80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Middle incomecountries

Netherlands

Ireland

European Union

South Africa

Employment trends in South Africa and elsewhere, 1980-2006

Source: World Development Indicators as reported in the WEFA data set

Source: Employment (1980=100) from International Labour Statistics (ILO)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

19

801

981

19

821

983

19

841

985

19

861

987

19

881

989

19

901

991

19

921

993

19

941

995

19

961

997

19

981

999

20

002

001

20

022

003

20

042

005

20

06

Ireland Netherlands South Africa

Maths and science output of the SA schooling system

Production and Employment Trends in SA Footwear Industry

Year Local Production Imports Employment

2006              20.35%     79.65% 10 100

2005                16.95%       83.05%

1995                47.91%           52.09% 23 600 (1997)

1985               78%             22%

Source: South African Footwear and Leather Industries Association

Total TEA 2006 index (Total Early stage Entrepreneurial Activity)

Highlights and Italics = countries within the upper middle income group

Annexure 1

Quoted from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2006

“The primary measure of entrepreneurship that GEM uses is the Total Earlystage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) index. The TEA index measures the percentage of individuals between the ages of 18 and 64 that are involved in starting a new business. Individuals may start the business on their own account. They may also start the business in collaboration with or on behalf of an existing business. They do need to own the business, either partly or wholly, and to manage it, either on their own or with others. The creation of a new business is a process, which GEM sees as a two phase process. The first phase is the start up phase, a three month period during which (one or more) individuals identify the products or services that the business will trade in, access resources (such as finance) and put in place the necessary infrastructure, which would include staff. When the business is in this phase of development, it is referred to as a start up firm.

The next phase, a period of 3–42 months, is when this new business begins to trade and compete with other firms in the market place. When the business is in this phase of development, it is referred to as a new firm. The definition of a new firm is a business that has paid salaries or wages for longer than three months. Once a business has established itself and is more than 42 months old, it is referred to as an established firm.

The TEA index, the primary measure used to compare the rate of entrepreneurship both amongst countries as well as annual variations within a specific country, measures how many new businesses are started in a given year. The key question in the survey that is used to establish the TEA rate is, ‘Are you, alone or with others, expecting to start a new business, including any type of self-employment, within the next three years?’

The TEA rate therefore includes start up businesses and new firms, but does not include established firms. In other words, it measures early stage entrepreneurial activity only.

The TEA rate captures individual entrepreneurship, but does not capture another equally important source – the launch of a new business venture by the owner manager of an established firm. This prompted the need to re define TEA as ‘Total Earlystage Activity’, rather than Total Entrepreneurial Activity. Therefore, whenever TEA appears in this report, it refers to ‘Total Early stage Entrepreneurial Activity’.”