembly of specificsupramolecular architectures, TNT2007, San Sebastian, ES, 09-05 w

Fasel, R. Molecular self-assembly on nanostructured template surfaces, Physics Seminar, InternationalUniversity of Bremen, Bremen, DE, 05-15 w l

Fasel, R. Molecular self-assembly on nanostructured template surfaces, International Conference onNanoscience and Technology ICN+T 2007, Stockholm, SE, 07-05 w

168


Gröning, P. Nanotechnologie: Innovationsmotor der Zukunft, Anlage-Apéro Baloise BankSoBa, Hotel Victoria,Basel, 03-15 w l

Gröning, P. Kunststoffe: Basis neuer Werkstoffe, 7. Ostschweizer Technologiesymposium, Olma Messe,St. Gallen, 08-24 w l

Gröning, P. Carbon Nanotubes: An Overview, ABB Research Laboratory, Dättwil, 09-07 w l

Gröning, O. Hydrogen Ion induced Modifications of Graphite and Carbon Nanotubes, Winterscool MaterialsScience TU Munich, DE, 02-26 thru 03-01 w l

Gröning, O. STM/STS study of the (10-100) 2-fold surface of the d-AlNiCo Quasicrystal, Int. Conference onNanoscience and Technology ICN+T 2007, Stockholm, SE, 07-03 w

Mäder, R. Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy on the, (12110)2-fold d-AlNiCo Quasicrystalline Surface, Quasicrystals – The silver Jubilee, Tel Aviv, IL, 10-19 w

Passerone, D. Modelling oxygen influence on ceramics wettability by liquid metals: Ag-Al2O3, High TemperatureCeramics HTC 2007, Alicante, ES, 03-05 w

Ruffieux, P. Site-selective adsorption of molecules on Ag/Pt(111) strain relief pattern and investigation of thelocal electronic properties, International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology ICN+T 2007,Stockholm, SE, 07-04 w

Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Meier, U. What kind of future developments are needed?, fib-Conference Externally BondedReinforcement, Empa Akademie, Dubendorf, 01-18 w l

Meier, U. CFRP in Construction: Dreams versus Reality, Swiss Re Seminar Composite Materials, Swiss ReCentre for Global Dialogue Rüschlikon, 01-26 w l

Meier, U. Fibre Reinforced Polymers in Civil Structures: Future R&D Needs, Seminar of BASF UndergroundConstruction International, UGC Headquarters Zurich, 02-12 w l

Meier, U. The Swiss Experience with Carbon Fibre Composites in Sustainable Infrastructure, 2nd Interna-tional Conference on Recent Advances in Composite Materials (ICRACM), India Habitat Centre,New Delhi, IN, 02-22 w l

Meier, U. New opportrunities through the combination of FRP and timber, University of Cambridge,Engineering Department, Cambridge, UK, 03-08 w l

Meier, U. Thin thermoplastic CFRP tapes support wooden structures, COBRAE (Composite Bridge AllianceEurope) Conference 2007, University of Stuttgart, DE, 03-30 w l

Meier, U. Benefits of Composites in Civil Engineering: How are we ghoing from here?, COBRAE (CompositeBridge Alliance Europe) Conference 2007, University of Stuttgart, DE, 03-31 w l

Meier, U. Langzeiterfahrung bei der Verstärkung von Bauwerken mit kohlenstofffaserverstärktenPolymerbändern, Kongress zum Thema Instandsetzung von Infrastrukturbauten, ÖsterreichischerIngenieur und Architektenverein, Wien, AT, 04-27 w l

Meier, U. New Opportunities by Combination of FRP and Timber, 14. Internationales Techtextil-Symposiumfür Technische Textilien, Messe Frankfurt, DE, 06-13 w l

Meier, U. Advanced Thermoplastic CFRP Tendons, International Workshop on Thermoplastic MatrixComposites THEPLAC 2007, Grand Hotel Masseria Santa Lucia, Ostuni, Brindisi, IT, 06-28 w l

Meier, U. Is there a future for automated application of CFRP strips for post-strengthening?, Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structutres (FRPRCS-8), University of Patras, GR, 07-16 w l

Meier, U. State-of-the-art and future potential of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers for CivilEngineering, Seminar SGL Group – The Carbon Company, Meitingen, DE, 08-21 w l

Meier, U. Stork Bridge, U.S.-Europe Workshop on Long Term Bridge Performance, Empa Akademie,Dubendorf, 09-12 w l

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

169


Meier, U. Worlds-First CFRP in Civil Engineering, Swiss CFR composites mission to England of the BritishEmbassy Berne, Weston Conference Centre Manchester University, UK, 10-04 w l

Meier, U. Kohlenstofffasern im Bauwesen, Seminar Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Muttenz,10-05 w l

Meier, U. Wrap up Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure, The 3rd InternationalConference on Structural Healtmonitoring, Fairmont Waterfront Hotel, Vancouver, CA, 11-16 w l

Richner, P. Forschung – die Basis erfolgreicher Innovationen, Allianz der Bauindustrie, Zürich, 03-15 w l

Richner, P. CO2-optimiertes Bauen als Grundlage für die Zukunft Plenarversammlung bauenschweiz, Bern,11-15 w l

Building Technologies Artmann, N./Manz, H./ Parametric study on the dynamic heat storage capacity of building elements, 2nd PALENCHeiselberg, P. Conference on Building Low Energy Cooling and Advanced Ventilation Technologies in the 21st

Century, Crete Island, GR, 09-27 thru 29 w

Frank, T. Climate Change Impacts on Building Indoor Environment and Energy Demand, CISBAT 2007Renewables in a Changing Climate – Innovation in the Built Environmen, Lausanne, 09-04 thru 05w l

Frank, T./Manz, H./ Validation procedures for transient temperature, load and energy calculations in buildingLoutzenhiser, P. simulation codes, 12th Symposium for Building Physics, Dresden, DE, 03-29 truh 31 w l

Frank, Th./Güttinger, H./ Thermal Comfort Measurements in a Hybrid Ventilated Office Room, 9th REHVA World Congress,van Velsen, S. Clima 2007 WellBeeing Indoors, Helsinki, Finland, FI, 06-10 thru 14 w

Haas, A./Dorer, V./Weber, A. FC system models for building simulation – challenges and solutions, 4th Fuel Cell ResearchSymposium on Modelling and Experimental Validation, FZ Juelich, DE, 03-06 thru 08 w

Koebel, M. Synchrotron Torr-pressure XPS studies on 2D Pt-nanoparticle array cleaning for modelcatalysts/ISHHC XIII: International Symposium on Homogeneous and HeterogeneousCatalysis, Berkeley, CA, USA, 07-16 thru 20 w

Simmler, H./Brunner, S. In situ Performance Assessment and Service Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) inBuildings, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Wuerzburg, DE, 09-18 thru 19n w l

Weber, R. Chemical heat staorage using Na-leach, Intersolar 07, Freiburg, DE, 06-21 thru 22 w l

Zimmermann, M. Vacuum Insulation – Challenges and Opportunities for Becoming a Standard InsulationTechnology, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Symposium, Wuerzburg, DE, 09-18 thru 19 w l

Zimmermann, M. IEA Annex 50 – Lösungsansätze für die bewohnte Baustelle, Ökosan `07 – High-qualityrehabilitation of large volume buildings, Weiz, AT, 10-10 thru 12 w l

Zimmermann, M. 2000 Watt-Gesellschaft: Nicht nur die Heizung zählt, 13. Internationales Holzbauforum/Garmisch-Partenkirchen, DE, 12-05 thru 07 w l

Zimmermann, M./Dettli, R./ Environmental Impact of energy standards, 11th Internation Passive House Conference, Bregenz,Baur, M./Philippen, D./ AT, 04-13 thru 14 w l

Frischknecht, R./Faist, M.

