Endocrine System Disorder (Autosaved)

8/18/2019 Endocrine System Disorder (Autosaved)

1/16

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISORDER

DIABETES MELLITUS:

Pancreas does not secrete enough insulin à cells cannot absorb

glucose à low energy leels! sugar in urine! "ore urine! thirst#

DIABETES I$SIPIDUS:

%osterior %ituitary does not "a&e enough AD' or its e(ects

are bloc&ed! AD' hel%s absorb water in the &idneys à low

AD' à causes large olu"es o) urine#

'*PE+T'*+,IDISM -.+A/ES DISEASE0:

hy%ersecretion o) thyro1ine by the thyroid gland! thyroid "ay be

"al)unctioning or too "uch TS' )ro" %ituitary! à increased

"etabolic rate! inc# heart rate! weight loss! sweating! high B#P#!

eyeballs %rotrude! hot#

'*P,T'*+,IDISM -.,ITE+0:

an iodine de2ciency causes less thyro1ine to be released by the

thyroid gland thus causing low "etabolic rate! weight gain! cold!

slow %ulse! %u(y! also à low thyro1ine à brea&s the negatie

)eedbac& loo% thus the %ituitary &ee%s releasing TS' à causing the

thyroid to swell u%#

'*P,T'*+,IDISM -3+ETI$ISM0: in babies

nor"al thyro1ine leels at birth ia the "other through the%lacenta

low thyro1ine a)ter birth à abnor"al bone deelo%"ent! "ental

retardation! low body te"%#! lethargy! stunted growth#


2/16

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

.astroeso%hageal +e4u1 Disease -.E+D0 5Seere

6heartburn7 in lay"en8s language# 9ea&ness o) the ale

between the eso%hagus and sto"ach "ay allow sto"ach

acid to re4u1 -regurgitate! bac&u%0 into the eso%hagus and

irritate and in4a"e the lining# This results in chest %ain which

can "i"ic that o) angina -%ain o) cardiac ische"ia or an MI0#

aundice 5 Literally "eans 6yellow7 in ;rench# *ellowing o)

the s&in and whites o) the eyes )ro" a bac&u% o) bile

"etabolic by5%roducts )ro" the blood into body tissues#

May result )ro" bloc&age o) the ducts draining bile )ro" the

lier into the intestines or e1cessie brea&down o) red blood

cells# 'e"oglobin )ro" destroyed +B3s is bro&en down! and

in %art! ends u% in bile secretions#

Dierticulosis


3/16

in the eins between the gastrointestinal

tract and lier causes engorge"ent o)

eins around the u"bilicus -nael0# The

characteristic radiating %attern o) eins is

called a 6ca%ut "edusae7 -head o)

Medusa0# Medusa was the 6sna&e5haired

lady7 in .ree& "ythology#

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Leu&e"ia The cause o) "ost hu"an leu&e"ia is un&nown# It is a &ind o)cancer in which abnor"al white blood cells "ulti%ly in anuncontrolled "anner# they inter)ere with the %roduction o)nor"al white blood cells# Leu&e"ia a(ects the %roduction o)

red blood cells#

BursitisBursitis is a disorder that causes %ain in the body>s ?oints# It "ostco""only a(ects the shoulder and hi% ?oints# It is caused by anin4a""ation o) the bursa! s"all 4uid52lled bags that act aslubricating sur)aces )or "uscles to "oe oer bones# Thisin4a""ation usually results )ro" oeractiity o) an ar" or leg#

,steo%orosis,steo%orosis is a disease resulting in the loss o) bone tissue#In osteo%orosis! the cancellous bone loses calciu"! beco"esthinner! and "ay disa%%ear altogether#

S%rainsA s%rain is an in?ury to a liga"ent or to the tissue that coers

a ?oint# Most s%rains result )ro" a sudden wrench thatstretches or tears the tissues o) the liga"ents# A s%rain isusually e1tre"ely %ain)ul# The in?ured %art o)ten swells andturns blac& and blue#


4/16

;racturesA )racture is a bro&en bone# These are so"eco""on &inds o) )ractures:

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

'odg&in>s

Diseases caused by

the body %roducing too "any abnor"al white blood

cells# It is not the sa"e as 'odg&in>s Disease# Sy"%to"s

usually include %ainless! enlarged ly"%h node or nodes

in the nec&! wea&ness! )eer! weight loss! and ane"ia#

Ly"%hangitis:


5/16

Ly"%hadenitis is an in)ection o) the ly"%h nodes

usually caused by a irus! bacteria or )ungi# Sy"%to"s

include redness ands also a

side5e(ect o) so"e surgical %rocedures#

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Angina 5 a sense o) su(ocating contraction or tightening o) thelower %art o) the chest#


6/16

Arrhyth"ia 5 an irregularity in the )orce or rhyth" o) theheartbeat#

Atherosclerosis 5 a )or" o) arteriosclerosis characteri@ed by thede%osition o) %laues containing cholesterol and li%ids on theinner"ost layer o) the walls o) large and "ediu"5si@edarteries#

