Energy & Information Energy & Information a holistic approach

Paul Borza & Mihai SanduleacTraining School 8-10th of March 2011

Poiana Brasov - ROMANIA

Background of presentation• The intelligent grids also called “Smart Grids” are becoming

increasingly widespread and it shows similar structural features with information systems.

• Not only the structural shapes are similar but also the functionalities presents similitude. Is becoming increasingly clear that the two networks (entities) need to be increasingly deeper interconnected.

• The increase in efficiency of large scale distributed computation systems have to be related also with the improvement of the overall power grids efficiency and have to consider the new mechanisms where kWh reduction is exchanged with CO2 & waste generation and/or Euro per kWh reduction, through a holistic approach of information and energy use.

Definitions

Energy (E)Capacity to make an action in a system!

Information (I) Novelty that appeared in a system at a time!

(1942-Bertalanfi)

Similarities between E&I at structure level

ENERGY INFORMATION

Generators Central processing units

POWER LINES Transport /Distribution

BUSES system bus/ peripheral buses

Converters: AC/AC AC/DC or DC/AC DC/DC (act on energy parameters)

Bridges: Digital information exchange of

parameters

STORAGE/BUFFERS:batteries, supercaps

STORAGE/BUFFERS: memories (cache, main auxiliary,…)

Converters from electric to other energy form mechanic, thermal or

radiant Signal converters A/D or D/A Input / Output InterfacesACTING SYSTEMS: electric to

external world interfaces

Organization of the systems E&I• Cellular / modular organization of power sources:

the same function: power groups, pV cells, battery elements (cells), fuel cells

versus• Cellular/modular organization of information

systems –similarities - : CPUs, GPUs, scalar / super-scalar CPUs, memories of the systems, I/O interfaces, computers, blade computers, etc.

Create the premises for Create the premises for

scalability of both system scalability of both system categoriescategories

Topologies• Energy systems

Topologies in case of energetic systems are controlled by grid control algorithm as result of control implemented by switching commands

versusversus• Information systems

Topologies are reconfigurable and controlled by specific applications

InsulatedInsulated versus GlobalGlobalIn every case the topology of the In every case the topology of the system is important in assuraces system is important in assuraces

of performances and optimal of performances and optimal functionality functionality

Role of the switching elements• In case of power systems:

to configure the power systems as results of power flow optimization algorithms that take into account the demands and the generation and to minimize of power losses

versusversus• Role of switching elements (see switch fabrics) in case

of informational systems is: to allow the optimal redirection of information flows in order to optimize the synchronization ,opportunity and usability of information collected and processed (minimize the waiting periods, maximize the feeding process of CPUs, maximize the usage coefficient of computation power)

Time dimension of the Energy & Information systems

• Latencies in power generation are differentiated - function of type of electric power generation, transfer and consumption. Thus in case of thermal and cogeneration power plants the latency is big (24-72 hours), PV cells (seconds), fuel cells (minutes), batteries (mseconds), hydro-power plants(minutes)

versusversus• Time constants in case of information systems means

clock - frequency, access time, latencies, buses dimensions, instruction set architecture, opportunities of information provided

Laws and procedures that govern the transfer process

• Control of power flow transfer is govern by electric circuit laws (Kirchhoff I&II) & control strategies

versusversus• Information transfer is govern by programs

using redundant elements, signals or software modules

What means efficiency in case of Energy / Information systems

• Efficiency in case of power systems that means adequates commutation of switching power devices in order to avoid the transformation of power generated in heat with direct consequence the decreasing of energy efficiency

versusversus• Efficiency: in case of information systems means to

assures a maximum feeding functionality through CPU’s, memories and I/O interfaces, as consequence result a maximization of computation power

Needs for standard or standard protocols

• In energy systems need an uniform treating uniform treating of power flow control using specific protocols starting from metering till station & power plant control assure the reliability of power systems

versusversus• In case of information systems the protocols

play the essential role in assurance of reliabilityreliability and securitysecurity of the data processing

Methods for increasing efficiency of processing in case of EnergyEnergy & InformationInformation systems

• Virtualization involve development of a model able model able to aggregateto aggregate the system’s elements in conceptual conceptual entitiesentities and endowing its endowing its with new functionalities new functionalities in order to master the complexity master the complexity of energy energy generation & consumption generation & consumption respectively in optimal optimal loadingloading of processing units for increasing increasing computation performancescomputation performances.The market actors, play an essential role, because the virtualization process will allow to take into account a large amount of parameters, including the valorization of the activities valorization of the activities regarding the demand and offer and assure the simplification of the controlling processes

Intelligent control / Intelligent computing

What means? “Studying and understanding the underlying principles of natural computation, and how these principles can be adopted or modified to extend and enrich computer science and engineering.”

Cybernetics is the science of intricate control loops. Assures the mastering of complex control processes. Models and algorithms, techniques and theories in these fields have been successfully applied to a wide range of complex problems.

(International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics)

A possible hierarchy for the different energy management implementations

Where we can find out solutions? Are the bio-systems the source of paradigms?• SeeSee the energy processes and the balance of

resources, its efficient usage by:illustration of the means, and ways to increasing and complying at appeared opportunities

• Using of services technologies as specific regulators and intelligent agents in both cases EnergyEnergy Systems & InformationInformation systems (examples)

• InternetInternet (global processing) versus wide grids wide grids

• ATP acid adesin -tri-phosphoric (short term energy, locally stored)

Are the Are the bio-cell bio-cell ideal energy source?ideal energy source?