Center for Synergetic Crettol, R. Tensairity. Innovative Sheltering. Eindhoven, NL, 12-21 thru 23 w l

StructuresLuchsinger, R. Bauen mit Luft, Trainierbare Tragwerke-Lebende Bauten. Symposium, Stuttgart, DE, 01-26 w l

Luchsinger, R. Bauen mit Luft: Die neue Leichtbau-Tragstruktur Tensairity. IBK Seminar, ETH Zürich, 04-24 w l

Luchsinger, R. Leicht gebaut: Tragstrukturen in Natur und Technik. Bionik Workshop für die Industrie, Empa,Dübendorf, 11-27 thru 28 n w l

Luchsinger, R. et al Biomimetic self-repairing membranes for pneumatic structures. SEB annual main meeting,Glasgow, UK, 03-31 thru 04-04 w l

Luchsinger, R. et al Synergetic Structures and Tensairity. Tensinet Symposium, Milano, IT, 04-16 thru 18 w l

170


Luchsinger, R. et al The new light-weigt structure Tensairity. SEWC 2007, Bangalore, IN, 11-02 thru 07 w l

Plagianankos, T./Luchsinger. R. Static response of a spindle shaped Tensairity column under compression. IASS Symposium 2007,Venice, IT, 12-03 thru 06 w

Concrete/Construction Holzer, L. Cryo FIB-nanotomography for quantitative microstructure analysisin materials science.Chemistry 4D-microscopy in life science, ETHZ and University of Zürich, 01-15 thru 19 w l

Holzer, L. «Quantitative analysis of complex suspensions using Cryo-FIB-nanotomography» Microscopy anMicroanalysis, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 08-04 thru 11 w l

Leemann, A./Hoffmann, C. Selbstverdichtender Beton, ASTRA-Tagung, Neues aus der Brückenforschung, Bern, 11-19 w l

Lothenbach, B. Thermodynamic modeling, Characterisation Techniques für Cementitious Materials, Marie CurieTraining Course 2, Ljubljana, SI, 03-05 thru 09 w l

Lothenbach, B. Thermodynamic modeling of the effect of temperature on the hydration and porosity of portlandcement, MHM 2007, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference hosted by the Czech Technical University,Prague, CZ, 06-25 thru 27 w

Lothenbach, B./Schmidt, Th./ Influence of limestone additions on sulfate ingression, RILEM, Workshop Proceedings, UniversityRomer, M. of Gent, BE, 09-03 w l

Lothenbach, B./Winnefeld, F./ The influence of superplasticizers on the hydration of Portland cement, 12th InternationalFigi, R. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal, CA, 07-08 thru 13 w

Matschei, T./Herfort, D./ Relationships of cement paste mineralogy to porosity and mechanical properties, MHM 2007,Lothenbach, B./Glasser, F. P. ECCOMAS Thematic Conference hosted by the Czech Technical University, Prague, CZ,

06-25 thru 27 w

Rössler, C./Eberhardt, A./ Influence of hydration on the fluidity of normal portland cement pastes, 12th InternationalKucerova, H./Möser, B. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal, CA, 07-08 thru 13 F w

Winnefeld, F./Leemann, A./ Alkaliaktivierte Stein- und Braunkohlenflugaschen als Bindemittel für Beton, Tagung Bauchemie,Lucuk, M./Svoboda, P./ GDCh-Fachtagung, Siegen, DE, 09-27 thru 28 F w

Neuroth, M.

Winnefeld, F./Zingg, A./Holzer, L./ Interacion of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers and cements: influence of polymer structureFigi, R./Pakusch, J./Becker, S. and C3A-content of cement, 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montréal,

CA, 07-08 thru 13

Zingg, A./Holzer, L./Winnefeld, F./ Einfluss von Fliessmitteln auf die Nukleation von Hydratphasen und auf die PartikelstrukturMünch, B./Pakusch, J./ frischer Zementpasten, Tagung Bauchemie, GDCh-Fachtagung, Siegen, DE, 09-27 thru 28 w

Uribe-Arocha, P./Becker, S./Käch, A./Gauckler, L.

Mechanical Systems Barbezat, M./Brunner, A. J./ Nanocomposite epoxy resin as matrix for GFRP laminates with enhanced fracture behavior,Engineering Necola, A./Rees, M./Gasser, Ph./ COMP-07, 6th International Symposium on Advanced Composite Technologies, Corfu, GR, 05-16 w

Terrasi, G.

Birchmeier, M./Brunner, A. J./ Experimental characterization of Active Fiber Composites used as piezoelectric transducers forParadies, R./Dual, J. emitting and receiving Lamb waves in plate-like structures, ATEM 07, JSME-MMD, Fukuoka, JP,

09-14 w

Brunner, A. J. Organizer Session OS17 «Sensors and Sensor Networks for Adaptive and Smart Structures:Challenges and Approaches» (mit K. Kageyama – Toyko University und A. Todoroki – TokyoInstitute of Technology), International Conference on Advanced Technology in ExperimentalMechanics, atem’07, Fukuoka, JP, 09-12 n w l

Brunner, A. J./Terrasi, G. P. Delamination Resistance Testing of Glass-Fiber Composite Laminates, 22nd Annual TechnicalConference of American Society for Composites (ASC), Seattle, USA, 09-17 w l

Dürager, Ch./Brunner, A. J. Wireless Signal Transmission and Excitation for Piezoelectric Active Fibre Composite Elements,ATEM 07, JSME-MMD, Fukuoka, JP, 09-14 w

Haa, S./Wissler, M./Pelrine, R./ Enhanced Performance of IPN Electroelastomer, SPIE Conference, San Diego, USA, 03-22 w

Stanford, S./Kovacs,G./Pei, Q.