Arteriosclerosis 5 a chronic disease in which thic&ening!hardening! and loss o) elasticity o) the arterial walls result in

i"%aired blood circulation# It deelo%s with aging! and inhy%ertension! diabetes! and other conditions#

3ardio"yo%athy 5 a disease or disorder o) the heart "uscle!es%ecially o) un&nown or obscure cause#

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Ence%halitis: Disorder characteri@ed by in4a""ation o)the brain#


7/16

Meningitis: +esults in in4a""ation o) "e"branes o) the

brain#

Tro%ical S%astic Para%aresis: Disease a(ecting the bone

"arrow! also results in Leu&e"ia in so"e cases#

Arachnoid 3ysts: 3yst )or"ation on %arts o)

brain or s%inal cord#

'untington8s Disease: +esults in degeneration o) the brain cells#

+ESPI+AT,+* S*STEM

In4a""atory lung disease

3haracterised by a high neutro%hil count!e#g# asth"a! cystic 2brosis! e"%hyse"a!chronic obstructie %ul"onary disorder or

acute res%iratory distress syndro"e#


8/16

,bstructie lung diseases

,bstructie lung diseases are diseases o) the lungwhere the airways -i#e# bronchi! bronchioles! aleoli0

beco"e reduced in olu"e or hae )ree 4ow o) gasi"%eded! "a&ing it "ore dicult to "oe air in and

out o) the lung#

3hronic obstructie %ul"onary disease -3,PD0

3hronic obstructie %ul"onary disease -3,PD0! which includese"%hyse"a an e1a"%le o) an obstructie lung disease! is where the aleolae

ru%ture causing air to be retained in the lungs and li"it the aailable s%aceduring inhalation#

+estrictie lung diseases

+estrictie lung diseases -also &nownas interstitial lung diseases0 are a category o)res%iratory disease characteri@ed by a loss o) lungco"%liance!C causing inco"%lete lung e1%ansionand increased lung sti(ness! such as in in)antswith res%iratory distress syndro"e#

+es%iratory tract in)ections

In)ections can a(ect any %art o) the res%iratory syste"# They are traditionallydiided into u%%er res%iratory tract in)ections and lower res%iratory tract

in)ections#

Muscular Syste"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchioleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_compliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_compliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease#cite_note-emedicineRLD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchioleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_compliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_compliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease#cite_note-emedicineRLD-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease


9/16

3hronic )atigue syndro"e -3;S0 is the "ost co""onna"eCF used to designate a signi2cantlydebilitatingC "edical disorder or grou% o)disordersCG generally de2ned by %ersistent)atigue acco"%anied by other s%eci2c

sy"%to"s )or a "ini"u" o) si1 "onths in adults-and G "onths in children or adolescentsCH0! notdue to ongoing e1ertion! not substantially

relieed by rest! and not caused by other "edicalconditions

$euro"uscular disease is a ery broad ter" thatenco"%asses "any diseases and ail"ents that i"%airthe )unctioning o) the "uscles! either directly!being %athologies o) the "uscle! or indirectly! being

%athologies o) neres or neuro"uscular ?unctions#

$euro"uscular diseases are those that a(ect the"uscles and


10/16

Tendinitis -in)or"ally also tendonitis0! "eaning in4a""ation o)a t endon! is a ty%e o) tendino%athy o)ten con)used with the "ore

co""ontendonosis! which has si"ilar sy"%to"s but reuires

di(erent treat"ent# -The su1 5itis denotes diseases

characteri@ed by in4a""ation#0 The ter" tendinitis should be

resered )or tendon in?uries that inole larger5scale acutein?uries acco"%anied by in4a""ation# .enerally tendinitis is

re)erred to by the body %art inoled! such as Achilles

tendinitis -a(ecting the Achilles tendon0! or %atellar tendinitis

- ?u "%er>s &nee! a(ecting the %atellar tendon0#

Myasthenia grais -)ro" .ree& JK"uscle! NOQR wea&ness!and Latin: grais serious abbreiated M.0 is anautoi""uneneuro"uscular disease leading to4uctuating "uscle wea&ness and )atigability# It isan autoi""une disorder! in which wea&ness iscaused by circulating antibodies thatbloc& acetylcholine rece%tors at the

%ostsyna%tic neuro"uscular ?unction!CF inhibiting the e1citatory e(ects o)the neurotrans"itter acetylcholine on nicotinic rece%tors throughoutneuro"uscular ?unctions# Myasthenia is treated "edicallywithacetylcholinesterase inhibitors or i""unosu%%ressants! and! in selectedcases! thy"ecto"y# The disease incidence is G=GV cases %er "illion %er year

and rising as a result o) increased awareness#C M. "ust be distinguished)ro" congenital "yasthenic syndro"es that can %resent si"ilar sy"%to"s buto(er no res%onse to i""unosu%%ressie treat"ents#