Being a collection of specialized cells, which obtain their own energy on the same way:

• ADP acid adesin -di-phosphoric (intermediate term energy, locally stored)

• Glycogen (long term energy reserve, central stored into the liver)

Animations from Internet

Several features of living cells

• A bio-cell represents a distributed energy system

• A bio-cell has the ability to auto insulate in report with the whole system, without global damages

• A bio-cell assures a flat time response for energy & power delivered on demands (very short, short and long term)

• Is a redundant source (compensation phenomena can be identified in case of living beings)

Hybrid power supplies

Combination of different power supplies and energy buffers having different proprieties:

•different time constants; •different power and energy densities;•different behaviors, etc•using electronic power devices and intelligent embedded – in general - systems.

In case of power distribution systems this feature is deep-seated assured by the component of the generator interconnected

Flow capacity (blood vessels ) in case of E&I

• The energy grid involves power installed, consumers connected, power line capacities settled by their nominal voltage that limits the power flow transmitted (110kV = 40 MW etc.) efficiency and performance reflected at level of consumers by opportunities satisfied;

• In case of information systems the vessels are the buses (serial -2,5Gbps /parallel -533Mbps) but are differences!

• Semantics & data versus versus • Power quality flows & Steady state (continuous) power

flow

Opportunity of generation/processing

• SchedulersSchedulers assure the long term balancing processes based of demands & generation potential “a priori” known –past experiences- distillated as paradigms!

• MeansMeans: Monitors, discovery, dynamic reconfiguration, speculative execution, replacing strategies, redundancies, methods to classifying and prioritization of data processed

• SacrificesSacrifices assumed: disconnection of “unimportant” users / delaying the task execution

Functional analogies between E&I systems

• Methods for the control of information flow:– Programmed– Event drive– Burst

• Methods for the control of energy flow:– Based on scheduling of generation function of

consumption patterns– Based of events occurred into systems (triggering

of circuit breakers/protections) short circuits

Common features of energy / information systems

ELECTRIC VEHICLES STAND ALONE COMPUTERS

Batteries

Motor

Energy Buffer

Motor

Energy Buffer

Motor

Energy Buffer

Motor

Energy Buffer

Stationary power flow Stationary power flow

•HierarchiesHierarchies•Local versus globalLocal versus global•Intricate loops Intricate loops •Steady state versus transitory regimesSteady state versus transitory regimes

CPU

Local processor:I/O processor

Bridges

What we want to obtain by making the fusion between energy and Information?

• Fusion between E&I role:– Facilitate each other (live by synergies) Facilitate each other (live by synergies) – Increase the reliability and availabilityIncrease the reliability and availability– Comply to the specific constraints and reach Comply to the specific constraints and reach

specific goalsspecific goalsResults:Results:

=> maximum energy efficiency=>maximum information flow rate

Significant examples – energy efficiency – in case of mobile and

stationary applications

Real Implementation

Several facts about old/new starting system

• Capacity of battery 360Ah 150Ah• Type of battery Traction Regular• Control system Non Yes• Mean time start 7 sec 3.5sec• Energy consumed 600KJ 200KJ• Maximum current 1.9KA the

same• Start latency 0 max. 180s

A real example about power flow controlCurrent

Voltage

ESR

Blue= Old drawingsRed = New drawings

Time [s]

Time [10xms]

How evolve the power flow transfer?

Virtual Power Plant ConceptA

concept that integrate DER using a Large-Scale Virtual Power Plant (LSVPP), that represent an aggregation of a large number of DERs including different DER technologies, responsive loads and storage devices which, when integrated, have the flexibility and controllability similar to large conventional power plants.

WWhat meanshat means:

•Distributed system control architectures

•Information and communication architectures

•Supporting market and commercial structures

Smart GridsD

istributed Control System able to mastering the distributed generation resources, adapted at the deregulated & liberalized market and able to solve the demand side management

Smart MeteringSmart

GenerationRESCHP

Storage

Smart Customers

Residences

Smart Market

Smart GridSiemens concept 2007

What means Smart Grid in our conception?Usual Definitions:

SmartGrids (EU): Power network that efficiently integrates the behavior and the actions of all users interconnected – generators, consumers (loads), different participants into the grid in order to offer a sustainable available and reliable functioning of itSmart Grid Strategic Group (IEC): a concept for modernization of power networks that integrate the energy and information technologies in any pont of the network from generation until consumption

A generic definition means to offer for every body the A generic definition means to offer for every body the synergic mean to be more efficient in the govern of synergic mean to be more efficient in the govern of

complex networkscomplex networks

Smart Grid means a Cyber Energy systemsSmart Grid means a Cyber Energy systems

Virtual power plants & Intelligent grida possible laboratory

Smart grids!

Information systems – energy optimization

Traditional approach Reduce energy consumption (kWh)

New approach Reduce CO2

or

Reduce Bill (Euro/kWh)

Cloud Computer(flexible / controllable load)

Power network

P

PP

P

EnergyMarket

AncillaryservicesMarket

VPPagentVirtual Power Plant

(VPP)

P P

Load flexibility(on demand)

Greenproduction

Market

Load flexibility(during green

productionin excess)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~Energy generation

G G G DG DG

FavorableEnergy price(contracts and spot)

Use of VPPs in Smart Grid environment

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Following the sun, following the earth rotation