ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction - University Of Maryland · Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335, 1976 26. Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors

Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction• Course overview!

– Goals!– Web-based content!– Syllabus!– Policies!– Project content!

• Overview of space human factors and life support!• History of humans and flight!• Brief overview of the space environment

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© 2015 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu



Contact Information

Dr. Dave Akin!Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility/Room [email protected] !http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

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mailto:[email protected]

http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu



Goals of ENAE 697• Learn the fundamentals of human physiology in

the context of space flight!• Learn the principles of life support system design!• Understand issues affecting the design of an

effective habitat for long-duration human space flight!

• Perform an open-ended design task for future human planetary exploration habitats and/or space vehicles

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Web-based Course Content• Data web site at http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu!

– Course information!– Syllabus!– Lecture notes!– Problems and solutions!

• Interactive web site at https://elms.umd.edu/!– Communications for team projects!– Lecture videos

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https://elms.umd.edu



Syllabus - Major Topic Overview• History of Human Space Flight!• Human Factors!• Space Physiology!• Life Support Systems!• Extravehicular Systems!• Biomechanics!• Manual Control

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Syllabus - Human Factors• Human factors testing and analysis!• Space architecture!• Habitability!• Stowage and inventory!• Anthropometrics!• Psychosocial aspects!✓ Unit evaluation: term design project

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Syllabus - Space Physiology• Circulatory physiology!• Pulmonary and respiration!• Neurovestibular!• Musculoskeletal!• Sensorimotor!• Cellular biology!• Radiation effects!✓ Unit evaluation: research project

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Syllabus - Life Support Systems• Air revitalization and handling!• Water regeneration!• Food and waste handling!• Bioregenerative life support!• Thermal modeling and control!✓ Unit evaluation: term design project

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Syllabus - Extravehicular Systems• History of extravehicular activity!• Suit design!• Fabrication technologies!• Human augmentation!• Future EVA systems!✓ Unit evaluation: research project

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Syllabus - Biomechanics• Fundamentals of kinematics!• Fundamentals of dynamics!• Strength!• Gait and mobility!• Restraint systems!✓ Unit evaluation: analytical modeling assignment

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Syllabus - Manual Control• Human-in-the-loop control fundamentals!• Fitts’ law!• Tracking tasks!• Human-computer interaction!• Human-robot interaction!✓ Unit evaluation: computer-based lab experiment

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Grading Scheme• 15% physiology quiz!• 15% biomechanics analysis project!• 15% manual control lab project!• 15% EVA research assignment!• 40% life support/human factors term project

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Term Design Project Goals• Provide opportunity to use principles of class to

perform open-ended realistic design !• Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams,

making technical presentations!• Address a problem of real interest to NASA

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Hot Topic: Mars• Mars One - One-way trip to Mars!

– One-way trip to Mars in 2023, 20 people by 2033!– First-level downselect to 1058 applicants!

• Inspiration Mars!– Two crew on Mar flyby in 2018!– Now 2021 launch for Mars/Venus flybys!– Supported by Dennis Tito!

• The Martian!– Excellent novel by Andy Weir (strongly recommended!!)!– Astronaut has to survive alone on Mars for years

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Bioregenerative Life Support

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SpaceX-Based Mars Base Concept

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Mars as a Second Abode for Humans

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ENAE 697 Term Project - Spring 2015• Design a human settlement for Mars!• The goal is to support a crew of 24 people

indefinitely!• Focus will be on internal layout (habitat design/

habitability), life support system design, and accommodation of EVA support systems!

• Strong effort to minimize the requirement for supplies from Earth!

• Goal is to make Mars safely habitable for the average human lifetime

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Term Project Level 1 Requirements1. The habitat shall be capable of supporting a crew

of 24 people indefinitely !2. The habitat shall be modular in nature to allow

the loss of two independent living volumes (e.g., fire, depressurization) without significant impact on nominal crew activities!

3. The system shall minimize the amount of consumables required from Earth resupply!– Aspirational goal: ≤ 200 kg/crew/resupply (26 Earth

months)

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Term Project Level 1 Requirements4. The system shall accommodate interfaces and

support equipment for EVA and pressurized rovers !

5. The habitat shall provide radiation protection for the crew to keep the total dosage ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)!– Aspirational goal: ≤ 5 cSv/(Earth) year!

