Endocrine System ST 120

Day # 1Objectives

Medical Terminology Location of the Endocrine Glands Hormones, steroid, non-steroid Discuss the function of the following Endocrine glands Pituitary Hypothalmus Thyroid Parathyroid Related Diseases

Functions of the Endocrine System

Hormone Secretion Communication Control

ENDOCRINE

GLANDS

Endocrine System Organs

ALL organs of the Endocrine Systemare Glands

ALL Glands are not organs of the Endocrine System

Glands

WHERE DO THESE GLANDS SECRETE THEIR PRODUCTS?

Endocrine- Into the bloodstream

Exocrine- Into ducts

Endocrine SystemMedical Terminology

Endocrinologist- A specialist in DX and treatment of malfunctions of the Endocrine system

Endocrinopathy- Endocrine system disease

Hypercrinism- Excessive secretion of any gland

Hypocrinism- A condition caused by a secretion deficiency of any gland

QUESTION?????

What are the functions of the Endocrine System?????

Hormones

A substance secreted by an Endocrine Gland

FUNCTION

Regulates Metabolism Growth and Development Reproduction Homeostasis

Function of the Endocrine System

HOW DO HORMONES KNOW WHERE TO GO???

THEY DON’T!!!!!

HOW DO HORMONES GET WHERE THEY NEED TO GO???

Receptor Sites – Target Cells

Hormones

TWO Major Classes of Hormones

Steroid Hormones• Metabolism control • Inflammation control• Salt water balance• Sexual characteristic development• Ability to withstand illness, injury

Non-Steroid Hormones• Whole Proteins• “First Messenger”• Delivers message to receptor

Hormones

Tropic Hormones

Hormones that control the release ofother hormones.

Can release hormones

Can inhibit release of hormones

Non-Steroid Hormones

How do they function??????

Delivers chemical message from cells of endocrine gland to target organ

Highly specific receptor sites of target organ receive chemical message (AMP)

Chemical reactions occur

Molecules called Second Messengers are activated

Second Messengers activate hormone in target organ

Non-Steroid Hormones

LOCK and KEY Model

Interaction between hormone and receptor cell

Non- Steroid Hormones

QUESTION?????

What are the functions of hormones???

QUESTION?????

Describe the lock and key model.

QUESTION?????

Explain how the second messenger works.

Steroid Hormones

HOW DO THEY FUNCTION??????

Can pass directly from endocrine gland into the target organ cell.(Steroid hormones are generally lipids)

They bind with receptors in the nucleus

They bind with DNA in the nucleus

Lock and Key Model

Steroid Hormones

Steroid Hormones

Examples of Steroid Hormones

Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens Estrogens ProgesteroneTestosterone

Feedback Loops

Negative Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System

Feedback Loops

Positive Feedback Loops in the Endocrine System

Amplifies Changes

Example- Increase of Oxytocin for Uterine contractions

Endocrine System

Prostaglandins

Tissue Hormones Found in a variety of tissues Play important role in communication Believed to influence AMP

QUESTION?????

Give three examples of steroid hormones

Pituitary Gland

Located in the cranium on the Sella Turcica

Pituitary Gland

Two Divisions

Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis

Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis

AKA- The Master Gland

Anterior Pituitary

Anterior Pituitary

Secretes -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) pg 498

- Growth Hormone (GH)

- Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

QUESTION?????

What is the Adenohypophysis???

QUESTION?????

What are the hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary? Name one of their functions

Posterior Pituitary

Secretes- Antidiuretic Hormone

- Oxytocin

Medical Terminology

Hypoglycemia- lower than normal blood glucose concentration. Too much insulin in the blood

Hyperglycemia- higher than normal blood glucose concentration

Diuretic- increasing volume of urine excreted

Diabetes Insipidus- Caused by insufficient production ADH

Abnormalities of GH

Gigantism- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone During developmental years

Dwarfism- Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone During developmental years

Acromegaly- Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone After developmental years

Pituitary Adenoma- A benign tumor causes excess hormone secretion

Treatment

Hypophysectomy- radiation or surgery to removeall or part of the pituitary

Human Growth Hormone Therapy- Synthetic usedto stimulate growth hormone

Hypothalmus

-Produces ADH and Oxytocin

-Sends message down axons to posterior pituitary

-Posterior pituitary releases ADH and Oxytocin

-Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones

-Travels down blood capillaries to anterior pituitary

-Anterior pituitary releases hormones

Hypothalmus

Helps to maintain homeostasis

QUESTION?????