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

171


Lochmatter, P./Kovacs, G. Concept study on active shells driven by soft dielectric EAP, SPIE Conference, San Diego, USA,03-22 w

Michel, S./Dürager, Ch./ Electro Active Polymers as a Novel Actuator Technology for Lighter-Than-Air Vehicles, SPIEZobel, M./Fink, E. Conference, San Diego, USA, 03-22 w

Paradies, R./Schläpfer, B. Finite element modeling of piezoelectric elements with complex electrode configuration 18thInternational Conference of Adaptive Structures and Technologies (ICAST 2007), Ottawa, Ontario,CA, 10-03 w

Terrasi, G. Increasing the acceptance of High Performance Concrete Prestressed with CFRP, Civil EngineeringStructures Seminary Eater Term, University of Cambridge, UK, 05-25 w l

Terrasi, G. Prefabricated thin-walled structural elements made from high performance concrete prestressedwith pultruded carbon wires, FRPRCS 8, Patras, GR, 07-16 w

Wissler, M./Mazza, E./Kovacs, G. Electromechanical coupling in cylindrical dielectric elastomer actuators, SPIE Conference,San Diego, USA, 03-22 w

Mechanics for Campanile, F. McGill Univesity, Design Seminar, 10-12 F l

Modelling and SimulationCampanile, F./Thwapiah, G. ICAST (International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies), 10-03 thru 05 F

Holdsworth, S. PVP2007/CREEP 8: 8th Intern. Conf. on Creep and Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures, San Antonio,USA, 07-22 thru 26 F

Holdsworth, S. EPRI Specialist Workshop on Creep Fatigue Interaction, Marco Island, USA, 10-01 thru 02 F l

Holdsworth, S. 5th Intern.Conf. on Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants, EPRI, Marco Island,USA, 10-03 thru 05 F

Holdsworth, S. MPA-Seminar 2007, Stuttgart, DE, 10-11 thru 12 F

Holdsworth, S. Seminar, IWM Fraunhofer Institute, Freiburg, DE, 11-26 F l

Thwapiah, G./Campanile, F. CEAS Kongress/DGLR-Jahrestagung, 09-10 thru 13 F

Road Engineering/ Hugener, M. Arbeitshygienische Aspekte beim Einbau von teerhaltigem Heissmischgut, Forum Strasse,Sealing Components Strassenbau-Tag Olten, 03-13 w l

Hugener, M. Recycling of Asphalt: Environmantal and sustainability issues, ISAP-SIIV Workshop on AsphaltRecycling and Materials Re-Use in Asphalt Pavements, Varirei Conference, L'Aquila, IT, 06-28 w l

Hugenschmidt, J. GPR for the non-destructive testing of traffic infrastructure, Workshop Metodi innovativi per ilcontrollo e il monitoraggio delle costruzioni, Bologna, IT, 06-01 w l

Hugenschmidt, J. Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit von Georadar-Untersuchungen auf Betonbrücken, FBH /ASTRA – Studientagung «Neues aus der Brückenforschung», Bern, 11-20 w l

Hugenschmidt, J./Mastrangelo R. The Inspection of Large Retaining walls Using GPR. 4th Int Workshop on Advanced GroundPenetrating Radar IWAGPR 2007, Naples, IT, 06-27 w l

Partl, M. N./Hean S. Langzeitverhalten von Fahrbahnübergängen aus Polymerbitumen auf Brückenobjekten, FBH /ASTRA – Studientagung «Neues aus der Brückenforschung», Bern, 11-20 w l

Poulikakos, L./Arraigada, M./ Environmental Footprint of Vehicle Freights; 3rd ECTP (European Construction TechnologyHeutsch, K./Partl, M. N. Plattform) in Amsterdam, NL, 11-10 F

Raab, C. Auswirkungen von Geotextilien auf den Schichtenverbund bei butumenhaltigem Hocheinbau aufBetonstrassen, Tagung Asphaltverstärkungen mit Einlagen. Erfahrungen und Perspektiven,Dübendorf, 05-15 w l

Structural Engineering Bergamini, A. Tunable stiffness tructures for vibration suppression and other applications, 10-03 thru 05 w

Christen, R./Bergamini, A./ Filtering of NDT signals obtained fromwrapped steel cables, 03-20 thru 22 w

Motavalli, M./Novakovic, A.

172


Czaderski, C. Versuche und Berechnung an 2.5 x 2.5 m grossen Brettsperrholzplatten – Forschung an der Empa,Dübendorf, 11-07 thru 08 w l

Czaderski, C./Aram, M. R. Stable debonding at discontinunity, 07-07 w

Farshchi, D. M/ Motavalli, M./ Nonlinear FE Modeling of in-plane behavior of plan masonry walls and investigating effects ofMarefat, M. S./Schumacher, A. post-tensioning as a parametric Study, 05-13 thru 16 w

Feltrin, G./Bischoff, R./Meyer, J. Zustandsüberwachung von Bauwerken mit drahtlosen Sensor-Netzwerken, 05-22 thru 24 w l

Feltrin, G./Meyer, J./Bischoff, R. Keynote lecturer, Data Processing Aspects of Lang Term Monitoring with Wireless SensorNetworks, 10-24 thru 26 w l

Gsell, D./Feltrin, G. Adaptive tuned mass damper based on pre-stressabel leaf-springs, 10-24 thru 26 w

Meyer, J./Bischoff, R./Feltrin, G./ A Low Power Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring, 11-14 thru 16 w

Motavalli, M.

Motavalli, M. Neuste Forschungserkenntnisse zur Erdbebensicherheit der gängigsten Bauweisen bestehenderGebäude in der Schweiz, 04-26 w l

Motavalli, M./Czaderski, C. FRP Composites for Retrofitting of Existing Civil Structures in Europe: State-of-the-Art Review,10-17 thru 19 w l

Weber, F./Distl, G./Huber, H./ Design, Implemenation and Field Test of the Adaptive Damping System of the Franjo TudjmanNuetzel, O./Motavalli, M. Bridge nearby Dubrovnik, CR, 09-19 thru 21 w

Wood Arnold, M. Transverse anisotropy in thermally modified beech and spruce, ECWM3, Cardiff, UK, 10-15 thru 16 F

Bordeanu, N./Eyholzer, C./ Chemical tailoring of cellulose-nanofibrils and their applications in (bio) composit materials, 09-11Zimmermann, T./Richter, K. thru 13 F

Gülzow, A./Steiger, R./Gsell, D./ Dynamic Field Performance of a Wooden Trough Bridge, EVACES 07, Porto, PT, 10-24 thru 26 w

Wilson, W./Feltrin, G.

Richter, K. Future-oriented developments on wood surfaces, Holz Innovativ, Rosenheim, DE, 04-18 thru 19 n

Schwarze, F. W. M. R./Skyba, A. Susceptibility of thermo-hydro-mechanically(THM) densified wood to colonization anddegradation by soft rot fungi, ECWM3, Cardiff, UK, 10-15 thru 16 w

Steiger, R./Arnold, M. Relevance of wind-induced compression failures regarding bending strength and stiffness ofSpruce structural timber, COST E53, Warsaw, PL, 10-15 thru 17 w

Steiger, R./Gehri, E. Glued-laminated timber – Shear test of glue lines, CIB W18-Meeting 40, Bled, SI, 08-28 thru 31 w

Widmann, R./Beikircher, W./ Mechanical properties of thermal treated hardwood (beech) with regards to its use for structuralFischer, A. purposes, ECWM3, Cardiff, UK, 10-15 thru 16 F

Widmann, R./Beikircher, W./ Bending and tension strength of finger-jointed boards made of thermally treated beech, COST E34,Richter, K. Bled, SI, 09-05 thru 06 w