6. TBD

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Highlights of Life on Earth

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Formation of the Earth 5,000,000,000 yrs January 1

Multicellular Organisms 500,000,000 yrs November 16

Mammals 200,000,000 yrs December 12

Humans 200,000 yrs December 31 11:33 pm



Highlights of Human (Flight) History

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Homo Sapiens 200,000 yrs 10,000 generations

Agrarian Societies 10,000 yrs 500 generations

Writing 5,000 yrs 250 generations

First Human Flight 1500 yrs 75 generations

Balloon Flight 200 yrs 10 generations

Aircraft Flight 100 5 generations

Space Flight 40 2 generations



Leonardo da Vinci

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First Human Untethered Flight• November 21, 1783!• Pilatre de Rozier

Marquis d’Arlandes!• Peak altitude ~1000 m!• Traveled 9 km

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Discoveries from Balloon Flight• Temperature drop with altitude!

– John Jeffries (1784) first publication of studies of upper atmosphere!

• Loss of consciousness/death with altitude!– First oxygen mask 1794 (used to set altitude record of

30,000 feet)!– Paul Bert (1878) published first study of effects of

altitude on humans!

• Danger!– Death of de Rozier (1785)

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Atmospheric Density with Altitude

Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335, 1976

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Heavier-than-Air Flight

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Discoveries from Early Aviation• Limitations of human control!• Requirements for training!• Effects of acceleration!• Disorientation and airsickness!• Effects of hypothermia and hypoxia

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Mid-Century Aviation

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Discoveries from “Golden Age” of Aviation• G-induced loss of consciousness!• Interactions of human control with aeroelasticity

and compressible flow!• Crew restraints!• Survivability of bailout at speed and altitude

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Alan Shepard and MR-7 - 5/5/61

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Discoveries from Early Space Program• Human survival in microgravity!

– Eating/drinking!– Sleeping!– Cognitive functions!

• Human performance!– Flight control!– Visual acuity!– Early extravehicular activities (EVAs)

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Apollo Lunar Missions

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Discoveries from Apollo• Landing and launch from other body!• Surface EVA operations!• Driving mobility vehicles!• Survival in higher-radiation areas!• Communications/teleoperations with time delay

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Long-Duration Space Flight

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Discoveries from Skylab/Mir/ISS• Adaptation to microgravity!• Role of exercise countermeasures!• Productivity and adaptability of humans!• Expanded boundaries for long-duration space

flight!– Longest single flight: 438 days!– Longest cumulative time: 745 days!

• Logistics and stowage!• In-space construction

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Challenges for the Future

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Future Challenges• Long-duration space flight (2-4 years for Mars)!• Extended survival and operations in partial

gravity!• Survival of solar particle events (SPEs) and galactic

cosmic rays (GCRs)!• Extended operations without resupply!• In-situ resource utilization (ISRU)!• Medical treatment, including childbirth and aging!• Psychosocial aspects of isolation and small crew

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The Earth-Moon System

Earth

Moon

L1 L2L3

L4

L5

Note: Earth and Moon are in scale with size of orbits

Geostationary Orbit

Photograph of Earth and Moon taken by Mars Odyssey April 19, 2001 from a distance of 3,564,000 km

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In The Same Scale...

Sun

Earth-Moon

Mercury

Venus

Mars

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Still In The Same Scale

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

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Comparison of Basic CharacteristicsQuantity Earth Free Space Moon Mars

GravitationalAcceleration

9.8 m/s2

(1 g)– 1.545 m/s2

(.16 g)3.711 m/s2

(.38 g)

AtmosphericDensity

101,350 Pa(14.7 psi)

– – 560 Pa(.081 psi)

AtmosphericConstituents

78% N2

21% O2

– – 95% CO2

3% N2

TemperatureRange

120°F-100°F

150°F-60°F

250°F-250°F

80°F-200°F

Lengthof Day

24 hr 90 min –Infinite

28 days 24h 37m22.6s

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Closing Notes• Verify that you have access to both the

spacecraft.ssl.umd and Canvas (ELMS) web sites

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Partial Bibliography• DeHart, “Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine

(2nd edition)” Williams and Wilkins, 1996!• Nicogossian, Huntoon, and Pool, “Space

Physiology and Medicine (3rd edition)” Lea & Febiger, 1994!

• Larson and Pranke, “Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design” McGraw-Hill!

• Johnson, “Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology” Wiley & Sons, 1991

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Partial Bibliography• Nicogossian, Mohler, Gazenko, and Grigoryev,

“Space Biology and Medicine” AIAA, 1994!– Volume II: Life Support and Habitability!– Volume III, Books 1&2: Humans in Spaceflight!

• Churchill, “Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences” (Volumes 1&2) Krieger Publishing, 1997!

• Stanton, Salmon, Walker, Baber, and Jenkins, “Human Factors Methods” Ashgate, 2005

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Documents

ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction - University Of Maryland · Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335, 1976 26. Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors