END OF THE COLD WAR

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Cold War WarmsKhrushchev & DestalinizationKhrushchev & DestalinizationSucceeded by BrezhnevSucceeded by Brezhnev

Begins policy of Begins policy of détentedétenteRelaxation of tensionsRelaxation of tensionsTrade with WestTrade with West

More communication leads to More communication leads to outspoken dissidentsoutspoken dissidents

America’s roleSome Presidents help the thawSome Presidents help the thaw

Nixon visits China, embraces Nixon visits China, embraces détente, SALTdétente, SALT

Ford signs Helsinki AccordsFord signs Helsinki AccordsSome Presidents don’tSome Presidents don’t

Carter’s criticism, no SALT IICarter’s criticism, no SALT IIReagan’s Star Wars (SDI)Reagan’s Star Wars (SDI)

BrezhnevA. 1964, Nikita Khrushchev removed from office. A. 1964, Nikita Khrushchev removed from office. Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev replaced Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev replaced

him. him. During the 1970s, Brezhnev became the main During the 1970s, Brezhnev became the main

Soviet leader. Soviet leader. Keep Eastern Europe as Communist states. Keep Eastern Europe as Communist states. Issued the Issued the Brezhnev Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine The Soviet Union had the right to intervene if The Soviet Union had the right to intervene if

communism was threatened in another communism was threatened in another Communist state.Communist state.

BrezhnevB. Brezhnev benefited from détente, a B. Brezhnev benefited from détente, a

relaxation of tension and improved relaxation of tension and improved relations between the USSR and the relations between the USSR and the U.S. U.S.

Under Brezhnev, the Soviet Union was Under Brezhnev, the Soviet Union was allowed more access to Western allowed more access to Western culture.culture.

Dissidents—people who spoke out Dissidents—people who spoke out against the regime—against the regime—were still were still punished.punished.

Soviet Union Economy

C. The Soviet Union’s economy continued to C. The Soviet Union’s economy continued to emphasize heavy industry. emphasize heavy industry.

The Soviet economy was weakened by a The Soviet economy was weakened by a government bureaucracy that discouraged government bureaucracy that discouraged efficiency and encouraged indifference. efficiency and encouraged indifference.

Collective farmers had no incentive to work Collective farmers had no incentive to work hard in the collective work brigades.hard in the collective work brigades.

Soviet Union and Afghanistan

D. In 1979, détente suffered when the Soviet Union D. In 1979, détente suffered when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. invaded Afghanistan.

President Carter countered this act of expansion President Carter countered this act of expansion by boycotting the 1980 Moscow Olympics and by boycotting the 1980 Moscow Olympics and placing an embargo on the shipment of American placing an embargo on the shipment of American grain to the Soviets.grain to the Soviets.

E. Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union an “evil E. Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union an “evil empire.” He stimulated a new arms race with the empire.” He stimulated a new arms race with the Soviets and backed Afghani rebels.Soviets and backed Afghani rebels.

PERESTROIKA

A. In 1985 the Communist Party chose A. In 1985 the Communist Party chose Mikhail Gorbachev, a reformist, to be the Mikhail Gorbachev, a reformist, to be the new leader. new leader.

The basis of his reforms was The basis of his reforms was perestroika, perestroika, or restructuring.or restructuring.

SOVIET PARLIAMENT

B. Gorbachev wanted to start by restructuring B. Gorbachev wanted to start by restructuring economic policy, specifically having limited free economic policy, specifically having limited free enterprise.enterprise.

1989, established the Congress of People’s 1989, established the Congress of People’s Deputies—a Soviet parliament with elected Deputies—a Soviet parliament with elected leaders. leaders.

Established a new state presidency and became the Established a new state presidency and became the first—and last—Soviet president.first—and last—Soviet president.

End of the Cold WarC. Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” led to stunning changes, C. Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” led to stunning changes,

including the end of the Cold War.including the end of the Cold War.

D. INF Treaty signed in 1987. D. INF Treaty signed in 1987. Treaty slowed down the arms raceTreaty slowed down the arms race Freeing funds for social and economic programs in the Freeing funds for social and economic programs in the

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Reducing the debt in the U.S.Reducing the debt in the U.S.

E. Gorbachev stopped giving military support to Communist E. Gorbachev stopped giving military support to Communist governments in Eastern Europegovernments in Eastern Europe

Those regimes began to be overthrown. Those regimes began to be overthrown. In 1989, a mostly peaceful revolutionary movement swept In 1989, a mostly peaceful revolutionary movement swept

through Eastern Europe.through Eastern Europe.

SOVIET UNION DISSOLVEDG. In 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved.G. In 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved. The Soviet Union included 92 nationalities and 112 The Soviet Union included 92 nationalities and 112

different languages. different languages. The Communist Party kept tensions between them The Communist Party kept tensions between them

contained.contained. Gorbachev’s reforms unleashed nationalist movements Gorbachev’s reforms unleashed nationalist movements

calling for independence for the republics that made up the calling for independence for the republics that made up the Soviet Union. Soviet Union.