Zimmermann, T./Pöhler, E./ Mechanical and morphological characterization of cellulose fibrils and their composites, WoodBordeanu, N. Fibres Plastics conference, Forest Products Laboratory and Forest Products Society, Madison, WS,

USA, 05-21 thru 25 w

Materials and Systems for the Protection and Wellbeing of the Human Body

Advanced Fibers Amberg, M. Innovations on textiles, metallization on webs and fibers, University of Ljubljana, SI, 11-28 w l

Balazs, D. J. Multi-functional nanocomposite plasma coatings for biomaterials, Seminar Series of Max PlanckInstitute for Polymer Research, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, DE, 02-23 w l

Halbeisen, M. Nanotechnology – new functionalities for textiles, Coating Technologies Congress, Schaetti AG,Zürich, 06-08 w l

Hegemann, D. Plasma functionalisation of textiles, ACTECO – 2nd Training Day, Turin, IT, 04-18 w l

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

173


Hegemann, D. Control of Plasma Polymerization Processes, 18th International Conference on Plasma Chemistry,Kyoto, JP, 08-27 w l

Hegemann, D. Nanostructured Textile Surfaces Using Plasma Coatings, 3rd Int. Technical Textiles Congress,Istanbul, TR, 12-01 thru 02 w l

Heuberger, M. New fibers – The key to sustained innovations, Textile Trends 2007, Berlin, DE, 02-15 w l

Heuberger, M. Quantifying Dynamics and Structure of thin confined films under shear, International Conferenceon Science of Friction (ICSF 2007), Irago, JP, 09-11 w l

Hossain, M. M. Nanoporous Coatings Deposited by RF Plasma – Improving Interfacial Properties in Fiber-rein-forced Composites, 28th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science, Roskilde, DK, 09-03thru 06 w

Hufenus, R. Nanocomposite melt-spun fibers, EGE University, Izmir, TR, 03-02 w l

Hufenus, R. Towards a photocatalytic fiber for degradation of malodor, Fiber Society Fall Conference, Davis,CA, USA, 10-09 thru 11 w

Reifler, F. A. Auf dem Weg zu photokatalytisch aktiven Fasern: Elemente der Faserentwicklung, 46th Man-MadeFibers Congress, Dornbirn, AT, 09-19 thru 21 w l

Biomaterials Mauclaire, L./Zinn, M. Effect of biopolymer composition and purity on biofilm formation of mcl-polyhydroxyalkanoate,Biosurf VII, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 08-29 thru 31 F

Ren, Q. Process engineering for production of R-hydroxycarboxylic acids from polyhydroxyalkanoates,ESBP 2007, Kusadasi, TR, 10-01 thru 03 w

Ren, Q. Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates: from biosynthesis to applications, Besuch vonProf. Qingsheng Qi, State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Life Science School, CN, ShandongUniversity, CN, 10-22 thru 24 w l

Schmid, M./Ritter, A./ Autoxidation of Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA, Eur. Fed. Polymers/ICF,Grubelnik, A./Zinn, M./ Krakau, PL, 07-08 thru 12 F

Wampfler, B.

Thöny-Meyer, L. mcl-Polyhydroxyalkanoates depolymerase as a tool for novel proteins microarrays, WorkshopCOST Action 868, Biotechnical functionalisation of renewable polymeric materials, Barcelona, ES,04-16 thru 17 w

Thöny-Meyer, L. Medium chain length-polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) depolymerase as a tool for novel proteinmicroarrays, ESBP 2007, Kusadasi, TR, 10-03 w

Zinn, M. Production of tailor-made polyhydroxyalkanoate: Batch versus chemostat culture, Workshop COSTAction 868, Biotechnical functionalisation of renewable polymeric materials, Barcelona, ES, 04-16thru 17 n w l

Zinn, M. Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates: A versatile set of biodegradable polyesters, Firstannual meeting of COST 868, Graz, AT, 09-12 thru 14 n w l

Zinn, M. Recent advances of bacterial synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates, ESBP2007, Kusadasi, TR, 10-03 n w l

Zinn, M. Biosynthesis and properties of olefinic polyhydroxyalkanoates, International Conference onBiodegradable Polymers, Production, Characterisation and Application, SCI Biotechnology Group,London, UK, 12-10 w l

Zinn, M./Furrer, P./Hartmann, R./ Bacterial synthesis and production of poly((R-3-hydroxyalkanoate) with tailor-made properties,Noger, D./Pletscher, E./ BioPerspectives, Köln, DE, 05-30 thru 06-01 F

Ramsauer, T./Ren, Q./Thöny-Meyer, L.

Materials-Biology Bruinink, A. Cell – material interactions: cell-biological evaluation of implant and nanomaterials. VAMASInteractions Meeting, Gaithersburg, USA, 02-13 thru 19 w l

Bruinink, A. Cell – (nano-) materials interactions.8th Annual XERR Metting, Zürich, 11-22 w l

174


Kaiser, J. -P. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) affect cell behaviour cell type specific. European Societyof Biomaterials (ESB), Brighton, UK, 09-09 thru 13 w l

Krug, H. F. Are nanomaterials Nanonoxes? Implications and Applications of Nanomaterials in Environmentand Health. Ecetoc Meeting, Brüssel, BE, 05-10 w l

Krug, H. F. Impact of Nanotechnological Developments on Health and Environment NanoBioRAISE,Frankfurt, DE, 05-20 w l

Krug, H. F. The NanoCare project – introduction and overview EuroNanoForum, Düsseldorf, DE, 06-20 w l

Krug, H. F. Risiken der Nanomaterialien Dialog NanoSafe Textiles, St. Gallen, 11-16 w l

Krug, H. F. Are nanomaterials Nanonoxes? Implications and Applications of Nanomaterials in Environmentand Health? International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Environmental Protection andPollution (ISNEPP), Fort Lauderdale, USA, 12-12 w l

Lischer S./Mokbul Hossain, M. Multifunctional Nanocomposite Plasma Coatings – Enabling New Biomaterials Applications. MRSMeeting, Boston, USA, 11-26 thru 30 w l

Maniura-Weber, K./Smith, M./ Single cells in 3 D microwells: correlating cell architecture with osteogenesis. Gordon ResearchRottmar, M./Born, A. -K./ Conference, New Hampshire, USA, 07-15 thru 20 F

Ochsner, M./Vogel, V./Textor, M.

Wick, P. The Presence of Carbon Nanotubes Affect Cell Physiology and Interferes with Cell Adhesion. 2ndVienna International Conference, Micro- and Nano-Technology, Wien, AT, 03-14 thru 16 w l

Wick, P./Manser, P./Kaiser, J. -P./ Influence of agglomerated structures of carbon nanotubes on cytotoxicity in vitro. NanoEurope,Dettlaff-Weglikowska, U./ St.Gallen, 09-11 thru 13 F

Limbach, L./Roth, S./Stark, W. J./Bruinink, A.

