Upload
jakash08
View
243
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
1/16
Endangered speciesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Endangered species (disambiguation).
"Endangered" redirects here. For other uses, see Endangered (disambiguation).
The Siberian tigeris a subspecies of tiger that is critically endangered; three subspecies of tigerare already extinct.[1]
The most endangered Asiatic top predator, thedhole, is on the edge of extinction.
Conservation status
by risk of extinction
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
2/16
Extinct
Extinct in the Wild
Critically Endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
V
T
E
An endangered species is a population of organisms which is facing a high risk of becoming extinct because it
is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. The International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has calculated the percentage of endangered species.
Many nations have laws offering protection to conservation reliant species: for example, forbidding hunting,
restricting land development or creating preserves.
Only a few of the many species at risk of extinction actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection like
Pandas. Many more species become extinct, or potentially will become extinct, without gaining public
notice.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Conservation status
2 IUCN Red List
o 2.1 United States
2.1.1 NatureServe conservation status
3 Climate change
4 Impact on biodiversity and endangered species
5 Importance of maintaining species
6 Conservation
7 Captive breeding
8 Private farming
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
3/16
9 Gallery
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
[edit]Conservation status
Main article: Conservation status
The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that endangered species
becoming extinct. Many factors are taken into account when assessing the conservation status of a species,
including statistics such as the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time,
breeding success rates, known threats, and so on.
[2]
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system.[3]
It has been estimated that over 40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.[4] Internationally,
199 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and
other threatened species. In the United States this plan is usually called a species Recovery Plan.
[edit]IUCN Red List
IUCN Red List refers to a specific category ofthreatened species, and may include critically endangered
species. The IUCN Red List uses the term endangered species as a specific category of imperilment, rather
than as a general term. Under the IUCN Categories and Criteria, endangered species is between critically
endangeredand vulnerable. Also critically endangeredspecies may also be counted as endangered
species and fill all the criteria
The more general term used by the IUCN for species at risk of extinction is threatened species, which also
includes the less-at-risk category ofvulnerable speciestogether with endangered and critically endangered.
IUCN categories, and some animals in those categories, include:
Extinct: Examples:Atlas bear,Aurochs, Bali Tiger, Caribbean Monk Seal, Carolina Parakeet, Caspian
Tiger, Dinosaurs, Dodo, Dusky Seaside Sparrow, Elephant Bird, Golden Toad, Great Auk, Haast's
Eagle, Japanese Sea Lion, Javan Tiger, Moa, Passenger Pigeon, Pterosaurs, Saber-toothed cat, Short-
faced bear, Steller's Sea Cow, Thylacine, Toolache Wallaby, Western Black Rhinoceros, Woolly
Mammoth, Woolly Rhinoceros, Yangtze River Dolphin
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
4/16
Extinct in the wild: captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, natural population.
Examples: Barbary Lion (maybe extinct), Catarina Pupfish, Hawaiian Crow, Northern White
Rhinoceros,Scimitar Oryx, Socorro Dove, Spix's Macaw (maybe critically endangered), Wyoming Toad
Critically endangered: faces an extremely high risk ofextinction in the immediate future.