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumper's_kneehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellar_tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis#cite_note-Conti-Fine-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis#cite_note-McGrogan-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumper's_kneehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumper's_kneehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumper's_kneehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellar_tendonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmunityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis#cite_note-Conti-Fine-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymectomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis#cite_note-McGrogan-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndrome


11/16

E1cretory Syste"

Bladder cancer is any o) seeral ty%es o) "alignancyarising )ro" the e%ithelial lining -i#e#! the urotheliu"0o) the urinary bladder# +arely the bladder is inoledby non5e%ithelial cancers! suchas ly"%ho"a or sarco"a! but these are not ordinarilyincluded in the collouial ter" bladder cancer# It is adisease in which abnor"al cells "ulti%ly without

control in the bladder#

Interstitial cystitis or bladder %ain

syndro"e -also I3


12/16

A urinary tract in)ection -UTI0 is an in)ection that a(ects %art o)the urinary tract# 9hen it a(ects the lower urinary tract it is &nown asa si"%le cystitis -a bladder in)ection0 and when it a(ects the u%%erurinary tract it is &nown as %yelone%hritis -a &idney in)ection0#Sy"%to"s )ro" a lower urinary tract include %ain)ul urination and

either )reuent urination or urge to urinate -or both0! while those o)%yelone%hritis include )eer and 4an& %ain in addition to thesy"%to"s o) a lower UTI#

Urinary incontinence -UI0! inoluntary urination!or enuresisCF is any inoluntary lea&age o) urine# It canbe a co""on and distressing %roble"! which "ay hae

a %ro)ound i"%act on uality o) li)e# Urinary incontinenceal"ost always results )ro" an underlying treatable"edical condition but is under5re%orted to "edical%ractitioner

Integu"entary Syste"

Ec@e"a

A co""on s&in condition characteri@ed byreddening -erythe"a0 and esicle)or"ation! which "ay lead to wee%ing andcrusting#It is endogenous! or constitutional# This"eans that outside agents do not %lay a%ri"ary role# -3ontrast this with>der"ititis>! in which case outside agentsD, %lay a %ri"ary role#0 'oweer in so"econte1ts the ter"s >der"ititis> and>ec@e"a> are used interchangeably to re)erto the sy"%to"s o) these s&in conditions#

A chronic s&in disease in which scaly %in&%atches )or" on the elbows! &nees! scal%! andother %arts o) the body# Psorisis is one o) theco""onest s&in diseases in Britain! a(ecting

about W o) the %o%ulation -cause un&nown0# This disorder o)ten runs in )a"ilies! theco""onest ti"e o) onset being in adolesence#It so"eti"es occurs in association with arthritis#,ccasionally the disease "ay be ery seere!a(ecting "uch o) the s&in and causingconsiderable disability in the %atient#

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_painhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life


13/16


14/16

'ydrocele 5 a 4uid 2lled sac %artially surrounding the testis#

Mani)ests itsel) as a swelling on the side o) the scrotu"# May cause

disco")ort# 3an be surgically corrected# And! who would "ost

li&ely be doing the surgeryX A urologistY

/aricocele 5 dilated and twisted eins o) the testis! sort o)

6he"orrhoids7 o) the scrotu"Y Mani)ests itsel) as a

swelling on the side o) the scrotu" which "ay loo& and

)eel li&e a 6bag o) wor"s#7 May be surgically corrected i)

causing disco")ort# This condition "ay also cause

reduced s%er" count and "ale sterility due to sluggish

blood 4ow eleating testicular te"%erature#

3ry%torchidis" 5 literally 6hidden testicle#7 A condition o)

lac& o) descent o) one or both testes into the scrotu"# I)

not corrected! usually by surgery! be)ore %uberty! can

lead to sterility and increased ris& o) testicular cancer#

Benign %rostatic hy%ertro%hy -BP'0 5 swelling o) the %rostate

gland which surrounds the base o) the "ale bladder and

urethra causing diculty urinating! dribbling! and nocturia


15/16

-re"e"ber that wordX See urinary syste"0# The bane o) old "enY BP'

beco"es "ore co""on as "en age#

Female Reproductive

Endo"etriosis 5 a condition inoling

coloni@ation o) the abdo"inal


16/16

Prola%sed uterus = the uterus is al"ost directly aboe

the agina# In )act! the ceri1! the nec& region! o) the

uterus e1tends into the u%%er agina# Liga"ents holdthe uterus in %ro%er %osition so that it does not

%rola%se or herniate into the agina# Seere %rola%se

can result in the uterine ceri1 %rotruding )ro" the

aginal o%ening# Surgical re%air is ty%ically reuired to restore the uterus to its

%ro%er anato"ical %osition#

Documents

Endocrine System Disorder (Autosaved)