Energy balance & weight management

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•in the human body ,the various metabolic process converted ,stored chemical energy in our foods to other forms of energy for the body work .•energy is available in four basic forms of life { chemical ,mechanical ,electrical ,thermal }.•`over ultimate source of power is the sun .•Chemical energy is changed to electrical energy in brain & nerve activity , it changed to mechanical energy in muscle contraction ,it changed to thermal energy in the regulation body temp.

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Types of energy

• 1- free energy : at any given moment in the performance of task ,it is unbound & motion .

• 2- potential energy : in the energy that is stored or bound in the various chemical compounds available for conversion to free energy as needed for work .

• The basic input of energy comes from our food .• Physical energy output is evident in our activities

controls agent regulate cell activities : • @enzymes: • all enzymes protein compounds .• they are produced in the cell ,under control of specific genes .• each specific gene controls the making of specific enzyme .• there are thousands of enzymes in each cell .• each enzyme works on its own particular substance .• @ co-enzyme :• Many reactions require partner to assist the enzyme in completing

the reaction .• These co-enzyme involve several of vits especially B- complex vits

& mineral .• @hormones:• Hormones act as messenger to triggering or control enzyme action

as : TSH; control on metabolic action .• Insulin ;act on glucose utilization .• Steroid ;regulate the cell activity to syntheses enzymes .

**source of stored energy :•when food is not available in case of fasting or starvation the body take energy from his storage•1* glycogen : found in the liver & muscle .•2*muscle mass: protein exists in limited amount in muscle mass .•3* dispose fat tissue.•N.B: one Kcal equal 4.184 KiloJol•Mega joule = 239Kcal •1gm of beverage alcohol yield 7Kcal

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Obesity•excess body weight .•over weight .•fatness an excessive accumulation of fat in the body .•body 50%water ,25% fat ,20% lean body mass ,5% minerals •but it differ

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• * gender : woman have more fat tissue ,men has more muscle mass .

• *age : younger adult have more lean body mass & less fat than do older adult .

• *physical exercise : physical activities less fat • *race : black women have more mineral mass than do white

women .• * climate : those in cold climate have more s.c fat than in

those in hot tropical area .• *weight extreme : obese person have excess fat in relation

to lean body mass .• Male : 47.7Kg ,150cm • Female : 45Kg ,150cm • 1Kg = 2.2 lb [ pound ]

** adverse effect of obesity :

• hyper tension • D.M { NIDDM} • Hyper cholestrolemia• Coronary heart disease • Cancer colon , rectum, in male prostate , in female

uterus ovaries cervix & gall bladder .

** causes of obesity :

• @ genetic metabolic factors • Familial ,hereditary , foods habit & attitude • @psychological factors • @ social { sedentary life } • @ physiological factors early puberty , pregnancy ,after

menopause

management of obesity :

• put personal program of diet requiem.• programme of activities & exercise• manage stress without eat • change attitude toward food • eat nutritional balance rich in CHO ,fiber , starch • diet moderate in sugar • protein & fat in accepted amount • focus on plant fat

• ** eating disorder • @ aneroxia nervosa : • self induced starvation • among adolescent girls • fear of weight gain • refuse to eat ,even they may be hungry • They often perceive them selves to be fat • Severely under weight , emaciated• Malnutrition & require hospitalization • @ bulimia nervosa : • among young women • ingestion of large amount of food & induced vomiting .

*** extreme of under weight :

• Associated with poverty • poor living condition • associated with long term disease .• lead to growth retardation & failure to thrive .• causes ; • wasting disease , fever , cancer • poor food intake , decrease appetite • mal absorption due to prolonged diarrhea , GIT disease ,

abuse of laxative • hormonal imbalance hyper thyrodism • energy imbalance ,increase physical activity , decrease

energy intake • poor living situation irregular ,inadequate meat

• ** treatment : • -high calories • - high protein • -high CHO • - moderate fat