Examples:Addax,African Wild Ass,Alabama Cavefish,Amur Leopard,Arakan Forest Turtle,Asiatic
Cheetah,Axolotl, Bactrian Camel, Brazilian Merganser, Brown Spider Monkey, California Condor, Chinese
Alligator, Chinese Giant Salamander, Ethiopian Wolf, Gharial, Hawaiian Monk Seal, Iberian Lynx, Island
Fox, Javan Rhino, Kakapo, Leatherback Sea Turtle, Mediterranean Monk Seal, Mexican Wolf, Mountain
Gorilla, Philippine Eagle, Red Wolf, Saiga, Siamese Crocodile, Spix's Macaw (maybe extinct in the
wild), Sumatran Orangutan, Sumatran Rhinoceros, Takhi, Vaquita
Endangered: faces a very high risk of extinction in the near future. Examples:African Penguin,African
Wild Dog,Asian Elephant,Asiatic Lion, Blue Whale, Bonobo, Bornean
Orangutan, Chimpanzees,Dhole, Giant Otter, Giant Panda, Goliath Frog, Gorillas, Green Sea
Turtle, Grevy's Zebra, Hyacinth Macaw, Japanese Crane, Lear's Macaw, Malayan Tapir, Markhor, Persian
Leopard, Proboscis Monkey,Pygmy Hippopotamus, Rothschild Giraffe, Snow Leopard, Steller's Sea
Lion, Tasmanian Devil, Tiger, Volcano Rabbit, Wild Water Buffalo
Vulnerable: faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term. Examples:African Elephant, Clouded
Leopard, Cheetah, Dugong, Far Eastern Curlew, Fossa, Galapagos Tortoise, Gaur, Giant Oceanic Manta
Ray, Golden Hamster, Great White Shark, Crowned Crane, Hippopotamus, Humboldt Penguin, Indian
Rhinoceros, Komodo Dragon, Lion, Mandrill, Maned Sloth, Mountain Zebra, Polar Bear, Red Panda, Sloth
Bear, Takin, Yak
Near threatened: may be considered threatened in the near future. Examples:African Grey
Parrot,American Bison,Asian Golden Cat, Blue-billed Duck, Eurasian
Curlew, Jaguar, Leopard, Magellanic Penguin, Maned Wolf, Narwhal, Okapi, Solitary Eagle, Southern
White Rhinoceros, Striped Hyena, Tiger Shark
Least concern: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. Examples:American
Alligator,American Crow, Indian Peafowl, Baboon, Bald Eagle, Brown Bear, Brown Rat, Brown-throated
sloth, Cane Toad, Common Wood Pigeon, Cougar, Emperor Penguin, Eurasian Lynx, Giraffe, Grey
Wolf, House Mouse, Human,[5]Humpback Whale, Mallard, Meerkat, Mute Swan, Platypus, Red-tailed
Hawk, Rock Pigeon, Scarlet Macaw, Southern Elephant Seal Milk shark Red howler monkey
[edit]United States
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
5/16
"Endangered" in relation to "threatened" under the ESA
Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, "endangered" is the more protected of the two
categories. The Salt Creek tiger beetle (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) is an example of an endangered
subspecies protected under the ESA.
In the United States alone, the "known species threatened with extinction is ten times higher than the number
protected under the Endangered Species Act" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 414). The US Fish and Wildlife
Service as well as the National Marine Fisheries Service are held responsible for classifying and protecting
endangered species, yet, adding a particular species to the list is a long, controversial process and in reality it
represents only a fraction of imperiled plant and animal life (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 414).
Some endangered species laws are controversial. Typical areas of controversy include: criteria for placing a
species on the endangered species list, and criteria for removing a species from the list once its population has
recovered; whether restrictions on land development constitute a "taking" of land by the government; the
related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their lands; and
obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws. Also lobbying from hunters and various industries like
the petroleum industry, construction industry, and logging, has been an obstacle in establishing endangered
species laws.
The Bush administration lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult a wildlife expert before taking
actions that could damage endangered species. Under the Obama administration, this policy has been
reinstated.[6]
Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable
for collectors and poachers.[7] This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed
turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species. [8]
Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the "shoot, shovel, and shut-up"
method of clearing endangered species from an area of land. Some landowners currently may perceive a
diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it. They have allegedly opted to silently
kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat, thus removing the problem from their land, but at the same time
further reducing the population of an endangered species.[9]
The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act,
which coined the term "endangered species", has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their
publications, but is nevertheless widely recognized as an effective recovery tool by wildlife scientists who work
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
6/16
with the species. Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered[10] and 93% of listed species in the
northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population.[11]
Currently, 1,556 known species in the world have been identified as endangered, or near extinction, and are
under protection by government law (Glenn, 2006, Webpage). This approximation, however, does not take into
consideration the number of species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection
of such laws as the Endangered Species Act. According to NatureServe's global conservation status,
approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates (excluding marine fish), seventeen percent of vascular plants, and
six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 415-416). Thus, in total,
between seven and eighteen percent of the United States' known animals, fungi, and plants are near extinction
(Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 416). This total is substantially more than the number of species protected under
the Endangered Species Act in the United States.