Explain how Oxytocin moves from the hypothalamus, to the blood stream

Thyroid Gland

Secretes - Thyroxine - Triiodothyronine - Calcitonin

Function is to regulate body’s metabolism

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Gland is DIFFERENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

-Stores thyroid hormones in colloid compound

-Colloid material is stored in the follicles of the gland

-Hormones are released from colloid into blood when needed

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Gland

Calcitonin- Decreases blood calcium concentration

- Inhibits bone breakdown

- Prevents hypercalcemia- excessive calcium in the blood.

Thyroid Conditions

Hypothyroidism- deficiency of thyroid secretion

Hyperthyroidism- Excess of thyroid secretion

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis- Autoimmune disorder, immunesystem attacks thyroid can lead to Goiter’s

Grave’s disease- Autoimmune disorder, hyperthyroidism.Goiter, exophthalmos

Parathyroid Gland

Function- regulate calcium levels

Secretes- Parathyroid/Parathormone

Regulates- Calcium Levels in the blood

Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid Conditions

Hypoparthyroidism- insufficient or absent secretionOf parathyroid. Hypocalcemia can lead to tetany

Hyperparathyroidism- over production of PTHCan lead to weakened bones, kidney stone formation

Tetany- Abnormal condition, followed by muscle spasms

Opposites

CALCITONIN

PARATYROID

PTH

QUESTION?????

What would happen if the thyroid produced an excess of Calcitonin?

QUESTION?????

What is the antagonist for Calcitonin?

QUESTION?????

What causes a goiter? Where can a goiter be found? Why do most people today not get goiters?

Day 2

Endocrine System

Objectives- Function of Adrenal Glands - Related diseases - Function of Pancreas - Related diseases - Medical Terminology

Adrenal Glands

Function - Controls electrolyte levels - Regulates Metabolism - Interaction with sympathetic nervous system

Located one on top of each kidney

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Glands

Each Adrenal gland consist of two parts

Adrenal Cortex- Outer portion

Adrenal medulla- Inner Portion

Adrenal Cortex

There are three layers in the Adrenal cortex

Outer Zone – Secretes Mineralocorticoids

Middle Zone- Secretes Glucocorticoids

Inner Zone - Secretes Sex Hormones

Adrenal Cortex

Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone- Primary mineralocorticoid

-Steroid Hormone

-Increase the amount of sodium

-Decrease the amount of potassium

-Speeds up kidney reabsorption of water

Glucocorticoids

Cortisol- Primary glucocorticoid

- Steroid Hormone

-Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates fats, proteins

-Influence Blood Pressure

-Anti-inflammatory effect

-Maintains normal blood glucose concentration

Gluocorticoids

Gluconeogenesis

Process of converting amino acids, fatty acids to glucose

• Amino acids move out of tissue cells into blood

• Circulates to liver

• Liver changes them to glucose

• Leaves liver cells and enters blood

Gluocorticoids

Anti-immunity, antiallergy effect

• Decrease number of cells that produce anti-bodies

Anti-inflammatory effect

• Hydrocortisone

Gluocorticoids

Stress- extreme stimuli act on the body

• The body’s first response is to release glucocorticoids

• Surgery, hemorrhage, infections, severe burns, intense emotions

Sex Hormones

Androgen- Primary Hormone

• In BOTH Males and Females

• Stimulates sex drive in females

• Has no significant effect on males

Questions?????

Explain the process of glycogneogenesis

What is the function of Mineral corticoids?

What are the two divisions of the adrenal gland?

Adrenal Pathology

•Adrenalitis- inflammation of adrenal glands

•Addison’s disease- Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol Cause- Disorder of adrenal glands, inadequate secretion of ACTH by pituitary gland

•Aldosteronism- electrolyte abnormality caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone

•Cushing’ s Syndrome- Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

Adrenal Medulla

Function – Helps with Stress (Fight or Flight)

Secretes – Epinephrine or Norepinephrine

Not necessary for life!!!!!

Receives impulse from the nerves, acts quickly

Adrenal Medulla

STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!

WAS YOUR ADRENAL MEDULLA WORKINGDURING YOUR FINAL EXAM?????????????

OR WAS IT YOUR ADRENAL CORTEX?????

Discuss

STRESS!!!!!!!!!!!

Epinephrine prolongs , intensifies changesIn the body

Hypothalmus acts on the anterior pituitaryTo release ACTH.

This stimulates the adrenal cortex to secreteglucocorticoids

Questions????

Name two hormones that can be considered part ofA negative feedback loop?

What is ACTH, and what does it do?

Endocrine System Day # 3 ST 120

Objectives

Function and structure of following glandsPancreatic islets Ovaries Testes Thymus Pineal Gland Placenta Medical terminology Related Diseases Review

Pancreas???

The Pancreas in itself is part of the digestive system.

