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Energy in a Megacity Future: Role of FinancingDr. Mark Bernstein
Managing DirectorUSC Energy InstituteUniversity of Southern California
OutlineSetting the stage
Technology Options
Policy Options
A focus on green financing
A green bank?
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Mega is in the eye of the beholder…. From the standpoint of energy – a megacity could
depend more on it’s relative population rather than absolute numbers
For example – a city of 1 million in a small country faces the same problems as a city of 10 million in a large country
Governments in the small country may have a more difficult time solving the same problems
A quarter of the world urban population live in cities that have 1 – 5 million people; 10% live in cities larger than half a million; and less than a million
There are a lot of opportunities to help these cities as well
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Some key facts help to set the stage In cities
Two-thirds of global energy is consumed 70% of CO2 emissions are emitted
In OECD countries energy use in cities is more efficient than non-city use
In developing countries it is the opposite for commercial energy In India – 87% of electricity is used in cities In China urban residents use 40% more commercial
energy than non-urban residents In China over 85% of coal is consumed for urban
energy requirements
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Some more key facts in developing country cities Electricity losses are considerably higher in urban areas
Lighting consumes 20% of total electricity use
Water heating also takes a large share
Air conditioning loads are rising In China 40% of summer electricity in urban settings is air
conditioning
Energy embodied in goods and services are higher in cities
Air pollution in cities continue to grow NOx is expected to grow by more than 20% by 2030 Particulate matter is expected to grow more than 10% by
2020 before beginning to decline
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So what can we do about this?
Reduce energy use
Use renewable technologies
Build better buildings
Encourage public transit
Improve land use
Policy and regulatory options abound Regulations:
codes and standards minimum efficiency requirements inspections zoning and use restrictions
Taxes and incentives: user fees and taxes credits subsidies loans
Government purchasing
Outreach and education
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Green financing has an important role in the future of energy use• Green financing products
Mortgages, retrofits, short and long-term
• Leasing opportunities
Green financing should offer more attractive products
Easier access to loans Simpler qualification process Lower interest rate Longer fixed term period
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There are different roles for
green financing depending on income levels
Commercial Banks can provide green finance opportunities
Middle/ Upper
Near poor
Revolving FundMicrofinance, Leasing,
Cooperatives, Municipalities
Poor Utilities, development banks Cooperatives, Municipalities
Dedicated government
programsExtremely poor
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EERE loans ARE different from other types of loans Investments lead to lower costs which is
distinct from other financial products
Efficient buildings offer unique benefits to the lender Reduced costs gives borrower more disposable
income This can reduce the risk of defaults More energy efficiency can lower future tariffs
thereby: Reducing risks of defaults for all residents and Benefiting the whole economy
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Microfinance can be used for efficiencyMicro-financing may be appropriate for energy
efficiency Compact fluorescents, Heater blankets, Home insulation and more efficient appliances Solar water heating
Should be different from existing micro-loans
Could be financed through ESCO or energy shops
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Public sector support will be neededPerhaps short term support to create a robust
financial market Government or other institution loan guarantee Short-term subsidized credit facility Interest rate subsidy Tax credit VAT exemptions Building Codes Public benefit fund Others?
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The ESCO Model can be an important contributor Energy Service Companies
Are certified venders Make money the more energy they save Helps to aggregate demand Reduce banks paperwork Ensures long-term viability
ESCO makes investment in efficiency or renewables
Customer pays a monthly fee based on expected savings and needs of ESCO to re-pay financing
ESCO shares the risk with the Banks
Utilities and energy shops can be involved with this model
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A local ‘Green Bank’ may helpDedicated to making loans that reduce energy
use, use more renewable energy or reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Can aggregate resources and demand
Can have a different risk profile
Can be more flexible
Can have a ‘micro-finance’ piece
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The key to this:Energy policies need to include lending institutions