[edit]NatureServe conservation status
NatureServe and its member programs and collaborators use a suite of factors to assess the conservation
status of plant, animal, and fungal species, as well as ecological communities and systems. These
assessments lead to the designation of a conservation status rank. For species these ranks provide an
estimate of extinction risk, while for ecological communities and systems they provide an estimate of the risk of
elimination. Conservation status ranks for how ecological systems in North America are currently under
development.
Conservation status ranks are based on a one to five scale, ranging from critically imperiled (G1) to
demonstrably secure (G5). Status is assessed and documented at three distinct geographic scales-global (G),
national (N), and state/province (S). The numbers have the following meaning:
1 = critically imperiled
2 = imperiled
3 = vulnerable
4 = apparently secure
5 = secure
For example, G1 would indicate that a species is critically imperiled across its entire range (i.e., globally). In this
sense the species as a whole is regarded as being at very high risk of extinction. A rank of S3 would indicate
the species is vulnerable and at moderate risk within a particular state or province, even though it may be more
secure elsewhere.
Species and ecosystems are designated with either an "X" (presumed extinct or extirpated) if there is no
expectation that they still survive, or an "H" (possibly extinct or extirpated) if they are known only from historical
records but there is a chance they may still exist. Other variants and qualifiers are used to add information or
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
7/16
indicate any range of uncertainty. See the following conservation status rank definitions for complete
descriptions of ranks and qualifiers.
For more information, view:
Interpreting NatureServe conservation status ranks[12]
Global, national, and subnational assessments[13]
Assessment criteria[14]
Relationship to other status designations[15]
[edit]Climate change
Before anthropogenic global warming species were subjected mainly to regional pressures, such as
overhunting and habitat destruction. With the acceleration of anthropogenic global warming since the industrial
revolution, climate change has begun to influence species safety. Nigel Stork, in the article "Re-assessing
Extinction Rate" explains, "the key cause of extinction being climate change, and in particular rising
temperatures, rather than deforestation alone." Stork believes climate change is the major issue as to why
species are becoming endangered. Stork claims rising temperature on a local and global level are making it
harder for species to reproduce. As global warming continues, species are no longer able to survive and their
kind starts to deteriorate. This is a repeating cycle that is starting to increase at a rapid rate because of climate
change therefore landing many species on the endangered species list.[16]
[edit]Impact on biodiversity and endangered species
In order to conserve the biodiversity of the planet, one must take into consideration the reasons why so many
species are becoming endangered. "Habitat loss is the most widespread cause of species endangerment in the
U.S., affecting 85% of imperiled species" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 416). When an animal's ecosystem is not
maintained, they lose their home and are either forced to adapt to new surroundings or perish. Pollution is
another factor that causes many species to become endangered. Also, over-exploitation, disease (Wilcove &
Master, 2008, p. 416), and climate change (Kotiaho et al., 2005, p. 1963) have led to the endangerment of
several species.
Humans have an impact on the species and their environment. "As human use of resources, energy, and
space intensified over the past few centuries, the diversity of life has been substantially diminished in most
parts of the world" (Ishwaran & Erdelen, 2006, p. 179).
Humans also set standards for which species they think should be saved and which species they find
unimportant or undesirable. For example, the coqu frog, an invasive species in Hawaii, is so common there
that its "nocturnal singing" reduces the value of homes and prevents hotels from using rooms near forests.
Hawaiians have proposed eliminating the frog, and several wildlife managers want to release a pathogen to kill
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
8/16
the frogs (Minteer & Collins, 2005, p. 333). The frog has decreased the value of homes and caused a loss of
business for several hotels, so the Hawaiians decided it was acceptable to get rid of the group of coqu frog
living near them.
Another example where the human impact affected the welfare of a species sex in the instance of non-native
mute swans establishing themselves at Arrowhead Lake in Vermont. When the population of swans grew to
eight birds, the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department decided to take action. Two swans were eventually
killed, angering animal welfare organizations and people living near the lake (Minteer & Collins, 2005, p. 333).
Yet another example of the human impact in the lives of endangered species is that of the Preble's meadow
jumping mouse. Research has shown that the mouse is not taxonomically different from the Bear Lodge
meadow jumping mouse and the US Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed removing the Preble's mouse from
the endangered species list based on this information (Minteer & Collins, 2006, p. 333).
[edit]
Importance of maintaining species
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on
Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 2012)
"Diversity of life and living systems are a necessary condition for human development" (Ishwaran & Erdelen,
2006, p. 179). Many question the importance of maintaining biodiversity in today's world, where conservation
efforts prove costly and time consuming. Species should be saved for "aesthetic and moral justifications; the
importance of wild species as providers of products and services essential to human welfare; the value of
particular species as indicators of environmental health or as keystone species crucial to the functioning of
ecosystems; and the scientific breakthroughs that have come from the study of wild organisms" (Wilcove &
Master, 2008, p. 418). In other words, species serve as a source of art and entertainment, provide products
such as medicine for human well-being, indicate the welfare of the overall environment and ecosystem, and
provided research that resulted in scientific discoveries. An example of an "aesthetic justification" in conserving
endangered species is that of the introduction of the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park. The gray wolf
has brought numerous amounts of tourists to the park and added to the biodiversity in the protected region
(Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418).
Another example, supporting the conservation of endangered species as providers of products for human well-
being, is the scrub mint. It has been found that the scrub mint contains an anti-fungal agent and a natural
insecticide (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418). Also, the deterioration of the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon
"alerted people to the potential health hazards associated with the widespread spraying of DDT and other
persistent pesticides" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418).
This serves as an example of how certain fish can serve as identifiers of environmental health and protect
human life as well as other species. Finally, an example of species providing for scientific discoveries is the
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
9/16
instance of the Pacific yew which "became the source of taxol, one of the most potent anticancer compounds
ever discovered" (Wilcove & Master, 2008, p. 418-419). Endangered species could prove useful to human
development, maintenance of biodiversity and preservation of ecosystems.
Another approach is known as ecosystem conservation, where a focus is placed less on preserving any
individual given species than on preserving the proper functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.[17]
[edit]Conservation
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on
Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 2012)
It is the goal of conservationists to create and expand upon ways to preserve endangered species and maintain
biodiversity. There are several ways in which one can aid in preserving the world's species who are nearing
extinction. One such way is obtaining more information on different groups of species, especially invertebrates,
fungi, and marine organisms, where sufficient data is lacking.
For example, to understand the causes of population declines and extinction an experiment was conducted on
the butterfly population in Finland. In this analysis, the butterflies' endangered list classification, distribution,
density, larval specificity, dispersal ability, adult habitat breadth, flight period and body size were all recorded
and examined to determine the threatened state of each species. It was found that the butterflies' distribution
has declined by fifty-one and a half percent, and they have a severely restricted habitat. One example of
specific butterflies who have a declining distribution rate are the Frigga's Fritillary and Grizzled Skipper, who
have been affected by habitat loss due to extensive draining of the bogs where they live (Kotiaho et al., 2005,
p. 19631967). This experiment shows that when we know the causes of endangerment, we can successfully
create solutions for the management of biodiversity.
Another way to help preserve endangered species is to create a new professional society dedicated to
ecological ethics. This could help ecologists make ethical decisions in their research and management of
biodiversity. Also, creating more awareness on environmental ethics can help encourage species preservation.
"Courses in ethics for students, and training programs for ecologists and biodiversity managers" all could
create environmental awareness and prevent violations of ethics in research and management (Minteer &
Collins, 2005, p. 336). One final way in which one can conserve endangered species is through federal agency
investments and protection enacted by the federal government. "Ecologists have proposed biological corridors,
biosphere reserves, ecosystem management, and ecoregional planning as approaches to integrate biodiversity
conservation and socioeconomic development at increasingly larger spatial scales" (Ishwaran & Erdelen, 2006,
p. 179).
One example of a federal mandated conservation zone is the Northwest Hawaiian Islands Marine National
Monument, the largest marine protected area in the world. The monument is essential to the preservation of
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
10/16
underwater communities and overfished regions. Only researchers working in the area are permitted to fish, no
corals may be removed, and the Department of Homeland Security will enforce restrictions on vessels passing
through the waters via satellite imaging. The monument will serve as a home to an estimated seven thousand
species, most of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world (Raloff, 2006, p. 92). This environmental
monument demonstrates the fact that it is possible to create a safe environment for endangered species, as
well as maintaining some of the world's largest ecosystems.
[edit]Captive breeding
Main article: Captive breeding
Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with
restricted settings, such as wildlife preserves, zoos and other conservation facilities. Captive breeding is meant
to save species from going extinct. It is supposed to stabilize the population of the species so it is no longer at
risk for disappearing.[18]
This technique has been used with success for many species for some time, with probably the oldest known
such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers, a case in point
being the Pere David's Deer. However, captive breeding techniques are usually difficult to implement for highly
mobile species like some migratory birds (e.g. cranes) and fishes (e.g. Hilsa). Additionally, if the captive
breeding population is too small, inbreeding may occur due to a reduced gene pool; this may lead to the
population lacking immunity to diseases.
[edit]Private farming
Whereas poaching causes substantial reductions in endangered animal populations, legal private farming for
profit has the opposite effect. Legal private farming has caused substantial increases in the populations of both
the southern black rhinoceros and the southern white rhinoceros. Dr Richard Emslie, a scientific officer at the
IUCN, said of such programs, "Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are
largely privately owned... We have been able to bring local communities into the conservation programmes.
There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching:
from eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit. So many owners are keeping them secure. The private sector
has been key to helping our work."[19]
Conservation experts view the effect of China's turtle farming on the wild turtle populations of China and South-
Eastern Asiamany of which are endangeredas "poorly understood".[20]
While they commend the gradual
replacement of wild-caught turtles with farm-raised turtles in the marketplace (the percentage of farm-raised
individuals in the "visible" trade grew from around 30% in 2000 to around 70% in 2007),[21] they are concerned
with the fact that a lot of wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock. As the conservation
expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted, turtle farmers often believe in the superiority of wild-caught animals as the
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
11/16
breeding stock, which may create an incentive for turtle hunters to seek and catch the very last remaining wild
specimens of some endangered turtle species.[21]
In 2009, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to coax southern bluefin tuna to breed in landlocked
tanks, opening up the possibility of using fish farming as a way to save the species from the problems
ofoverfishing in the wild.[22]
[edit]Gallery
The endangered island fox
The endangered Sea Otter
American Bison skull heap. There were as few as 750 bison in 1890 from economic-driven overhunting.