Conservative leaders arrested Gorbachev in August 1991 Conservative leaders arrested Gorbachev in August 1991 and tried to seize power.and tried to seize power.

Boris Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Republic, and Boris Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Republic, and thousands of Russians resisted the rebel forces.thousands of Russians resisted the rebel forces.

SOVIET UNION DISSOLVED

H. Ukraine and Belarus joined Russia in H. Ukraine and Belarus joined Russia in declaring that the Soviet Union had declaring that the Soviet Union had “ceased to exist.” “ceased to exist.”

Gorbachev resigned on December 25, Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991, and Boris Yeltsin became the 1991, and Boris Yeltsin became the new Russian president.new Russian president.

YELTSIN TO PUTIN

I. Yeltsin wanted a free market economy.I. Yeltsin wanted a free market economy. Faced economic and social disorder made worse Faced economic and social disorder made worse

by organized crime and Chechnya’s push for by organized crime and Chechnya’s push for independence.independence.

J. In 1999, Yeltsin resigned. J. In 1999, Yeltsin resigned. Vladimir Putin was elected president in 2000. Vladimir Putin was elected president in 2000.

In fall 2004, proposed that regional leaders be In fall 2004, proposed that regional leaders be appointed rather than popularly elected.appointed rather than popularly elected.

CHECHNYA

K.K. Putin took a hard-line policy in Chechnya, vowing to Putin took a hard-line policy in Chechnya, vowing to return the largely Muslim state to Russian authority.return the largely Muslim state to Russian authority.

In September 2004, rebels from Chechnya seized a In September 2004, rebels from Chechnya seized a school and held hundreds hostage. school and held hundreds hostage.

When Russian troops attempted to end the siege, the When Russian troops attempted to end the siege, the fighting between rebels and troops led to the deaths of fighting between rebels and troops led to the deaths of more than 300 people, most of them schoolchildren. more than 300 people, most of them schoolchildren.

Many critics question Putin’s hard-line stance on this Many critics question Putin’s hard-line stance on this issue.issue.

The Former Satellites Poland’s SolidarityPoland’s Solidarity Hungary’s Democratic ForumHungary’s Democratic Forum Czechoslovakia’s splitCzechoslovakia’s split Romania’s televised murderRomania’s televised murder Bulgaria’s United Dem. FrontBulgaria’s United Dem. Front East Germany’s WallEast Germany’s Wall Yugoslavia disintegratesYugoslavia disintegrates

POLANDA. Workers’ protests led to demands for change. A. Workers’ protests led to demands for change. In 1980, Lech Walesa organized a national trade union In 1980, Lech Walesa organized a national trade union

in Poland known as in Poland known as SolidaritySolidarity.. In 1988, the Polish regime agreed to free parliamentary In 1988, the Polish regime agreed to free parliamentary

elections—the first free election in Eastern Europe in elections—the first free election in Eastern Europe in 40 years. 40 years.

In 1990, Walesa was elected president. In 1990, Walesa was elected president. Poland’s rapid free-market reforms led to severe Poland’s rapid free-market reforms led to severe

unemployment and discontent. unemployment and discontent. Today Poland’s free-market economy is becoming Today Poland’s free-market economy is becoming

increasingly prosperous.increasingly prosperous.

CZECHOSLOVAKIAB. In 1968, Soviet troops crushed the reform B. In 1968, Soviet troops crushed the reform

movement in Czechoslovakia. movement in Czechoslovakia. In 1988 and 1989, mass demonstrations led to the In 1988 and 1989, mass demonstrations led to the

collapse of the Communist government. collapse of the Communist government. In December 1989, Václav Havel, a dissident against In December 1989, Václav Havel, a dissident against

the Communist government, became president. the Communist government, became president. In 1993 ethnic conflicts between Czechs and In 1993 ethnic conflicts between Czechs and

Slovaks led to the peaceful division into the Czech Slovaks led to the peaceful division into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.Republic and Slovakia.

ROMANIA C. In 1965, Communist leader Nicolae C. In 1965, Communist leader Nicolae

Ceaus¸escu and his wife Elena led a Ceaus¸escu and his wife Elena led a dictatorial regime in Romania. dictatorial regime in Romania.

His actions angered Romanian people. His actions angered Romanian people. The army refused to support his repressive The army refused to support his repressive

regime and, in December 1989, Ceaus¸escu regime and, in December 1989, Ceaus¸escu and his wife were executed. and his wife were executed.

A new government was formed.A new government was formed.

GERMANY REUNIFIED

D. In 1988 unrest led many East Germans to flee their D. In 1988 unrest led many East Germans to flee their Communist country. Communist country.

In 1989, mass demonstrations against the In 1989, mass demonstrations against the Communist regime broke out. Communist regime broke out.