Protection and Bertaux, E. Comfort and frictional properties of sport socks, AUTEX, Tampere, FI, 06-26 thru 28 w

PhysiologyBogerd, C. P. Heat transfer of full-face motorcycle helmetsInternational Conference on Environmental

Ergonomics (ICEE), Piran, SI, 08-19 thru 24 w

Bruehwiler, P. Motorcycle Helmets: Protection Brings Questions, Conference Traumatisme crâni-cérébral sévère:les possibilités – les limitations, Genève, 06-21 w l

Bruehwiler, P. Radiant flow through bicycle helmets: A thermal manikin study, International Conference onEnvironmental Ergonomics (ICEE), Piran, SI, 08-19 thru 24 w

Crespy, D./Rossi, R. Temperature responsive polymers for smart clothing applications, SCS Fall Meeting 2007,Lausanne, 07-12 w

Crespy, D./Rossi, R. Stimuli-responsive polymers for smart textile applications, Aachen Dresden International TextileConference 2007, Aachen, DE, 11-29 thru 30 w

Derler, S./Schrade, U. Tribology of human skin and mechanical skin equivalents in contact with textiles, 16thInternational Conference on WEAR OF MATERIALS, Montreal, CA, 04-15 thru 19 w

Psikuta, A. Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator for clothing research, International Conferenceon Environmental Ergonomics (ICEE), Piran, SI, 08-19 thru 24 w

Rossi, R. Thermoregulation im Ausdauersport in der Hitze, Seminar Bundesamt für Sport, FachgruppeAusdauer, Magglingen, 05-09 w l

Rothmaier, M. Flexible Light Diffusing Textile as an Applicator for Photodynamic Therapy in the Head Neck Area,POF, Turin, IT, 09-10 thru 12 F

Selm, B. Radiation properties of two types of luminous textile devices containing plastic optical fibers,Microtechnologies for the New Millennium 2007 SPIE, Cran Canaria, ES, 05-02 thru 04 w

Weder, M. EKG Langzeitmonitoring mittels textilen Stickelektroden, NanoEurope2007, Messe und Konferenz,St. Gallen, 09-11 w

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

175



Edelmann, X. Qualitätsmanagement nach ISO 9001 als Basis für ein umfassendes Führungssystem imGesundheitswesen, Europäisches Forum Alpbach 2007 «Nie wieder Vollbeschäftigung? Perspektive2010», Arbeitskreis 01: Qualität im Gesundheitswesen – Jobmotor der Zukunft?, Alpbach AT, 08-30 l

Edelmann, X. R’07 World Congress, Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency, September 3-5,2007, Davos, 09-03 thru 05 n

Ruf, A./Edelmann, X. R'07 World Congress on Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency – InnovativeTechnologies and Frameworks to Improve Material and Energy Efficiencies in the Production, Useand Recycling in Materials, Council of the Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences,CAETS 2007, Tokyo JP, 10-23 thru 26 l

Acoustics/Noise Brink, M./Thomann, G/ Huber, P./ A new noise impact assessment method for noise policy, Istanbul, TR, 08-29 thru 31 w

Prevention Schierz, C.

Eggenschwiler, K. Education in noise control engineering with the limited support of universities, Global Noise Policy– Workshop on «Education in Noise Control Engineering», 19th International Congress onAcoustics ICA, Madrid, ES, 09-04 w l

Heutschi, K. Ground effect calculations for micro structured terrain, 19th International Congress on AcousticsICA, Madrid, ES, 09-02 thru 07 w l

Nguyen, C. H. Vibroacoustic FE analysis of a piezo-shunted adaptive plate bonded to an air cavity ICAST2007,Ottawa, CA, 10-04 thru 05 w

Pietrzko, S./Mao, Q. Novel sensing systems for active control of sound radiation and transmission, Invited paper, 8thConference on Active Noise and Vibration Control Methods, Krakow, Krasiczyn, PL, 06-11thru 06-14 w l

Pietrzko, S./Mao, Q. Some results on control of sound radiation using shunt piezoelectric materials. Invited specialsession on S-Shunt damping technology for control of sound and vibration, 14th InternationalCongress on Sound and Vibration, Cairns, AU, 07-09 thru 12 w l

Poulikakos, L./Arraigada, M./ Environmental Footprint of Freight Vehicles, ECTP (European Construction Technology Plattform)Heutschi, K./Partl, M. Conference, Amsterdam, NL, 11-19 thru 20 w

Thomann, G./Bütikofer, R. Quantification of uncertainties in aircraft noise calculations, Internoise, Istanbul, TR, 08-29 thru 31 w

Electronics/ Callegari, V. Focused ion beam modification of photonic crystal structures Nano FIB Meeting, Manchester, UK,Metrology/Reliability 06-28 thru 30 F l

Flisch, A. Computertomography zur Formerfassung und Defekterkennung, NTB / SAQ Seminar, Buchs, 05-09w l

Flisch, A. New developments for fast computed tomography inspection of foundry products, 47thInternational Foundry Conference, Portoroz, SI, 09-12 thru 14 w l

Gattiker, F. Wireless implantable passive strain sensor, Sensor Conference 2007, Nürnberg, DE, 05-22 thru 24 w

Grossmann, G. Zuverlässigkeit von Loten. 10. Europäisches Elektronik-Technologie Kollegium Mallorca, ES, 03-21thru 23 w l

Hack, E. ESPI-measurement of strain components on a CFRP reinforced bending beam. ICEM 13,Alexandroupolis, GR, 07-02 thru 05 w

Jacob, P. PolySilicon Extensions and Etching Residues as a Reliability Risk, MicroNanoReliability 2007,Berlin, DE, 09-01 w l

Jacob, P. «Introduction Into ESD Challenges» ESREF-EuFANet Workshop «ESD, ESDFOS und EOS from aFailure Analysis Point-of-View», Arcachon, FR, 10-10 w l

Jacob, P. ESD-Oberflächenentladungen (ESDFOS) durch Prozessmaschinen in Fertigung und Verarbeitungvon Mikro- und Nanostruktur-Chips. Tagesseminar an der Empa-Akademie, Dübendorf, 11-20 n w

Miceli, A. MC Simulation of scatter intensities in a cone-beam CT system a 450 kV X-ray tube. European NDTDays in Prague 07, Prague, CZ, 11-05 thru 09 w

176


Tharian, J. Degradation and Failure Mode Analysis of III-V Nitride LEDs. IPFA 2007 14th InternationalSymposium on the Physiacal & Failure Mode Analysis of Ics, Bangalore, IN, 07-11 thru 13 F

Thierry, R. Novel scatter correction in Cone-Beam CT. International Symposium on Digital industrialRadiology and Computed tomography, Lyon, FR, 06-25 thru 27 w

Media Technology Giesen, J./Mueller, K./ Conjoint Analysis to Measure the Perceived Quality in Volume Rendering, IEEE VisualizationSchuberth, E./Wang, L./Zolliker, P. Conference, Sacramento, USA, 10-28 thru 11-01 w

Technology and Eugster, M. Workshop 'Ecological and Social Footprint of Electronics', R'07 World Congress, Davos, 09-03Society thru 05 n

Frischknecht, R./Althaus, H. J./ Renewable Energy Assessment within the Cumulative Energy Demand Concept: Challenges andDones, R./Hischier, R./ Solutions, 14th SETAC Europe Case Studies Symposium, Gothenburg, SE, 12-03 thru 04 w

Jungbluth, N./Nemecek, Th./Primas, A./Wernet, G.

Gauch, M. Ecological Assessment of Biofuels; UNIDO-Workshop on Promoting Susatinable BiofuelsProduction and Use in Central and Eastern Europe; Cavtat, HR, 11-12 F l

Hilty, L. R’07 World Congress, Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency, Davos, 09-03thru 05 n

Hilty, L. CO2 Reduction with ICT: Prospects and Barriers. Keynote Lecture. 21st conference Informatics forEnvironmental Protection EnviroInfo 2007, Warsaw, PL, 09-13 F l

Kastenholz, H. Industry and risk assessment of nanomaterials, Society for Risk Analysis Europe 2007 AnnualConference, Den Haag, NL, 06-17 thru 06-19 F l

Som, C./Hilty, L. Qualitative Risk Assessment for Converging Technologies, ISETS'07, Nagoya, JP, 11-24 F

Streicher-Porte, M. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and economic evaluation of material flows as a combined model fordurable consumer goods. ISIE, International Society for Industrial Ecology, Toronto, CA, 06-18 thru21 F

Wäger, P./Som, C. Waste Management in Switzerland –Achievements and Perspectives, ISETS'07, (keynote speech),Nagoya, JP, 11-23 F l

Widmer, R./Gauch, M./Zah, R. Evaluation and comparison of bio-fuelled mobility with all-electric solutions using Life CycleAssessment, EET-2007 European Ele-Drive Conference Brussels, BE, 05-30 thru 06-01 F

Zah, R. Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels: Experiences in Switzerland – Potentials for India. 4thInternational Conferences on Biofuels, best paper, Winrock International, Delhi, IN, 02-01 thru 02F l

Zah, R. Environmental Impacts of Biofuels, Biofuels: Linking Support to Performance, Joint OECD/ECMTRoundtable, Paris, FR, 06-07 thru 08 l


Air Pollution/ Bond, S./Vollmer, M. Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric H2 during the Transition to Hydrogen-based Transportation,Environmental Technology CONCAWE, Brussels, BE, 11-05 thru 06 w l

Buchmann, B. Mehrwert für die Umweltbeobachtung durch die Synergien von vollzugsorientiertem undforschungsorientiertem Ansatz auf nationaler, europäischer und globaler Ebene IKUB-Workshop2007/ Umweltbeobachtung – fachübergreifend und analysierend, Bern, 09-12 w l

Emmenegger, L./Delemont, C./ 8th int. Conf. on Emissions Monitoring (CEM2007)/Empa, Dübendorf, 09-05 thru 06 n

Gehrig, R.

Emmenegger, L./Tuzson, B./ Continuous Measurement of CO2 Isotopic Ratios by Infrared Spectroscopy using FTIR and QCLMohn, J./Zahniser, M. S./ Instruments / Stable Isotope Infrared Spectroscopy/Florence, IT, 09-06 thru 08 w l

Eugster, W.

Gehrig, R./Hüglin, Ch./ PM measurements in Switzerland/ Royal Society of Chemistry Conference: Particles and Photo-Buchmann, B. Oxidants in Europe/ Prag, CZ, 09-25 thru 26 w l

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

177


Henne, S./Folini, D./Klausen, J./ Ausbreitungsstudien mit FLEXTRA, FLEXPART, LM-LPDM/MeteoSwiss, Zürich, 02-28 w l

Ubl, S.

Hueglin, Ch./Gehrig, R./ PM10 equivalence in Switzerland: Relationship between a TEOM-FDMS and the reference methodSchwarzenbach, B. at a suburban site/Workshop on Demonstration of equilvalence of ambient air models/spra, IT,

05-02 thru 04 w l

Klausen, J./Zellweger, Ch./ Surface Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Measurements at Bukit Koto Tabang – Achievements andHenne, St./Ilahi, A. F./Siregar, S. Challenges/ Symposium on GAW-Related Activities/Jakarta, ID, 08-02 thru 03 w l

Lanz, V. A./Alfarra, M. R./ Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site in Zurich (Switzerland) byBaltensperger, U./Buchmann, B./ factor analytical modeling of aerosol mass spectra/EGU General Assembly 2007/Vienna, AT, 04-15Hueglin, C./Prévôt, A. thru 20 w

Mohn, J./Tuzson, B./ Probing the carbon cycle by CO2 isotopic analysis/Research Seminar/University Berne, 11-02 w l

Emmenegger, L.

Reimann,S./ Stordal, F./ SOGE: System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe/EU workshop inSimmonds, P./O’Doherty, S./ inverse modelling for verification of national and EU bottom-up GHG inventories/Ispra, IT, 03-08Vollmer, M. K./Greally, B./ thru 09 w l

Maione, M./Arduini, I./Lunder, C./Schmidbauer N./Folini, D./Manning, A.

Vollmer, M. K./Reimann, S./ Emissions of Halocarbons and SF6 from China/35th meeting of AGAGE scientists and cooperatingSOGE-A team networks/Clifden, IE, 06-11 thru 15 w l

Zellweger, C./Buchmann, B./ The WMO-GAW World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Methane:Klausen, J. Activities during the last 10 Years with a Focus on Carbon Monoxide/NOAA ESRL 2007 Global

Monitoring Annual Conference/Boulder, USA., 05-02 thru 03 w

Analytical Chemistry Bogdal, C./Kohler, M./Schmid, P./ Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers between air, water, sediment and fish in lake ThunScheringer, M./Hungerbühler, K. (Switzerland), Dioxine 2007-27th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic

Pollutants POPs, Tokyo, JP, 09-02 thru 07 w

Gerecke, A. C./Kohler, M. Brominated flame retardants, NFP 50 Scientific Meeting, Magglingen, 09-09 thru 11 w

Gerecke, A. C./Seiler, C. PCB und bromierte Flammschutzmittel in Innenräumen – Erfahrungen und neue Fragen, XERRSymposium Indoor Air, Universität Zürich, 11-08 w l

Homazava, N./Ulrich, A./ Element-Specific Investigation of Micro-corrosion Processes in Al Alloys by ICP-MS, 2007Krähenbühl, U. European Winter Plasma Conference, Taomina, IT, 02-18 thru 23 w

Iozza, S./Müller, C./Schmid, P./ Historical Profile of Chlorinated Paraffins and Chlorinated Biphenyls in a Sediment Core from LakeBogdal, C./Oehme, M. Thun Switzerland, Dioxine 2007-27th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic

Pollutants POPs, Tokyo, JP, 09-02 thru 07 w

Iozza, S./Schmid, P./Oehme, M./ Chlorinated Paraffins in Humus Layers from the Alps (MONARPOP), Dioxine 2007-27thBassan, R./Magnani, T./Belis, C./ International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs, Tokyo, JP, 09-02Vannini, P./Jakobi, G./Kirchner, M./ thru 07 w

Sedivy, I./Kräuchi, N./Uhl, M./Moche, W./Offenthaler, I./Weiss, P./Simončič, P.