Immature California Condor
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
12/16
Loggerhead sea turtle
Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander(photo courtesy of Don Roberson)
AnAsian arowana
Iberian Lynx, Europe's most endangered mammal
[edit]See also
Ecology portal
Environment portal
ARKive
Biodiversity
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
13/16
Critically Endangered
Endangered plants of Europe
Endangered Species Act
Endangered Species Coalition (ESC)
Ex-situ conservation
Extinction
Holocene extinction
Habitat fragmentation
Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation
In-situ conservation
IUCN Red List
IUCN Red List Critically Endangered species
IUCN Red List endangered animal species
The Last Paradises: On the Track of Rare Animals (1967 film)
List of endangered species in India
List of endangered species in North America
List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species
Overexploitation
NatureServe conservation status
Rare species
Red Data Book of the Russian Federation
Red and Blue-listed
Threatened species
United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species
World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival (WCBESCAS)
World Conservation Union (IUCN)
World Wide Fund for Nature
[edit]Notes
1. ^"The Tiger". Sundarbans Tiger Project. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
2. ^"NatureServe Conservation Status". NatureServe. April 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
3. ^"Red List Overview". IUCN. February 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
4. ^"Threatened Species". Conservation and Wildlife. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
14/16
5. ^ Abramov, A., Belant, J. & Wozencraft, C. (2009). "Gulo gulo". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species.Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
6. ^FWS.gov
7. ^ Courchamp, Franck; Elena Angulo, Philippe Rivalan, Richard J. Hall, Laetitia Signoret, Leigh Bull, Yves
Meinard. "Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect". PLoS Biology. Retrieved
2006-12-19.
8. ^ Dharmananda, Subhuti. "Endangered Species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese
medicine.". Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
9. ^"Shoot, Shovel and Shut Up". Reasononline. Reason Magazine. 2003-12-31. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
10. ^"USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS)". U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved
2007-08-06.
11. ^Success Stories for Endangered Species Act
12. ^Natureserve.org
13. ^Natureserve.org
14. ^Natureserve.com
15. ^Natureserve.org
16. ^ Stork, Nigel (Feb 2010). Re-assessing Current Extinction Rates.
17. ^"Ecosystem Conservation".
18. ^"Captive Breeding Populations - National Zoo| FONZ". Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
19. ^He's black, and he's back! Private enterprise saves southern Africa's rhino from extinction, The
Independent, June 17, 2008
20. ^ Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F.; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (2008-01-01). "Evidence for the
massive scale of turtle farming in China". Oryx(Cambridge University Press) 42: pp. 147
150.DOI:10.1017/S0030605308000562. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
21. ^ab
"Turtle farms threaten rare species, experts say". Fish Farmer, 30 March 2007. Their source is an
article by James Parham, Shi Haitao, and two other authors, published in Feb 2007 in the
journalConservation Biology
22. ^The Top 10 Everything of 2009: Top 10 Scientific Discoveries: 5. Breeding Tuna on Land, Time
magazine, December 8, 2009
[edit]References
Glenn, C. R. 2006. "Earth's Endangered Creatures", Accessed 9/30/2008
Ishwaran, N., & Erdelen, W. (2005, May). Biodiversity Futures, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(4),
179. Retrieved September 23, 2008
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
15/16
Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A., Pivinen, J. P., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2005, February 8). Predicting the Risk
of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics, proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 102(6), 1963-1967. Retrieved September 24, 2008
Minteer, B. A., & Collins, J. P. (2005, August). Why we need an "Ecological Ethics".
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(6), 332-337. Retrieved September 22, 2008
Raloff, J. (2006, August 5). Preserving Paradise, Science News, 170(6), 92. Retrieved September 22, 2008,
Wilcove, D. S., & Master L. L. (2008, October). How Many Endangered Species are there in the United
States? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 414-420. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
[edit]External links
List of species with the category Endangered as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Endangered Species from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Endangered Species & Wetlands Report Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA,
wetlands and regulatory takings.
USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere
[show]
V
T
EZoos, aquariums, and aviarie
View page ratings
Rate this page
What's this?
Trustworthy
Objective
Complete
Well-written
I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)
Submit ratings
Categories:
Endangered species
7/31/2019 Endanger Species
16/16
Endangered plants
Biota by conservation status
IUCN Red List