Then Why……..is it listed as part of the EndocrineSystem???????

Islets cells within the Pancreas have endocrine function. AKA Islets of Langerhans

Islets of Langerhans

Pancreatic Islets

Function- Controls Blood Sugar

Two kinds of cells in pancreatic islets

• Glucagon (alpha cells)

• Insulin (beta cells)

Glucagon

Accelerates a process called liver glycogenolysis

A chemical process by which glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver.

It leaves liver cells and enters the blood

Other hormones increase blood sugar- Glucocorticoids, GH

Insulin

Function- decreases blood sugar

Insulin is secreted into the blood

Sugar moves from blood into cells, liver

Stored as energy reserve

Diabetes

Type 1- AKA insulin-dependant - juvenile diabetes - Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder

Hyposecretion of insulin

Diabetes

Type 2- AKA non-insulin dependant

- adult onset - insulin is produced - insulin is not used effectively - body tries to compensate by secreting more insulin

Diabetes Symptoms

Increased urination (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Excessive hunger (polyphagia) Weight loss Blurred vision Extreme fatigue Slow healing Recurring infections Tingling sensations

Gestational Diabetes

Develops during pregnancy

Overweight women more susceptible

Disappears after birth in most cases

More likely to develop type 2 diabetes

Diabetic Emergencies

DO call 911

Hypoglycemia-Shock

Hyperglycemia- Coma

Questions??????????

What is the difference between Type 1, and Type 2diabetes?

Explain glycogenolysis

Explain glyconeogenesis

Questions??????????

What is polyuria?

What is peripheral neuropathy?

Ovaries

Secretes- Estrogens, Progesterones - Relaxin

Function- Female developmental characteristics - Pregnancy

Relaxin- Dilates cervix, relaxes symphysis pubis spermotility

Located in the abdominopelvic cavity

Ovaries

Two different types of glandular tissue

Ovarian Follicles- A pocket where ova develops - Secretes Estrogen

Corpus Luteum- Secretes Progesterone

Ovaries

Female Hormones

Estrogen – Ovarian Follicles/Corpus Luteum -“feminizing hormone” - development of breasts - external genitalia - body contours

Progesterone- Corpus Luteum/Placenta - Released during the second half of menstrual cycle - Complete preparations for pregnancy

Placenta

Function- Allows for exchange of nutrients oxygen, waste products during pregnancy.

Secretes- Progesterone, Estrogen Chorionic gonadotropins

Chorion – outermost membrane surrounds baby in utero

Medical Terminology

• Gonads- Sex organs - Produces gametes

• Gametes- reproductive cell

• Gonadotropic Hormone- Any hormone that stimulates the gonads

Questions?????????

Which Hormone(s) are secreted by the ovarianFollicles?

What is the male gamete?

What is the function of progesterone if fertilizationof the ova does not take place?

OVARIES

TESTES

Testicles

Function- Produce male sex cells, - Testosterone - Semen

Secretes- Testosterone Inhibin

Inhibin- Inhibits secretion of FSH for sperm control

Located in the scrotum

Testicle

Semen - Liquid portion of male reproductive fluid

- Produced in ducts and glands

Testosterone- secreted from interstitial cells within the testicles

Testosterone

“Maculinizing Hormone”

-Maturation of external genitals-Beard growth-Voice change-Muscular development-Change in body contours

Medical Terminology

• Hypergonadism- Excessive secretion of sex gland hormones

•Hypogonadism- Deficient secretion of sex gland hormones

•Gynecomastia- Excessive mammary development in males

Question??????????

What is the difference between semen and sperm?

Testosterone is responsible for developing whatCharacteristics in males?

Thymus

Function- Important role in body’s immune system

Secretes- Thymosin- Stimulates Maturation of lymphocytes , T-cells

Location- Mediastinum Behind the sternum

Diseases of Thymus

Thymitis- Inflammation of the Thymus

Thymoma- Usually benign tumor

Pineal Gland

Function- ?????????????? Part of body’s internal clock

Secretes- Melantonin

Location- Central portion of the brain

Third Eye- receives and responds to sensory information from optic nerve

Melatonin

• Increases at night• Decreases during the day• Influences sleep and wakefulness• Inhibits tropic hormones of the ovaries• Possibly regulates the onset of puberty

Other Endocrine Structures

• Kidneys• Stomach• Intestines• Atrium of the heart

• Leptin- a hormone that is thought to regulate satiety

Questions????????

What is the primary function of the Thymus?

What effect does Melantonin have?

What is the Chorion?

Questions?????????

Where are the following EndocrineGlands located??

•Hypothalmus•Thymus•Pancreas•Adrenals•Testes•Ovaries