Senn, M Ore – slag – iron: what can we learn form the early medieval smithies discovered in the ironproduction district of the Central Jura, 2nd International Conference on Archaeometallurgy inEurope 2007, Aquileia, IT, 06-17 thru 21 w

Ulrich, A./Homazava, N./ Elementspezifische microanalytische in-situ-Untersuchungen von Korrosionsprozessen beiKrähenbühl, U. Aluminiumlegierungen mittels ICP-MS. CANAS 2007 Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie,

Konstanz, DE, 03-18 thru 21 w

Ulrich, A./Wichser, A. A novel mountable cell design for LA-ICP-MS analysis of ancient metal objects, CANAS 2007Colloquium Analytische Atomspektroskopie, Konstanz, DE, 03-18 thru 21 w

Wenger, D./Gerecke, A./ Secondary Effects of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters: Reduced Emissions of Potential EndocrineHeeb, N. V./Zenobi, R. Disruptors, 11th Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, 08-12 thru 15 w

178


Zennegg, M./Vonmont, H. Schwarzstäube in Wohnungen, XERR Symposium Indoor Air, Universität Zürich, 11-08 w l

Hydrogen & Energy Borgschulte, A. Catalysis of hydrogen going into materials, Second Educational Workshop of the SustainableHydrogen programme of ACTS, Nunspeet, NL, 05-25 w l

Borgschulte, A. H-D exchange reactions to probe surface reactions during the decomposition of hydrides, WS-21«Hydrogen a Future Energy Carrier», Avila, ES, 09-03 thru 05 w l

Borgschulte, A. Tetrahydroboranates the New Hydrogen Storage Materials, International Symposium on Hydrogen& Energy, Richmond, Virginia, USA, 11-12 thru 15 w l

Lodziana, Z. Surfaces, nanoparticles and catalysis, PhD school at University of Vienna, AT, 12-12 w l

Remhof, A. Magnetic Nanostructures, Physikalischen Kolloquium, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, DE, 07-02 w l

Züttel, A. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), Toyota MotorCorporation, Material engineering division 3, Higashifuji technical center, JP, 01-24 w l

Züttel, A. Hydrogen in Materials: Potentials and Limitations, University of Zürich, Physics Department,Zürich, 05-31 w l

Züttel, A. Hydrogen storage materials: Potentials and Limitations, Royal Society of Chemistry, UniversityCollege London, UK, 07-02 thru 05 w l

Züttel, A. Hydrogen storage materials: potentials and limitations, Aseva Summer School, WS-21: Hydrogenas a future energy carrier, Hotel Reina Isabel Ávila, ES, 09-03 thru 05 w l

Züttel, A. Hydrogen Storage Materials for Mobile Applications, First Polish Forum Fuel Cells and HydrogenTechnologies, Zakopane, PL, 09-05 thru 07 w l

Züttel, A. Grundlagen der Wasserstoffspeicherung, Universität Konstanz, Physik Departement, Konstanz,DE, 09-10 w l

Internal Combustion Alvarez, R./Weilenmann, M./ Real-world NO and NO2 emission factors of modern light vehicles, derived from reliable onlineEngines Favez, J. -Y. measurements. 6th international conference on Urban Air Quality, Zyprus, GR, 03-27 thru 30 w

Bach, Ch. Challenges and Options in the Transport Sector – Greenhouse Gases, Energy Efficiency andPollutants; Annual SPS-Meeting 2007, ETH, Zurich, 02-21 w l

Dimopoulos, P. Ceramic Foams as Catalyst Substrates: Pre-catalyst Application Homogenising the Exhaust Flowupstream of Aftertreatment Devices/Soceity of Automotive Engineers SAE, 8th InternationalConference on Engines/Capri Naples, IT, 09-16 thru 20 w

Dimopoulos, P. Combustion Characteristics of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures in Passenger Car Engines/Soceity ofAutomotive Engineers SAE, 8th International Conference on Engines/Capri Naples, IT, 09-16 thru20 w

Favez, J. -Y./Weilenmann, M. Cold start emissions of passenger cars at different low ambient temperatures. 6th internationalconference on Urban Air Quality, Zyprus, GR, 03-27 thru 29 w

Mohr, M. The influence of Vehicle Preconditioning on Particle Number Measurements, InternationalConference on Transport and Environment: A Global Challenge Technological and PolicySolutions, Milano, IT, 03-19 thru 21 w

Mohr, M. 11th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, Zurich, 08-13 thru 15 n

Soltic, P./Dimopoulos, P./ The Potential of Hydrogen-Enriched CNG in Internal Combustion Engines, 2nd Annual CongressThurnheer, T. Natural Gas Vehicles, Berlin, DE, 10-23 thru 24 w l

Weilenmann, M./Bach, Ch./ Fuel Cell Based Powertrain Concept for a Municipal Vehicle in the Project hy.muve Project. AVLFavez, J. -Y./Novak, Ph./Büchi F. International Commercial Powertrain Conference, Graz, AT, 05-09 thru 10 w

Weilenmann, M./Bach, Ch./ Model-based determination of hydrogen system emissions of motor vehicles using climate-Novak, Ph./Fischer, A./Hill, M. chamber test facilities, 2nd Hydrogen Safety conference. San Sebastian, ES, 09-11 thru 13 w

Weimer, S./Alfarra, M. R./ Mass spectral signatures of aerosol particles from wood burning emissions, European AerosolSchreiber, D./Mohr, C./Mohr, M./ Conference EAC, Salzburg, AT, 09-10 thru 14 w

Prévôt, A. S. H.

Organisation n

Poster = F

Lecture = w

invited = l

179


Solid State Chemistry Aguirre, M. Synthesis and characterization of bulk and thin films of perovskite-type oxides materials forand Catalysis ther-moelectric applications, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society, Zuerich, 02-20 thru 21 w

Bukowiecki, N. RDI-SR-XRF – Hourly size-segregated detection of trace elements in ambient air, ClarksonUniversity, Potsdam NY, USA, 09-20 w l

Bukowiecki, N. Abrasion particles from road traffic, Annual Meeting of the American Association for AerosolResearch, Reno NV, USA, 09-25 w

Bukowiecki, N. RDI-SR-XRF – Hourly size-segregated detection of trace elements in ambient air, DELTA Group, UCDavis, USA, 10-02 w l

Robert, R. Synthesis, structure and properties of thermoelectric complex cobalt oxide, InternationalConference on Advanced Ceramics & Composites, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA, 01-21 thru 26 w

Weidenkaff, A. The Development of Thermoelectric Oxides with Perovskite-type Structures for Alternative EnergyTechnologies, International Conference on Advanced Ceramics & Composites, Daytona Beach,Florida, USA, 01-21 thru 26 w l

Weidenkaff, A. Synthesis of oxynitride perovskite thin films and their novel functional properties, E-MRS SpringMeeting 2007, Strasbourg, FR, 05-28 thru 06-01 w l