By November, the Communist government tore By November, the Communist government tore down the Berlin Wall and opened its border with the down the Berlin Wall and opened its border with the West. West.

Large numbers of East Germans crossed the border. Large numbers of East Germans crossed the border. In 1990, East and West Germany were reunited and In 1990, East and West Germany were reunited and

became a powerful symbol of the end of the Cold became a powerful symbol of the end of the Cold War. War.

YUGOSLAVIAA. By 1990, new political parties emerged and the A. By 1990, new political parties emerged and the

Communist Party collapsed.Communist Party collapsed.

B. In 1990, the Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, B. In 1990, the Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked for independence. worked for independence.

Slobodan Milos˘evic´, leader of Serbia, rejected Slobodan Milos˘evic´, leader of Serbia, rejected independence. independence.

In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence. independence.

In September 1991, the Yugoslavian army In September 1991, the Yugoslavian army attacked Croatia.attacked Croatia.

YUGOSLAVIA C. In 1992, the Serbs attacked Bosnia-Herzegovina. C. In 1992, the Serbs attacked Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Many Bosnians were Muslims. Many Bosnians were Muslims. The Serbs followed a policy of ethnic cleansing—The Serbs followed a policy of ethnic cleansing—

killing them or forcibly removing them from their killing them or forcibly removing them from their lands. lands.

In 1995 air strikes by NATO bombers helped Bosnian In 1995 air strikes by NATO bombers helped Bosnian and Croatian forces regain territory lost to Serbia. and Croatian forces regain territory lost to Serbia.

On December 14, the Serbs signed a formal peace On December 14, the Serbs signed a formal peace treaty splitting Bosnia into a loose union of a Serb treaty splitting Bosnia into a loose union of a Serb republic and a Muslim-Croat Federation.republic and a Muslim-Croat Federation.

YUGOSLAVIAD. In 1998, a war began over Kosovo. D. In 1998, a war began over Kosovo. In 1974, Tito had made Kosovo an autonomous, or self-In 1974, Tito had made Kosovo an autonomous, or self-

governing, province within Yugoslavia. governing, province within Yugoslavia. In 1989, Milos˘evic´ took away Kosovo’s autonomous status. In 1989, Milos˘evic´ took away Kosovo’s autonomous status. Albanians fought against Serbian rule in Kosovo. Albanians fought against Serbian rule in Kosovo. Serbian forces massacred ethnic Albanians. Serbian forces massacred ethnic Albanians. The United States and NATO tried to arrange a settlement.The United States and NATO tried to arrange a settlement. In the fall elections of 2000, Milos˘evic´ was ousted from power, In the fall elections of 2000, Milos˘evic´ was ousted from power,

and tried for war crimes at the International Court of Justice for and tried for war crimes at the International Court of Justice for his role in the massacre of Kosovo civilians.his role in the massacre of Kosovo civilians.

In 2003, Serbia and Montenegro formed a republic.In 2003, Serbia and Montenegro formed a republic.

The Cold War Ends Gorbachev assumes power 1985Gorbachev assumes power 1985

Perestroika (restructuring)Perestroika (restructuring) Democratic reforms to Democratic reforms to governmentgovernment

Glasnost (openness)Glasnost (openness) Freedom of speech, pressFreedom of speech, press

Division between reformers and Division between reformers and hardlinershardliners

Hardliners attempt coupHardliners attempt coup Boris Yeltsin (pro-dem) and Boris Yeltsin (pro-dem) and

others resistothers resist Gorbachev resigns, Gorbachev resigns,

communist party disbandscommunist party disbands Satellites,15 republics Satellites,15 republics

granted independencegranted independence Attempting capitalist systemAttempting capitalist system

ChallengesLack of organizationLack of organization

Military / SeparatismMilitary / SeparatismDisaster preparednessDisaster preparedness

Chernobyl & ArmeniaChernobyl & ArmeniaEconomic problemsEconomic problems

Unity needed for survivalUnity needed for survivalC.I.S.C.I.S.

The Unification of Europe An economic union An economic union The European UnionThe European Union

Formed by Maastrict treatyFormed by Maastrict treaty Common currency– The EuroCommon currency– The Euro No trade barriersNo trade barriers Goal: bring in Eastern and Goal: bring in Eastern and

Southeastern EuropeSoutheastern Europe

America’s new enemies?Communists?Communists?

North Korea, Cuba, China, North Korea, Cuba, China, Vietnam…hardly threatsVietnam…hardly threats

Rogue ActorsRogue Actors Terrorists, Insurgents, Dictators, Terrorists, Insurgents, Dictators,

unilateral actorsunilateral actors

Social Implications Role of WomenRole of Women

Mothers, workers, activists, etc.Mothers, workers, activists, etc. ImmigrantsImmigrants CultureCulture

PostmodernismPostmodernism Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

E-business, pollutionE-business, pollution NGOsNGOs

Global solutions to global problemsGlobal solutions to global problems