Weidenkaff, A. Synthesis and Characterisation of oxynitride perovskites, IBM MRC Oxide Workshop, IBMResearch Centre Rüschlikon, Rüschlikon, 06-27 w l

Weidenkaff, A. Materials Development for High Temperature Solar Thermoelectric Oxide Modules, GDR CNRSConference on Thermoelectrique, University of Caen, Caen, FR, 06-29 w l

Weidenkaff, A. Perovskite-type thermoelectric oxides and oxynitride, European Conference on Solid StateChemistry, Caen, FR, 09-11 thru 14 w

Weidenkaff, A. Thermoelectric oxides and oxynitrides with perovskite-type structure, MRS fall meeting, Boston,USA, 11-26 w

EMPA Activities 2002ConferencesOrganizational Chart 2008


b

ba

c


22–35

11–21

4–10

(-3)–3

(-10)–(-4)

(-21)–(-11)

(-35)–(-22)

R

support material

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

Ag

g

182

Director general DeputyProf.Dr Louis Schlapbach Dr Peter Hofer

Structural EngineeringProf. Dr Masoud Motavalli

WoodDr Klaus Richter

High Performance CeramicsDr Thomas Graule

Functional PolymersDr Frank Nüesch

nanotech@surfacesDr Pierangelo Gröning

Nanoscale Materials ScienceProf.Dr Hans Josef Hug

Mechanics of Micro-Materialsand NanostructuresDr Johann Michler

Protection and PhysiologyDr René Rossi

Advanced FibersDr Manfred Heuberger

Materials-Biology InteractionsProf. Dr Harald Krug

BiomaterialsDr Linda Thöny-Meyer

Empa FellowProf. Dr h.c. Urs Meier

DEPARTMENTS

Advanced Materials and SurfacesDr Pierangelo Gröning

Civil and Mechanical EngineeringDr Peter Richner

Materials and Systems for the Protectionand Wellbeing of the Human BodyMarkus Rüedi

GENERAL MANAGEMENT

LABORATORIES LABORATORIES LABORATORIES

Materials Processing and Characterizationa.i. Dr Johann Michler

Joining and Interface TechnologyDr Manfred Roth

Corrosion and Materials IntegrityOliver von Trzebiatowski

Mechanical Systems EngineeringDrGiovanni Terrasi

Mechanics for Modelling and SimulationProf. Dr Edoardo Mazza

Concrete/Construction ChemistryDr Pietro Lura

Road Engineering/Sealing ComponentsProf. Dr Manfred Partl

Contact to EmpaMail [email protected] +4144 823 44 44www.empa.ch/portal

ortal

Adaptive Material SystemsProf.Dr Edoardo MazzaProf.Dr Paolo Ermanni (ETH Zürich)

Materials for Healthand PerformanceMarkus Rüedi

Natural Resourcesand PollutantsDr Peter Hofer

Materials for EnergyTechnologiesDr Xaver Edelmann

International National InternalProf. Dr Herbert H. Einstein, MIT, USA Prof. Dr Jürg Dual, ETH, Zürich Dr Pierangelo GröningProf. Dr Teruo Kishi, NIMS, Japan Prof. Dr Thomas Egli, EAWAG, Dübendorf Dr Erwin HackProf. Dr Erkki Leppävuori, VTT, Finland Dr Karl Knop, CSEM, Zürich Dr Barbara LothenbachProf. Dr Klaus Müllen, MPI, Germany Prof. Dr Viola Vogel, ETH, Zürich Dr Katharina ManiuraProf. Dr Yves Petroff, ESRF, France Prof. Dr Alexander Wokaun, PSI, Villigen PD Dr Bernd NowackProf. Dr Claudia Stürmer, Konstanz University Germany N.N. Prof. Dr Louis Schlapbach

Research Commission Dr Georg Spescha, Executive Secretary

Organizational Chart

2008

Public-privatePartnerships

Reliability NetworkDr Urs Sennhauser

NanotechnologyProf. Dr Hans J. Hug

Research Programs

Building Technologiesa.i. Mark Zimmermann(Prof. Dr Jan Carmeliet, 1.6.)

183

Technology and SocietyProf. Dr Lorenz Hilty

Media TechnologyProf. Dr Klaus Simon

Acoustics / Noise PreventionKurt Eggenschwiler

CommunicationDr Michael Hagmann

Human ResourcesAndré Schmid

InformaticsDr Christoph Bucher

Finances/Controlling /PurchasingHeidi Leutwyler

Mechanical Engineering /WorkshopStefan Hösli

Logistics and InfrastructurePaul-André Dupuis

Construction 3 Research InstitutesDaniel Beerle

Marketing, Knowledge andTechnology TransferGabriele Dobenecker

Information, Reliability andSimulation TechnologyDr Xaver Edelmann

Mobility, Energy and EnvironmentDr Peter Hofer

SupportRoland Knechtle

LABORATORIES LABORATORIES SECTIONS

Electronics / Metrology / ReliabilityDr Urs Sennhauser

Center for SynergeticStructuresEmpa–FESTODr Rolf Luchsinger

Technology Centerfor the Lake ConstanceRegion (TEBO)Peter Frischknecht

Business IncubatorMario Jenni

Empa AcademyDr Anne Satir

Master’s Program in Micro andNanotechnology (MNT)Dr Pierangelo GröningDr Dirk Hegemann

International PhD SchoolSwitzerland – PolandProf. Dr Jolanta JanczakPaul W.Gilgen

Programs for Education and Continuous Training

Internal Combustion EnginesChristian Bach

Air Pollution/Environmental TechnologyDr Brigitte Buchmann

Analytical ChemistryDr Heinz Vonmont

Hydrogen & EnergyProf. Dr Andreas Züttel

Solid State Chemistry and CatalysisDr Anke Weidenkaff

ChairmanDr Norman Blank, Zürich

Advisory Commission

Prof. Dr Crispino Bergamaschi, HorwProf. Dr Peter Chen, ZürichDr Christoph Grolimund, ZürichDr Thomas Hinderling, Neuenburg

Dr Peter Löw, BaselProf. Dr Jan-Anders Manson, LausanneDr Markus Oldani, BadenDr Max Oppliger, Zürich

Dr Fiorenzo Scaroni, ZürichDr Walter Steinmann, BernDr Thomas von Waldkirch, Zürich

Members

Oct 24 Oct 27 Oct 30

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Absolute in NOx em(t/year)

22

11

4–

(-3

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(-3

Empa

CH-8600 DübendorfÜberlandstrasse 129

Phone +41 44 823 55 11Fax +41 44 821 62 44

CH-9014 St.GallenLerchenfeldstrasse 5

Phone +41 71 274 74 74Fax +41 71 274 74 99

CH-3602 ThunFeuerwerkerstrasse 39

Phone +41 33 228 46 26Fax +41 33 228 44 90

www.empa.chwww.empa-akademie.ch

ISSN 1660-1394


support material

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Documents

Empa Activities 2007library.eawag-empa.ch/jahresbericht_empa/Empa_Activity...Editor and Publisher Empa CH-8600 Dübendorf CH-9014 St.Gallen CH-3602 Thun Concept and Layout Art Group